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Sabbahi R, Hock V, Azzaoui K, Hammouti B. Leishmania-sand fly interactions: exploring the role of the immune response and potential strategies for Leishmaniasis control. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:655-670. [PMID: 39493480 PMCID: PMC11528092 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, affecting millions of people worldwide. The disease is transmitted by the bite of infected female sand flies, which act as vectors and hosts for the parasites. The interaction between Leishmania parasites and sand flies is complex and dynamic, involving various factors that influence parasite development, survival and transmission. This review examines how the immune response of sand flies affects vector competence and transmission of Leishmania parasites, and what the potential strategies are to prevent or reduce infection. The review also summarizes the main findings and conclusions of the existing literature and discusses implications and recommendations for future research and practice. The study reveals that the immune response of sand flies is a key determinant of vector competence and transmission of Leishmania parasites, and that several molecular and cellular mechanisms are involved in the interaction between parasite and vector. The study also suggests that there are potential strategies for controlling leishmaniasis, such as interfering with parasite development, modulating the vector's immune response or reducing the vector population. However, the study also identifies several gaps and limitations in current knowledge and calls for more comprehensive and systematic studies on vector-parasite interaction and its impact on leishmaniasis transmission and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Sabbahi
- Research Team in Science and Technology, Higher School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, 70000 Laayoune, Morocco
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fez, P.O. Box 15, Fez, Morocco
| | - Virginia Hock
- Department of Biology, Dawson College, 3040 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3Z 1A4 Canada
| | - Khalil Azzaoui
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fez, P.O. Box 15, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 30000 Fez, Morocco
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Garrigós M, Garrido M, Ruiz-López MJ, García-López MJ, Veiga J, Magallanes S, Soriguer R, Moreno-Indias I, Figuerola J, Martínez-de la Puente J. Microbiota composition of Culex perexiguus mosquitoes during the West Nile virus outbreak in southern Spain. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0314001. [PMID: 39556610 PMCID: PMC11573153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus naturally circulating between mosquito vectors and birds, occasionally infecting horses and humans and causing epidemiologically relevant outbreaks. In Spain, the first big WNV outbreak was recorded in 2020, resulting in 77 people infected and 8 fatalities, most of them in southern Spain. Culex perexiguus was identified as the primary vector of WNV maintaining its enzootic circulation of the virus. Growing evidence highlights the role of mosquito microbiota as a key component determining the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes, largely contributing to disease epidemiology. Here, we develop, to our knowledge, the first identification of the microbiota composition of this mosquito vector under natural conditions and test for the potential relationship between mosquito microbiota composition and WNV infection. To do so, we collected mosquitoes in a natural area of southern Spain during the 2020 WNV outbreak and identified the microbiota composition of mosquitoes using a 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding approach. The microbiota of Cx. perexiguus was dominated by the phylum Proteobacteria. The most abundant families were Burkholderiaceae and Erwiniaceae, including the genera Burkholderia, Erwinia, and Pantoea. The genus Wolbachia, which use to dominate the microbiota of Cx. pipiens and negatively interact with WNV according to the literature, had a low prevalence and relative abundance in Cx. perexiguus and its abundance did not differ between WNV-positive and WNV-negative mosquito pools. The microbiota diversity and composition of Cx. perexiguus were not significantly related to the WNV infection status. These results provide the first identification of the mosquito microbiota in an endemic area of WNV circulation in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garrigós
- Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario Garrido
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-López
- Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José García-López
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Veiga
- Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sergio Magallanes
- Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Soriguer
- Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Antonelli P, Grizard S, Tran FH, Lejon D, Bellemain A, Van, Mavingui P, Roiz D, Simard F, Martin E, Abrouk D, Vigneron A, Minard G, Valiente Moro C. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbiota dynamics across developmental stages of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus exposed to urban pollutants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 286:117214. [PMID: 39447296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus mosquitoes face numerous anthropic stressors in urban areas. These xenobiotics not only impact mosquito physiology but also shape the composition of their microbiota, which play important roles in host physiological traits. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants known to alter mosquito metabolism, but no studies have yet investigated their impact on microbiota. Using a bespoke indoor mesocosm tailored for Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, we investigated the dynamics of bacterial communities in both mosquitoes and their larval breeding sites following chronic exposure to a cocktail of PAHs consisting of benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. Our findings showed that PAHs have a stage-specific effect on mosquito microbiota, with a higher impact in larvae than in adults, contributing to 12.5 % and 4.5 % of the PAHs-induced variations, respectively. The presence of PAHs in the treated mesocosm led to the enrichment of bacterial families and genera known for their ability to catabolize PAHs, such as Comamonadaceae and Raoultella (increasing from 19 % to 30 % and from 1.2 % to 5.6 %, respectively). Conversely, prevalent taxa found in mosquito microbiota like Wolbachia and Cedecea exhibited a reduction (decreasing from 4 % to 0.8 % and from 12.8 % to 6.4 %, respectively). This reduction could be attributed to the competitive advantage gained by PAH-degrading taxa, or it could reflect a direct sensitivity to PAH exposure. Overall, this indicates a shift in microbiota composition favoring bacteria that can thrive in a PAH-contaminated environment. PAHs persisted in the water of breeding sites only the first 45 days of the experiment. Benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene were more susceptible to bioaccumulation in larval tissues over time. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the impact of pollution on mosquitoes and could facilitate future research on the importance of symbiosis in urban-dwelling insect disease vectors. Given the recent advancements in the generation of axenic (microbe-free) and gnotobiotic (mosquitoes with a defined or specific microbiota) mosquitoes, further studies are needed to explore how changes in microbiota composition could influence mosquito responses to pollution, particularly in relation to host fitness, immunity, and vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Antonelli
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Grizard
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florence Hélène Tran
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Van
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- UMR PIMIT, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - David Roiz
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Edwige Martin
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Danis Abrouk
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgrop Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Singh A, Misser S, Allam M, Chan WY, Ismail A, Munhenga G, Oliver SV. The Effect of Larval Exposure to Heavy Metals on the Gut Microbiota Composition of Adult Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:249. [PMID: 39453276 PMCID: PMC11510740 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Anopheles arabiensis is a highly adaptable member of the An. gambiae complex. Its flexible resting behaviour and diverse feeding habits make conventional vector control methods less effective in controlling this species. Another emerging challenge is its adaptation to breeding in polluted water, which impacts various life history traits relevant to epidemiology. The gut microbiota of mosquitoes play a crucial role in their life history, and the larval environment significantly influences the composition of this bacterial community. Consequently, adaptation to polluted breeding sites may alter the gut microbiota of adult mosquitoes. This study aimed to examine how larval exposure to metal pollution affects the gut microbial dynamics of An. arabiensis adults. Larvae of An. arabiensis were exposed to either cadmium chloride or copper nitrate, with larvae reared in untreated water serving as a control. Two laboratory strains (SENN: insecticide unselected, SENN-DDT: insecticide selected) and F1 larvae sourced from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, were exposed. The gut microbiota of the adults were sequenced using the Illumina Next Generation Sequencing platform and compared. Larval metal exposure affected alpha diversity, with a more marked difference in beta diversity. There was evidence of core microbiota shared between the untreated and metal-treated groups. Bacterial genera associated with metal tolerance were more prevalent in the metal-treated groups. Although larval metal exposure led to an increase in pesticide-degrading bacterial genera in the laboratory strains, this effect was not observed in the F1 population. In the F1 population, Plasmodium-protective bacterial genera were more abundant in the untreated group compared to the metal-treated group. This study therefore highlights the importance of considering the larval environment when searching for local bacterial symbionts for paratransgenesis interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmika Singh
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Shristi Misser
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Mushal Allam
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Wai-Yin Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Shüné V. Oliver
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Liu T, Zheng D, Wang J, Li X, Yu S, Liu Z, Zheng F, Zhao C, Yang X, Wang Y. Dihydroartemisinin suppresses the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium yoelii by activating the Toll signaling pathway. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:414. [PMID: 39363238 PMCID: PMC11451267 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a serious public health concern. Artemisinin and its derivatives are first-line drugs for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In mammals, artemisinin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. However, it is unclear whether artemisinin plays a regulatory role in the innate immunity of mosquitoes, thereby affecting the development of Plasmodium in Anopheles when artemisinin and its metabolites enter mosquitoes. This study aims to determine the effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a first-generation semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin, on innate immunity and malaria vector competence of Anopheles stephensi. METHODS Anopheles stephensi was fed Plasmodium-infected mice treated with DHA via gavage, Plasmodium-infected blood containing DHA in vitro, or DHA-containing sugar, followed by Plasmodium yoelii infection. The engorged female mosquitoes were separated and dissected 8 and 17 days after infection. Plasmodium oocysts and sporozoites were counted and compared between the control and DHA-treated groups. Additionally, total RNA and proteins were extracted from engorged mosquitoes 24 and 72 h post infection (hpi). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting were performed to detect the transcriptional levels and protein expression of immune molecules in mosquitoes. Finally, the Toll signaling pathway was inhibited via RNA interference and the infection density was analyzed to confirm the role of the Toll signaling pathway in the effect of DHA on the vector competence of mosquitoes. RESULTS DHA treatment via different approaches significantly reduced the number of Plasmodium oocysts and sporozoites in mosquitoes. The transcriptional levels of anti-Plasmodium immune genes (including TEP1, LRIM1, and APL1C), Toll pathway genes (including Tube, MyD88, and Rel1), and the effector defensin 1 were upregulated by DHA treatment at 24 and 72 hpi. TEP1 and Rel1 protein expression was significantly induced under DHA treatment. However, Rel1 knockdown in DHA-treated mosquitoes abrogated DHA-mediated refractoriness to Plasmodium infection. CONCLUSIONS DHA treatment effectively inhibited the development of P. yoelii in A. stephensi by upregulating mosquitoes' Toll signaling pathway, thereby influencing the susceptibility of Anopheles to Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shasha Yu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Feifei Zheng
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Caizhi Zhao
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xuesen Yang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Bursali F, Touray M. The complexities of blood-feeding patterns in mosquitoes and sandflies and the burden of disease: A minireview. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1580. [PMID: 39171609 PMCID: PMC11339650 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes and sandflies exhibit a wide range of blood feeding patterns, targeting a wide range of vertebrate species, including birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, for proteins vital for egg development. This broad host range increases the opportunity for them to acquire pathogens of numerous debilitating-and-fatal diseases from various animal reservoirs, playing a significant role in disease crossover between animals and humans, also known as zoonotic transmission. This review focuses on the intricate blood-feeding habits of these dipteran vectors, their sensory systems and the complex dance between host and pathogen during disease transmission. We delve into the influence of blood sources on pathogen spread by examining the insect immune response and its intricate interplay with pathogens. The remarkable sense of smell guiding them towards food sources and hosts is explored, highlighting the interplay of multiple sensory cues in their navigation. Finally, we examine the challenges in mosquito control strategies and explore innovations in this field, emphasizing the need for sustainable solutions to combat this global health threat. By understanding the biology and behaviour of these insects, we can develop more effective strategies to protect ourselves and mitigate the burden of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bursali
- Biology Department, Faculty of ScienceAydin Adnan Menderes UniversityAydinTürkiye
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Biology Department, Faculty of ScienceAydin Adnan Menderes UniversityAydinTürkiye
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Pereira SB, de Mattos DP, Gonzalez MS, Mello CB, Azambuja P, de Castro DP, Vieira CS. Immune signaling pathways in Rhodnius prolixus in the context of Trypanosoma rangeli infection: cellular and humoral immune responses and microbiota modulation. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1435447. [PMID: 39210973 PMCID: PMC11357937 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1435447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rhodnius prolixus is a hematophagous insect and one of the main vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli parasites in Latin America. Gut microbiota and insect immune responses affect T. cruzi and T. rangeli infection within triatomines. Particularly the Toll and IMD signaling pathways activations and how they orchestrate the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) expressions in R. prolixus, especially when infected by T. rangeli. Objectives Examine how T. rangeli infection modulates R. prolixus cellular and humoral immunity and its impacts on insect microbiota. Methods R. prolixus was fed on blood containing epimastigotes of T. rangeli, and infection was quantified in insect tissues. The gene expression of dorsal, cactus, relish, PGRP, and AMPs was examined in the midgut, fat body, and salivary glands by quantitative real-time PCR. Microbiota composition was analyzed using RT-q PCR targeting specific bacterial species. Hemocyte numbers and phenoloxidase activity were quantified to assess cellular immune responses. Results T. rangeli infection modulated triatomine immunity in midgut and hemocoel, activating the expression of the NF-kB gene dorsal, associated with the Toll pathway; increasing expression of the gene encoding PGRP receptor, a component involved in the IMD pathway, both in the intestine and fat body; repressing the expression of the relish transcription factor, mainly in salivary glands. Among the R. prolixus AMPs studied, T. rangeli infection repressed all AMP gene expression, other than defensin C which increased mRNA levels. The PO activity was enhanced in the hemolymph of infected insects. T. rangeli infection did not induce hemocyte number alterations compared to control insects. However, an increase in hemocyte microaggregation was detected in infected insects. Discussion R. prolixus recognizes T. rangeli infection and triggers humoral and cellular immune responses involving Toll pathway activation, defensin C synthesis, increased phenoloxidase activity, and enhanced hemocyte aggregation. On the other hand, T. rangeli infection suppressed some IMD pathway components, suggesting that, in R. prolixus, this pathway is involved in defensins A and B gene regulation. Importantly, these immune responses altered the bacterial microbiota composition, potentially favoring T. rangeli establishment in the insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Bastos Pereira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora Passos de Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Niterói, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cicero Brasileiro Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Niterói, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Niterói, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Pereira de Castro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília Stahl Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czechia
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Garcia-Van Smévoorde M, Calvez E, Quétel I, Dollin C, Breurec S, Vega-Rúa A. Ingestion of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid at therapeutic concentration during blood meal impacts Aedes aegypti microbiota and dengue virus transmission. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13701. [PMID: 38871831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, is the most prevalent arbovirus worldwide, representing a public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. In these areas, antibiotic consumption rises which may impact both mosquito microbiota and dengue transmission. Here, we assessed how the ingestion by Ae. aegypti of therapeutic concentrations of amoxicillin-clavulanic Acid association (Amox/Clav), a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat febrile symptoms worldwide, impacted its microbiota. We also evaluated whether simultaneous ingestion of antibiotic and DENV impacted Ae. aegypti ability to transmit this virus. We found that Amox/Clav ingestion impacted microbiota composition in Ae. aegypti and we confirmed such impact in field-collected mosquitoes. Furthermore, we observed that Amox/Clav ingestion enhanced DENV dissemination and transmission by this mosquito at 21 days post-DENV exposure. These findings increase our understanding of factors linked to human hosts that may influence dengue transmission dynamics in regions with mass-drug administration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Garcia-Van Smévoorde
- Vector Control Research Laboratory, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur de La Guadeloupe, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Elodie Calvez
- Vector Control Research Laboratory, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur de La Guadeloupe, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Isaure Quétel
- Microbial Ecosystems Interaction Laboratory, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur de La Guadeloupe, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Christelle Dollin
- Vector Control Research Laboratory, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur de La Guadeloupe, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Sébastien Breurec
- Microbial Ecosystems Interaction Laboratory, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur de La Guadeloupe, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Guadeloupe, 97159, Pointe-À-Pitre/Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
- Faculty of Medecine Hyacinthe Bastaraud, University of the Antilles, 97110, Pointe-À-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
- INSERM 1424, Center for Clinical Investigation, University Hospital Center of Guadeloupe, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Montpellier, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Vector Control Research Laboratory, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur de La Guadeloupe, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France.
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Alkorta I, Garbisu C. Expanding the focus of the One Health concept: links between the Earth-system processes of the planetary boundaries framework and antibiotic resistance. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 0:reveh-2024-0013. [PMID: 38815132 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2024-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The scientific community warns that our impact on planet Earth is so acute that we are crossing several of the planetary boundaries that demarcate the safe operating space for humankind. Besides, there is mounting evidence of serious effects on people's health derived from the ongoing environmental degradation. Regarding human health, the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria is one of the most critical public health issues worldwide. Relevantly, antibiotic resistance has been claimed to be the quintessential One Health issue. The One Health concept links human, animal, and environmental health, but it is frequently only focused on the risk of zoonotic pathogens to public health or, to a lesser extent, the impact of contaminants on human health, i.e., adverse effects on human health coming from the other two One Health "compartments". It is recurrently claimed that antibiotic resistance must be approached from a One Health perspective, but such statement often only refers to the connection between the use of antibiotics in veterinary practice and the antibiotic resistance crisis, or the impact of contaminants (antibiotics, heavy metals, disinfectants, etc.) on antibiotic resistance. Nonetheless, the nine Earth-system processes considered in the planetary boundaries framework can be directly or indirectly linked to antibiotic resistance. Here, some of the main links between those processes and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance are described. The ultimate goal is to expand the focus of the One Health concept by pointing out the links between critical Earth-system processes and the One Health quintessential issue, i.e., antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Alkorta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 16402 University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Garbisu
- NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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10
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Shamjana U, Vasu DA, Hembrom PS, Nayak K, Grace T. The role of insect gut microbiota in host fitness, detoxification and nutrient supplementation. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:71. [PMID: 38668783 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-01970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Insects are incredibly diverse, ubiquitous and have successfully flourished out of the dynamic and often unpredictable nature of evolutionary processes. The resident microbiome has accompanied the physical and biological adaptations that enable their continued survival and proliferation in a wide array of environments. The host insect and microbiome's bidirectional relationship exhibits their capability to influence each other's physiology, behavior and characteristics. Insects are reported to rely directly on the microbial community to break down complex food, adapt to nutrient-deficit environments, protect themselves from natural adversaries and control the expression of social behavior. High-throughput metagenomic approaches have enhanced the potential for determining the abundance, composition, diversity and functional activities of microbial fauna associated with insect hosts, enabling in-depth investigation into insect-microbe interactions. We undertook a review of some of the major advances in the field of metagenomics, focusing on insect-microbe interaction, diversity and composition of resident microbiota, the functional capability of endosymbionts and discussions on different symbiotic relationships. The review aims to be a valuable resource on insect gut symbiotic microbiota by providing a comprehensive understanding of how insect gut symbionts systematically perform a range of functions, viz., insecticide degradation, nutritional support and immune fitness. A thorough understanding of manipulating specific gut symbionts may aid in developing advanced insect-associated research to attain health and design strategies for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Shamjana
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Deepa Azhchath Vasu
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Preety Sweta Hembrom
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Karunakar Nayak
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Tony Grace
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India.
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11
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Garrigós M, Garrido M, Morales-Yuste M, Martínez-de la Puente J, Veiga J. Survival effects of antibiotic exposure during the larval and adult stages in the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:542-550. [PMID: 37559499 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability of mosquitoes to transmit a pathogen is affected, among other factors, by their survival rate, which is partly modulated by their microbiota. Mosquito microbiota is acquired during the larval phase and modified during their development and adult feeding behavior, being highly dependent on environmental factors. Pharmaceutical residues including antibiotics are widespread pollutants potentially being present in mosquito breeding waters likely affecting their microbiota. Here, we used Culex pipiens mosquitoes to assess the impact of antibiotic exposure during the larval and adult stages on the survival rate of adult mosquitoes. Wild-collected larvae were randomly assigned to two treatments: larvae maintained in water supplemented with antibiotics and control larvae. Emerged adults were subsequently assigned to each of two treatments, fed with sugar solution with antibiotics and fed only with sugar solution (controls). Larval exposure to antibiotics significantly increased the survival rate of adult females that received a control diet. In addition, the effect of adult exposure to antibiotics on the survival rate of both male and female mosquitoes depended on the number of days that larvae fed ad libitum in the laboratory before emergence. In particular, shorter larval ad libitum feeding periods reduced the survival rate of antibiotic-treated adult mosquitoes compared with those that emerged after a longer larval feeding period. These differences were not found in control adult mosquitoes. Our results extend the current understanding of the impact of antibiotic exposure of mosquitoes on a key component of vectorial capacity, that is the vector survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garrigós
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Garrido
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Morales-Yuste
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Hoang KL, Read TD, King KC. Incomplete immunity in a natural animal-microbiota interaction selects for higher pathogen virulence. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1357-1363.e3. [PMID: 38430909 PMCID: PMC10962313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Incomplete immunity in recovered hosts is predicted to favor more virulent pathogens upon re-infection in the population.1 The microbiota colonizing animals can generate a similarly long-lasting, partial immune response, allowing for infection but dampened disease severity.2 We tracked the evolutionary trajectories of a widespread pathogen (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), experimentally passaged through populations of nematodes immune-primed by a natural microbiota member (P. berkeleyensis). This bacterium can induce genes regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway effective at conferring protection against pathogen-induced death despite infection.3 Across host populations, this incomplete immunity selected for pathogens more than twice as likely to kill as those evolved in non-primed (i.e., naive) or immune-compromised (mutants with a knockout of the MAPK ortholog) control populations. Despite the higher virulence, pathogen molecular evolution in immune-primed hosts was slow and constrained. In comparison, evolving pathogens in immune-compromised hosts were characterized by substantial genomic differentiation and attenuated virulence. These findings directly attribute the incomplete host immunity induced from microbiota as a significant force shaping the virulence and evolutionary dynamics of novel infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Hoang
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Timothy D Read
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kayla C King
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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13
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Ratcliffe NA, Mello CB, Castro HC, Dyson P, Figueiredo M. Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens. Microorganisms 2024; 12:568. [PMID: 38543619 PMCID: PMC10974449 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present knowledge of the interactions of vector insects with their invading parasites and pathogens. It is a way of introducing this Special Issue with subsequent papers presenting the latest details of these interactions in each particular group of vectors. Hopefully, this paper will fill a void in the literature since brief descriptions of vector immunity have now been brought together in one publication and could form a starting point for those interested and new to this important area. Descriptions are given on the immune reactions of mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies, tsetse flies, lice, fleas and triatomine bugs. Cellular and humoral defences are described separately but emphasis is made on the co-operation of these processes in the completed immune response. The paper also emphasises the need for great care in extracting haemocytes for subsequent study as appreciation of their fragile nature is often overlooked with the non-sterile media, smearing techniques and excessive centrifugation sometimes used. The potential vital role of eicosanoids in the instigation of many of the immune reactions described is also discussed. Finally, the priming of the immune system, mainly in mosquitoes, is considered and one possible mechanism is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Arthur Ratcliffe
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK
- Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, RJ, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Cicero Brasileiro Mello
- Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, RJ, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, RJ, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Paul Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK; (P.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Marcela Figueiredo
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK; (P.D.); (M.F.)
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14
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McCann P, McFarland C, Megaw J, Siu-Ting K, Cantacessi C, Rinaldi G, Gobert GN. Assessing the microbiota of the snail intermediate host of trematodes, Galba truncatula. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:31. [PMID: 38263069 PMCID: PMC10807216 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome is known to play key roles in health and disease, including host susceptibility to parasite infections. The freshwater snail Galba truncatula is the intermediate host for many trematode species, including the liver and rumen flukes Fasciola hepatica and Calicophoron daubneyi, respectively. The snail-parasite system has previously been investigated. However, the specific interaction between the snail-associated microbiota and intra-snail developmental stages of trematodes has yet to be explored. METHODS Galba truncatula snails were collected from farms in Northern Ireland and trematode infection was diagnosed using PCR. High-throughput sequencing analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions was subsequently applied to characterise the microbiota of both uninfected and infected snails. RESULTS We first showed that the snail harboured microbiota that was distinct for its environment. The microbiota of infected snails was found to differ significantly from that of uninfected snails. In particular, the bacterial genera Mycoplasma and Methylotenera were significantly more abundant in infected snails, while genera Sphingomonas and Nocardioides were predominantly associated with uninfected snails. CONCLUSION These findings pave the way to future studies on the functional roles of bacteria in host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McCann
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Julianne Megaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Karen Siu-Ting
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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15
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Weber F, Bouloy M, Lozach PY. An Introduction to Rift Valley Fever Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2824:1-14. [PMID: 39039402 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3926-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogen transmitted to humans and livestock via mosquito bites. This virus, which was discovered in Kenya in 1930, is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) to be associated with a high risk of causing large-scale epidemics. However, means dedicated to fighting RVFV have been limited, and despite recent research efforts, the virus remains poorly understood at both the molecular and cellular levels as well as at a broader scale of research in the field and in animal and human populations. In this introductory chapter of a methods book, we aim to provide readers with a concise overview of RVFV, from its ecology and transmission to the structural and genomic organization of virions and its life cycle in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michèle Bouloy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bunyavirus Molecular Genetics Unit, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, Lyon, France.
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16
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Akoton R, Sovegnon PM, Djihinto OY, Medjigbodo AA, Agonhossou R, Saizonou HM, Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Tossou E, Zeukeng F, Lagnika HO, Mousse W, Adegnika AA, Djouaka R, Djogbénou LS. Vectorial competence, insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus and operational implications for malaria vector control strategies in Benin Republic. Malar J 2023; 22:385. [PMID: 38129880 PMCID: PMC10740250 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary reason for the failure of malaria vector control across endemic regions is the widespread insecticide resistance observed in Anopheles vectors. The most dominant African vectors of malaria parasites are Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes. These species often exhibit divergent behaviours and adaptive changes underscoring the importance of deploying active and effective measures in their control. Unlike An. gambiae, An. funestus mosquitoes are poorly studied in Benin Republic. However, recent reports indicated that An. funestus can adapt and colonize various ecological niches owing to its resistance against insecticides and adaptation to changing breeding habitats. Unfortunately, scientific investigations on the contribution of An. funestus to malaria transmission, their susceptibility to insecticide and resistance mechanism developed are currently insufficient for the design of better control strategies. In an attempt to gather valuable information on An. funestus, the present review examines the progress made on this malaria vector species in Benin Republic and highlights future research perspectives on insecticide resistance profiles and related mechanisms, as well as new potential control strategies against An. funestus. Literature analysis revealed that An. funestus is distributed all over the country, although present in low density compared to other dominant malaria vectors. Interestingly, An. funestus is being found in abundance during the dry seasons, suggesting an adaptation to desiccation. Among the An. funestus group, only An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles leesoni were found in the country with An. funestus s.s. being the most abundant species. Furthermore, An. funestus s.s. is the only one species in the group contributing to malaria transmission and have adapted biting times that allow them to bite at dawn. In addition, across the country, An. funestus were found resistant to pyrethroid insecticides used for bed nets impregnation and also resistant to bendiocarb which is currently being introduced in indoor residual spraying formulation in malaria endemic regions. All these findings highlight the challenges faced in controlling this malaria vector. Therefore, advancing the knowledge of vectorial competence of An. funestus, understanding the dynamics of insecticide resistance in this malaria vector, and exploring alternative vector control measures, are critical for sustainable malaria control efforts in Benin Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Pierre Marie Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga M Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Seun M Atoyebi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Hamirath O Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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17
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Griffin CD, Weber DE, Seabourn P, Waianuhea LK, Medeiros MCI. Filtration of environmentally sourced aquatic media impacts laboratory-colonised Aedes albopictus early development and adult bacteriome composition. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:693-704. [PMID: 37340616 PMCID: PMC10650568 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms form close associations with metazoan hosts forming symbiotic communities, known as microbiomes, that modulate host physiological processes. Mosquitoes are of special interest in exploring microbe-modulated host processes due to their oversized impact on human health. However, most mosquito work is done under controlled laboratory conditions where natural microbiomes are not present and inferences from these studies may not extend to natural populations. Here we attempt to assemble a wild-resembling bacteriome under laboratory conditions in an established laboratory colony of Aedes albopictus using aquatic media from environmentally-exposed and differentially filtered larval habitats. While we did not successfully replicate a wild bacteriome using these filtrations, we show that these manipulations alter the bacteriomes of mosquitoes, generating a unique composition not seen in wild populations collected from and near our source water or in our laboratory colony. We also demonstrate that our filtration regimens impact larval development times, as well as impact adult survival on different carbohydrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasen D Griffin
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Danya E Weber
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Priscilla Seabourn
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Lorraine K Waianuhea
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Matthew C I Medeiros
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Center for Microbiome Analysis through Island Knowledge and Investigation, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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18
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Mateos-Hernández L, Maitre A, Abuin-Denis L, Obregon D, Martin E, Luis P, Maye J, Wu-Chuang A, Valiente Moro C, Cabezas-Cruz A. Hierarchical shift of the Aedes albopictus microbiota caused by antimicrobiota vaccine increases fecundity and egg-hatching rate in female mosquitoes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad140. [PMID: 37898556 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that mosquito-microbiota interactions affects vector competence and fitness. We investigated if host antibodies modifying microbiota impact mosquito physiology. We focused on three prevalent bacteria (Acinetobacter, Pantoea, and Chryseobacterium), originally isolated from the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. Our goal was to assess the impact of host antibodies on mosquito microbiota and life traits. Female mosquitoes were fed with blood from rabbits immunized with each bacterium or a mock vaccine. We compared various factors, including feeding behavior, survival rates, and reproductive success of the mosquitoes. Interestingly, mosquitoes fed with blood from a Chryseobacterium-immunized rabbit showed a significant increase in fecundity and egg-hatching rate. This outcome correlated with a decrease in the abundance of Chryseobacterium within the mosquito microbiota. While no significant changes were observed in the alpha and beta diversity indexes between the groups, our network analyses revealed an important finding. The antimicrobiota vaccines had a considerable impact on the bacterial community assembly. They reduced network robustness, and altered the hierarchical organization of nodes in the networks. Our findings provide the basis for the rational design of antimicrobiota vaccines to reduce mosquito fitness and potentially induce infection-refractory states in the microbiota to block pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94701, France
| | - Apolline Maitre
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94701, France
- INRAE, UR 0045 Laboratoire de Recherches Sur Le Développement de L'Elevage (SELMETLRDE), Corte 20250, France
- EA 7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Corte 20250, France
| | - Lianet Abuin-Denis
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94701, France
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31 between 158 and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Dasiel Obregon
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Edwige Martin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Patricia Luis
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Jennifer Maye
- SEPPIC Paris La Défense, La Garenne Colombes 92250, France
| | - Alejandra Wu-Chuang
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94701, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94701, France
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Boulanger N, Insonere JLM, Van Blerk S, Barthel C, Serres C, Rais O, Roulet A, Servant F, Duron O, Lelouvier B. Cross-alteration of murine skin and tick microbiome concomitant with pathogen transmission after Ixodes ricinus bite. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:250. [PMID: 37952001 PMCID: PMC10638774 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are major vectors of diseases affecting humans such as Lyme disease or domestic animals such as anaplasmosis. Cross-alteration of the vertebrate host skin microbiome and the tick microbiome may be essential during the process of tick feeding and for the mechanism of pathogen transmission. However, it has been poorly investigated. METHODS We used mice bitten by field-collected ticks (nymphs and adult ticks) in different experimental conditions to investigate, by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, the impact of blood feeding on both the mouse skin microbiome and the tick microbiome. We also investigated by PCR and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, the diversity of microorganisms transmitted to the host during the process of tick bite at the skin interface and the dissemination of the pathogen in host tissues (blood, heart, and spleen). RESULTS Most of the commensal bacteria present in the skin of control mice were replaced during the blood-feeding process by bacteria originating from the ticks. The microbiome of the ticks was also impacted by the blood feeding. Several pathogens including tick-borne pathogens (Borrelia/Borreliella, Anaplasma, Neoehrlichia, Rickettsia) and opportunistic bacteria (Williamsia) were transmitted to the skin microbiome and some of them disseminated to the blood or spleen of the mice. In the different experiments of this study, skin microbiome alteration and Borrelia/Borreliella transmission were different depending on the tick stages (nymphs or adult female ticks). CONCLUSIONS Host skin microbiome at the bite site was deeply impacted by the tick bite, to an extent which suggests a role in the tick feeding, in the pathogen transmission, and a potentially important impact on the skin physiopathology. The diversified taxonomic profiles of the tick microbiome were also modified by the blood feeding. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boulanger
- UR7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borrelia, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | - Cathy Barthel
- UR7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borrelia, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Serres
- Vaiomer, 516 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège, France
| | - Olivier Rais
- Laboratoire d'écologie et d'épidémiologie parasitaires Institut de Biologie, University of Neuchatel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Roulet
- Vaiomer, 516 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège, France
| | | | - Olivier Duron
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier (UM), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France
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20
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Kampen H, Werner D. Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as Vectors of Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2706. [PMID: 38004718 PMCID: PMC10673010 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides occur almost globally and can regionally and seasonally reach high abundances. Most species are hematophagous, feeding on all groups of vertebrates, including humans. In addition to being nuisance pests, they are able to transmit disease agents, with some viruses causing high morbidity and/or mortality in ruminants, horses and humans. Despite their impact on animal husbandry, public health and tourism, knowledge on the biology and ecology of culicoid biting midges and their interactions with ingested pathogens or symbiotic microorganisms is limited. Research is challenging due to unknown larval habitats, the insects' tiny size, the inability to establish and breed most species in the laboratory and the laborious maintenance of colonies of the few species that can be reared in the laboratory. Consequently, the natural transmission of pathogens has experimentally been demonstrated for few species while, for others, only indirect evidence of vector potential exists. Most experimental data are available for Culicoides sonorensis and C. nubeculosus, the only species kept in western-world insectaries. This contribution gives an overview on important biting midge vectors, transmitted viruses, culicoid-borne viral diseases and their epidemiologies and summarizes the little knowledge on interactions between biting midges, their microflora and culicoid-borne arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany;
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21
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Telleria EL, Tinoco-Nunes B, Forrest DM, Di-Blasi T, Leštinová T, Chang KP, Volf P, Pitaluga AN, Traub-Csekö YM. Evidence of a conserved mammalian immunosuppression mechanism in Lutzomyia longipalpis upon infection with Leishmania. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162596. [PMID: 38022562 PMCID: PMC10652419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) belonging to the Lutzomyia genus transmit Leishmania infantum parasites. To understand the complex interaction between the vector and the parasite, we have been investigating the sand fly immune responses during the Leishmania infection. Our previous studies showed that genes involved in the IMD, Toll, and Jak-STAT immunity pathways are regulated upon Leishmania and bacterial challenges. Nevertheless, the parasite can thrive in the vectors' gut, indicating the existence of mechanisms capable of modulating the vector defenses, as was already seen in mammalian Leishmania infections. Methods results and discussion In this study, we investigated the expression of Lutzomyia longipalpis genes involved in regulating the Toll pathway under parasitic infection. Leishmania infantum infection upregulated the expression of two L. longipalpis genes coding for the putative repressors cactus and protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP. These findings suggest that the parasite can modulate the vectors' immune response. In mammalian infections, the Leishmania surface glycoprotein GP63 is one of the inducers of host immune depression, and one of the known effectors is SHP. In L. longipalpis we found a similar effect: a genetically modified strain of Leishmania amazonensis over-expressing the metalloprotease GP63 induced a higher expression of the sand fly SHP indicating that the L. longipalpis SHP and parasite GP63 increased expressions are connected. Immuno-stained microscopy of L. longipalpis LL5 embryonic cells cultured with Leishmania strains or parasite conditioned medium showed cells internalization of parasite GP63. A similar internalization of GP63 was observed in the sand fly gut tissue after feeding on parasites, parasite exosomes, or parasite conditioned medium, indicating that GP63 can travel through cells in vitro or in vivo. When the sand fly SHP gene was silenced by RNAi and females infected by L. infantum, parasite loads decreased in the early phase of infection as expected, although no significant differences were seen in late infections of the stomodeal valve. Conclusions Our findings show the possible role of a pathway repressor involved in regulating the L. longipalpis immune response during Leishmania infections inside the insect. In addition, they point out a conserved immunosuppressive effect of GP63 between mammals and sand flies in the early stage of parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Loza Telleria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bruno Tinoco-Nunes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David M. Forrest
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Di-Blasi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tereza Leštinová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kwang Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - André Nóbrega Pitaluga
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yara Maria Traub-Csekö
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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22
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Garrigós M, Garrido M, Panisse G, Veiga J, Martínez-de la Puente J. Interactions between West Nile Virus and the Microbiota of Culex pipiens Vectors: A Literature Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1287. [PMID: 38003752 PMCID: PMC10675824 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus West Nile virus (WNV) naturally circulates between mosquitoes and birds, potentially affecting humans and horses. Different species of mosquitoes play a role as vectors of WNV, with those of the Culex pipiens complex being particularly crucial for its circulation. Different biotic and abiotic factors determine the capacity of mosquitoes for pathogen transmission, with the mosquito gut microbiota being recognized as an important one. Here, we review the published studies on the interactions between the microbiota of the Culex pipiens complex and WNV infections in mosquitoes. Most articles published so far studied the interactions between bacteria of the genus Wolbachia and WNV infections, obtaining variable results regarding the directionality of this relationship. In contrast, only a few studies investigate the role of the whole microbiome or other bacterial taxa in WNV infections. These studies suggest that bacteria of the genera Serratia and Enterobacter may enhance WNV development. Thus, due to the relevance of WNV in human and animal health and the important role of mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex in its transmission, more research is needed to unravel the role of mosquito microbiota and those factors affecting this microbiota on pathogen epidemiology. In this respect, we finally propose future lines of research lines on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garrigós
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.G.); (J.V.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Mario Garrido
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.G.); (J.V.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Guillermo Panisse
- CEPAVE—Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores CONICET-UNLP, La Plata 1900, Argentina;
| | - Jesús Veiga
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.G.); (J.V.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.G.); (J.V.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Shi H, Yu X, Cheng G. Impact of the microbiome on mosquito-borne diseases. Protein Cell 2023; 14:743-761. [PMID: 37186167 PMCID: PMC10599646 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases present a significant threat to human health, with the possibility of outbreaks of new mosquito-borne diseases always looming. Unfortunately, current measures to combat these diseases such as vaccines and drugs are often either unavailable or ineffective. However, recent studies on microbiomes may reveal promising strategies to fight these diseases. In this review, we examine recent advances in our understanding of the effects of both the mosquito and vertebrate microbiomes on mosquito-borne diseases. We argue that the mosquito microbiome can have direct and indirect impacts on the transmission of these diseases, with mosquito symbiotic microorganisms, particularly Wolbachia bacteria, showing potential for controlling mosquito-borne diseases. Moreover, the skin microbiome of vertebrates plays a significant role in mosquito preferences, while the gut microbiome has an impact on the progression of mosquito-borne diseases in humans. As researchers continue to explore the role of microbiomes in mosquito-borne diseases, we highlight some promising future directions for this field. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interplay between mosquitoes, their hosts, pathogens, and the microbiomes of mosquitoes and hosts may hold the key to preventing and controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Shi
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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24
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Accoti A, Multini LC, Diouf B, Becker M, Vulcan J, Sylla M, Yap DY, Khanipov K, Diallo M, Gaye A, Dickson LB. The influence of the larval microbiome on susceptibility to Zika virus is mosquito genotype-dependent. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011727. [PMID: 37903174 PMCID: PMC10635568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is largely determined by the environment and influences mosquito susceptibility for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Larval interactions with different bacteria can have carry-over effects on adult Ae. aegypti replication of arboviruses, but little is known about the role that mosquito host genetics play in determining how larval-bacterial interactions shape Ae aegypti susceptibility to arboviruses. To address this question, we isolated single bacterial isolates and complex microbiomes from Ae. aegypti larvae from various field sites in Senegal. Either single bacterial isolates or complex microbiomes were added to two different genetic backgrounds of Ae. aegypti in a gnotobiotic larval system. Using 16S amplicon sequencing we showed that the bacterial community structure differs between the two genotypes of Ae. aegypti when given identical microbiomes, and the abundance of single bacterial taxa differed between Ae. aegypti genotypes. Using single bacterial isolates or the entire preserved complex microbiome, we tested the ability of specific larval microbiomes to drive differences in infection rates for Zika virus in different genetic backgrounds of Ae. aegypti. We observed that the proportion of Zika virus-infected adults was dependent on the interaction between the larval microbiome and Ae. aegypti host genetics. By using the larval microbiome as a component of the environment, these results demonstrate that interactions between the Ae. aegypti genotype and its environment can influence Zika virus infection. As Ae. aegypti expands and adapts to new environments under climate change, an understanding of how different genotypes interact with the same environment will be crucial for implementing arbovirus transmission control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Accoti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura C. Multini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Babakar Diouf
- Medical Zoology Unit, Institute Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Margaret Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- West African Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Vulcan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Massamba Sylla
- Laboratory Vectors & Parasites, Department of Livestock Sciences and Techniques Sine Saloum University El Hadji Ibrahima NIASS (USSEIN), Kaffrine, Senegal
| | - Dianne Y. Yap
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Zoology Unit, Institute Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- West African Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Medical Zoology Unit, Institute Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- West African Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura B. Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- West African Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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25
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Polidori C, Ferrari A, Borruso L, Mattarelli P, Dindo ML, Modesto M, Carrieri M, Puggioli A, Ronchetti F, Bellini R. Aedes albopictus microbiota: Differences between wild and mass-reared immatures do not suggest negative impacts from a diet based on black soldier fly larvae and fish food. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292043. [PMID: 37751428 PMCID: PMC10521979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The "Sterile Insect Technique" (SIT), a promising method to control Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, is gaining increasing interest. Recently, the role of microbiota in mosquito fitness received attention, but the link between microbiota and larval diet in mass rearing programs for SIT remains largely unexplored. We characterized the microbiota of four larval instars, pupae and eggs of non-wild (NW) lab-reared Ae. albopictus fed with a diet based on Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae powder and fish food KOI pellets. We compared it with wild (W) field-collected individuals and the bacterial community occurring in rearing water-diet (DIET). A total of 18 bacterial classes with > 0.10% abundance were found overall in the samples, with seven classes being especially abundant. Overall, the microbiota profile significantly differed among NW, W and DIET. Verrucomicrobiae were significantly more abundant in W and DIET, Bacteroidia were more abundant in NW and DIET, and Gammaproteobacteria were only more abundant in W than in DIET. W-eggs microbiota differed from all the other groups. Large differences also appeared at the bacterial genus-level, with the abundance of 14 genera differing among groups. Three ASVs of Acinetobacter, known to have positive effects on tiger mosquitoes, were more abundant in NW than in W, while Serratia, known to have negative or neutral effects on another Aedes species, was less abundant in NW than in W. The bacterial community of W-eggs was the richest in species, while dominance and diversity did not differ among groups. Our data show that the diet based on Black soldier fly powder and fish food KOI influences the microbiota of NW tiger mosquito immature stages, but not in a way that may suggest a negative impact on their quality in SIT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Polidori
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), University of Milan, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), University of Milan, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Dindo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Modesto
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Carrieri
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli”, IAEA Collaborating Centre, Via Sant’Agata, Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Arianna Puggioli
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli”, IAEA Collaborating Centre, Via Sant’Agata, Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Federico Ronchetti
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Italian Malaria Network, Inter University Center for Malaria Research, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli”, IAEA Collaborating Centre, Via Sant’Agata, Crevalcore, Italy
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Edwards CC, McConnel G, Ramos D, Gurrola-Mares Y, Dhondiram Arole K, Green MJ, Cañas-Carrell JE, Brelsfoard CL. Microplastic ingestion perturbs the microbiome of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:884-898. [PMID: 37478409 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are common environmental pollutants; however, little is known about their effects after ingestion by insects. Here we fed Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) mosquito larvae 1 µm polystyrene MPs and examined the impacts of ingestion on adult emergence rates, gut damage, and fungal and bacterial microbiota. Results show that MPs accumulate in the larval guts, resulting in gut damage. However, little impact on adult emergence rates was observed. MPs are also found in adult guts postemergence from the pupal stage, and adults expel MPs in their frass after obtaining sugar meals. Moreover, MPs effects on insect microbiomes need to be better defined. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the relationship between MP ingestion and the microbial communities in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. The microbiota composition was altered by the ingestion of increasing concentrations of MPs. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that contributed to differences in the bacterial and fungal microbiota composition between MP treatments were from the genera Elizabethkingia and Aspergillus, respectively. Furthermore, a decrease in the alpha diversity of the fungal and bacterial microbiota was observed in treatments where larvae ingested MPs. These results highlight the potential for the bacterial and fungal constituents in the mosquito microbiome to respond differently to the ingestion of MPs. Based on our findings and the effects of MP ingestion on the mosquito host micro- and mycobiome, MP pollution could impact the vector competence of important mosquito-transmitted viruses and parasites that cause human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla-Cristina Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Gabriella McConnel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, 1207 S. Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Daniela Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Yaizeth Gurrola-Mares
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kailash Dhondiram Arole
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, 1207 S. Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Corey L Brelsfoard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Katak RDM, Cintra AM, Burini BC, Marinotti O, Souza-Neto JA, Rocha EM. Biotechnological Potential of Microorganisms for Mosquito Population Control and Reduction in Vector Competence. INSECTS 2023; 14:718. [PMID: 37754686 PMCID: PMC10532289 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit pathogens that cause human diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika fever, and filariasis. Biotechnological approaches using microorganisms have a significant potential to control mosquito populations and reduce their vector competence, making them alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Ongoing research has identified many microorganisms that can be used effectively to control mosquito populations and disease transmission. However, the successful implementation of these newly proposed approaches requires a thorough understanding of the multipronged microorganism-mosquito-pathogen-environment interactions. Although much has been achieved in discovering new entomopathogenic microorganisms, antipathogen compounds, and their mechanisms of action, only a few have been turned into viable products for mosquito control. There is a discrepancy between the number of microorganisms with the potential for the development of new insecticides and/or antipathogen products and the actual available products, highlighting the need for investments in the intersection of basic research and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Melo Katak
- Malaria and Dengue Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus 69060-001, AM, Brazil;
| | - Amanda Montezano Cintra
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (J.A.S.-N.)
| | - Bianca Correa Burini
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA;
| | - Osvaldo Marinotti
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Jayme A. Souza-Neto
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (J.A.S.-N.)
| | - Elerson Matos Rocha
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (J.A.S.-N.)
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Hegde S, Rauch HE, Hughes GL, Shariat N. Identification and characterization of two CRISPR/Cas systems associated with the mosquito microbiome. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000599.v4. [PMID: 37691844 PMCID: PMC10484321 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000599.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome profoundly influences many traits in medically relevant vectors such as mosquitoes, and a greater functional understanding of host-microbe interactions may be exploited for novel microbial-based approaches to control mosquito-borne disease. Here, we characterized two novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas systems in Serratia sp. Ag1, which was isolated from the gut of an Anopheles gambiae mosquito. Two distinct CRISPR/Cas systems were identified in Serratia Ag1, CRISPR1 and CRISPR2. Based on cas gene composition, CRISPR1 is classified as a type I-E CRISPR/Cas system and has a single array, CRISPR1. CRISPR2 is a type I-F system with two arrays, CRISPR2.1 and CRISPR2.2. RT-PCR analyses show that all cas genes from both systems are expressed during logarithmic growth in culture media. The direct repeat sequences of CRISPRs 2.1 and 2.2 are identical and found in the arrays of other Serratia spp., including S. marcescens and S. fonticola , whereas CRISPR1 is not. We searched for potential spacer targets and revealed an interesting difference between the two systems: only 9 % of CRISPR1 (type I-E) targets are in phage sequences and 91 % are in plasmid sequences. Conversely, ~66 % of CRISPR2 (type I-F) targets are found within phage genomes. Our results highlight the presence of CRISPR loci in gut-associated bacteria of mosquitoes and indicate interplay between symbionts and invasive mobile genetic elements over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool, UK
- Present address: School of Life Sciences, University of Keele, Newcastle, UK
| | - Hallie E. Rauch
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nikki Shariat
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Zheng R, Wang Q, Wu R, Paradkar PN, Hoffmann AA, Wang GH. Holobiont perspectives on tripartite interactions among microbiota, mosquitoes, and pathogens. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1143-1152. [PMID: 37231184 PMCID: PMC10356850 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and malaria cause a significant global health burden. Unfortunately, current insecticides and environmental control strategies aimed at the vectors of these diseases are only moderately effective in decreasing disease burden. Understanding and manipulating the interaction between the mosquito holobiont (i.e., mosquitoes and their resident microbiota) and the pathogens transmitted by these mosquitoes to humans and animals could help in developing new disease control strategies. Different microorganisms found in the mosquito's microbiota affect traits related to mosquito survival, development, and reproduction. Here, we review the physiological effects of essential microbes on their mosquito hosts; the interactions between the mosquito holobiont and mosquito-borne pathogen (MBP) infections, including microbiota-induced host immune activation and Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking (PB); and the effects of environmental factors and host regulation on the composition of the microbiota. Finally, we briefly overview future directions in holobiont studies, and how these may lead to new effective control strategies against mosquitoes and their transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronger Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runbiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Prasad N Paradkar
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute and the School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Guan-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Garrido M, Veiga J, Garrigós M, Martínez-de la Puente J. The interplay between vector microbial community and pathogen transmission on the invasive Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future directions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1208633. [PMID: 37577425 PMCID: PMC10413570 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1208633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is nowadays broadly distributed with established populations in all continents except Antarctica. In the invaded areas, this species represents an important nuisance for humans and, more relevant, it is involved in the local transmission of pathogens relevant under a public health perspective. Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of parasites such as Dirofilaria and viruses including dengue virus, Zika virus, and chikungunya virus, among others. The mosquito microbiota has been identified as one of the major drivers of vector competence, acting upon relevant vector functions as development or immunity. Here, we review the available literature on the interaction between Ae. albopictus microbiota and pathogen transmission and identify the knowledge gaps on the topic. Most studies are strictly focused on the interplay between pathogens and Wolbachia endosymbiont while studies screening whole microbiota are still scarce but increasing in recent years, supported on Next-generation sequencing tools. Most experimental trials use lab-reared mosquitoes or cell lines, exploring the molecular mechanisms of the microbiota-pathogen interaction. Yet, correlational studies on wild populations are underrepresented. Consequently, we still lack sufficient evidence to reveal whether the microbiota of introduced populations of Ae. albopictus differ from those of native populations, or how microbiota is shaped by different environmental and anthropic factors, but especially, how these changes affect the ability of Ae. albopictus to transmit pathogens and favor the occurrence of outbreaks in the colonized areas. Finally, we propose future research directions on this research topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Garrido
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Veiga
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Garrigós
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Ciber de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Accoti A, Multini LC, Diouf B, Becker M, Vulcan J, Sylla M, Yap DAY, Khanipov K, Weaver SC, Diallo M, Gaye A, Dickson LB. The influence of the larval microbiome on susceptibility to Zika virus is mosquito genotype dependent. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.10.540191. [PMID: 37215022 PMCID: PMC10197687 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is largely determined by the environment and influences mosquito susceptibility for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Larval interactions with different bacteria can influence adult Ae. aegypti replication of arboviruses, but little is known about the role that mosquito host genetics play in determining how larval-bacterial interactions shape Ae aegypti susceptibility to arboviruses. To address this question, we isolated single bacterial isolates and complex microbiomes from Ae. aegypti larvae from various field sites in Senegal. Either single bacterial isolates or complex microbiomes were added to two different genetic backgrounds of Ae. aegypti in a gnotobiotic larval system. Using 16S amplicon sequencing we show that similarities in bacterial community structures when given identical microbiomes between different genetic backgrounds of Ae. aegypti was dependent on the source microbiome, and the abundance of single bacterial taxa differed between Ae. aegypti genotypes. Using single bacterial isolates or the entire preserved complex microbiome, we tested the ability of specific microbiomes to drive differences in infection rates for Zika virus in different genetic backgrounds of Ae. aegypti . We observed that the proportion of Zika virus-infected adults was dependent on the interaction between the larval microbiome and Ae. aegypti host genetics. By using the larval microbiome as a component of the environment, these results demonstrate that interactions between the Ae. aegypti genotype and its environment can influence Zika virus infection. As Ae. aegypti expands and adapts to new environments under climate change, an understanding of how different genotypes interact with the same environment will be crucial for implementing arbovirus transmission control strategies.
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Suh PF, Elanga-Ndille E, Tchouakui M, Sandeu MM, Tagne D, Wondji C, Ndo C. Impact of insecticide resistance on malaria vector competence: a literature review. Malar J 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 36650503 PMCID: PMC9847052 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in Anopheles mosquitoes in 1950s, insecticide resistance has spread very fast to most sub-Saharan African malaria-endemic countries, where it is predicted to seriously jeopardize the success of vector control efforts, leading to rebound of disease cases. Supported mainly by four mechanisms (metabolic resistance, target site resistance, cuticular resistance, and behavioural resistance), this phenomenon is associated with intrinsic changes in the resistant insect vectors that could influence development of invading Plasmodium parasites. A literature review was undertaken using Pubmed database to collect articles evaluating directly or indiretly the impact of insecticide resistance and the associated mechanisms on key determinants of malaria vector competence including sialome composition, anti-Plasmodium immunity, intestinal commensal microbiota, and mosquito longevity. Globally, the evidence gathered is contradictory even though the insecticide resistant vectors seem to be more permissive to Plasmodium infections. The actual body of knowledge on key factors to vectorial competence, such as the immunity and microbiota communities of the insecticide resistant vector is still very insufficient to definitively infer on the epidemiological importance of these vectors against the susceptible counterparts. More studies are needed to fill important knowledge gaps that could help predicting malaria epidemiology in a context where the selection and spread of insecticide resistant vectors is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fongho Suh
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 837, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Darus Tagne
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
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Zhang K, Wang S, Yao D, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Liu W, Li Y, Yin Y, An S, Zhang R, Zhang Z. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic Klebsiella pneumoniae strains establish mutual competition and jointly promote Musca domestica development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102065. [PMID: 36875080 PMCID: PMC9982019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gut microenvironment in housefly harbors a rich and diverse microbial community which plays a crucial role in larval development. However, little is known about the impact of specific symbiotic bacteria on larval development as well as the composition of the indigenous gut microbiota of housefly. Methods In the present study, two novel strains were isolated from housefly larval gut, i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae KX (aerobe) and K. pneumoniae KY (facultative anaerobe). Moreover, the bacteriophages KXP/KYP specific for strains KX and KY were used to analyse the effects of K. pneumoniae on larval development. Results Our results showed that dietary supplementation with K. pneumoniae KX and KY individually promoted housefly larval growth. However, no significant synergistic effect was observed when the two bacterial strains were administered in combination. In addition, using high-throughput sequencing, it was demonstrated that the abundance of Klebsiella increased whereas that of Provincia, Serratia and Morganella decreased when housefly larvae received supplementation with K. pneumoniae KX, KY or the KX-KY mixture. Moreover, when used combined, K. pneumoniae KX/KY inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas and Providencia. When the abundance of both bacterial strains simultaneously increased, a balance in total bacterial abundance was reached. Discussion Thus, it can be assumed that strains K. pneumoniae KX and KY maintain an equilibrium to facilitate their development in housefly gut, by establishing competition but also cooperation with each other to maintain the constant composition of gut bacteria in housefly larvae. Thus, our findings highlight the essential role of K. pneumoniae in regulating the composition of the gut microbiota in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,School of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Dawei Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yansong Yin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Sha An
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of life Science, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Gómez M, Martinez D, Muñoz M, Ramírez JD. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus microbiome/virome: new strategies for controlling arboviral transmission? Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:287. [PMID: 35945559 PMCID: PMC9364528 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the main vectors of highly pathogenic viruses for humans, such as dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika (ZIKV), which cause febrile, hemorrhagic, and neurological diseases and remain a major threat to global public health. The high ecological plasticity, opportunistic feeding patterns, and versatility in the use of urban and natural breeding sites of these vectors have favored their dispersal and adaptation in tropical, subtropical, and even temperate zones. Due to the lack of available treatments and vaccines, mosquito population control is the most effective way to prevent arboviral diseases. Resident microorganisms play a crucial role in host fitness by preventing or enhancing its vectorial ability to transmit viral pathogens. High-throughput sequencing and metagenomic analyses have advanced our understanding of the composition and functionality of the microbiota of Aedes spp. Interestingly, shotgun metagenomics studies have established that mosquito vectors harbor a highly conserved virome composed of insect-specific viruses (ISV). Although ISVs are not infectious to vertebrates, they can alter different phases of the arboviral cycle, interfering with transmission to the human host. Therefore, this review focuses on the description of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus as vectors susceptible to infection by viral pathogens, highlighting the role of the microbiota-virome in vectorial competence and its potential in control strategies for new emerging and re-emerging arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Gómez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas (NÚCLEO) Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - David Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Karimian F, Koosha M, Choubdar N, Oshaghi MA. Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of sand fly vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in Iran; host-environment interplay shapes diversity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010609. [PMID: 35853080 PMCID: PMC9337680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Leishmania parasites within sand fly vectors occurs entirely in the insect gut lumen, in the presence of symbiotic and commensal bacteria. The impacts of host species and environment on the gut microbiome are currently poorly understood. We employed MiSeq sequencing of the V3-16S rRNA gene amplicons to characterize and compare the gut microbiota of field-collected populations of Phlebotomus kandelakii, P. perfiliewi, P. alexandri, and P. major, the primary or secondary vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in three distinct regions of Iran where ZVL is endemic. In total, 160,550 quality-filtered reads of the V3 region yielded a total of 72 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), belonging to 23 phyla, 47 classes, 91 orders, 131 families, and 335 genera. More than 50% of the bacteria identified were Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes (22%), Deinococcus-Thermus (9%), Actinobacteria (6%), and Bacteroidetes (5%). The core microbiome was dominated by eight genera: Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Kocuria, and Corynebacterium. Wolbachia were found in P. alexandri and P. perfiliewi, while Asaia sp. was reported in P. perfiliewi. Substantial variations in the gut bacterial composition were found between geographically distinct populations of the same sand fly species, as well as between different species at the same location, suggesting that sand fly gut microbiota is shaped by both the host species and geographical location. Phlebotomus kandelakii and P. perfiliewi in the northwest, and P. alexandri in the south, the major ZVL vectors, harbor the highest bacterial diversity, suggesting a possible relationship between microbiome diversity and the capacity for parasite transmission. In addition, large numbers of gram-positive human or animal pathogens were found, suggesting that sand fly vectors of ZVL could pose a potential additional threat to livestock and humans in the region studied. The presence of Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, and Asaia sp suggests that these bacteria could be promising candidates for a paratransgenesis approach to the fight against Leishmaniasis. Leishmania infantum, a parasitic protozoan causing fatal visceral leishmaniasis, is transmitted to humans by several sand fly vectors. In this study, the microbiota within the midguts of Phlebotomus kandelakii, P. perfiliewi, P. major and P. alexandri was analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) Miseq sequencing, revealing highly diverse community composition and abundance, from three diverse ecological and geographical regions of Iran. It appears that the gut microbiota is highly dynamic and controlled by multiple factors, including sand fly host and environment. Proteobacteria were the principal bacterial phylum isolated. High numbers of gram-positive human or animal pathogens were also found, suggesting that sand fly vectors of ZVL could pose a potential threat to livestock and human in the region. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between vector capacity and bacterial diversities, where the weakest ZVL vector had the lowest diversity, whereas other, more efficient, vectors had higher diversity. This study showed that Bacillus subtilis, Asaia sp. and Enterobacter cloacae are possible candidates for a paratransgenic approach to reduce Leishmania transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateh Karimian
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayyereh Choubdar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Andongma AA, Whitten MMA, Sol RD, Hitchings M, Dyson PJ. Bacterial Competition Influences the Ability of Symbiotic Bacteria to Colonize Western Flower Thrips. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:883891. [PMID: 35875566 PMCID: PMC9301076 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.883891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiont mediated RNAi (SMR) is a promising method for precision control of pest insect species such as Western Flower Thrips (WFT). Two species of bacteria are known to be dominant symbiotic bacteria in WFT, namely BFo1 and BFo2 (Bacteria from Frankliniella occidentalis 1 and 2), as we here confirm by analysis of next-generation sequence data derived to obtain a reference WFT genome sequence. Our first demonstration of SMR in WFT used BFo2, related to Pantoea, isolated from a domesticated Dutch thrips population. However, for successful use of SMR as a thrips control measure, these bacteria need to successfully colonize different environmental thrips populations. Here, we describe a United Kingdom thrips population that does not harbour BFo2, but does contain BFo1, a species related to Erwinia. Attempts to introduce BFo2 indicate that this bacterium is unable to establish itself in the United Kingdom thrips, in contrast to successful colonization by a strain of BFo1 expressing green fluorescent protein. Fluorescence microscopy indicates that BFo1 occupies similar regions of the thrips posterior midgut and hindgut as BFo2. Bacterial competition assays revealed that a barrier to BFo2 establishing itself in thrips is the identity of the resident BFo1; BFo1 isolated from the United Kingdom thrips suppresses growth of BFo2 to a greater extent than BFo1 from the Dutch thrips that is permissive for BFo2 colonization. The ability of the latter strain of BFo1 to colonize the United Kingdom thrips is also likely attributable to its ability to out-compete the resident BFo1. Lastly, we observed that United Kingdom thrips pre-exposed to the Dutch BFo1 could then be successfully colonized by BFo2. These results indicate, for the first time, that microbial competition and strain differences can have a large influence on how symbiotic bacteria can colonize different populations of an insect species.
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Djihinto OY, Medjigbodo AA, Gangbadja ARA, Saizonou HM, Lagnika HO, Nanmede D, Djossou L, Bohounton R, Sovegnon PM, Fanou MJ, Agonhossou R, Akoton R, Mousse W, Djogbénou LS. Malaria-Transmitting Vectors Microbiota: Overview and Interactions With Anopheles Mosquito Biology. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891573. [PMID: 35668761 PMCID: PMC9164165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a vector-borne infectious disease that is still a major public health concern worldwide, especially in tropical regions. Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The control interventions targeting mosquito vectors have achieved significant success during the last two decades and rely mainly on the use of chemical insecticides through the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Unfortunately, resistance to conventional insecticides currently being used in public health is spreading in the natural mosquito populations, hampering the long-term success of the current vector control strategies. Thus, to achieve the goal of malaria elimination, it appears necessary to improve vector control approaches through the development of novel environment-friendly tools. Mosquito microbiota has by now given rise to the expansion of innovative control tools, such as the use of endosymbionts to target insect vectors, known as "symbiotic control." In this review, we will present the viral, fungal and bacterial diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes, including the bacteriophages. This review discusses the likely interactions between the vector microbiota and its fitness and resistance to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald Y. Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A. Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Albert R. A. Gangbadja
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga M. Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Hamirath O. Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Dyane Nanmede
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Laurette Djossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Roméo Bohounton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pierre Marie Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Marie-Joel Fanou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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Alam I, Batool K, Idris AL, Tan W, Guan X, Zhang L. Role of Lectin in the Response of Aedes aegypti Against Bt Toxin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898198. [PMID: 35634312 PMCID: PMC9136036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is one of the world’s most dangerous mosquitoes, and a vector of diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya virus, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease. Currently, a major global challenge is the scarcity of antiviral medicine and vaccine for arboviruses. Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) toxins are used as biological mosquito control agents. Endotoxins, including Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, Cry10Aa, Cry11Aa, and Cyt1Aa, are toxic to mosquitoes. Insect eradication by Cry toxin relies primarily on the interaction of cry toxins with key toxin receptors, such as aminopeptidase (APN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cadherin (CAD), and ATP-binding cassette transporters. The carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) of lectins and domains II and III of Cry toxins share similar structural folds, suggesting that midgut proteins, such as C-type lectins (CTLs), may interfere with interactions among Cry toxins and receptors by binding to both and alter Cry toxicity. In the present review, we summarize the functional role of C-type lectins in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and the mechanism underlying the alteration of Cry toxin activity by CTLs. Furthermore, we outline future research directions on elucidating the Bti resistance mechanism. This study provides a basis for understanding Bti resistance, which can be used to develop novel insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intikhab Alam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Khadija Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Aisha Lawan Idris
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weilong Tan
- Nanjing Bioengineering (Gene) Technology Center for Medicines, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Zhang,
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Anopheline mosquitoes are protected against parasite infection by tryptophan catabolism in gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:707-715. [PMID: 35437328 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito microbiota can influence host physiology and vector competence, but a detailed understanding of these processes is lacking. Here we found that the gut microbiota of Anopheles stephensi, a competent malaria vector, is involved in tryptophan metabolism and is responsible for the catabolism of the peritrophic matrix impairing tryptophan metabolites. Antibiotic elimination of the microbiota led to the accumulation of tryptophan and its metabolites-kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and xanthurenic acid. Of these metabolites, 3-HK impaired the structure of the peritrophic matrix and promoted Plasmodium berghei infection. Among the major gut microbiota members in A. stephensi, Pseudomonas alcaligenes catabolized 3-HK as revealed by whole-genome sequencing and LC-MS metabolic analysis. The genome of P. alcaligenes encodes kynureninase (KynU) that is responsible for the conversion of 3-HK to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Mutation of KynU resulted in a P. alcaligenes strain that was unable to metabolize 3-HK and unable to protect the peritrophic matrix. Colonization of A. stephensi with KynU-mutated P. alcaligenes failed to protect mosquitoes against parasite infection as compared with mosquitoes colonized with wild-type P. alcaligenes. In summary, this study identifies an unexpected function of mosquito gut microbiota in controlling mosquito tryptophan metabolism, with important implications for vector competence.
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Juache-Villagrana AE, Pando-Robles V, Garcia-Luna SM, Ponce-Garcia G, Fernandez-Salas I, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Flores AE. Assessing the Impact of Insecticide Resistance on Vector Competence: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:377. [PMID: 35447819 PMCID: PMC9024519 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary strategy to avoid adverse impacts from insect-mediated pathogen transmission is the chemical control of vector populations through insecticides; its continued use has led to insecticide resistance and unknown consequences on vector competence. This review aims to systematically analyze and synthesize the research on the influence of insecticide resistance (IR) on vector competence (VC). Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies, conducted either in laboratory or field settings, described the influence of phenotypic insecticide resistance and mechanisms on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Seven studies showed the effect of exposure to insecticides on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Three studies reported the influence of phenotypic resistance and mechanisms on VC in crop pests. The evidence shows that IR could enhance, impair, or have no direct effect on VC in either field or laboratory-designed studies. Similar positive and negative trends are found in pest vectors in crops and studies of insecticide exposure and VC. Even though there is evidence that exposure to insecticides and IR can enhance VC, thus increasing the risk of pathogen transmission, more investigations are needed to confirm the observed patterns and what implications these factors could have in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E. Juache-Villagrana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Victoria Pando-Robles
- Centro de Investigacion Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Selene M. Garcia-Luna
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Ildefonso Fernandez-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Adriana E. Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
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Caragata EP, Short SM. Vector microbiota and immunity: modulating arthropod susceptibility to vertebrate pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100875. [PMID: 35065286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods, including mosquitoes, sand flies, tsetse flies, and ticks are vectors of many bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens that cause serious disease in humans and animals. Their microbiota, that is, all microorganisms that dwell within their tissues, can impact vector immunity and susceptibility to pathogen infection. Historically, host-pathogen-microbiota interactions have not been well described, with little known about mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding how individual microorganisms and microbial communities interact with vectors and human pathogens, the mechanisms they utilize to achieve these effects, and the potential for exploiting these interactions to control pathogen transmission. These studies fill important knowledge gaps and further our understanding of the roles that the vector microbiota plays in pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Caragata
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Ratcliffe NA, Furtado Pacheco JP, Dyson P, Castro HC, Gonzalez MS, Azambuja P, Mello CB. Overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:112. [PMID: 35361286 PMCID: PMC8969276 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. It first briefly summarises some of the disease-causing pathogens vectored by insects and emphasises the need for innovative control methods to counter the threat of resistance by both the vector insect to pesticides and the pathogens to therapeutic drugs. Subsequently, the state of art of paratransgenesis is described, which is a particularly ingenious method currently under development in many important vector insects that could provide an additional powerful tool for use in integrated pest control programmes. The requirements and recent advances of the paratransgenesis technique are detailed and an overview is given of the microorganisms selected for genetic modification, the effector molecules to be expressed and the environmental spread of the transgenic bacteria into wild insect populations. The results of experimental models of paratransgenesis developed with triatomines, mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies are analysed. Finally, the regulatory and safety rules to be satisfied for the successful environmental release of the genetically engineered organisms produced in paratransgenesis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A. Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - João P. Furtado Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Paul Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S. Gonzalez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cicero B. Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
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Van den Eynde C, Sohier C, Matthijs S, De Regge N. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Interaction with Mosquitoes: A Review of Vector Competence, Vector Capacity and Mosquito Immunity. Pathogens 2022; 11:317. [PMID: 35335641 PMCID: PMC8953304 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus and a major cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia. We provide an overview of the knowledge on vector competence, vector capacity, and immunity of mosquitoes in relation to JEV. JEV has so far been detected in more than 30 mosquito species. This does not necessarily mean that these species contribute to JEV transmission under field conditions. Therefore, vector capacity, which considers vector competence, as well as environmental, behavioral, cellular, and biochemical variables, needs to be taken into account. Currently, 17 species can be considered as confirmed vectors for JEV and 10 other species as potential vectors. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex annulirostris are considered primary JEV vectors in endemic regions. Culex pipiens and Aedes japonicus could be considered as potentially important vectors in the case of JEV introduction in new regions. Vector competence is determined by various factors, including vector immunity. The available knowledge on physical and physiological barriers, molecular pathways, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiome is discussed in detail. This review highlights that much remains to be studied about vector immunity against JEV in order to identify novel strategies to reduce JEV transmission by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Van den Eynde
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (C.S.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Charlotte Sohier
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (C.S.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Severine Matthijs
- Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Nick De Regge
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (C.S.); (N.D.R.)
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Tyagi K, Tyagi I, Patidar A, Singha D, Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba A, Banerjee D, Kumar V. Gut microbial composition in developmental stages of gall inducing thrips Gynaikothrips uzeli and associated plant pathogenesis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1439-1446. [PMID: 35280592 PMCID: PMC8913411 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria play a crucial role in the several metabolic activity of the insects. In the present work, effort has been made to decipher the gut microbiota associated with the developmental stages of Gynaikothrips uzeli a gall inducing thrips along with their predicted functional role. Further, an effort has been made to correlate the bacterial communities with plant pathogenesis and thelytoky behaviour of G. uzeli. Findings obtained revealed that genus Arsenophonus dominated the total bacterial diversity and was transmitted vertically through the developmental stages. Further, it was observed that the high abundance of genus Arsenophonus promotes the thelytoky behaviour in G. uzeli and results in the killing of males. Furthermore, strong connecting link between Arsenophonus abundance and gall induction in F. benjamina was observed in the current dataset. G. uzeli being in the category of phloem sucking insect was known for the induction of galls and the current findings for the first time unveiled the facts that high abundance of genus Arsenophonus a well-known plant pathogen may be one of the major reason for inducing galls in F. benjamina. Moreover, PICRUSt2 analysis revealed that predicted functional pathways like biosynthesis of amino acids, and metabolism of carbon, nitrogen, carbohydrates and amino acids (e.g. Arginine, Alanine, Aspartate, Glutamate, Proline, Cysteine, Methionine, Glycine, Threonine, and Serine) were frequently noticed in profiles associated with all the developmental stages of G. uzeli. More to this, the high abundance of Arsenophonus in G. uzeli suggest that representatives of this genus may be resistant and/or tolerant to different antibacterial agents, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides (e.g. quercetin). The correlation of bacterial diversity in pathogenicity can be extrapolated in different pest and vector species of other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Inderjeet Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Abhishek Patidar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Devkant Singha
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Agnieszka Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Dhriti Banerjee
- Director, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, Kolkata 700053, India
- Corresponding authors.
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Yu S, Wang J, Luo X, Zheng H, Wang L, Yang X, Wang Y. Transmission-Blocking Strategies Against Malaria Parasites During Their Mosquito Stages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:820650. [PMID: 35252033 PMCID: PMC8889032 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.820650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still the most widespread parasitic disease and causes the most infections globally. Owing to improvements in sanitary conditions and various intervention measures, including the use of antimalarial drugs, the malaria epidemic in many regions of the world has improved significantly in the past 10 years. However, people living in certain underdeveloped areas are still under threat. Even in some well-controlled areas, the decline in malaria infection rates has stagnated or the rates have rebounded because of the emergence and spread of drug-resistant malaria parasites. Thus, new malaria control methods must be developed. As the spread of the Plasmodium parasite is dependent on the part of its life cycle that occurs in mosquitoes, to eliminate the possibility of malaria infections, transmission-blocking strategies against the mosquito stage should be the first choice. In fact, after the gametocyte enters the mosquito body, it undergoes a series of transformation processes over a short period, thus providing numerous potential blocking targets. Many research groups have carried out studies based on targeting the blocking of transmission during the mosquito phase and have achieved excellent results. Meanwhile, the direct killing of mosquitoes could also significantly reduce the probability of malaria infections. Microorganisms that display complex interactions with Plasmodium, such as Wolbachia and gut flora, have shown observable transmission-blocking potential. These could be used as a biological control strategy and play an important part in blocking the transmission of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luhan Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuesen Yang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang,
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Zouache K, Martin E, Rahola N, Gangue MF, Minard G, Dubost A, Van VT, Dickson L, Ayala D, Lambrechts L, Moro CV. Larval habitat determines the bacterial and fungal microbiota of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6526867. [PMID: 35147188 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito larvae are naturally exposed to microbial communities present in a variety of larval development sites. Several earlier studies have highlighted that the larval habitat influences the composition of the larval bacterial microbiota. However, little information is available on their fungal microbiota, i.e. the mycobiota. In this study, we provide the first simultaneous characterization of the bacterial and fungal microbiota in field-collected Aedes aegypti larvae and their respective aquatic habitats. We evaluated whether the microbial communities associated with the breeding site may affect the composition of both the bacterial and fungal communities in Ae. aegypti larvae. Our results show a higher similarity in microbial community structure for both bacteria and fungi between larvae and the water in which larvae develop than between larvae from different breeding sites. This supports the hypothesis that larval habitat is a major factor driving microbial composition in mosquito larvae. Since the microbiota plays an important role in mosquito biology, unravelling the network of interactions that operate between bacteria and fungi is essential to better understand the functioning of the mosquito holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Zouache
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Edwige Martin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nil Rahola
- CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.,UMR MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Audrey Dubost
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laura Dickson
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Paris, France.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Diego Ayala
- CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.,UMR MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Paris, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Le Clec’h W, Nordmeyer S, Anderson TJ, Chevalier FD. Snails, microbiomes, and schistosomes: a three-way interaction? Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:353-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Maitre A, Wu-Chuang A, Aželytė J, Palinauskas V, Mateos-Hernández L, Obregon D, Hodžić A, Valiente Moro C, Estrada-Peña A, Paoli JC, Falchi A, Cabezas-Cruz A. Vector microbiota manipulation by host antibodies: the forgotten strategy to develop transmission-blocking vaccines. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:4. [PMID: 34983601 PMCID: PMC8725291 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and animal pathogens that are transmitted by arthropods are a global concern, particularly those vectored by ticks (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus) and mosquitoes (e.g. malaria and dengue virus). Breaking the circulation of pathogens in permanent foci by controlling vectors using acaricide-based approaches is threatened by the selection of acaricide resistance in vector populations, poor management practices and relaxing of control measures. Alternative strategies that can reduce vector populations and/or vector-mediated transmission are encouraged worldwide. In recent years, it has become clear that arthropod-associated microbiota are involved in many aspects of host physiology and vector competence, prompting research into vector microbiota manipulation. Here, we review how increased knowledge of microbial ecology and vector-host interactions is driving the emergence of new concepts and tools for vector and pathogen control. We focus on the immune functions of host antibodies taken in the blood meal as they can target pathogens and microbiota bacteria within hematophagous arthropods. Anti-microbiota vaccines are presented as a tool to manipulate the vector microbiota and interfere with the development of pathogens within their vectors. Since the importance of some bacterial taxa for colonization of vector-borne pathogens is well known, the disruption of the vector microbiota by host antibodies opens the possibility to develop novel transmission-blocking vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Maitre
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INRAE, UR 0045 Laboratoire de Recherches Sur Le Développement de L'Elevage (SELMET-LRDE), 20250, Corte, France
- EA 7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Alejandra Wu-Chuang
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Justė Aželytė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 09412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Dasiel Obregon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Paoli
- INRAE, UR 0045 Laboratoire de Recherches Sur Le Développement de L'Elevage (SELMET-LRDE), 20250, Corte, France
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- EA 7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Impacts of fungal entomopathogens on survival and immune responses of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens mosquitoes in the context of native Wolbachia infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009984. [PMID: 34843477 PMCID: PMC8670716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial control of mosquitoes via the use of symbiotic or pathogenic microbes, such as Wolbachia and entomopathogenic fungi, are promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides to tackle the rapid increase in insecticide resistance and vector-borne disease outbreaks. This study evaluated the susceptibility and host responses of two important mosquito vectors, Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens, that naturally carry Wolbachia, to infections by entomopathogenic fungi. Our study indicated that while Wolbachia presence did not provide a protective advantage against entomopathogenic fungal infection, it nevertheless influenced the bacterial / fungal load and the expression of select anti-microbial effectors and phenoloxidase cascade genes in mosquitoes. Furthermore, although host responses from Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens were mostly similar, we observed contrasting phenotypes with regards to susceptibility and immune responses to fungal entomopathogenic infection in these two mosquitoes. This study provides new insights into the intricate multipartite interaction between the mosquito host, its native symbiont and pathogenic microbes that might be employed to control mosquito populations. Control of mosquitoes via the use of microbes is a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides and a potential solution to tackle the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Recently, a parasitic microbe named Wolbachia has been found to render the mosquito resistant to virus infections and it is currently showing great promise in reducing dengue cases on tests conducted in the field. On the other side of the symbiotic spectrum, we have entomopathogenic fungi, who have evolved to naturally infect and kill insects, and offer a unique potential to control mosquito populations. In this study, we examined the effect that native Wolbachia can have on the mosquito susceptibility to fungal entomopathogens. Our findings show that while Wolbachia does not affect the action of entomopathogenic fungi on mosquitoes, it does influence the expression of important mosquito immune genes, suggesting that Wolbachia has a closer interaction with the mosquito response to microbial infections than previously reported. Furthermore, our study provides new records on the susceptibility of two important mosquito vectors in the USA (Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens), with Cx. pipiens showing significant resistance to the action of one fungal entomopathogen tested. This article informs on the mosquito susceptibility and interaction with other microbes that will aid in the selection of fungal entomopathogens to control mosquitoes, especially those that carry native microbes such as Wolbachia.
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