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Taniguchi K, Noshi T, Omoto S, Sato A, Shishido T, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Sakoda Y, Kida H. The impact of PA/I38 substitutions and PA polymorphisms on the susceptibility of zoonotic influenza A viruses to baloxavir. Arch Virol 2024; 169:29. [PMID: 38216710 PMCID: PMC10786730 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Genetic reassortment of avian, swine, and human influenza A viruses (IAVs) poses potential pandemic risks. Surveillance is important for influenza pandemic preparedness, but the susceptibility of zoonotic IAVs to the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir acid (BXA) has not been thoroughly researched. Although an amino acid substitution at position 38 in the polymerase acidic protein (PA/I38) in seasonal IAVs reduces BXA susceptibility, PA polymorphisms at position 38 are rarely seen in zoonotic IAVs. Here, we examined the impact of PA/I38 substitutions on the BXA susceptibility of recombinant A(H5N1) viruses. PA mutants that harbored I38T, F, and M were 48.2-, 24.0-, and 15.5-fold less susceptible, respectively, to BXA than wild-type A(H5N1) but were susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir acid and the RNA polymerase inhibitor favipiravir. PA mutants exhibited significantly impaired replicative fitness in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells at 24 h postinfection. In addition, in order to investigate new genetic markers for BXA susceptibility, we screened geographically and temporally distinct IAVs isolated worldwide from birds and pigs. The results showed that BXA exhibited antiviral activity against avian and swine viruses with similar levels to seasonal isolates. All viruses tested in the study lacked the PA/I38 substitution and were susceptible to BXA. Isolates harboring amino acid polymorphisms at positions 20, 24, and 37, which have been implicated in the binding of BXA to the PA endonuclease domain, were also susceptible to BXA. These results suggest that monitoring of the PA/I38 substitution in animal-derived influenza viruses is important for preparedness against zoonotic influenza virus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Taniguchi
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noshi
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Omoto
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, HU-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takao Shishido
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Keita Matsuno
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, HU-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Scott Krauss
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Richard J Webby
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, HU-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, HU-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Rohde G, Stenglein S, Prozesky H, Manudhane G, Sandulescu O, Bauer M, Overend T, Koch W, Neuschwander D, Planz O, Torres A, Witzenrath M. Efficacy and safety of zapnometinib in hospitalised adult patients with COVID-19 (RESPIRE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, proof-of-concept, phase 2 trial. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 65:102237. [PMID: 38106555 PMCID: PMC10725048 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zapnometinib is an oral, non-ATP-competitive, small-molecule inhibitor of MEK1/MEK2 with immunomodulatory and antiviral properties. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of zapnometinib in patients with COVID-19. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, proof-of-concept, phase 2 trial, we recruited hospitalised adults with moderate or severe COVID-19 from 18 hospitals in Germany, India, Romania, South Africa, and Spain. Those requiring ICU admission or ventilator support at screening or randomisation were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive oral zapnometinib (900 mg on Day 1; 600 mg on Days 2-6) or matching placebo, on top of standard of care. Randomisation, stratified by baseline clinical severity status (CSS 3 or 4, measured on a 7-point ordinal scale), was done using Interactive Response Technology. Patients, investigators, and the sponsor were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was CSS at Day 15 and was conducted on the full analysis set (FAS: all patients who were randomised to the study, received at least one dose of study medication and had at least one post-dose assessment of CSS, as randomised). Safety analyses were conducted on the safety analysis set (all study participants who received at least one dose of study medication, as treated). This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04776044) and EudraCT (2020-004206-59). Findings The trial was terminated early as the emergence of the Omicron variant impacted recruitment. Between 12th April 2021 and 9th August 2022, 104 of the planned 220 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned, 103 were treated, and 101 were included in the FAS (zapnometinib: n = 50; placebo: n = 51). The primary outcome was not significantly different between the two groups, but patients on zapnometinib had higher odds of improved CSS versus placebo (odds ratio [OR] 1.54 [95% CI 0.72-3.33]; p = 0.26). Predefined subgroup analyses identified trends for improved CSS in patients with severe disease at baseline (OR 2.57 [0.76-8.88]; p = 0.13) and non-Omicron variants (OR 2.36 [0.85-6.71]; p = 0.10); the p value of the CSS subgroup by Treatment interaction term in the model was p = 0.28. The frequency and intensity of adverse events was low and similar between arms. Twenty (39.2%) patients treated with zapnometinib experienced adverse events compared with eighteen (34.6%) patients treated with placebo. One patient receiving zapnometinib and two patients receiving placebo died during the study. None of the deaths were considered related to study medication. Interpretation These results provide proof-of-concept for the innovative approach of targeting the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in patients with hospitalised moderate/severe COVID-19. Further clinical studies will be required to evaluate the clinical benefit of zapnometinib in this and other indications. Funding Atriva Therapeutics GmbH and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Rohde
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Medical Clinic I, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Hans Prozesky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and TREAD Research, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Oana Sandulescu
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Dennis Neuschwander
- Department of Biostatistics, GCP-Service International Ltd. & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Antoni Torres
- Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Biomedical Research Networking Centers in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
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Kleinehr J, Schöfbänker M, Daniel K, Günl F, Mohamed FF, Janowski J, Brunotte L, Boergeling Y, Liebmann M, Behrens M, Gerdemann A, Klotz L, Esselen M, Humpf HU, Ludwig S, Hrincius ER. Glycolytic interference blocks influenza A virus propagation by impairing viral polymerase-driven synthesis of genomic vRNA. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010986. [PMID: 37440521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), like any other virus, provokes considerable modifications of its host cell's metabolism. This includes a substantial increase in the uptake as well as the metabolization of glucose. Although it is known for quite some time that suppression of glucose metabolism restricts virus replication, the exact molecular impact on the viral life cycle remained enigmatic so far. Using 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) we examined how well inhibition of glycolysis is tolerated by host cells and which step of the IAV life cycle is affected. We observed that effects induced by 2-DG are reversible and that cells can cope with relatively high concentrations of the inhibitor by compensating the loss of glycolytic activity by upregulating other metabolic pathways. Moreover, mass spectrometry data provided information on various metabolic modifications induced by either the virus or agents interfering with glycolysis. In the presence of 2-DG viral titers were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. The supplementation of direct or indirect glycolysis metabolites led to a partial or almost complete reversion of the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on viral growth and demonstrated that indeed the inhibition of glycolysis and not of N-linked glycosylation was responsible for the observed phenotype. Importantly, we could show via conventional and strand-specific qPCR that the treatment with 2-DG led to a prolonged phase of viral mRNA synthesis while the accumulation of genomic vRNA was strongly reduced. At the same time, minigenome assays showed no signs of a general reduction of replicative capacity of the viral polymerase. Therefore, our data suggest that the significant reduction in IAV replication by glycolytic interference occurs mainly due to an impairment of the dynamic regulation of the viral polymerase which conveys the transition of the enzyme's function from transcription to replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kleinehr
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Schöfbänker
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Daniel
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Günl
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Fakry Fahmy Mohamed
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Josua Janowski
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marie Liebmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrea Gerdemann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eike R Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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MEK inhibitors as novel host-targeted antivirals with a dual-benefit mode of action against hyperinflammatory respiratory viral diseases. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 59:101304. [PMID: 36841033 PMCID: PMC10091867 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute hyperinflammatory virus infections, such as influenza or coronavirus disease-19, are still a major health burden worldwide. In these diseases, a massive overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (cytokine storm syndrome) determine the severity of the disease, especially in late stages. Direct-acting antivirals against these pathogens have to be administered very early after infection to be effective and may induce viral resistance. Here, we summarize data on a host-targeted strategy using inhibitors of the cellular Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade that not only block replication of different RNA viruses but also suppress the hyperinflammatory cytokine response upon infection. In the first phase-II clinical trial of that approach, the MEK inhibitor Zapnometinib shows evidence of clinical benefit.
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5
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Targeting Human Proteins for Antiviral Drug Discovery and Repurposing Efforts: A Focus on Protein Kinases. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020568. [PMID: 36851782 PMCID: PMC9966946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great technological and medical advances in fighting viral diseases, new therapies for most of them are still lacking, and existing antivirals suffer from major limitations regarding drug resistance and a limited spectrum of activity. In fact, most approved antivirals are directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs, which interfere with viral proteins and confer great selectivity towards their viral targets but suffer from resistance and limited spectrum. Nowadays, host-targeted antivirals (HTAs) are on the rise, in the drug discovery and development pipelines, in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. These drugs target host proteins involved in the virus life cycle and are considered promising alternatives to DAAs due to their broader spectrum and lower potential for resistance. Herein, we discuss an important class of HTAs that modulate signal transduction pathways by targeting host kinases. Kinases are considered key enzymes that control virus-host interactions. We also provide a synopsis of the antiviral drug discovery and development pipeline detailing antiviral kinase targets, drug types, therapeutic classes for repurposed drugs, and top developing organizations. Furthermore, we detail the drug design and repurposing considerations, as well as the limitations and challenges, for kinase-targeted antivirals, including the choice of the binding sites, physicochemical properties, and drug combinations.
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Wang J, Sun Y, Liu S. Emerging antiviral therapies and drugs for the treatment of influenza. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2022; 27:389-403. [PMID: 36396398 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2022.2149734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both vaccines and antiviral drugs represent the mainstay for preventing and treating influenza. However, approved M2 ion channel inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, and various vaccines cannot meet therapeutic needs because of viral resistance. Thus, the discovery of new targets for the virus or host and the development of more effective inhibitors are essential to protect humans from the influenza virus. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the latest progress in vaccines and antiviral drug research to prevent and treat influenza, providing the foothold for developing novel antiviral inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Vaccines embody the most effective approach to preventing influenza virus infection, and recombinant protein vaccines show promising prospects in developing next-generation vaccines. Compounds targeting the viral components of RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein, and the modification of trusted neuraminidase inhibitors are future research directions for anti-influenza virus drugs. In addition, some host factors affect the replication of virus in vivo, which can be used to develop antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yihang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou Guangdong China
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Caceres CJ, Seibert B, Cargnin Faccin F, Cardenas-Garcia S, Rajao DS, Perez DR. Influenza antivirals and animal models. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1142-1165. [PMID: 35451200 PMCID: PMC9157400 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses are among the most prominent human respiratory pathogens. About 3-5 million severe cases of influenza are associated with 300 000-650 000 deaths per year globally. Antivirals effective at reducing morbidity and mortality are part of the first line of defense against influenza. FDA-approved antiviral drugs currently include adamantanes (rimantadine and amantadine), neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI; peramivir, zanamivir, and oseltamivir), and the PA endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir). Mutations associated with antiviral resistance are common and highlight the need for further improvement and development of novel anti-influenza drugs. A summary is provided for the current knowledge of the approved influenza antivirals and antivirals strategies under evaluation in clinical trials. Preclinical evaluations of novel compounds effective against influenza in different animal models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Chen F, Elgaher WAM, Winterhoff M, Büssow K, Waqas FH, Graner E, Pires-Afonso Y, Casares Perez L, de la Vega L, Sahini N, Czichon L, Zobl W, Zillinger T, Shehata M, Pleschka S, Bähre H, Falk C, Michelucci A, Schuchardt S, Blankenfeldt W, Hirsch AKH, Pessler F. Citraconate inhibits ACOD1 (IRG1) catalysis, reduces interferon responses and oxidative stress, and modulates inflammation and cell metabolism. Nat Metab 2022; 4:534-546. [PMID: 35655026 PMCID: PMC9170585 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the immunomodulatory and cytoprotective properties of itaconate have been studied extensively, it is not known whether its naturally occurring isomers mesaconate and citraconate have similar properties. Here, we show that itaconate is partially converted to mesaconate intracellularly and that mesaconate accumulation in macrophage activation depends on prior itaconate synthesis. When added to human cells in supraphysiological concentrations, all three isomers reduce lactate levels, whereas itaconate is the strongest succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor. In cells infected with influenza A virus (IAV), all three isomers profoundly alter amino acid metabolism, modulate cytokine/chemokine release and reduce interferon signalling, oxidative stress and the release of viral particles. Of the three isomers, citraconate is the strongest electrophile and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) agonist. Only citraconate inhibits catalysis of itaconate by cis-aconitate decarboxylase (ACOD1), probably by competitive binding to the substrate-binding site. These results reveal mesaconate and citraconate as immunomodulatory, anti-oxidative and antiviral compounds, and citraconate as the first naturally occurring ACOD1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - W A M Elgaher
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Winterhoff
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Büssow
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - F H Waqas
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Graner
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Y Pires-Afonso
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, LIH Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - L Casares Perez
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - L de la Vega
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - N Sahini
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - L Czichon
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Zobl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - T Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Shehata
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - S Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research partner site Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - H Bähre
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Falk
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Michelucci
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, LIH Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - S Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - W Blankenfeldt
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - F Pessler
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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