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Fan S, Bai Y, Li Q, Liu L, Wang Y, Xie F, Dong Y, Wang Z, Lv K, Zhu H, Bi H, Zhou X. Novel antibody-antibiotic conjugate using KRM-1657 as payload eliminates intracellular MRSA in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107532. [PMID: 38852312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be an extracellular pathogen. However, survival of S.aureus within host cells may cause long-term colonization and clinical failure. Current treatments have poor efficacy in clearing intracellular bacteria. Antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AACs) is a novel strategy for eliminating intracellular bacteria. Herein, we use KRM-1657 as payload of AAC for the first time, and we conjugate it with anti S. aureus antibody via a dipeptide linker (Valine-Alanine) to obtain a novel AAC (ASAK-22). The ASAK-22 exhibits good in vitro pharmacokinetic properties and inhibitory activity against intracellular MRSA, with 100 μg/mL of ASAK-22 capable of eliminating intracellular MRSA to the detection limit. Furthermore, the in vivo results demonstrate that a single administration of ASAK-22 significantly reduces the bacterial burden in the bacteremia model, which is superior to the vancomycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuefan Bai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qilong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuchao Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Kai Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Hongkai Bi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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Bellucci MC, Romani C, Sani M, Volonterio A. Dual Antibiotic Approach: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Antibiotic-Antimicrobial Peptide Conjugates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:783. [PMID: 39200083 PMCID: PMC11352213 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics has become a major concern in the medical field. The global misuse of antibiotics in clinics, personal use, and agriculture has accelerated this resistance, making infections increasingly difficult to treat and rendering new antibiotics ineffective more quickly. Finding new antibiotics is challenging due to the complexity of bacterial mechanisms, high costs and low financial incentives for the development of new molecular scaffolds, and stringent regulatory requirements. Additionally, innovation has slowed, with many new antibiotics being modifications of existing drugs rather than entirely new classes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a valid alternative to small-molecule antibiotics offering several advantages, including broad-spectrum activity and a lower likelihood of inducing resistance due to their multifaceted mechanisms of action. However, AMPs face challenges such as stability issues in physiological conditions, potential toxicity to human cells, high production costs, and difficulties in large-scale manufacturing. A reliable strategy to overcome the drawbacks associated with the use of small-molecule antibiotics and AMPs is combination therapy, namely the simultaneous co-administration of two or more antibiotics or the synthesis of covalently linked conjugates. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the development of antibiotic-AMP conjugates, with a particular emphasis on critically analyzing the design and synthetic strategies employed in their creation. In addition to the synthesis, the review will also explore the reported antibacterial activity of these conjugates and, where available, examine any data concerning their cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Bellucci
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20131 Milano, Italy;
| | - Carola Romani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy;
| | - Monica Sani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimica “G. Natta” (SCITEC), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Volonterio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy;
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3
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Mahdizade Ari M, Amini ME, Sholeh M, Zahedi Bialvaei A. The effect of polyclonal and monoclonal based antibodies as promising potential therapy for treatment of sepsis: A systematic review. New Microbes New Infect 2024; 60-61:101435. [PMID: 38860003 PMCID: PMC11163170 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
While mortality caused by sepsis remains an unsolved problem, studies showed conflicting results about effectiveness of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in patients suffering sepsis. For this reason, this current study provides an update of review clinical randomized trial studies until March 2024. The main object of this study is to determine effects of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies on mortality rate and hospitalization of patients suffering sepsis. Search of Scopus, Web of science, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane were performed and randomized controlled trials which conducted in patients with septic shock or bacterial sepsis were included. Two reviewers assessed all searched trials for eligibility according to already defined criteria and did data collection and analyses afterwards. Present study showed monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are a safe strategy with mild-to-moderate adverse effects. However, most studies indicate no significant change among inter-and intra-group comparison (p > 0.05) and further studies are needed, results showed an increase in survival rate, ventilator-and ICU-free days, resolve organ dysfunction, mediating inflammation related cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeil Amini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abed Zahedi Bialvaei
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Vitiello A, Rezza G, Silenzi A, Salzano A, Alise M, Boccellino MR, Ponzo A, Zovi A, Sabbatucci M. Therapeutic Strategies to Combat Increasing Rates of Multidrug Resistant Pathogens. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1557-1571. [PMID: 39107513 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobic-resistant infectious pathogens and the consequent rising in the incidence and prevalence of demises caused by or associated to infections which are not sensitive to drug treatments is one of today's major global health challenges. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can bring to therapeutic failure, infection's persistence and risk of serious illness, in particular in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, patients with neoplastic diseases or the immunocompromised. It is assessed that AMR will induce until 10 million deaths per year by 2050, becoming the leading cause of disease-related deaths. The World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United Nations General Assembly urgently call for new measures to combat the phenomenon. Research and development of new antimicrobial agents has decreased due to market failure. However, promising results are coming from new alternative therapeutic strategies such as monoclonal antibodies, microbiome modulators, nanomaterial-based therapeutics, vaccines, and phages. This narrative review aimed to analyse the benefits and weaknesses of alternative therapeutic strategies to antibiotics which treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vitiello
- Directorate-General for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Directorate-General for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Silenzi
- Directorate-General for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Salzano
- Directorate-General for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Mosè Alise
- Directorate General of Animal Health and Veterinary Medicines, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Annarita Ponzo
- Department of Biology L. Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zovi
- Directorate General for Hygiene, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Sabbatucci
- Department Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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5
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Lovey A, Lee A, Yu A, Krel M, Wang M, Paderu P, Brady T, Hough G, Zhao Q, Balkovec JM, Perlin DS, Zhao Y. CTC-177, a novel drug-Fc conjugate, shows promise as an immunoprophylactic agent against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae100. [PMID: 39071163 PMCID: PMC11276960 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance including MDR in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens poses a critical challenge to the current antimicrobial armamentarium. Objectives To create a novel drug-Fc conjugate (DFC) that can be delivered at sustained and prolonged levels while simultaneously activating the host immune response to combat MDR Gram-negative infections. Methods The Cloudbreak™ platform was used to develop DFCs consisting of a targeting moiety (TM) (a polymyxin-derived dimer) attached via a non-cleavable linker to an effector moiety (EM) (the Fc domain of human IgG1). In vitro activities of the DFCs were assessed by MIC testing. Neutropenic mouse models of thigh infection, septicaemia and pneumonia were used to evaluate in vivo efficacy. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Results A single prophylactic dose of our lead DFC, CTC-177, resulted in significantly decreased bacterial burdens and reduced inflammation comparable to daily treatment with colistin in septicaemia and pneumonia mouse models. Furthermore, CTC-177 prophylaxis was able to restore colistin efficacy in colistin-resistant septicaemia, reducing bacterial burdens beyond the limit of detection. Finally, CTC-177 displayed a long terminal half-life of over 24 and 65 h in mice and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. Conclusions These data support the continued development of Cloudbreak™ DFCs as broad-spectrum prophylactic agents against Gram-negative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Lovey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Annie Lee
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Allison Yu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Mila Krel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Mingming Wang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Padmaja Paderu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Thomas Brady
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Protein Chemistry, Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Grayson Hough
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Protein Chemistry, Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Protein Chemistry, Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - James M Balkovec
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Protein Chemistry, Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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6
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Thompson E, Qureshi A. Pathogens in FRI - Do bugs matter? - An analysis of FRI studies to assess your enemy. J Orthop 2024; 53:59-72. [PMID: 38476676 PMCID: PMC10925936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a devasting complication for both patients and their treating Orthopaedic surgeon that can lead to loss of limb function or even amputation. The unique and unpredictable features of FRI make its diagnosis and treatment a significant challenge. It has substantial morbidity and financial implications for patients, their families and healthcare providers. In this article, we perform an in-depth and comprehensive review of FRI through recent and seminal literature to highlight evolving definitions, diagnostic and treatment approaches, focusing on common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, polymicrobial infections and multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDRO). Furthermore, multiple resistance mechanisms and adaptations for microbial survival are discussed, as well as modern evidence-based medical and surgical advancements in treatment strategies in combating FRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmet Thompson
- Limb Reconstruction Service, Trauma & Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Amir Qureshi
- Limb Reconstruction Service, Trauma & Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
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7
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Chis AA, Dobrea CM, Arseniu AM, Frum A, Rus LL, Cormos G, Georgescu C, Morgovan C, Butuca A, Gligor FG, Vonica-Tincu AL. Antibody-Drug Conjugates-Evolution and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6969. [PMID: 39000079 PMCID: PMC11241239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antineoplastic therapy is one of the main research themes of this century. Modern approaches have been implemented to target and heighten the effect of cytostatic drugs on tumors and diminish their general/unspecific toxicity. In this context, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising and successful strategy. The aim of this review was to assess different aspects regarding ADCs. They were presented from a chemical and a pharmacological perspective and aspects like structure, conjugation and development particularities alongside effects, clinical trials, safety issues and perspectives and challenges for future use of these drugs were discussed. Representative examples include but are not limited to the following main structural components of ADCs: monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab, brentuximab), linkers (pH-sensitive, reduction-sensitive, peptide-based, phosphate-based, and others), and payloads (doxorubicin, emtansine, ravtansine, calicheamicin). Regarding pharmacotherapy success, the high effectiveness expectation associated with ADC treatment is supported by the large number of ongoing clinical trials. Major aspects such as development strategies are first discussed, advantages and disadvantages, safety and efficacy, offering a retrospective insight on the subject. The second part of the review is prospective, focusing on various plans to overcome the previously identified difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anca Maria Arseniu
- Faculty of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Adina Frum
- Faculty of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Luca-Liviu Rus
- Faculty of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Gabriela Cormos
- Faculty of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Cecilia Georgescu
- Faculty of Agriculture Science, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Claudiu Morgovan
- Faculty of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Anca Butuca
- Faculty of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
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8
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Casadevall A, Paneth N. Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Infectious Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2024. [PMID: 38869844 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to therapy in oncology and immune-related diseases, where dozens of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been introduced, often in transformative fashion, the use of mAbs for infectious diseases is generally underdeveloped, with fewer than a dozen mAbs currently licensed for the treatment of microbial diseases. This situation is paradoxical given that antibodies are major products of the immune system for protecting against infectious diseases. The underdevelopment of mAbs for infectious diseases has several causes including the availability of effective therapy against many microbial diseases, the fact that many pathogenic microbes are antigenically diverse and thus all strains are not covered by a single mAb, and the high expense of mAb therapies. Despite these hurdles the number of mAbs licensed for infectious disease indications is slowly increasing and there are numerous opportunities for the development of mAbs in the prevention and treatment of microbial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nigel Paneth
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Pediatrics & Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Kraus S, Fletcher ML, Łapińska U, Chawla K, Baker E, Attrill EL, O'Neill P, Farbos A, Jeffries A, Galyov EE, Korbsrisate S, Barnes KB, Harding SV, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Blaskovich MAT, Pagliara S. Phage-induced efflux down-regulation boosts antibiotic efficacy. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012361. [PMID: 38941361 PMCID: PMC11239113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The interactions between a virus and its host vary in space and time and are affected by the presence of molecules that alter the physiology of either the host or the virus. Determining the molecular mechanisms at the basis of these interactions is paramount for predicting the fate of bacterial and phage populations and for designing rational phage-antibiotic therapies. We study the interactions between stationary phase Burkholderia thailandensis and the phage ΦBp-AMP1. Although heterogeneous genetic resistance to phage rapidly emerges in B. thailandensis, the presence of phage enhances the efficacy of three major antibiotic classes, the quinolones, the beta-lactams and the tetracyclines, but antagonizes tetrahydrofolate synthesis inhibitors. We discovered that enhanced antibiotic efficacy is facilitated by reduced antibiotic efflux in the presence of phage. This new phage-antibiotic therapy allows for eradication of stationary phase bacteria, whilst requiring reduced antibiotic concentrations, which is crucial for treating infections in sites where it is difficult to achieve high antibiotic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kraus
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Megan L Fletcher
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Urszula Łapińska
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Krina Chawla
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Evan Baker
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Erin L Attrill
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O'Neill
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Farbos
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Jeffries
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard E Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kay B Barnes
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah V Harding
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stefano Pagliara
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
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10
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Darbandi A, Abdi M, Dashtbin S, Yaghoubi S, Sholeh M, Kouhsari E, Darbandi T, Ghanavati R, Taheri B. Antibody-Antibiotic Conjugates: A Comprehensive Review on Their Therapeutic Potentials Against BacterialInfections. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25071. [PMID: 38867639 PMCID: PMC11211676 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibodies are significant agents in the immune system and have proven to be effective in treating bacterial infections. With the advancement of antibody engineering in recent decades, antibody therapy has evolved widely. AIM This review aimed to investigate a new method as a therapeutic platform for the treatment of bacterial infections and explore the novel features of this method in conferring pathogen specificity to broad-spectrum antibiotics. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature review was conducted addressing the following topics about antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AACs): (1) structure and mechanism of action; (2) clinical effectiveness; (3) advantages and disadvantages. RESULT Antibody conjugates are designed to build upon the progress made in the development of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of diseases. Despite the growing emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria worldwide, novel antimicrobials have not been sufficiently expanded to combat the global crisis of antibiotic resistance. A recently developed strategy for the treatment of infectious diseases is the use of AACs, which are specifically activated only in host cells. CONCLUSION A novel therapeutic AAC employs an antibody to deliver the antibiotic to the bacteria. The AACs can release potent antibacterial components that unconjugated forms may not exhibit with an appropriate therapeutic index. This review highlights how this science has guided the design principles of an impressive AAC and discusses how the AAC model promises to enhance the antibiotic effect against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Darbandi
- Molecular Microbiology Research CenterShahed UniversityTehranIran
| | - Milad Abdi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious DiseasesKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Shirin Dashtbin
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sajad Yaghoubi
- Basic Sciences DepartmentNeyshabur University of Medical SciencesNeyshaburIran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of BacteriologyPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Ebrahim Kouhsari
- Laboratory Sciences Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Talieh Darbandi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences BranchIslamic Azad University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Behrouz Taheri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
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11
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Kharga K, Jha S, Vishwakarma T, Kumar L. Current developments and prospects of the antibiotic delivery systems. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-40. [PMID: 38425122 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2321480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics have remained the cornerstone for the treatment of bacterial infections ever since their discovery in the twentieth century. The uproar over antibiotic resistance among bacteria arising from genome plasticity and biofilm development has rendered current antibiotic therapies ineffective, urging the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. The development of antibiotic resistance among bacteria has further heightened the clinical failure of antibiotic therapy, which is often linked to its low bioavailability, side effects, and poor penetration and accumulation at the site of infection. In this review, we highlight the potential use of siderophores, antibodies, cell-penetrating peptides, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, and nanoparticles to smuggle antibiotics across impermeable biological membranes to achieve therapeutically relevant concentrations of antibiotics and combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We will discuss the general mechanisms via which each delivery system functions and how it can be tailored to deliver antibiotics against the paradigm of mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kharga
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhang Jha
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tanvi Vishwakarma
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
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12
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Chen Y, Jiang Y, Xue T, Cheng J. Strategies for the eradication of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1115-1130. [PMID: 38284808 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01498c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens affect a significant portion of world population and cause millions of deaths each year. They can invade host cells and survive inside them and are extremely resistant to immune systems and antibiotics. Current treatments have limitations, and therefore, new effective therapies are needed to combat this ongoing health challenge. Active research efforts have been made to develop many new strategies to eradicate these intracellular pathogens. In this review, we focus on the intracellular bacterial pathogens and first introduce several representative intracellular bacteria and the diseases they cause. We then discuss the challenges in eradicating these bacteria and summarize the current therapeutics for intracellular bacteria. Finally, recent advances in intracellular bacteria eradication are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Yunjiang Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Tianrui Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
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13
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Yelamali AR, Chendamarai E, Ritchey JK, Rettig MP, DiPersio JF, Persaud SP. Streptavidin-drug conjugates streamline optimization of antibody-based conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.579199. [PMID: 38405731 PMCID: PMC10888937 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) conditioning using antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) is a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy- and irradiation-based conditioning regimens. The drug payload bound to an ADC is a key contributor to its efficacy and potential toxicities; however, a comparison of HSCT conditioning ADCs produced with different toxic payloads has not been performed. Indeed, ADC optimization studies in general are hampered by the inability to produce and screen multiple combinations of antibody and drug payload in a rapid, cost-effective manner. Herein, we used Click chemistry to covalently conjugate four different small molecule payloads to streptavidin; these streptavidin-drug conjugates can then be joined to any biotinylated antibody to produce stable, indirectly conjugated ADCs. Evaluating CD45-targeted ADCs produced with this system, we found the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer SGD-1882 was the most effective payload for targeting mouse and human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and acute myeloid leukemia cells. In murine syngeneic HSCT studies, a single dose of CD45-PBD enabled near-complete conversion to donor hematopoiesis. Finally, human CD45-PBD provided significant antitumor benefit in a patient-derived xenograft model of acute myeloid leukemia. As our streptavidin-drug conjugates were generated in-house with readily accessible equipment, reagents, and routine molecular biology techniques, we anticipate this flexible platform will facilitate the evaluation and optimization of ADCs for myriad targeting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya R Yelamali
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Ezhilarasi Chendamarai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Julie K Ritchey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Michael P Rettig
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - John F DiPersio
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Stephen P Persaud
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Chen HC, Pan YL, Chen Y, Yang TH, Hsu ET, Huang YT, Chiang MH. Monoclonal Antibodies as a Therapeutic Strategy against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in a Post-COVID-19 Era. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:246. [PMID: 38398755 PMCID: PMC10890110 DOI: 10.3390/life14020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of severe multidrug-resistant bacterial infections has recently intensified because of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the guidelines issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), routine antibiotic administration is not recommended for patients with supposed or confirmed mild SARS-CoV-2 infection or pneumonia, unless bacterial infection is clinically suspected. However, recent studies have pointed out that the proportion of non-essential antibiotic use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 remains high. Therefore, the silent pandemic of antibiotic resistance remains a pressing issue regardless of the present threats presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. To prevent or delay entry into the postulated post-antibiotic era, the long-term advocacy for the rational use of antibiotics, the optimization of infection control procedures, and the development of new antibacterial agents and vaccines should be underscored as vital practices of the antibacterial toolbox. Recently, the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies has gradually received attention following the advancement of biotechnology as well as enhanced drug discovery and development in cancer research. Although decent progress has been made in laboratory-based research and promising results have been obtained following clinical trials of some of these products, challenges still exist in their widespread clinical applications. This article describes the current advantages of antibacterial monoclonal antibodies, the development of associated clinical trials, and some perceived future perspectives and challenges. Further, we anticipate the development of more therapeutic agents to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections as well as to increase the resilience of current or novel agents/strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chun Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ling Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-L.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ying Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-L.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Tsung-Hsuan Yang
- School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Erh-Tung Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (E.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (E.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Ming-Hsien Chiang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-L.P.); (Y.C.)
- mProbe Taiwan Inc., Taipei City 105037, Taiwan
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15
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Qin L, Hu N, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhao L, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zou Y, Wei K, Zhao C, Li Y, Zeng H, Huang W, Zou Q. Antibody-antibiotic conjugate targeted therapy for orthopedic implant-associated intracellular S. aureus infections. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00375-2. [PMID: 38048846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treating orthopedic implant-associated infections, especially those caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), remains a significant challenge. S. aureus has the ability to invade host cells, enabling it to evade both antibiotics and immune responses during infection, which may result in clinical treatment failures. Therefore, it is critical to identify the host cell type of implant-associated intracellular S. aureus infections and to develop a strategy for highly targeted delivery of antibiotics to the host cells. OBJECTIVES Introduced an antibody-antibiotic conjugate (AAC) for the targeted elimination of intracellular S. aureus. METHODS The AAC comprises of a human monoclonal antibody (M0662) directly recognizes the surface antigen of S. aureus, Staphylococcus protein A, which is conjugated with vancomycin through cathepsin-sensitive linkers that are cleavable in the proteolytic environment of the intracellular phagolysosome. AAC, vancomycin and vancomycin combined with AAC were used in vitro intracellular infection and mice implant infection models. We then tested the effect of AAC in vivo and in vivo by fluorescence imaging, in vivo imaging, bacterial quantitative analysis and bacterial biofilm imaging. RESULTS In vitro, it was observed that AAC captured extracellular S. aureus and co-entered the cells, and subsequently released vancomycin to induce rapid elimination of intracellular S. aureus. In the implant infection model, AAC significantly improved the bactericidal effect of vancomycin. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the application of AAC effectively blocked the formation of bacterial biofilm. Further histochemical and micro-CT analysis showed AAC significantly reduced the level of bone marrow density (BMD) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) reduction caused by bacterial infection in the distal femur of mice compared to vancomycin treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The application of AAC in an implant infection model showed that it significantly improved the bactericidal effects of vancomycin and effectively blocked the formation of bacterial biofilms, without apparent toxicity to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Jianye Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Liqun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yinshuang Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Keyu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yujian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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16
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Sasso J, Tenchov R, Bird R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Zhou QA. The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1951-2000. [PMID: 37821099 PMCID: PMC10655051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing systemic toxicity. Their design allows for higher doses of the cytotoxic drug to be administered, potentially increasing efficacy. They are currently among the most promising drug classes in oncology, with efforts to expand their application for nononcological indications and in combination therapies. Here we provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ADC research and consider future directions and challenges in promoting this promising platform to widespread therapeutic use. We examine data from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific information, and analyze the publication landscape of recent research to reveal the exploration trends in published documents and to provide insights into the scientific advances in the area. We also discuss the evolution of the key concepts in the field, the major technologies, and their development pipelines with company research focuses, disease targets, development stages, and publication and investment trends. A comprehensive concept map has been created based on the documents in the CAS Content Collection. We hope that this report can serve as a useful resource for understanding the current state of knowledge in the field of ADCs and the remaining challenges to fulfill their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet
M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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17
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Asfaw A, Lulekal E, Bekele T, Debella A, Meresa A, Sisay B, Degu S, Abebe A. Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of traditional medicinal plants: An alternative therapeutic Approach to conventional antibiotics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22462. [PMID: 38045177 PMCID: PMC10689945 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to carry out antibacterial and phytochemical analyses on six selected medicinal plants that have been traditionally used by the local people to treat and control different diseases. The antibacterial activities of methanolic extracts of these plants were assessed using the Agar well diffusion and Microtiter broth dilution methods. The root extract of Andrachne aspera showed significantly (p < 0.05) highest mean zone of inhibition at concentrations of 100 mg/ml (33 ± 0.17) and 200 mg/ml (33.5 ± 0.84) against S. epidermidis. The second highest mean zone of inhibition (24.8 ± 0.41) was recorded by Dichrostachys cinerea leaf extract against S. epidermidis at 200 mg/ml concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentrations 1.0 ± 0.0 was recorded by Andrachne aspera against E. faecalis and 2.0 ± 0.0 against S. aureus by Dichrostachys cinerea. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that Andrachne aspera and Dichrostachys cinerea contained strong concentration of Polyphenols and Flavonoids. Therefore, these two medicinal plant species have promising potential for further detailed investigations, including safety tests, characterization and isolation of bioactive secondary metabolites for the development of alternative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaye Asfaw
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia
- Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Lulekal
- Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Tamrat Bekele
- Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Asfaw Debella
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Traditional Medicine, Directorate, Ethiopia
| | - Asfaw Meresa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Traditional Medicine, Directorate, Ethiopia
| | - Bihonegn Sisay
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Traditional Medicine, Directorate, Ethiopia
| | - Sileshi Degu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Traditional Medicine, Directorate, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Abebe
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Traditional Medicine, Directorate, Ethiopia
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18
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Chen L, Kumar S, Wu H. A review of current antibiotic resistance and promising antibiotics with novel modes of action to combat antibiotic resistance. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:356. [PMID: 37863957 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and transmission of antibiotic resistance is a global public health crisis with significant burden on healthcare systems, resulting in high mortality and economic costs. In 2019, almost five million deaths were associated with drug-resistant infections, and if left unchecked, the global economy could lose $100 trillion by 2050. To effectively combat this crisis, it is essential for all countries to understand the current situation of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we examine the current driving factors leading to the crisis, impact of critical superbugs in three regions, and identify novel mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. It is crucial to monitor the phenotypic characteristics of drug-resistant pathogens and describe the mechanisms involved in preventing the emergence of cross-resistance to novel antimicrobials. Additionally, maintaining an active pipeline of new antibiotics is essential for fighting against diverse antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Developing antibacterial agents with novel mechanisms of action is a promising way to combat increasing antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
- School of Graduate Studies, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
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19
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Tvilum A, Johansen MI, Glud LN, Ivarsen DM, Khamas AB, Carmali S, Mhatre SS, Søgaard AB, Faddy E, de Vor L, Rooijakkers SHM, Østergaard L, Jørgensen NP, Meyer RL, Zelikin AN. Antibody-Drug Conjugates to Treat Bacterial Biofilms via Targeting and Extracellular Drug Release. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301340. [PMID: 37290045 PMCID: PMC10427384 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of implant-associated bacterial infections and biofilms is an urgent medical need and a grand challenge because biofilms protect bacteria from the immune system and harbor antibiotic-tolerant persister cells. This need is addressed herein through an engineering of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that contain an anti-neoplastic drug mitomycin C, which is also a potent antimicrobial against biofilms. The ADCs designed herein release the conjugated drug without cell entry, via a novel mechanism of drug release which likely involves an interaction of ADC with the thiols on the bacterial cell surface. ADCs targeted toward bacteria are superior by the afforded antimicrobial effects compared to the non-specific counterpart, in suspension and within biofilms, in vitro, and in an implant-associated murine osteomyelitis model in vivo. The results are important in developing ADC for a new area of application with a significant translational potential, and in addressing an urgent medical need of designing a treatment of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tvilum
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Mikkel I Johansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Laerke N Glud
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Diana M Ivarsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Amanda B Khamas
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Sheiliza Carmali
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Snehit Satish Mhatre
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Ane B Søgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Emma Faddy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Lisanne de Vor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Nis P Jørgensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Rikke L Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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20
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Umarje SC, Banerjee SK. Non-traditional approaches for control of antibiotic resistance. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:1113-1135. [PMID: 38007617 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2279644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The drying up of antibiotic pipeline has necessitated the development of alternative therapeutic strategies to control the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that is expected to kill 10-million people annually by 2050. Newer therapeutic approaches address the shortcomings of traditional small-molecule antibiotics - the lack of specificity, evolvability, and susceptibility to mutation-based resistance. These 'non-traditional' molecules are biologicals having a complex structure and mode(s) of action that makes them resilient to resistance. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide information about the non-traditional drug development approaches to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance, from the pre-antibiotic era to the latest developments. We have covered the molecules under development in the clinic with literature sourced from reviewed scholarly articles, official company websites involved in innovation of concerned therapeutics, press releases from the regulatory bodies, and clinical trial databases. EXPERT OPINION Formal introduction of non-traditional therapies in general practice can be quick and feasible only if supported with companion diagnostics and used in conjunction with established therapies. Owing to relatively higher development costs, non-traditional therapeutics require more funding as well as well as clarity in regulatory and clinical path. We are hopeful these issues are adequately addressed before AMR develops into a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth C Umarje
- Department of Proteomics, AbGenics Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
- AbGenics Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
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21
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Pal LB, Bule P, Khan W, Chella N. An Overview of the Development and Preclinical Evaluation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Non-Oncological Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1807. [PMID: 37513995 PMCID: PMC10385119 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Typically, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are made up of a humanized antibody and a small-molecule medication connected by a chemical linker. ADCs' ability to deliver cytotoxic agents to the specific site with reduced side effects showed promising results in oncology. To date, fourteen ADCs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and approximately 297 ADCs are in pre-clinical/clinical stages in the oncology area. Inspired by these outcomes, a few scientists explored the potential of antibody-drug conjugates in non-oncological conditions such as arthritis, myasthenia gravis, immunological disorders, and kidney failure. However, there are limited data available on the non-oncological applications of antibody-drug conjugates. This current review focuses on the non-oncological applications of antibody-drug conjugates, their developmental studies, testing procedures, in vitro evaluations, and pre-clinical testing. Additionally, a summary of the restrictions, difficulties, and prospects for ADCs in non-oncological applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lal Bahadur Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
| | - Prajakta Bule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
| | - Wahid Khan
- Natco Research Centre, Natco Pharma Ltd., Hyderabad 500018, Telangana, India
| | - Naveen Chella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
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22
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Lei EK, Ryan S, van Faassen H, Foss M, Robotham A, Baltat I, Fulton K, Henry KA, Chen W, Hussack G. Isolation and characterization of a VHH targeting the Acinetobacter baumannii cell surface protein CsuA/B. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12594-1. [PMID: 37284893 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that exhibits high intrinsic resistance to antimicrobials, with treatment often requiring the use of last-resort antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistant strains have become increasingly prevalent, underscoring a need for new therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to use A. baumannii outer membrane vesicles as immunogens to generate single-domain antibodies (VHHs) against bacterial cell surface targets. Llama immunization with the outer membrane vesicle preparations from four A. baumannii strains (ATCC 19606, ATCC 17961, ATCC 17975, and LAC-4) elicited a strong heavy-chain IgG response, and VHHs were selected against cell surface and/or extracellular targets. For one VHH, OMV81, the target antigen was identified using a combination of gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and binding studies. Using these techniques, OMV81 was shown to specifically recognize CsuA/B, a protein subunit of the Csu pilus, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 17 nM. OMV81 specifically bound to intact A. baumannii cells, highlighting its potential use as a targeting agent. We anticipate the ability to generate antigen-specific antibodies against cell surface A. baumannii targets could provide tools for further study and treatment of this pathogen. KEY POINTS: •Llama immunization with bacterial OMV preparations for VHH generation •A. baumannii CsuA/B, a pilus subunit, identified by mass spectrometry as VHH target •High-affinity and specific VHH binding to CsuA/B and A. baumannii cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Lei
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Ryan
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Foss
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabel Baltat
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Fulton
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin A Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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23
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Ding D, Wang B, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Liu X, Gao Z, Yu Z. The spread of antibiotic resistance to humans and potential protection strategies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114734. [PMID: 36950985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the greatest threats to human health. Widespread use and residues of antibiotics in humans, animals, and the environment can exert selective pressure on antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG), accelerating the flow of antibiotic resistance. As ARG spreads to the population, the burden of antibiotic resistance in humans increases, which may have potential health effects on people. Therefore, it is critical to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance to humans and reduce the load of antibiotic resistance in humans. This review briefly described the information of global antibiotic consumption information and national action plans (NAPs) to combat antibiotic resistance and provided a set of feasible control strategies for the transmission of ARB and ARG to humans in three areas including (a) Reducing the colonization capacity of exogenous ARB, (b) Enhancing human colonization resistance and mitigating the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARG, (c) Reversing ARB antibiotic resistance. With the hope of achieving interdisciplinary one-health prevention and control of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ding
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junxi Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Zengli Yu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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24
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Kharga K, Kumar L, Patel SKS. Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody-Based Approaches in the Management of Bacterial Sepsis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030765. [PMID: 36979744 PMCID: PMC10045367 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response to an infectious agent and its antigens. Immune cell activation against the antigens causes severe distress that mediates a strong inflammatory response in vital organs. Sepsis is responsible for a high rate of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutic strategies are now being explored as a viable therapy option for severe sepsis and septic shock. Monoclonal antibodies may provide benefits through two major strategies: (a) monoclonal antibodies targeting the pathogen and its components, and (b) mAbs targeting inflammatory signaling may directly suppress the production of inflammatory mediators. The major focus of mAb therapies has been bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), although other surface antigens are also being investigated for mAb therapy. Several promising candidates for mAbs are undergoing clinical trials at present. Despite several failures and the investigation of novel targets, mAb therapy provides a glimmer of hope for the treatment of severe bacterial sepsis and septic shock. In this review, mAb candidates, their efficacy against controlling infection, with special emphasis on potential roadblocks, and prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kharga
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Raj Khosla Centre for Cancer Research, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (S.K.S.P.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (S.K.S.P.)
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25
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Helmy YA, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Hawwas HAEH, Ghosh S, AlKafaas SS, Moawad MMM, Saied EM, Kassem II, Mawad AMM. Antimicrobial Resistance and Recent Alternatives to Antibiotics for the Control of Bacterial Pathogens with an Emphasis on Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:274. [PMID: 36830185 PMCID: PMC9952301 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most important global public health problems. The imprudent use of antibiotics in humans and animals has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The dissemination of these strains and their resistant determinants could endanger antibiotic efficacy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and develop novel strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. This review provides insights into the evolution and the mechanisms of AMR. Additionally, it discusses alternative approaches that might be used to control AMR, including probiotics, prebiotics, antimicrobial peptides, small molecules, organic acids, essential oils, bacteriophage, fecal transplants, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Hanan Abd El-Halim Hawwas
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
| | - Samar Sami AlKafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | | | - Essa M. Saied
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Issmat I. Kassem
- Centre for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30609, USA
| | - Asmaa M. M. Mawad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Madinah 42317, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
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26
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Batchelder JI, Hare PJ, Mok WWK. Resistance-resistant antibacterial treatment strategies. FRONTIERS IN ANTIBIOTICS 2023; 2:1093156. [PMID: 36845830 PMCID: PMC9954795 DOI: 10.3389/frabi.2023.1093156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major danger to public health that threatens to claim the lives of millions of people per year within the next few decades. Years of necessary administration and excessive application of antibiotics have selected for strains that are resistant to many of our currently available treatments. Due to the high costs and difficulty of developing new antibiotics, the emergence of resistant bacteria is outpacing the introduction of new drugs to fight them. To overcome this problem, many researchers are focusing on developing antibacterial therapeutic strategies that are "resistance-resistant"-regimens that slow or stall resistance development in the targeted pathogens. In this mini review, we outline major examples of novel resistance-resistant therapeutic strategies. We discuss the use of compounds that reduce mutagenesis and thereby decrease the likelihood of resistance emergence. Then, we examine the effectiveness of antibiotic cycling and evolutionary steering, in which a bacterial population is forced by one antibiotic toward susceptibility to another antibiotic. We also consider combination therapies that aim to sabotage defensive mechanisms and eliminate potentially resistant pathogens by combining two antibiotics or combining an antibiotic with other therapeutics, such as antibodies or phages. Finally, we highlight promising future directions in this field, including the potential of applying machine learning and personalized medicine to fight antibiotic resistance emergence and out-maneuver adaptive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Batchelder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Patricia J Hare
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Wendy W K Mok
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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27
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Li G, Walker MJ, De Oliveira DMP. Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010024. [PMID: 36677316 PMCID: PMC9866002 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus are both common commensals and major opportunistic human pathogens. In recent decades, these bacteria have acquired broad resistance to several major classes of antibiotics, including commonly employed glycopeptides. Exemplified by resistance to vancomycin, glycopeptide resistance is mediated through intrinsic gene mutations, and/or transferrable van resistance gene cassette-carrying mobile genetic elements. Here, this review will discuss the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus in healthcare, community, and agricultural settings, explore vancomycin resistance in the context of van and non-van mediated resistance development and provide insights into alternative therapeutic approaches aimed at treating drug-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus infections.
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28
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Khatib SE, Salla M. The mosaic puzzle of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments - A modular transition from full-length immunoglobulins to antibody mimetics. Leuk Res Rep 2022; 18:100335. [PMID: 35832747 PMCID: PMC9272380 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2022.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies represents an important and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tool in disease management and modern science but remains limited by several factors including the uneven distribution in diseased tissues as well as undesired activation of side immune reactions. Major scientific advancements including Recombinant DNA Technology, Hybridoma Technology, and Polymerase Chain Reaction have considerably impacted the use of monoclonal antibodies providing technical and effective solutions to overcome the shortcomings encountered with conventional antibodies. Initially, the introduction of antibody fragments allowed a more uniform and deeper penetration of the targeted tissue and reduced unwanted activation of Fc-mediated immune reactions. On another level, the immunogenicity of murine-derived antibodies was overcome by humanizing their encoding genes with specific sequences of human origin andtransgenic mice able to synthesize fully human antibodies were successfully created. Moreover, the advancement of genetic engineering techniques supported by the modular structure of antibody coding genes paved the way for the development of a new generation of antibody fragments with a wide spectrum of monospecific and bispecific agents. These later could be monovalent, bivalent, or multivalent, and either expressed as a single chain, assembled in multimeric forms or stringed in tandem. This has conferred improved affinity, stability, and solubility to antibody targetting. Lately, a new array of monoclonal antibody fragments was introduced with the engineering of nanobody and antibody mimetics as non-immunoglobulin-derived fragments with promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this review, we decipher the molecular basis of monoclonal antibody engineering with a detailed screening of the antibody derivatives that provides new perspectives to expand the use of monoclonal fragments into previously unexplored fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Khatib
- Lebanese International University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara, West Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Salla
- University of Alberta. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,116St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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