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de Almeida OGG, Bertozzi BG, de Oliveira Rocha L, von Hertwig AM, Arroyo DMD, de Martinis ECP, Nascimento MS. Genomic-wide analysis of Salmonella enterica strains isolated from peanuts in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 420:110767. [PMID: 38820989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Peanut-based products have been associated with Salmonella foodborne outbreaks and/or recalls worldwide. The ability of Salmonella to persist for a long time in a low moisture environment can contribute to this kind of contamination. The objective of this study was to analyse the genome of five S. enterica enterica strains isolated from the peanut supply chain in Brazil, as well as to identify genetic determinants for survival under desiccation and validate these findings by phenotypic test of desiccation stress. The strains were in silico serotyped using the platform SeqSero2 as Miami (M2851), Javiana (M2973), Oranienburg (M2976), Muenster (M624), and Glostrup/Chomedey (M7864); with phylogenomic analysis support. Based on Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) the strains were assigned to STs 140, 1674, 321, 174, and 2519. In addition, eight pathogenicity islands were found in all the genomes using the SPIFinder 2.0 (SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-5, SPI-9, SPI-13, SPI-14). The absence of a SPI-4 may indicate a loss of this island in the surveyed genomes. For the pangenomic analysis, 49 S. enterica genomes were input into the Roary pipeline. The majority of the stress related genes were considered as soft-core genes and were located on the chromosome. A desiccation stress phenotypic test was performed in trypticase soy broth (TSB) with four different water activity (aw) values. M2976 and M7864, both isolated from the peanut samples with the lowest aw, showed the highest OD570nm in TSB aw 0.964 and were statistically different (p < 0.05) from the strain isolated from the peanut sample with the highest aw (0.997). In conclusion, genome analyses have revealed signatures of desiccation adaptation in Salmonella strains, but phenotypic analyses suggested the environment influences the adaptive ability of Salmonella to overcome desiccation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Guilherme Gonçalves de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gerfi Bertozzi
- Departamento de Ciência e Nutrição de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Liliana de Oliveira Rocha
- Departamento de Ciência e Nutrição de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Aline Morgan von Hertwig
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Diana Mara Dias Arroyo
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina Pereira de Martinis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maristela Silva Nascimento
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil.
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Mahgoub SA, Qattan SYA, AlMalki F, Kamal M, Alqurashi AF, Almuraee AA, Alhassani WE, Abu-Hiamed HA, Almarkhan WD, Alsanei WA, Alfassam HE, Rudayni HA, Allam AA, Moustafa M, Alshaharni MO, Taha AE. Impact of packaging atmosphere, oregano essential oil, and storage temperature on cold-adapted Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium on ready-to-eat smoked turkey. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103846. [PMID: 38796987 PMCID: PMC11152719 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The hazard of diseases created by S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium is relatively high in turkey meat products. Combinations of preservation methods are utilized in many strategies, such as mild heat with decreased water activity, a changed atmosphere, refrigerated storage, and decreased heat treatment with some acidification. Within the domain of ready-to-eat food technology, a range of preservation methods are typically utilized to enhance shelf life, such as applying mild heat in tandem with reduced water activity, employing modified atmosphere packaging, utilizing refrigerated storage, and utilizing reduced heat treatment combined with acidification. This investigation aimed to determine how S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium grew when sliced ready-to-eat smoked turkey (RTE-SM) was stored at 0, 5, 10, and 15°C for various periods. The study also examined the effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (40% CO2 and 60% N2) and VP on these growth patterns. Total viable count (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pH, and redox potential levels were determined. The control experiment on RTE-SM showed no Salmonella growth within 30 d of storage at any temperature. This indicated that the RTE-SM in use did not initially contain S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Results indicated that the storage of RTE-SM using a combination of VP, MAP, and MAPEO with storage at 0 and 5°C did not allow for the pathogen to grow throughout storage. In comparison, at 10 and 15°C after one day, which allowed for minor growth (0.17-0.5 log CFU/g)? In contrast, at 0 and 5°C, Salmonella survives until the end of storage (173 d). However, the combination of MAPEO with the same storage temperatures achieved the elimination of the pathogen in the meat after 80 d. The combination of both packaging systems with high temperatures (10 or 15°C) allowed for the multiplication and growth of the bacterium through the product's shelf life of more than 1 log CFU/g. Thus, a combination of MAP or MAPEO with low storage temperatures (0 or 5°C) inhibited the growth of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Mahgoub
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Shaza Y A Qattan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatemah AlMalki
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities- Al Quwaiiyah, Shaqra Universit, Al Quwaiiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kamal
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Amal F Alqurashi
- Clinical Nutrition Department , Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej A Almuraee
- Clinical Nutrition Department , Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa E Alhassani
- Clinical Nutrition Department , Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind A Abu-Hiamed
- Assistant professor of Applied Nutrition, Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa D Almarkhan
- Assistant professor of Applied Nutrition, Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woroud A Alsanei
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa E Alfassam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-suef University, Beni-suef 65211, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O Alshaharni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Apis 21944, Egypt.
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Olsen JE, Frees D, Kyvsgaard NC, Barco L. Lack of correlation between growth, stress, and virulence phenotypes in strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium DT104, S. 4,12, b:- and S. Liverpool. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae015. [PMID: 38366187 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Strains of Salmonella Enteritidis (SEnt, n = 10) and S. Typhimurium (STm, n = 11), representing clones with high impact on human health, and strains of S. 4,12: b:- (S412B n = 11) and S. Liverpool (SLiv, n = 4), representing clones with minor impact on human health were characterized for 16 growth, stress, and virulence phenotypes to investigate whether systematic differences exist in their performance in these phenotypes and whether there was correlation between performance in different phenotypes. The term serotype was not found to be predictive of a certain type of performance in any phenotype, and surprisingly, on average, strains of SEnt and STm were not significantly better in adhering to and invading cultured intestinal cells than the less pathogenic types. Forest analysis identified desiccation tolerance and the ability to grow at 42°C with high salt as the characters that separated serovars with low human health impact (S412B/SLiv) from serovars with high human health impact (SEnt/STm). The study showed that variation in phenotypes was high even within serovars and correlation between phenotypes was low, i.e. the way that a strain performed phenotypically in one of the tested conditions had a low predictive value for the performance of the strain in other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Dorte Frees
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Niels Christian Kyvsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Lisa Barco
- WOAH, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Sandrasaigaran P, Mohan S, Segaran NS, Lee TY, Radu S, Hasan H. Prevalence of multi-antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from filth flies at wet markets in Klang, Malaysia, and their survival in the simulated gastric fluid. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110390. [PMID: 37722349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Filth flies at wet markets can be a vector harbouring multiple antimicrobial-resistant (MAR) nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), and such strains are a significant threat to public health as they may cause severe infections in humans. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant NTS, especially Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium harboured by filth flies at wet markets, and investigate their survival in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Filth flies (n = 90) were captured from wet markets in Klang, Malaysia, and processed to isolate Salmonella spp. The isolates (n = 16) were identified using the multiplex-touchdown PCR and assessed their antimicrobial susceptibility against 11 antimicrobial agents. Finally, three isolates with the highest MAR index were subjected to SGF survival tests. It was observed that 17.8 % of flies (n = 16/90) harbouring Salmonella, out of which 10 % (n = 9/90) was S. Enteritidis, 2.2 % (n = 2/90) was S. Typhimurium, and 5.6 % was unidentified serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. I. 43.8 % (n = 7/16) were confirmed as MAR, and they were observed to be resistant against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and nalidixic acid. Three strains, F35, F75, and F85 demonstrated the highest MAR index and were able to survive (>6-log10) in the SGF (180 min), indicating their potential virulence and invasiveness. This study provides significant insights into the prevalence and severity of MAR nontyphoidal Salmonella harboured by filth flies in wet markets, which may help inform strategies for controlling the spread and outbreak of foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratheep Sandrasaigaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuvarnah Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Nithiyha Sandara Segaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Tze Yan Lee
- School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology (PUScLST), Perdana University, Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Son Radu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Petrin S, Orsini M, Massaro A, Olsen JE, Barco L, Losasso C. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance correlation and plasmid characterization in Salmonella spp. isolates from Italy reveal high heterogeneity among serovars. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1221351. [PMID: 37744490 PMCID: PMC10513437 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1221351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The spread of antimicrobial resistance among zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella is a serious health threat, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) carrying antimicrobial resistance genes favor this phenomenon. In this work, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance to commonly used antimicrobials was studied, and the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and plasmid replicons associated with the resistances were determined. Methods Eighty-eight Italian Salmonella enterica strains (n = 88), from human, animal and food sources, isolated between 2009 and 2019, were selected to represent serovars with different frequency of isolation in human cases of salmonellosis. The presence of plasmid replicons was also investigated. Results and discussion Resistances to sulphonamides (23.9%), ciprofloxacin (27.3%), ampicillin (29.5%), and tetracycline (32.9%) were the most found phenotypes. ARGs identified in the genomes correlated with the phenotypical results, with blaTEM-1B, sul1, sul2, tetA and tetB genes being frequently identified. Point mutations in gyrA and parC genes were also detected, in addition to many different aminoglycoside-modifying genes, which, however, did not cause phenotypic resistance to aminoglycosides. Many genomes presented plasmid replicons, however, only a limited number of ARGs were predicted to be located on the contigs carrying these replicons. As an expectation of this, multiple ARGs were identified on contigs with IncQ1 plasmid replicon in strains belonging to the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium. In general, high variability in ARGs and plasmid replicons content was observed among isolates, highlighting a high level of heterogeneity in Salmonella enterica. Irrespective of the serovar., many of the ARGs, especially those associated with critically and highly important antimicrobials for human medicine were located together with plasmid replicons, thus favoring their successful dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrin
- Microbial Ecology and Microrganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, Legnaro, Italy
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- Microbial Ecology and Microrganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Massaro
- Applied Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisa Barco
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Microbial Ecology and Microrganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, Legnaro, Italy
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Liu X, Jiang Z, Liu Z, Li D, Liu Z, Dong X, Yan S, Zhu L, Cui D, Chen L, Wang J. Biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella enterica strains of different serotypes isolated from multiple sources in China. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106275. [PMID: 37516211 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic and foodborne pathogen that can infect humans and animals, causing severe concerns about food safety and a heavy financial burden worldwide. The pathogen can adhere to living and abiotic surfaces by forming biofilms, which increases the risk of transmission and infection. In this study, we investigated the biofilm-forming ability of 243 Salmonella strains of 36 serotypes from different sources in China using microplate crystal violet staining method. The results showed that 99.6% tested strains, with the exception of one strain of S. Thompson, were capable of forming biofilms. The strains with the biofilm-forming ability of strong, medium and weak accounted for 2.88%, 24.28% and 72.43%, respectively. The strains of S. Havana and S. Hvittingfoss had the strongest biofilm-forming ability, with the OD570 of 0.81 ± 0.02 and 0.81 ± 0.38, respectively, while the strains of S. Agona and S. Bovismorbificans had the weakest biofilm-forming ability, with the OD570 of 0.16 ± 0.02 and 0.15 ± 0.00, respectively. Furthermore, statistical analysis results demonstrated that isolation of source had no effect on the biofilm formation ability, while the detection rates of pefABCD and ddhC were positively correlated with the biofilm formation ability of Salmonella. In particular, the detection rate of ddhC gene was more than 60% in the biofilm forming strains. These findings have important guiding significance for the investigation of pathogenesis, as well as the prevention and control of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhaoxu Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zijun Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhenhai Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xiaorui Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Shigan Yan
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Liping Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Daoshi Cui
- Qilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Institute of Agro-Food Sciences and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism Inspection, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
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Desdouits M, Reynaud Y, Philippe C, Guyader FSL. A Comprehensive Review for the Surveillance of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms in Shellfish. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2218. [PMID: 37764063 PMCID: PMC10537662 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish have been consumed for centuries. Being filter feeders, they may bioaccumulate some microorganisms present in coastal water, either naturally or through the discharge of human or animal sewage. Despite regulations set up to avoid microbiological contamination in shellfish, human outbreaks still occur. After providing an overview showing their implication in disease, this review aims to highlight the diversity of the bacteria or enteric viruses detected in shellfish species, including emerging pathogens. After a critical discussion of the available methods and their limitations, we address the interest of technological developments using genomics to anticipate the emergence of pathogens. In the coming years, further research needs to be performed and methods need to be developed in order to design the future of surveillance and to help risk assessment studies, with the ultimate objective of protecting consumers and enhancing the microbial safety of bivalve molluscan shellfish as a healthy food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Françoise S. Le Guyader
- Ifremer, Unité Microbiologie Aliment Santé et Environnement, RBE/LSEM, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (Y.R.); (C.P.)
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Host Response of Syrian Hamster to SARS-CoV-2 Infection including Differences with Humans and between Sexes. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020428. [PMID: 36851642 PMCID: PMC9960357 DOI: 10.3390/v15020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the importance of having proper tools and models to study the pathophysiology of emerging infectious diseases to test therapeutic protocols, assess changes in viral phenotypes, and evaluate the effects of viral evolution. This study provided a comprehensive characterization of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) as an animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection using different approaches (description of clinical signs, viral load, receptor profiling, and host immune response) and targeting four different organs (lungs, intestine, brain, and PBMCs). Our data showed that both male and female hamsters were susceptible to the infection and developed a disease similar to the one observed in patients with COVID-19 that included moderate to severe pulmonary lesions, inflammation, and recruitment of the immune system in the lungs and at the systemic level. However, all animals recovered within 14 days without developing the severe pathology seen in humans, and none of them died. We found faint evidence for intestinal and neurological tropism associated with the absence of lesions and a minimal host response in intestines and brains, which highlighted another crucial difference with the multiorgan impairment of severe COVID-19. When comparing male and female hamsters, we observed that males sustained higher viral RNA shedding and replication in the lungs, suffered from more severe symptoms and histopathological lesions, and triggered higher pulmonary inflammation. Overall, these data confirmed the Syrian hamster as a suitable model for mild to moderate COVID-19 and reflected sex-related differences in the response against the virus observed in humans.
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ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SEA LION (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) PUPS IN NORTHWESTERN MEXICO. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:500-511. [PMID: 35704501 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections have been documented in marine mammals for decades, and some are considered emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential. The aerobic oral (n=16) and rectal (n=17) bacterial microbiota and their antimicrobial resistance were characterized for 17 apparently healthy California sea lion pups (Zalophus californianus) captured with a hoop net in Farallon Island, Sinaloa, Mexico, in 2016. Bacteriologic cultures, Analytical Profile Index, and PCR were used to identify bacterial species. The Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups were identified by PCR, Salmonella serotypes were identified, and resistance to antibiotics was evaluated. Overall, 39 bacterial species were isolated, including E. coli and Salmonella spp. (35.9% each) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28.2%). For E. coli, UNKNOWN phylogroup was the most prevalent (57.7%), followed by the A phylogroup (37.1%). Most Salmonella serotypes were identified as Newport (92.8%); serotype Saintpaul was also identified (7.2%). Sea lions with bacterial co-colonization included 24.2%, from which two bacterial species were isolated, and 3% with three species. Overall, 59% of bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, and 25.6% were extensively drug resistant. Bacteria were highly resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime. This study demonstrates the importance of characterizing the microbiome of sea lions, and the potential effect of pathogens with antimicrobial resistance on wildlife conservation and public health.
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