|
1
|
Devantier K, Kjær VMS, Griffin S, Kragelund BB, Rosenkilde MM. Advancing the field of viroporins-Structure, function and pharmacology: IUPHAR Review X. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 39224966 DOI: 10.1111/bph.17317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Viroporins possess important potential as antiviral targets due to their critical roles during virus life cycles, spanning from virus entry to egress. Although the antiviral amantadine targets the M2 viroporin of influenza A virus, successful progression of other viroporin inhibitors into clinical use remains challenging. These challenges relate in varying proportions to a lack of reliable full-length 3D-structures, difficulties in functionally characterising individual viroporins, and absence of verifiable direct binding between inhibitor and viroporin. This review offers perspectives to help overcome these challenges. We provide a comprehensive overview of the viroporin family, including their structural and functional features, highlighting the moldability of their energy landscapes and actions. To advance the field, we suggest a list of best practices to aspire towards unambiguous viroporin identification and characterisation, along with considerations of potential pitfalls. Finally, we present current and future scenarios of, and prospects for, viroporin targeting drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira Devantier
- Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktoria M S Kjær
- Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen Griffin
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James' University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Young VL, McSweeney AM, Edwards MJ, Ward VK. The Disorderly Nature of Caliciviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:1324. [PMID: 39205298 PMCID: PMC11360831 DOI: 10.3390/v16081324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
An intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) or region (IDR) lacks or has little protein structure but still maintains function. This lack of structure creates flexibility and fluidity, allowing multiple protein conformations and potentially transient interactions with more than one partner. Caliciviruses are positive-sense ssRNA viruses, containing a relatively small genome of 7.6-8.6 kb and have a broad host range. Many viral proteins are known to contain IDRs, which benefit smaller viral genomes by expanding the functional proteome through the multifunctional nature of the IDR. The percentage of intrinsically disordered residues within the total proteome for each calicivirus type species can range between 8 and 23%, and IDRs have been experimentally identified in NS1-2, VPg and RdRP proteins. The IDRs within a protein are not well conserved across the genera, and whether this correlates to different activities or increased tolerance to mutations, driving virus adaptation to new selection pressures, is unknown. The function of norovirus NS1-2 has not yet been fully elucidated but includes involvement in host cell tropism, the promotion of viral spread and the suppression of host interferon-λ responses. These functions and the presence of host cell-like linear motifs that interact with host cell caspases and VAPA/B are all found or affected by the disordered region of norovirus NS1-2. The IDRs of calicivirus VPg are involved in viral transcription and translation, RNA binding, nucleotidylylation and cell cycle arrest, and the N-terminal IDR within the human norovirus RdRP could potentially drive liquid-liquid phase separation. This review identifies and summarises the IDRs of proteins within the Caliciviridae family and their importance during viral replication and subsequent host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vernon K. Ward
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Peñaflor-Téllez Y, Escobar-Almazan JA, Pérez-Ibáñez C, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Gómez de la Madrid J, Monge-Celestino EI, Talamás-Rohana P, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. The Feline calicivirus Leader of the Capsid (LC) Protein Contains a Putative Transmembrane Domain, Binds to the Cytoplasmic Membrane, and Exogenously Permeates Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:1319. [PMID: 39205293 PMCID: PMC11359386 DOI: 10.3390/v16081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV), an important model for studying the biology of the Caliciviridae family, encodes the leader of the capsid (LC) protein, a viral factor known to induce apoptosis when expressed in a virus-free system. Our research has shown that the FCV LC protein forms disulfide bond-dependent homo-oligomers and exhibits intrinsic toxicity; however, it lacked a polybasic region and a transmembrane domain (TMD); thus, it was initially classified as a non-classical viroporin. The unique nature of the FCV LC protein, with no similarity to other proteins beyond the Vesivirus genus, has posed challenges for bioinformatic analysis reliant on sequence similarity. In this study, we continued characterizing the LC protein using the AlphaFold 2 and the recently released AlphaFold 3 artificial intelligence tools to predict the LC protein tertiary structure. We compared it to other molecular modeling algorithms, such as I-Tasser's QUARK, offering new insights into its putative TMD. Through exogenous interaction, we found that the recombinant LC protein associates with the CrFK plasmatic membrane and can permeate cell membranes in a disulfide bond-independent manner, suggesting that this interaction might occur through a TMD. Additionally, we examined its potential to activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in murine and human ovarian cancer cell lines, overexpressing survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein. All these results enhance our understanding of the LC protein's mechanism of action and suggest its role as a class-I viroporin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Lorena Gutiérrez-Escolano
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (Y.P.-T.); (J.A.E.-A.); (C.P.-I.); (C.E.M.-R.); (J.G.d.l.M.); (E.I.M.-C.); (P.T.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Yu J, Li Y, Xiao L, Xie J, Guo Z, Ye Y, Lin Y, Cao Y, Wu X, Mao C, Li X, Pan M, Ye J, Zhou L, Huang J, Yang J, Wei Y, Zhang X, Zhang B, Kang R. Neglected Spleen Transcriptional Profile Reveals Inflammatory Disorder Conferred by Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:495. [PMID: 38675838 PMCID: PMC11054208 DOI: 10.3390/v16040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an acute fatal disease caused by the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Since the first outbreaks of type 2 RHDV (RHDV2) in April 2020 in China, the persistence of this virus in the rabbit population has caused substantial economic losses in rabbit husbandry. Previous failures in preventing RHDV2 prompted us to further investigate the immune mechanisms underlying the virus's pathogenicity, particularly concerning the spleen, a vital component of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). For this, a previous RHDV2 isolate, CHN/SC2020, was utilized to challenge naive adult rabbits. Then, the splenic transcriptome was determined by RNA-Seq. This study showed that the infected adult rabbits had 3148 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were associated with disease, signal transduction, cellular processes, and cytokine signaling categories. Of these, 100 upregulated DEGs were involved in inflammatory factors such as IL1α, IL-6, and IL-8. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway, which may play a vital role in CHN/SC2020 infection. At the same time, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were significantly increased in the spleen at the late stages of infection. These findings suggested that RHDV2 (CHN/SC2020) might induce dysregulation of the cytokine network and compromise splenic immunity against viral infection, which expanded our understanding of RHDV2 pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Lu Xiao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yonggang Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yi Lin
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ye Cao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuejing Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Congjian Mao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xingyu Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Meng Pan
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Long Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Junyan Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yong Wei
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Runmin Kang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Kim CY, Chung SH, Choi YS, Park KY, Bae CW. Evaluating Novel SP-B and SP-C Synthetic Analogues for Pulmonary Surfactant Efficacy. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:775-783. [PMID: 38617013 PMCID: PMC11008487 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.92920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactants, a complex assembly of phospholipids and surfactant proteins such as SP-B and SP-C, are critical for maintaining respiratory system functionality by lowering surface tension (ST) and preventing alveolar collapse. Our study introduced five synthetic SP-B peptides and one SP-C peptide, leading to the synthesis of CHAsurf candidates (CHAsurf-1 to CHAsurf-5) for evaluation. We utilized a modified Wilhelmy balance test to assess the surface tension properties of the surfactants, measuring spreading rate, surface adsorption, and ST-area diagrams to comprehensively evaluate their performance. Animal experiments were performed on New Zealand white rabbits to test the efficacy of CHAsurf-4B, a variant chosen for its economic viability and promising ST reduction properties, comparable to Curosurf®. The study confirmed that higher doses of SP-B in CHAsurf-4 are associated with improved ST reduction. However, due to cost constraints, CHAsurf-4B was selected for in vivo assessment. The animal model revealed that CHAsurf-4B could restore alveolar structure and improve lung elasticity, akin to Curosurf®. Our research highlights the significance of cysteine residues and disulfide bonds in the structural integrity and function of synthetic SP-B analogues, offering a foundation for future surfactant therapy in respiratory disorders. This study's findings support the potential of CHAsurf-4B as a therapeutic agent, meriting further investigation to solidify its role in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Sung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yong Park
- Department of Integrated Material's Development, CHA Meditech Co., Ltd, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chong-Woo Bae
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Ilsan Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Almeida T, Lopes AM, Estruch J, Rouco C, Cavadini P, Neimanis A, Gavier-Widén D, Le Gall-Reculé G, Velarde R, Abrantes J. A new HaCV-EBHSV recombinant lagovirus circulating in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) from Catalonia, Spain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2872. [PMID: 38311618 PMCID: PMC10838927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2020/2021, several European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) outbreaks were recorded in European hares (Lepus europaeus) from Catalonia, Spain. Recombination analysis combined with phylogenetic reconstruction and estimation of genetic distances of the complete coding sequences revealed that 5 strains were recombinants. The recombination breakpoint is located within the non-structural protein 2C-like RNA helicase (nucleotide position ~ 1889). For the genomic fragment upstream of the breakpoint, a non-pathogenic EBHSV-related strain (hare calicivirus, HaCV; GII.2) was the most closely related sequence; for the rest of the genome, the most similar strains were the European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) strains recovered from the same 2020/2021 outbreaks, suggesting a recent origin. While the functional impact of the atypical recombination breakpoint remains undetermined, the novel recombinant strain was detected in different European brown hare populations from Catalonia, located 20-100 km apart, and seems to have caused a fatal disease both in juvenile and adult animals, confirming its viability and ability to spread and establish infection. This is the first report of a recombination event involving HaCV and EBHSV and, despite the recombination with a non-pathogenic strain, it appears to be associated with mortality in European brown hares, which warrants close monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Almeida
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana M Lopes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
- UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Josep Estruch
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rouco
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patrizia Cavadini
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Aleksija Neimanis
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, 75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Swedish Veterinary Agency (SVA), 75189, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ghislaine Le Gall-Reculé
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Roser Velarde
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|