1
|
Luo Z, Cheng X, Feng B, Fan D, Liu X, Xie R, Luo T, Wegner SV, Ma D, Chen F, Zeng W. Engineering Versatile Bacteria-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles: An Adaptable Platform for Advancing Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400049. [PMID: 38952055 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has undergone a transformative shift toward personalized and targeted therapeutic strategies. Bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as a promising and adaptable platform for cancer immunotherapy due to their unique properties, including natural immunogenicity and the ability to be engineered for specific therapeutic purposes. In this review, a comprehensive overview is provided of state-of-the-art techniques and methodologies employed in the engineering of versatile OMVs for cancer immunotherapy. Beginning by exploring the biogenesis and composition of OMVs, unveiling their intrinsic immunogenic properties for therapeutic appeal. Subsequently, innovative approaches employed to engineer OMVs are delved into, ranging from the genetic engineering of parent bacteria to the incorporation of functional molecules. The importance of rational design strategies is highlighted to enhance the immunogenicity and specificity of OMVs, allowing tailoring for diverse cancer types. Furthermore, insights into clinical studies and potential challenges utilizing OMVs as cancer vaccines or adjuvants are also provided, offering a comprehensive assessment of the current landscape and future prospects. Overall, this review provides valuable insights for researchers involved in the rapidly evolving field of cancer immunotherapy, offering a roadmap for harnessing the full potential of OMVs as a versatile and adaptable platform for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Luo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Duoyang Fan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Ruyan Xie
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Seraphine V Wegner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dayou Ma
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wenbin Zeng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha, 410078, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwaku GN, Ward RA, Vyas JM, Harding HB. Host innate immune systems gather intel on invading microbes via pathogen-derived extracellular vesicles. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE 2024; 3:100043. [PMID: 38939756 PMCID: PMC11209872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released into the extracellular milieu from various cell types including host cells and pathogens that infect them. As carriers of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, metabolites, and virulence factors, EVs act as delivery vehicles for intercellular communication and quorum sensing. Innate immune cells have the capacity to intercept, internalize, and interpret 'messages' contained within these EVs. This review categorizes the ability of EVs secreted by bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens to trigger both pro- and anti-inflammatory innate immune responses in the host. Understanding molecular pathways and inflammatory responses activated in innate immune cells upon pathogen-derived EV stimulation is critical to gain insight into potential therapeutics and combat these infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geneva N. Kwaku
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Brown Harding
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang B, Huang J. Influences of bacterial extracellular vesicles on macrophage immune functions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1411196. [PMID: 38873097 PMCID: PMC11169721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1411196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of information transfer between bacteria and host cells. Macrophages, as key effector cells in the innate immune system, have garnered widespread attention for their interactions with bacterial EVs. Increasing evidence indicates that bacterial EVs can be internalized by macrophages through multiple pathways, thereby influencing their immune functions. These functions include inflammatory responses, antimicrobial activity, antigen presentation, and programmed cell death. Therefore, this review summarizes current research on the interactions between bacterial EVs and macrophages. This will aid in the deeper understanding of immune modulation mediated by pathogenic microorganisms and provide a basis for developing novel antibacterial therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Jiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sundaram K, Teng Y, Mu J, Xu Q, Xu F, Sriwastva MK, Zhang L, Park JW, Zhang X, Yan J, Zhang SQ, Merchant ML, Chen SY, McClain CJ, Dryden GW, Zhang HG. Outer Membrane Vesicles Released from Garlic Exosome-like Nanoparticles (GaELNs) Train Gut Bacteria that Reverses Type 2 Diabetes via the Gut-Brain Axis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308680. [PMID: 38225709 PMCID: PMC11102339 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Gut microbiota function has numerous effects on humans and the diet humans consume has emerged as a pivotal determinant of gut microbiota function. Here, a new concept that gut microbiota can be trained by diet-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) to release healthy outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) is introduced. Specifically, OMVs released from garlic ELN (GaELNs) trained human gut Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) can reverse high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in mice. Oral administration of OMVs released from GaELNs trained A. muciniphila can traffick to the brain where they are taken up by microglial cells, resulting in inhibition of high-fat diet-induced brain inflammation. GaELNs treatment increases the levels of OMV Amuc-1100, P9, and phosphatidylcholines. Increasing the levels of Amuc-1100 and P9 leads to increasing the GLP-1 plasma level. Increasing the levels of phosphatidylcholines is required for inhibition of cGas and STING-mediated inflammation and GLP-1R crosstalk with the insulin pathway that leads to increasing expression of Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS1 and IRS2) on OMV targeted cells. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism whereby OMVs from plant nanoparticle-trained gut bacteria regulate genes expressed in the brain, and have implications for the treatment of brain dysfunction caused by a metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumaran Sundaram
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Yun Teng
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Jingyao Mu
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Fangyi Xu
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | | | - Lifeng Zhang
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Juw Won Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
- Kentucky IDeA Network of Biomedical Research Excellence Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Shuang Qin Zhang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Michael L. Merchant
- Kidney Disease Program and Clinical Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shao-yu Chen
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gerald W Dryden
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moradkasani S, Maurin M, Farrokhi AS, Esmaeili S. Development, Strategies, and Challenges for Tularemia Vaccine. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:126. [PMID: 38564047 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that affects both humans and animals. It was developed into a biological warfare weapon as a result. In this article, the current status of tularemia vaccine development is presented. A live-attenuated vaccine that was designed over 50 years ago using the less virulent F. tularensis subspecies holarctica is the only prophylactic currently available, but it has not been approved for use in humans or animals. Other promising live, killed, and subunit vaccine candidates have recently been developed and tested in animal models. This study will investigate some possible vaccines and the challenges they face during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Moradkasani
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, KabudarAhang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Max Maurin
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, Universite Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Saber Esmaeili
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, KabudarAhang, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pavkova I, Bavlovic J, Kubelkova K, Stulik J, Klimentova J. Protective potential of outer membrane vesicles derived from a virulent strain of Francisella tularensis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1355872. [PMID: 38533334 PMCID: PMC10963506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1355872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis secretes tubular outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that contain a number of immunoreactive proteins as well as virulence factors. We have reported previously that isolated Francisella OMVs enter macrophages, cumulate inside, and induce a strong pro-inflammatory response. In the current article, we present that OMVs treatment of macrophages also enhances phagocytosis of the bacteria and suppresses their intracellular replication. On the other hand, the subsequent infection with Francisella is able to revert to some extent the strong pro-inflammatory effect induced by OMVs in macrophages. Being derived from the bacterial surface, isolated OMVs may be considered a "non-viable mixture of Francisella antigens" and as such, they present a promising protective material. Immunization of mice with OMVs isolated from a virulent F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strain FSC200 prolonged the survival time but did not fully protect against the infection with a lethal dose of the parent strain. However, the sera of the immunized animals revealed unambiguous cytokine and antibody responses and proved to recognize a set of well-known Francisella immunoreactive proteins. For these reasons, Francisella OMVs present an interesting material for future protective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jana Klimentova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu BD, Akbar R, Oliverio A, Thapa K, Wang X, Fan GC. BACTERIAL EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS. Shock 2024; 61:175-188. [PMID: 37878470 PMCID: PMC10921997 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a new revelation in cross-kingdom communication, with increasing evidence showing the diverse roles of bacterial EVs (BEVs) in mammalian cells and host-microbe interactions. Bacterial EVs include outer membrane vesicles released by gram-negative bacteria and membrane vesicles generated from gram-positive bacteria. Recently, BEVs have drawn attention for their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic tools because they are nano-sized and can deliver bacterial cargo into host cells. Importantly, exposure to BEVs significantly affects various physiological and pathological responses in mammalian cells. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various effects of BEVs on host cells (i.e., immune cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells) and inflammatory/infectious diseases. First, the biogenesis and purification methods of BEVs are summarized. Next, the mechanisms and pathways identified by BEVs that stimulate either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses are highlighted. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms by which BEVs regulate host-microbe interactions and their effects on the immune system. Finally, this review focuses on the contribution of BEVs to the pathogenesis of sepsis/septic shock and their therapeutic potential for the treatment of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rubab Akbar
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Anna Oliverio
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kajol Thapa
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Olovo CV, Wiredu Ocansey DK, Ji Y, Huang X, Xu M. Bacterial membrane vesicles in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2341670. [PMID: 38666762 PMCID: PMC11057571 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2341670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating condition of relapsing and remitting inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional therapeutic approaches for IBD have shown limited efficacy and detrimental side effects, leading to the quest for novel and effective treatment options for the disease. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanosized lipid particles secreted by lysis or blebbing processes from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These vesicles, known to carry bioactive components, are facsimiles of the parent bacterium and have been implicated in the onset and progression, as well as in the amelioration of IBD. This review discusses the overview of MVs and their impact in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD. We further discuss the technical challenges facing this research area and possible research questions addressing these challenges. We summarize recent advances in the diverse relationship between IBD and MVs, and the application of this knowledge as a viable and potent therapeutic strategy for IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ying Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sabatke B, Rossi IV, Sana A, Bonato LB, Ramirez MI. Extracellular vesicles biogenesis and uptake concepts: A comprehensive guide to studying host-pathogen communication. Mol Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37758682 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of host-pathogen interactions has increased considerably in recent decades. This intercellular communication has been mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play an important role during the interaction. EVs are particles of lipid bilayer and described in different types of cells, eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Depending on their biogenesis they are described as exosomes (derived from multivesicular bodies) and microvesicles (derived from the plasma membrane). The EVs carry biomolecules, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that can be released or internalized by other cells in different pathways (endocytosis, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, or membrane fusion) in the process described as uptake. The balance between biogenesis and uptake of EVs could modify physiological and pathophysiological processes of the cell. This review is focusing on the dynamic roles of release and capture of EVs during host-pathogen interaction. We also do a critical analysis of methodologies for obtaining and analyzing EVs. Finally, we draw attention to critical points to be considered in EV biogenesis and uptake studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Sabatke
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Izadora Volpato Rossi
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Abel Sana
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Leticia Bassani Bonato
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcel I Ramirez
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao G, Jones MK. Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Manipulating Infection. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0043922. [PMID: 37097158 PMCID: PMC10187128 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00439-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian-cell-derived extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, have been a key focal point for investigating host-pathogen interactions and are major facilitators in modulating both bacterial and viral infection. However, in recent years, increasing attention has been given to extracellular vesicles produced by bacteria and the role they play in regulating infection and disease. Extracellular vesicles produced by pathogenic bacteria employ a myriad of strategies to assist in bacterial virulence or divert antibacterial responses away from the parental bacterium to promote infection by and survival of the parental bacterium. Commensal bacteria also produce extracellular vesicles. These vesicles can play a variety of roles during infection, depending on the bacterium, but have been primarily shown to aid the host by stimulating innate immune responses to control infection by both bacteria and viruses. This article will review the activities of bacterial extracellular vesicles known to modulate infection by bacterial and viral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqi Zhao
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa K. Jones
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bavlovic J, Pavkova I, Balonova L, Benada O, Stulik J, Klimentova J. Intact O-antigen is critical structure for the exceptional tubular shape of outer membrane vesicles in Francisella tularensis. Microbiol Res 2023; 269:127300. [PMID: 36641863 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious Gram-negative coccobacillus which causes the disease tularemia. The potential for its misuse as a biological weapon has led disease control and prevention centers to classify this bacterium as a category A agent. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical particles 20-250 nm in size produced by all Gram-negative bacteria and constitute one of the major secretory pathways. Bacteria use them in interacting with both other bacterial cells and eukaryotic (host) cells. OMVs of Francisella contain number of its so far described virulence factors and immunomodulatory proteins. Their role in host-pathogen interactions can therefore be presumed, and the possibility exists also for their potential use in a subunit vaccine. Moreover, Francisella microbes produce both usual spherical and unusual tubular OMVs. Because OMVs emerge from the outermost surface of the bacterial cell, we focused on the secretion of OMVs in several mutant Francisella strains with disrupted surface structures (namely the O-antigen). O-antigen in Francisella is not only the structural component of LPS but also forms another important virulence factor: the O-antigen polysaccharide capsule. Mutant strain phenotypes were evaluated by growth curves, vesiculation rates, their sensitivity to the complement contained in serum, and proliferation inside murine bone marrow macrophages. Morphologies of both OMVs and the bacteria were visualized by electron microscopy. The O-antigen mutant strains were considerably attenuated in serum resistance and intracellular proliferation. All the strains showed lower ability to form the tubular OMVs. Some strains formed tubular protrusions from their outer membrane but their stability was weak. Some hypervesiculating strains were revealed that will serve as source of OMVs for further studies of their protective potential. Our results suggest the presence of LPS and the O-antigen capsule on the surface of Francisella to be critical not only for its virulence but also for the exceptional tubular shape of its OMVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bavlovic
- University of Defense, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Třebešská 1575, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- University of Defense, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Třebešská 1575, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Balonova
- University of Defense, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Třebešská 1575, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Benada
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Krč, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Stulik
- University of Defense, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Třebešská 1575, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klimentova
- University of Defense, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Třebešská 1575, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41579-023-00875-5. [PMID: 36932221 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are produced by species across all domains of life, suggesting that vesiculation represents a fundamental principle of living matter. In Gram-negative bacteria, membrane vesicles (MVs) can originate either from blebs of the outer membrane or from endolysin-triggered explosive cell lysis, which is often induced by genotoxic stress. Although less is known about the mechanisms of vesiculation in Gram-positive and Gram-neutral bacteria, recent research has shown that both lysis and blebbing mechanisms also exist in these organisms. Evidence has accumulated over the past years that different biogenesis routes lead to distinct types of MV with varied structure and composition. In this Review, we discuss the different types of MV and their potential cargo packaging mechanisms. We summarize current knowledge regarding how MV composition determines their various functions including support of bacterial growth via the disposal of waste material, nutrient scavenging, export of bioactive molecules, DNA transfer, neutralization of phages, antibiotics and bactericidal functions, delivery of virulence factors and toxins to host cells and inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We also discuss the advantages of MV-mediated secretion compared with classic bacterial secretion systems and we introduce the concept of quantal secretion.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mlynek KD, Bozue JA. Why vary what's working? Phase variation and biofilm formation in Francisella tularensis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1076694. [PMID: 36560950 PMCID: PMC9763628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1076694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The notoriety of high-consequence human pathogens has increased in recent years and, rightfully, research efforts have focused on understanding host-pathogen interactions. Francisella tularensis has been detected in an impressively broad range of vertebrate hosts as well as numerous arthropod vectors and single-celled organisms. Two clinically important subspecies, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (Type A) and F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (Type B), are responsible for the majority of tularemia cases in humans. The success of this bacterium in mammalian hosts can be at least partly attributed to a unique LPS molecule that allows the bacterium to avoid detection by the host immune system. Curiously, phase variation of the O-antigen incorporated into LPS has been documented in these subspecies of F. tularensis, and these variants often display some level of attenuation in infection models. While the role of phase variation in F. tularensis biology is unclear, it has been suggested that this phenomenon can aid in environmental survival and persistence. Biofilms have been established as the predominant lifestyle of many bacteria in the environment, though, it was previously thought that Type A and B isolates of F. tularensis typically form poor biofilms. Recent studies question this ideology as it was shown that alteration of the O-antigen allows robust biofilm formation in both Type A and B isolates. This review aims to explore the link between phase variation of the O-antigen, biofilm formation, and environmental persistence with an emphasis on clinically relevant subspecies and how understanding these poorly studied mechanisms could lead to new medical countermeasures to combat tularemia.
Collapse
|