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Pipaliya R, Basaiawmoit B, Sakure AA, Maurya R, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Padhi S, Rai AK, Liu Z, Sarkar P, Hati S. Production and characterization of anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic peptides from fermented sheep milk with anti-inflammatory activity: in vitro and molecular docking studies. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38855927 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic activities from biologically active peptides produced by fermented sheep milk with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei M11 (MG027695), as well as to purify and characterize the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and anti-diabetic peptides produced from fermented sheep milk. RESULTS After 48 h of fermentation at 37 °C, sheep milk demonstrated significant changes in anti-diabetic effects and ACE-I effects, with inhibition percentages observed for ACE inhibition (76.32%), α-amylase (70.13%), α-glucosidase (70.11%) and lipase inhibition (68.22%). The highest level of peptides (9.77 mg mL-1) was produced by optimizing the growth conditions, which included an inoculation rate of 2.5% and a 48 h of incubation period. The comparison of molecular weight distributions among protein fractions was conducted through sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, whereas spots were separated using 2D gel electrophoresis according to both the molecular weight and pH. Peptide characterization with ultra-filtration membranes at 3 and 10 kDa allowed the study to assess molecular weight-based separation. Nitric oxide generated by lipopolysaccharide and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 immune cells were both inhibited by sheep milk fermented with M11. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to assess changes in functional groups after fermentation, providing insights into the structural changes occurring during fermentation. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that fermentation with L. paracasei (M11) led to significant changes in fermented sheep milk, enhancing its bioactive properties, notably in terms of ACE inhibition and anti-diabetic activities, and the generation of peptides with bioactive properties has potential health benefits. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinkal Pipaliya
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Anand, India
| | - Bethsheba Basaiawmoit
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura Campus, Chasingre, India
| | - Amar A Sakure
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Ruchika Maurya
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, India
| | - Zhenbin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Preetam Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Subrota Hati
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Anand, India
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2
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Wu F, Lin C, Han Y, Zhou D, Chen K, Yang M, Xiao Q, Zhang H, Li W. Multi-omic analysis characterizes molecular susceptibility of receptors to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5583-5600. [PMID: 38034398 PMCID: PMC10681948 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the post COVID-19 era, new SARS-CoV-2 variant strains may continue emerging and long COVID is poised to be another public health challenge. Deciphering the molecular susceptibility of receptors to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is critical for understanding the immune responses in COVID-19 and the rationale of multi-organ injuries. Currently, such systematic exploration remains limited. Here, we conduct multi-omic analysis of protein binding affinities, transcriptomic expressions, and single-cell atlases to characterize the molecular susceptibility of receptors to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Initial affinity analysis explains the domination of delta and omicron variants and demonstrates the strongest affinities between BSG (CD147) receptor and most variants. Further transcriptomic data analysis on 4100 experimental samples and single-cell atlases of 1.4 million cells suggest the potential involvement of BSG in multi-organ injuries and long COVID, and explain the high prevalence of COVID-19 in elders as well as the different risks for patients with underlying diseases. Correlation analysis validated moderate associations between BSG and viral RNA abundance in multiple cell types. Moreover, similar patterns were observed in primates and validated in proteomic expressions. Overall, our findings implicate important therapeutic targets for the development of receptor-specific vaccines and drugs for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanjie Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chenghao Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yutong Han
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dingli Zhou
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Minglei Yang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qinyuan Xiao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haiyue Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weizhong Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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3
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Lefin N, Herrera-Belén L, Farias JG, Beltrán JF. Review and perspective on bioinformatics tools using machine learning and deep learning for predicting antiviral peptides. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10718-3. [PMID: 37626205 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Viruses constitute a constant threat to global health and have caused millions of human and animal deaths throughout human history. Despite advances in the discovery of antiviral compounds that help fight these pathogens, finding a solution to this problem continues to be a task that consumes time and financial resources. Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized many areas of the biological sciences, making it possible to decipher patterns in amino acid sequences that encode different functions and activities. Within the field of AI, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms have been used to discover antimicrobial peptides. Due to their effectiveness and specificity, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold excellent promise for treating various infections caused by pathogens. Antiviral peptides (AVPs) are a specific type of AMPs that have activity against certain viruses. Unlike the research focused on the development of tools and methods for the prediction of antimicrobial peptides, those related to the prediction of AVPs are still scarce. Given the significance of AVPs as potential pharmaceutical options for human and animal health and the ongoing AI revolution, we have reviewed and summarized the current machine learning and deep learning-based tools and methods available for predicting these types of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Lefin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lisandra Herrera-Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge G Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge F Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
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4
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Yang MY, Zheng MH, Meng XT, Ma LW, Liang HY, Fan HY. Role of toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of COVID-19: Current and future perspectives. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13275. [PMID: 38441378 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic underlines a persistent threat of respiratory tract infectious diseases and warrants preparedness for a rapid response. At present, COVID-19 has had a serious social impact and imposed a heavy global burden on public health. The exact pathogenesis of COVID-19 has not been fully elucidated. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, a renewed attention has been brought to Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Available data and new findings have demonstrated that the interaction of human TLRs and SARS-CoV-2 is a vital mediator of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. TLRs such as TLR2, 4, 7 and 8 are potentially important in viral combat and activation of immunity in patients with COVID-19. Therapeutics targeting TLRs are currently considered promising options against the pandemic. A number of TLR-targeting immunotherapeutics are now being investigated in preclinical studies and different phases of clinical trials. In addition, innovative vaccines based on TLRs under development could be a promising approach for building a new generation of vaccines to solve the current challenges. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the role of TLRs in COVID-19, focusing the new candidate drugs targeting TLRs, the current technology and potential paths forward for employing TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Mei-Hua Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiang-Ting Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Le-Wei Ma
- Ruikang Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Hai-Yue Liang
- Yantai Center for Food and Drug Control, Yantai, China
| | - Hua-Ying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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5
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Zhu Y, Chen G, Diao J, Wang C. Recent advances in exploring and exploiting soybean functional peptides-a review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1185047. [PMID: 37396130 PMCID: PMC10310054 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1185047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are rich in proteins and phytochemicals such as isoflavones and phenolic compounds. It is an excellent source of peptides with numerous biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities. Soy bioactive peptides are small building blocks of proteins that are released after fermentation or gastrointestinal digestion as well as by food processing through enzymatic hydrolysis, often in combination with novel food processing techniques (i.e., microwave, ultrasound, and high-pressure homogenization), which are associated with numerous health benefits. Various studies have reported the potential health benefits of soybean-derived functional peptides, which have made them a great substitute for many chemical-based functional elements in foods and pharmaceutical products for a healthy lifestyle. This review provides unprecedented and up-to-date insights into the role of soybean peptides in various diseases and metabolic disorders, ranging from diabetes and hypertension to neurodegenerative disorders and viral infections with mechanisms were discussed. In addition, we discuss all the known techniques, including conventional and emerging approaches, for the prediction of active soybean peptides. Finally, real-life applications of soybean peptides as functional entities in food and pharmaceutical products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Zhu
- Hangzhou Joyoung Soymilk & Food Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Hangzhou Joyoung Soymilk & Food Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Diao
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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6
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Usha Rani K, Gulam Mohammed H, Satyanarayana Singh S, Sandeepta B. Molecular docking and in vitro analysis of peptides from Stolephorus indicus with ACE2. Bioinformation 2023; 19:531-535. [PMID: 37886156 PMCID: PMC10599664 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides from Stolephorus indicus (Anchovies) meat lysate were generated using a Bacillus subtilis cysteine protease. The peptides were generated by enzyme hydrolysis after which the hydrolysate containing peptides were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Computer aided analysis of peptides using CASTp server and GOLD software show four peptides having ACE2 inhibitory activity. Further, peptides 1 (8 amino acids), 2 (8 amino acid), 5 (9 amino acids) and 11 (12 amino acids) showed good docking features for binding to ACE2 enzyme active sites, mainly by hydrogen bonding. Peptide 1 (8 amino acids-octa-peptide) having the highest docking score was tested in vitro for ACE2 binding and showed up to 40 % inhibition of ACE2 activity at a concentration of 10mM. Hence, this octa-peptide has a potential role in applications involving ACE2 inhibition thereby leading to the prevention of binding of spike glycoprotein to ACE2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Husain Gulam Mohammed
- National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin
Disorders, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Hyderabad - 500038
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7
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Mansinhbhai CH, Sakure A, Liu Z, Maurya R, Das S, Basaiawmoit B, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Padhi S, Rai AK, Mishra BK, Hati S. Anti-Inflammatory, ACE Inhibitory, Antioxidative Activities and Release of Novel Antihypertensive and Antioxidative Peptides from Whey Protein Hydrolysate with Molecular Interactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:371-385. [PMID: 35584265 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2052201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the whey protein hydrolysate with bio-functional attributes viz. antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and ACE inhibition efficacy and release of bioactive peptides with antioxidative and ACE-inhibitory activity by employing Pepsin. METHOD The antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, ACE inhibitory and proteolytic activities of the whey protein hydrolysates were studied followed by SDS-PAGE analysis and IEF. Anti-inflammatory activity of whey protein hydrolysate was also studied on RAW 264.7 cell line. The separation of the bioactive peptides from whey protein hydrolysate was achieved by RP-HPLC. The purified bioactive peptides were identified and characterized using RPLC/MS. RESULTS WPC (Whey protein concentrate) hydrolysate with pepsin showed proteolytic activity ranging between 14.46 and 18.87 mg/ml. Using the ABTS assay, the highest antioxidative activity was observed in 10 kDa retentate (84.50%) and 3 kDa retentate (85.96%), followed by the highest proteolytic activity (13.83 mg/ml) and ACE inhibitory activity (58.37%) in a 5% WPC solution at 65 °C after 8 h of pepsin hydrolysis. When the protein hydrolysate concentration was low, the production of proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-treated murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) was reduced. SDS-PAGE results exhibited very little protein bands when comparing with WPC hydrolysates to insoluble WPC. There were no protein spots on 2 D gel electrophoresis and "in-solution trypsin digestion" technique have been utilized to digest protein samples directly from WPC hydrolysates. Novel antioxidative peptides and ACE inhibitory peptides were also observed by comparing two databases, i.e., BIOPEP and AHTPDB respectively. The peptide sequences used in this study were found to have excellent potential to be used as inhibitors of hACE as all of them were able to show substantial interactions against the enzyme's active site. CONCLUSIONS The antihypertensive and antioxidative peptides from whey protein hydrolysates may be beneficial for the future development of physiologically active functional foods. Further, in vivo investigations are required to establish the health claim for each individual bioactive peptide from whey protein hydrolysate. Supplemental data for this article is available online at.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amar Sakure
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Zhenbin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruchika Maurya
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Sujit Das
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bethsheba Basaiawmoit
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Birendra K Mishra
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
| | - Subrota Hati
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Anand, Gujarat, India
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8
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Chioma Mgbodile F, Nwagu TNT. Probiotic therapy, African fermented foods and food-derived bioactive peptides in the management of SARS-CoV-2 cases and other viral infections. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 38:e00795. [PMID: 37041970 PMCID: PMC10066861 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The current paper focuses on the impact of probiotics, African fermented foods and bioactive peptides on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection severity and related viral infections. Using probiotics or bioactive peptides as therapeutic adjuncts appears superior to standard care alone. Probiotics play critical roles in innate and adaptive immune modulation by balancing the gut microbiota to combat viral infections, secondary bacterial infections and microbial dysbiosis. African fermented foods contain abundant potential probiotic microorganisms such as the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Saccharomyces, and Bacillus. More so, fermented food-derived bioactive peptides play vital roles in preventing cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, lung injury, diabetes, and other COVID-19 comorbidities. Regularly incorporating potential probiotics and bioactive peptides into diets should enable a build-up of the benefits in the body system that may result in a better prognosis, especially in COVID-19 patients with underlying complexities. Despite the reported therapeutic potentials of probiotics and fermented foods, numerous setbacks exist regarding their application in disease management. These shortfalls underscore an evident need for more studies to evaluate the specific potentials of probiotics and traditional fermented foods in ameliorating SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections.
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9
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Rivero-Pino F, Leon MJ, Millan-Linares MC, Montserrat-de la Paz S. Antimicrobial plant-derived peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation as components to improve current food systems. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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10
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Chopada K, Basaiawmoit B, Sakure AA, Maurya R, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Solanki D, Singh BP, Padhi S, Rai AK, Liu Z, Mishra BK, Hati S. Purification and Characterization of Novel Antihypertensive and Antioxidative Peptides From Whey Protein Fermentate: In Vitro, In Silico, and Molecular Interactions Studies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022:1-20. [PMID: 36416542 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this research was to purify and characterize the novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant peptides from fermented whey protein concentrate produced by Lactobacillus paracasei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a co-fermentation system. METHOD Whey protein fermented with lactic acid bacteria and yeast culture was analyzed for antioxidative, ACE inhibition, as well as anti-inflammatory activity followed by SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, and 2-dimensional (2D) analysis. Anti-inflammatory activity of whey protein fermentate was also studied on the RAW 264.7 cell line. The bioactive peptides were separated from the whey protein fermentate using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and reverse-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RPLC/MS), and thus identification and characterization of purified bioactive peptide was performed. RESULTS Whey protein fermentate samples' bioactivity was analyzed at specific time intervals at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours at 37 °C for M11 and at 25 °C for WBS2A. The development settings (incubation time [12, 24, 36, and 48 hours) and inoculation rates [1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%]) were optimized for peptide synthesis via the o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) method (proteolytic activity). Maximum proteolytic activity was observed at 37 °C for M11 (6.50 mg/mL) and at 25 °C for WBS2A (8.59 mg/mL) for 48 hours of incubation. Protein profiling was carried out using SDS-PAGE and 2D gel electrophoresis, in which Sodium dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) exhibited protein bands in the 10- to 55-kDa range, while 2D showed protein bands varying from 10 to 70 kDa. Every spot from 2D was digested by trypsin and identified by RPLC/MS. Protein fractionations (3- and 10-kDa permeates) were carried out employing RP-HPLC. Whey protein fermentate has anti-inflammatory action in RAW 264.7 macrophages that have been exposed to lipopolysaccharide. A molecular docking system was also used to investigate the interactions of peptides (AFLDSRTR, ILGAFIQIITFR) with human myeloperoxidase enzyme. CONCLUSIONS The antihypertensive and antioxidative peptides discovered from whey protein fermentate may be helpful in the design of pharmacologically active healthy ingredients in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keval Chopada
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bethsheba Basaiawmoit
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
| | - Amar A Sakure
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Ruchika Maurya
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Divyang Solanki
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - B P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Zhenbin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - B K Mishra
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
| | - Subrota Hati
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Gao K, Wang R, Chen J, Cheng L, Frishcosy J, Huzumi Y, Qiu Y, Schluckbier T, Wei X, Wei GW. Methodology-Centered Review of Molecular Modeling, Simulation, and Prediction of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11287-11368. [PMID: 35594413 PMCID: PMC9159519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts in the past two years, our understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), virus-host interactions, immune response, virulence, transmission, and evolution is still very limited. This limitation calls for further in-depth investigation. Computational studies have become an indispensable component in combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their low cost, their efficiency, and the fact that they are free from safety and ethical constraints. Additionally, the mechanism that governs the global evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be revealed from individual experiments and was discovered by integrating genotyping of massive viral sequences, biophysical modeling of protein-protein interactions, deep mutational data, deep learning, and advanced mathematics. There exists a tsunami of literature on the molecular modeling, simulations, and predictions of SARS-CoV-2 and related developments of drugs, vaccines, antibodies, and diagnostics. To provide readers with a quick update about this literature, we present a comprehensive and systematic methodology-centered review. Aspects such as molecular biophysics, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, machine learning, and mathematics are discussed. This review will be beneficial to researchers who are looking for ways to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 studies and those who are interested in the status of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Gao
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Limei Cheng
- Clinical
Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol
Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Jaclyn Frishcosy
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuta Huzumi
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuchi Qiu
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tom Schluckbier
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiaoqi Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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12
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Ashokbhai JK, Basaiawmoit B, Das S, Sakure A, Maurya R, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Padhi S, Rai AK, Liu Z, Hatia S. Antioxidative, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities and release of ultra-filtered antioxidative and antimicrobial peptides during fermentation of sheep milk: In-vitro, in-silico and molecular interaction studies. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Xing Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Gao A, Xie H, Gao Z, Chu X, Cai Y, Gu C. Peptidomics Comparison of Plant-Based Meat Alternatives and Processed Meat After In Vitro Digestion. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Sasi M, Kumar S, Hasan M, S R A, Garcia-Gutierrez E, Kumari S, Prakash O, Nain L, Sachdev A, Dahuja A. Current trends in the development of soy-based foods containing probiotics and paving the path for soy-synbiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9995-10013. [PMID: 35611888 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the world of highly processed foods, special attention is drawn to the nutrient composition and safety of consumed food products. Foods fortified with probiotic bacteria confer beneficial effects on human health and are categorized as functional foods. The salubrious activities of probiotics include the synthesis of vital bioactives, prevention of inflammatory diseases, anticancerous, hypocholesterolemic, and antidiarrheal effects. Soy foods are exemplary delivery vehicles for probiotics and prebiotics and there are diverse strategies to enhance their functionality like employing mixed culture fermentation, engineering probiotics, and incorporating prebiotics in fermented soy foods. High potential is ascribed to the concurrent use of probiotics and prebiotics in one product, termed as "synbiotics," which implicates synergy, in which a prebiotic ingredient particularly favors the growth and activity of a probiotic micro-organism. The insights on emended bioactive profile, metabolic role, and potential health benefits of advanced soy-based probiotic and synbiotic hold a promise which can be profitably implemented to meet consumer needs. This article reviews the available knowledge about strategies to enhance the nutraceutical potential, mechanisms, and health-promoting effects of advanced soy-based probiotics. Traditional fermentation merged with diverse strategies to improve the efficiency and health benefits of probiotics considered vital, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnu Sasi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Quality and Productivity Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi, India
| | - Muzaffar Hasan
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpitha S R
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sweta Kumari
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Om Prakash
- National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Sachdev
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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15
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Hu X, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Ding J, Liu Y, Qin W. An updated review of functional properties, debittering methods, and applications of soybean functional peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8823-8838. [PMID: 35482930 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2062587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Soybean functional peptides (SFPs) are obtained via the hydrolysis of soybean protein into polypeptides, oligopeptides, and a small amount of amino acids. They have nutritional value and a variety of functional properties, including regulating blood lipids, lowering blood pressure, anti-diabetes, anti-oxidant, preventing COVID-19, etc. SFPs have potential application prospects in food processing, functional food development, clinical medicine, infant milk powder, special medical formulations, among others. However, bitter peptides containing relatively more hydrophobic amino acids can be formed during the production of SFPs, seriously restricting the application of SFPs. High-quality confirmatory human trials are needed to determine effective doses, potential risks, and mechanisms of action, especially as dietary supplements and special medical formulations. Therefore, the physiological activities and potential risks of soybean polypeptides are summarized, and the existing debitterness technologies and their applicability are reviewed. The technical challenges and research areas to be addressed in optimizing debittering process parameters and improving the applicability of SFPs are discussed, including integrating various technologies to obtain higher quality functional peptides, which will facilitate further exploration of physiological mechanism, metabolic pathway, tolerance, bioavailability, and potential hazards of SFPs. This review can help promote the value of SFPs and the development of the soybean industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qinqiu Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jie Ding
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaowen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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16
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Chourasia R, Padhi S, Phukon LC, Abedin MM, Sirohi R, Singh SP, Rai AK. Peptide candidates for the development of therapeutics and vaccines against β-coronavirus infection. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9435-9454. [PMID: 35387556 PMCID: PMC9161909 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Betacoronaviruses (β-CoVs) have caused major viral outbreaks in the last two decades in the world. The mutation and recombination abilities in β-CoVs resulted in zoonotic diseases in humans. Proteins responsible for viral attachment and replication are highly conserved in β-CoVs. These conserved proteins have been extensively studied as targets for preventing infection and the spread of β-CoVs. Peptides are among the most promising candidates for developing vaccines and therapeutics against viral pathogens. The immunostimulatory and viral inhibitory potential of natural and synthetic peptides has been extensively studied since the SARS-CoV outbreak. Food-derived peptides demonstrating high antiviral activity can be used to develop effective therapeutics against β-CoVs. Specificity, tolerability, and customizability of peptides can be explored to develop potent drugs against β-CoVs. However, the proteolytic susceptibility and low bioavailability of peptides pose challenges for the development of therapeutics. This review illustrates the potential role of peptides in eliciting an adaptive immune response and inhibiting different stages of the β-CoV life cycle. Further, the challenges and future directions associated with developing peptide-based therapeutics and vaccines against existing and future β-CoV pathogens have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounak Chourasia
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India
| | - Loreni Chiring Phukon
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India
| | - Md Minhajul Abedin
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India
| | - Ranjana Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali- 140306, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Regional Centre, Tadong- 737102, India.,Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT-IBSD), Mizoram Node, Aizawl, India
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17
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Nasri R, Abdelhedi O, Nasri M, Jridi M. Fermented protein hydrolysates: biological activities and applications. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Hansur L, Louisa M, Wuyung PE, Fadilah F. Daphnoretin from Carthamus tinctorius as a Potential Inflammatory Inhibitor in COVID-19 by Binding to Toll-like Receptor-4: An in silico Molecular Docking Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients has contributed to many morbidities and mortalities in patients. Studies have found that toll-like receptors (TLRs) and some Fc receptors play essential roles in the hyperactivation of the immune system. Up to date, researchers are still in progress to discover effective and safe drugs to alleviate the hyperinflammatory state in COVID-19. The previous studies had shown that Carthamus tinctorius and its bioactive compounds might have anti-inflammatory activities in animal models.
AIM: We aimed to investigate the possible interactions of several flavonoids from C. tinctorius with several immune system components using a biocomputational approach.
METHODS: Molecular docking was done using the AutoDock program based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) COVID-19 pathway. The most suitable receptors found were studied to study the interactions with several flavonoids from C. tinctorius.
RESULTS: TLR4, TLR8, and FcγRIIa were found to bind with SARS CoV2 inflammatory pathway and further selected as macromolecules for potential interactions study with 22 flavonoids from C. tinctorius. Of the 22 flavonoids studied, daphnoretin showed the best binding affinity with TLR4 and Rutin was shown to attach best with FcγRIIa. Unlike its excellent binding to TLR4, daphnoretin showed weak binding to TLR8.
CONCLUSION: Daphnoretin showed an excellent affinity with TLR4 and might be a good candidate as an inhibitor in hyperinflammatory reactions in COVID-19 DTLR8.
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19
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Biswas S, Mahmud S, Mita MA, Afrose S, Hasan MR, Sultana Shimu MS, Saleh MA, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Alqarni M, Obaidullah AJ, Batiha GES. Molecular Docking and Dynamics Studies to Explore Effective Inhibitory Peptides Against the Spike Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:791642. [PMID: 35187069 PMCID: PMC8851422 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.791642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic due to the high transmission and mortality rate of this virus. The world health and economic sectors have been severely affected by this deadly virus, exacerbated by the lack of sufficient efficient vaccines. The design of effective drug candidates and their rapid development is necessary to combat this virus. In this study, we selected 23 antimicrobial peptides from the literature and predicted their structure using PEP-FOLD 3.5. In addition, we docked them to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to study their capability to inhibit the RBD, which plays a significant role in virus binding, fusion and entry into the host cell. We used several docking programs including HDOCK, HPEPDOCK, ClusPro, and HawkDock to calculate the binding energy of the protein-peptide complexes. We identified four peptides with high binding free energy and docking scores. The docking results were further verified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to characterize the protein-peptide complexes in terms of their root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and hydrogen bond formation. Allergenicity and toxicity predictions suggested that the peptides we identified were non-allergenic and non-toxic. This study suggests that these four antimicrobial peptides could inhibit the RBD of SARS-CoV-2. Future in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvro Biswas
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Mohasana Akter Mita
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Afrose
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Robiul Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Abu Saleh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department and Health Research Unit-medical College, Jouf University, Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad J. Obaidullah
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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20
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G Yathisha U, Srinivasa MG, Siddappa Bc R, P Mandal S, Dixit SR, Pujar GV, Bangera Sheshappa M. Isolation and characterization of ACE-I inhibitory peptides from ribbonfish for a potential inhibitor of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2: An in silico analysis. Proteins 2021; 90:982-992. [PMID: 34877713 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, multifunctional fish peptides (FWPs) have gained a lot of attention because of their different biological activities. In the present study, three angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory peptides [Ala-Pro-Asp-Gly (APDG), Pro-Thr-Arg (PTR), and Ala-Asp (AD)] were isolated and characterized from ribbonfish protein hydrolysate (RFPH) and described their mechanism of action on ACE activity. As per the results, peptide PTR showed ≈ 2 and 2.5-fold higher enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.643 ± 0.0011 μM) than APDG (IC50 = 1.061 ± 0.0127 μM) and AD (IC50 = 2.046 ± 0.0130 μM). Based on experimental evidence, peptides were used for in silico analysis to check the inhibitory activity of the main protease (PDB: 7BQY) of SARS-CoV-2. The results of the study reveal that PTR (-46.16 kcal/mol) showed higher binding affinity than APDG (-36.80 kcal/mol) and AD (-30.24 kcal/mol) compared with remdesivir (-30.64 kcal/mol). Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of all the isolated peptides exhibited appropriate pharmacological properties and were found to be nontoxic. Besides, 20 ns molecular dynamic simulation study confirms the rigid nature, fewer confirmation variations, and binding stiffness of the peptide PTR with the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the present study strongly suggested that PTR is the perfect substrate for inhibiting the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 through the in silico study, and this potential drug candidate may promote the researcher for future wet lab experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undiganalu G Yathisha
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Paneer Campus, Mangalore, India
| | - Mahendra Gowdru Srinivasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Revana Siddappa Bc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Subankar P Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Sheshagiri R Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - G V Pujar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Mamatha Bangera Sheshappa
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Paneer Campus, Mangalore, India
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21
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Kim IS, Yang WS, Kim CH. Beneficial Effects of Soybean-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8570. [PMID: 34445273 PMCID: PMC8395274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides present in foods are involved in nutritional functions by supplying amino acids; sensory functions related to taste or solubility, emulsification, etc.; and bioregulatory functions in various physiological activities. In particular, peptides have a wide range of physiological functions, including as anticancer agents and in lowering blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels, enhancing immunity, and promoting calcium absorption. Soy protein can be partially hydrolyzed enzymatically to physiologically active soy (or soybean) peptides (SPs), which not only exert physiological functions but also help amino acid absorption in the body and reduce bitterness by hydrolyzing hydrophobic amino acids from the C- or N-terminus of soy proteins. They also possess significant gel-forming, emulsifying, and foaming abilities. SPs are expected to be able to prevent and treat atherosclerosis by inhibiting the reabsorption of bile acids in the digestive system, thereby reducing blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and fat levels. In addition, soy contains blood pressure-lowering peptides that inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity and antithrombotic peptides that inhibit platelet aggregation, as well as anticancer, antioxidative, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, opiate-like, hypocholesterolemic, and antihypertensive activities. In animal models, neuroprotective and cognitive capacity as well as cardiovascular activity have been reported. SPs also inhibit chronic kidney disease and tumor cell growth by regulating the expression of genes associated with apoptosis, inflammation, cell cycle arrest, invasion, and metastasis. Recently, various functions of soybeans, including their physiologically active functions, have been applied to health-oriented foods, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. This review introduces some current results on the role of bioactive peptides found in soybeans related to health functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sup Kim
- Advanced Bioresource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | | | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoul 16419, Gyunggi-Do, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Seoul 16419, Gyunggi-Do, Korea
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