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Wimalawansa SJ. Unlocking insights: Navigating COVID-19 challenges and Emulating future pandemic Resilience strategies with strengthening natural immunity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34691. [PMID: 39166024 PMCID: PMC11334859 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The original COVID-19 vaccines, developed against SARS-CoV-2, initially mitigated hospitalizations. Bivalent vaccine boosters were used widely during 2022-23, but the outbreaks persisted. Despite this, hospitalizations, mortality, and outbreaks involving dominant mutants like Alpha and Delta increased during winters when the population's vitamin D levels were at their lowest. Notably, 75 % of human immune cell/system functions, including post-vaccination adaptive immunity, rely on adequate circulatory vitamin D levels. Consequently, hypovitaminosis compromises innate and adaptive immune responses, heightening susceptibility to infections and complications. COVID-19 vaccines primarily target SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins, thus offering only a limited protection through antibodies. mRNA vaccines, such as those for COVID-19, fail to generate secretory/mucosal immunity-like IgG responses, rendering them ineffective in halting viral spread. Additionally, mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 binding domain reduce immune recognition by vaccine-derived antibodies, leading to immune evasion by mutant viruses like Omicron variants. Meanwhile, the repeated administration of bivalent boosters intended to enhance efficacy resulted in the immunoparesis of recipients. As a result, relying solely on vaccines for outbreak prevention, it became less effective. Dominant variants exhibit increased affinity to angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor-2, enhancing infectivity but reducing virulence. Meanwhile, spike protein-related viral mutations do not impact the potency of widely available, repurposed early therapies, like vitamin D and ivermectin. With the re-emergence of COVID-19 and impending coronaviral pandemics, regulators and health organizations should proactively consider approval and strategic use of cost-effective adjunct therapies mentioned above to counter the loss of vaccine efficacy against emerging variants and novel coronaviruses and eliminate vaccine- and anti-viral agents-related serious adverse effects. Timely implementation of these strategies could reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs and provide a rational approach to address future epidemics and pandemics. This perspective critically reviews relevant literature, providing insights, justifications, and viewpoints into how the scientific community and health authorities can leverage this knowledge cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J. Wimalawansa
- Medicine, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, B14 G2, De Soyza Flats, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
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2
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Mouton W, Oriol G, Compagnon C, Saade C, Saker K, Franc P, Mokdad B, Fleurie A, Lacoux X, Daniel S, Berthier F, Barnel C, Pozzetto B, Fassier JB, Dubois V, Djebali S, Dubois M, Walzer T, Marvel J, Brengel-Pesce K, Trouillet-Assant S. Combining SARS-CoV-2 interferon-gamma release assay with humoral response assessment to define immune memory profiles. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2451035. [PMID: 38627984 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the post-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic era, "breakthrough infections" are still documented, due to variants of concerns (VoCs) emergence and waning humoral immunity. Despite widespread utilization, the definition of the anti-Spike (S) immunoglobulin-G (IgG) threshold to define protection has unveiled several limitations. Here, we explore the advantages of incorporating T-cell response assessment to enhance the definition of immune memory profile. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 interferon-gamma release assay test (IGRA) was performed on samples collected longitudinally from immunocompetent healthcare workers throughout their immunization by infection and/or vaccination, anti-receptor-binding domain IgG levels were assessed in parallel. The risk of symptomatic infection according to cellular/humoral immune capacities during Omicron BA.1 wave was then estimated. RESULTS Close to 40% of our samples were exclusively IGRA-positive, largely due to time elapsed since their last immunization. This suggests that individuals have sustained long-lasting cellular immunity, while they would have been classified as lacking protective immunity based solely on IgG threshold. Moreover, the Cox regression model highlighted that Omicron BA.1 circulation raises the risk of symptomatic infection while increased anti-receptor-binding domain IgG and IGRA levels tended to reduce it. CONCLUSION The discrepancy between humoral and cellular responses highlights the significance of assessing the overall adaptive immune response. This integrated approach allows the identification of vulnerable subjects and can be of interest to guide antiviral prophylaxis at an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mouton
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Guy Oriol
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Christelle Compagnon
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Carla Saade
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Kahina Saker
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Priscille Franc
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Bouchra Mokdad
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Aurore Fleurie
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Xavier Lacoux
- R&D - Immunoassay, bioMerieux S.A., Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Soizic Daniel
- R&D - Immunoassay, bioMerieux S.A., Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Franck Berthier
- R&D - Life Sciences, bioMerieux S.A., Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Cécile Barnel
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fassier
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- UMRESTTE (UMR T9405), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Dubois
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Laboratoire HLA de Lyon, Décines, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maxence Dubois
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Karen Brengel-Pesce
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sophie Trouillet-Assant
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux S.A., Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
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3
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Wang W, Wang S, Meng X, Zhao Y, Li N, Wang T, Feng N, Yan F, Xia X. A virus-like particle candidate vaccine based on CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology elicits broad-spectrum protection against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105854. [PMID: 38447647 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with frequent mutations has seriously damaged the effectiveness of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine. There is an urgent need to develop a broad-spectrum vaccine while elucidating the underlying immune mechanisms. Here, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine based on the Canarypox-virus vector (ALVAC-VLPs) using CRISPR/Cas9. Immunization with ALVAC-VLPs showed the effectively induce SARS-CoV-2 specific T and B cell responses to resist the lethal challenge of mouse adaptive strains. Notably, ALVAC-VLPs conferred protection in golden hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 (wild-type, WT) and variants (Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, and BA.2), as evidenced by the prevention of weight loss, reduction in lung and turbinate tissue damage, and decreased viral load. Further investigation into the mechanism of immune response induced by ALVAC-VLPs revealed that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates the recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) to secondary lymphoid organs, thereby initiating follicle assisted T (Tfh) cell differentiation, the proliferation of germinal center (GC) B cells and plasma cell production. These findings demonstrate the immunogenicity and efficacy of the safe ALVAC-VLPs vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and provide valuable insight into the development of COVID-19 vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Xianyong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China.
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van der Zwet W, Klomp-Berens E, Demandt A, Dingemans J, van der Veer B, van Alphen L, Dirks J, Savelkoul P. Analysis of two sequential SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on a haematology-oncology ward and the role of infection prevention. Infect Prev Pract 2024; 6:100335. [PMID: 38292209 PMCID: PMC10826166 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2023.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Two SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial outbreaks occurred on the haematology ward of our hospital. Patients on the ward were at high risk for severe infection because of their immunocompromised status. Whole Genome Sequencing proved transmission of a particular SARS-CoV-2 variant in each outbreak. The first outbreak (20 patients/31 healthcare workers (HCW)) occurred in November 2020 and was caused by a variant belonging to lineage B.1.221. At that time, there were still uncertainties on mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and vaccines nor therapy were available. Despite HCW wearing II-R masks in all patient contacts and FFP-2 masks during aerosol generating procedures (AGP), the outbreak continued. Therefore, extra measures were introduced. Firstly, regular PCR-screening of asymptomatic patients and HCW; positive patients were isolated and positive HCW were excluded from work as a rule and they were only allowed to resume their work if a follow-up PCR CT-value was ≥30 and were asymptomatic or having only mild symptoms. Secondly, the use of FFP-2 masks was expanded to some long-lasting, close-contact, non-AGPs. After implementing these measures, the incidence of new cases declined gradually. Thirty-seven percent of patients died due to COVID-19. The second outbreak (10 patients/2 HCW) was caused by the highly transmissible omicron BA.1 variant and occurred in February 2022, where transmission occurred on shared rooms despite the extra infection control measures. It was controlled much faster, and the clinical impact was low as the majority of patients was vaccinated; no patients died and symptoms were relatively mild in both patients and HCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.C. van der Zwet
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E.A. Klomp-Berens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A.M.P. Demandt
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Dingemans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B.M.J.W. van der Veer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L.B. van Alphen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J.A.M.C. Dirks
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P.H.M. Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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5
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Khorraminejad-Shirazi M, Nabavizadeh SS, Aminnia S, Ahmadifar M, Borazjani R, Sadeghi E, Izadpanah S, Heidari Esfahani M, Mokhtari M, Monabati A. Association of Demographic, Clinical, and Vaccination Characteristics with COVID-19 Viral Load Assessed by qRT-PCR. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2023; 26:688-694. [PMID: 38431949 PMCID: PMC10915925 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2023.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of vaccination on the SARS-CoV-2 baseline viral load and clearance during COVID-19 infection is debatable. This study aimed to assess the effects of demographic and vaccination characteristics on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We included the patients referred for outpatient SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR (reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction) test between July and September 2022. Cycle threshold (Ct) data were compared based on the demographic and vaccination characteristics. A generalized linear model was used to determine the factors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 PCR Ct value. RESULTS Of 657 participants, 390 (59.4%) were symptomatic and 308 (47.1%) were COVID-19 positive. Among 590 individuals with known vaccination status, 358 (60.6%) were booster vaccinated, 193 (32.6%) were fully vaccinated, 13 (2.2%) were partially vaccinated, and 26 (4.4%) were unvaccinated. Most vaccinated patients received inactivated vaccines (70.5%). The median Ct value was 20 [IQR: 18-23.75] with no significant difference between individuals with different vaccination statuses (P value = 0.182). There were significant differences in Ct value in terms of both symptom presence and onset (both P values < 0.001). Our regression model showed that inactivated vaccines (P value = 0.027), mRNA vaccines (P value = 0.037), and the presence and onset of symptoms (both P values < 0.001) were independent factors significantly associated with the viral load. CONCLUSION The SARS-CoV-2 baseline viral load is unaffected by vaccination status, yet vaccination might accelerate viral clearance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the presence and onset of symptoms are independent variables substantially associated with the patient's viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhossein Khorraminejad-Shirazi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Nabavizadeh
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Aminnia
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ahmadifar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roham Borazjani
- Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Erfan Sadeghi
- Research Consultation Center (RCC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Izadpanah
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maral Mokhtari
- Raz Pathobiology and Genetic Laboratory, Shiraz, Iran
- Pathology Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Monabati
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Raz Pathobiology and Genetic Laboratory, Shiraz, Iran
- Pathology Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Wimalawansa SJ. Controlling Chronic Diseases and Acute Infections with Vitamin D Sufficiency. Nutrients 2023; 15:3623. [PMID: 37630813 PMCID: PMC10459179 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from developmental disabilities, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases with age especially in those with co-morbidities: vitamin D deficiency plays a major role in it. Whether vitamin D deficiency initiates and/or aggravates chronic diseases or vice versa is unclear. It adversely affects all body systems but can be eliminated using proper doses of vitamin D supplementation and/or safe daily sun exposure. Maintaining the population serum 25(OH)D concentration above 40 ng/mL (i.e., sufficiency) ensures a sound immune system, minimizing symptomatic diseases and reducing infections and the prevalence of chronic diseases. This is the most cost-effective way to keep a population healthy and reduce healthcare costs. Vitamin D facilitates physiological functions, overcoming pathologies such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and maintaining broader immune functions. These are vital to overcoming chronic diseases and infections. Therefore, in addition to following essential public health and nutritional guidance, maintaining vitamin D sufficiency should be an integral part of better health, preventing acute and chronic diseases and minimize their complications. Those with severe vitamin D deficiency have the highest burdens of co-morbidities and are more vulnerable to developing complications and untimely deaths. Vitamin D adequacy improves innate and adaptive immune systems. It controls excessive inflammation and oxidative stress, generates antimicrobial peptides, and neutralizes antibodies via immune cells. Consequently, vitamin D sufficiency reduces infections and associated complications and deaths. Maintaining vitamin D sufficiency reduces chronic disease burden, illnesses, hospitalizations, and all-cause mortality. Vulnerable communities, such as ethnic minorities living in temperate countries, older people, those with co-morbidities, routine night workers, and institutionalized persons, have the highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency-they would significantly benefit from vitamin D and targeted micronutrient supplementation. At least now, health departments, authorities, and health insurance companies should start assessing, prioritizing, and encouraging this economical, non-prescription, safe micronutrient to prevent and treat acute and chronic diseases. This approach will significantly reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs and ensure healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Wimalawansa
- Department of Medicine, CardioMetabolic & Endocrine Institute, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
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Zhang H, Xu N, Xu Y, Qin P, Dai R, Xu B, Wang S, Ding L, Fu J, Zhang S, Hua Q, Liao Y, Yang J, Hu X, Jiang J, Lv H. Safety and immunogenicity of Ad5-nCoV immunization after three-dose priming with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4757. [PMID: 37553338 PMCID: PMC10409730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the safety and immunity of a heterologous booster (fourth dose) after three-doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults are limited. We evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Ad5-nCoV in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled phase 4 clinical trial in Zhejiang, China (NCT05373030). Participants aged 18-80 years (100 per group), administered three doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ≥6 months earlier, are enrolled and randomized 1:1 into two groups, which are administered intramuscular Ad5-nCoV or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac or Covilo). All observed adverse reactions are predictable and manageable. Ad5-nCoV elicits significantly higher RBD-specific IgG levels, with a geometric mean concentration of 2924.0 on day 14 post-booster, 7.8-fold that of the inactivated vaccine. Pseudovirus-neutralizing antibodies to Omicron BA.4/5 show a similar pattern, with geometric mean titers of 228.9 in Ad5-nCoV group and 65.5 in inactivated vaccine group. Ad5-nCoV booster maintains high antibody levels on day 90, with seroconversion of 71.4%, while that of inactivated vaccine is 5.2%, almost pre-booster levels. A fourth Ad5-nCoV vaccination following three-doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is immunogenic, tolerable, and more efficient than inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Ad5-nCoV elicits a stronger humoral response against Omicron BA.4/5 and maintains antibody levels for longer than homologous boosting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjie Zhang
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057, China
| | - Nani Xu
- Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Yu Xu
- CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Rongrong Dai
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Bicheng Xu
- CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Shenyu Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057, China
| | - Linling Ding
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057, China
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057, China
| | | | - Qianhui Hua
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuting Liao
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Xihu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057, China
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310057, China
| | - Huakun Lv
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057, China.
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310057, China.
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8
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Liu Y, Zhao L, Wang L, Li Y, Wang L, Yu B, Hu D, Weng H, Guo J, Yang J, Yang J, Yu X. Clinical and humoral immune response characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.38 infection in pediatric patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18093. [PMID: 37519697 PMCID: PMC10372234 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a health concern for both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, the humoral immune response following vaccination and natural infection remains uncharacterized in children ages 17 years and younger. To address this concern, we performed clinical and immunological analyses of IgM and IgG antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.38 infection in 64 pediatric patients. COVID-19 symptom severity decreased with age in pediatric patients, from 70.8% (17/24) in patients 0-2 years of age to 50% (6/12) and 50% (14/28) in patients 3-5 years and 6-17 years of age, respectively. Furthermore, fewer patients experienced symptoms when vaccinated with the CoronaVac or BBIBP-CorV vaccine (50%, 13/26) than unvaccinated patients (71%, 22/31). Using a protein array, we found that the Omicron BA.2.38 infection induced antibody responses to other Omicron variants (Omicron BA.1-BA.5), which increased with vaccination. Notably, non-Omicron and Omicron variants showed distinct serotypes. Altogether, our results provide insight into the clinical and immunological characteristics of pediatric patients with COVID-19 Omicron BA.2.38 who have and have not been vaccinated against COVID-19. These data may help develop more effective diagnostic tests and vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Liunuobei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Laboratory, The No.2 People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Longde Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Laboratory, The No.2 People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Di Hu
- ProteomicsEra Medical Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Heng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine; Ying Lv's School Studio of Chinese Medicine; Xiaorong Luo's Renowned Expert Inheritance Studio of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
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