|
1
|
Giammona A, Galuzzi BG, Imperia E, Gervasoni C, Remedia S, Restaneo L, Nespoli M, De Gara L, Tani F, Cicala M, Guarino MPL, Porro D, Cerasa A, Lo Dico A, Altomare A, Bertoli G. Chronic Gastrointestinal Disorders and miRNA-Associated Disease: An Up-to-Date. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:413. [PMID: 39796266 PMCID: PMC11720538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26010413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Revised: 12/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) impose significant health burdens globally. IBDs, encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are multifactorial disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, IBS is one of the principal gastrointestinal tract functional disorders and is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Although the precise etiopathogenesis of these disorders remains unclear, mounting evidence suggests that non-coding RNA molecules play crucial roles in regulating gene expression associated with inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and tissue permeability, thus influencing disease progression. miRNAs have emerged as possible reliable biomarkers, as they can be analyzed in the biological fluids of patients at a low cost. This review explores the roles of miRNAs in IBDs and IBS, focusing on their involvement in the control of disease hallmarks. By an extensive literature review and employing bioinformatics tools, we identified the miRNAs frequently studied concerning these diseases. Ultimately, specific miRNAs could be proposed as diagnostic biomarkers for IBDs and IBS. Their ability to be secreted into biofluids makes them promising candidates for non-invasive diagnostic tools. Therefore, understanding molecular mechanisms through the ways in which they regulate gastrointestinal inflammation and immune responses could provide new insights into the pathogenesis of IBDs and IBS and open avenues for miRNA-based therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Giammona
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Giovanni Galuzzi
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Imperia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (L.R.); (L.D.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Clarissa Gervasoni
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sofia Remedia
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTEM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Restaneo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (L.R.); (L.D.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Martina Nespoli
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (L.R.); (L.D.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Flaminia Tani
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Cicala
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Porro
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Cerasa
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Lo Dico
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (L.R.); (L.D.G.); (A.A.)
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Sistemi Biologici Complessi (IBSBC), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (B.G.G.); (C.G.); (S.R.); (M.N.); (F.T.); (D.P.); (A.C.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Brusnic O, Boicean A, Fleacă SR, Grama B, Sofonea F, Roman-Filip C, Roman-Filip I, Solomon A, Birsan S, Dura H, Porr C, Adrian C, Onisor DM. Importance of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Molecular Regulation as Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients 2024; 16:4411. [PMID: 39771031 PMCID: PMC11676862 DOI: 10.3390/nu16244411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MiRNAs, small endogenous RNA molecules that silence target mRNAs to regulate gene expression, are closely linked to immune responses and inflammatory pathways in IBD. Notably, miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-155 are consistently upregulated in IBD, influencing immune cell modulation, cytokine production, and the intestinal epithelial barrier. These miRNAs serve as biomarkers for disease progression and severity, as well as therapeutic targets for controlling inflammation. This comprehensive review highlights the intricate interplay between the gut microbiota, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and miRNA regulation. It concludes that microbiota and FMT influence miRNA activity, presenting a promising avenue for personalized IBD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Brusnic
- Department of Internal Medicine VII, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (B.O.); (D.M.O.)
| | - Adrian Boicean
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (S.-R.F.); (R.-F.C.); (S.A.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Sorin-Radu Fleacă
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (S.-R.F.); (R.-F.C.); (S.A.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Blanca Grama
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (G.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Florin Sofonea
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (G.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Corina Roman-Filip
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (S.-R.F.); (R.-F.C.); (S.A.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Iulian Roman-Filip
- Department of Neurology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Adelaida Solomon
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (S.-R.F.); (R.-F.C.); (S.A.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Sabrina Birsan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (S.-R.F.); (R.-F.C.); (S.A.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Horatiu Dura
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (S.-R.F.); (R.-F.C.); (S.A.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Corina Porr
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (S.-R.F.); (R.-F.C.); (S.A.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Cristian Adrian
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (S.-R.F.); (R.-F.C.); (S.A.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Danusia Maria Onisor
- Department of Internal Medicine VII, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (B.O.); (D.M.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Darbinian N, Hampe M, Martirosyan D, Bajwa A, Darbinyan A, Merabova N, Tatevosian G, Goetzl L, Amini S, Selzer ME. Fetal Brain-Derived Exosomal miRNAs from Maternal Blood: Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5826. [PMID: 38892014 PMCID: PMC11172088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are leading causes of neurodevelopmental disability but cannot be diagnosed early in utero. Because several microRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in other neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, the effects of EtOH exposure on the expression of these miRNAs and their target genes and pathways were assessed. In women who drank alcohol (EtOH) during pregnancy and non-drinking controls, matched individually for fetal sex and gestational age, the levels of miRNAs in fetal brain-derived exosomes (FB-Es) isolated from the mothers' serum correlated well with the contents of the corresponding fetal brain tissues obtained after voluntary pregnancy termination. In six EtOH-exposed cases and six matched controls, the levels of fetal brain and maternal serum miRNAs were quantified on the array by qRT-PCR. In FB-Es from 10 EtOH-exposed cases and 10 controls, selected miRNAs were quantified by ddPCR. Protein levels were quantified by ELISA. There were significant EtOH-associated reductions in the expression of several miRNAs, including miR-9 and its downstream neuronal targets BDNF, REST, Synapsin, and Sonic hedgehog. In 20 paired cases, reductions in FB-E miR-9 levels correlated strongly with reductions in fetal eye diameter, a prominent feature of FASDs. Thus, FB-E miR-9 levels might serve as a biomarker to predict FASDs in at-risk fetuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nune Darbinian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (M.H.); (D.M.); (A.B.); (N.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Monica Hampe
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (M.H.); (D.M.); (A.B.); (N.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Diana Martirosyan
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (M.H.); (D.M.); (A.B.); (N.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Ahsun Bajwa
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (M.H.); (D.M.); (A.B.); (N.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Armine Darbinyan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Nana Merabova
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (M.H.); (D.M.); (A.B.); (N.M.); (G.T.)
- Medical College of Wisconsin-Prevea Health, Green Bay, WI 54304, USA
| | - Gabriel Tatevosian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (M.H.); (D.M.); (A.B.); (N.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (M.H.); (D.M.); (A.B.); (N.M.); (G.T.)
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Li X, Ji LJ, Feng KD, Huang H, Liang MR, Cheng SJ, Meng XD. Emerging role of exosomes in ulcerative colitis: Targeting NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:527-541. [PMID: 38463022 PMCID: PMC10921143 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i6.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory bowel disease. Despite ongoing advances in our understanding of UC, its pathogenesis is yet unelucidated, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatment strategies for patients with UC. Exosomes are nanoscale membrane particles that mediate intercellular communication by carrying various bioactive molecules, such as proteins, RNAs, DNA, and metabolites. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytosolic tripartite protein complex whose activation induces the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, triggering the inflammatory response to a pathogenic agent or injury. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes are new modulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome, with vital roles in the pathological process of UC. Here, recent evidence is reviewed on the role of exosomes and NLRP3 inflammasome in UC. First, the dual role of exosomes on NLRP3 inflammasome and the effect of NLRP3 inflammasome on exosome secretion are summarized. Finally, an outlook on the directions of exosome-NLRP3 inflammasome crosstalk research in the context of UC is proposed and areas of further research on this topic are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Li-Jiang Ji
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai-Di Feng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei-Rou Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shi-Jin Cheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiu-Dong Meng
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Aggeletopoulou I, Kalafateli M, Tsounis EP, Triantos C. Exploring the role of IL-1β in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1307394. [PMID: 38323035 PMCID: PMC10845338 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1307394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is a significant mediator of inflammation and tissue damage in IBD. The balance between IL-1β and its endogenous inhibitor-IL-1Ra-, plays a critical role in both initiation and regulation of inflammation. However, the precise role of IL-1β as a causative factor in IBD or simply a consequence of inflammation remains unclear. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular and cellular characteristics of IL-1β, describes the existing evidence on the role of this cytokine as a modulator of intestinal homeostasis and an activator of inflammatory responses, and also discusses the role of microRNAs in the regulation of IL-1β-related inflammatory responses in IBD. Current evidence indicates that IL-1β is involved in several aspects during IBD as it greatly contributes to the induction of pro-inflammatory responses through the recruitment and activation of immune cells to the gut mucosa. In parallel, IL-1β is involved in the intestinal barrier disruption and modulates the differentiation and function of T helper (Th) cells by activating the Th17 cell differentiation, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Dysbiosis in the gut can also stimulate immune cells to release IL-1β, which, in turn, promotes inflammation. Lastly, increasing evidence pinpoints the central role of miRNAs involvement in IL-1β-related signaling during IBD, particularly in the maintenance of homeostasis within the intestinal epithelium. In conclusion, given the crucial role of IL-1β in the promotion of inflammation and immune responses in IBD, the targeting of this cytokine or its receptors represents a promising therapeutic approach. Further research into the IL-1β-associated post-transcriptional modifications may elucidate the intricate role of this cytokine in immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Kalafateli
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Efthymios P. Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Huang L, Wu E, Liao J, Wei Z, Wang J, Chen Z. Research Advances of Engineered Exosomes as Drug Delivery Carrier. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43374-43387. [PMID: 38027310 PMCID: PMC10666244 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by living cells that have similar membrane composition to parental cells and carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Therefore, exosomes have certain biological activities and play an important role in intercellular communication. On the basis of its potential as a carrier for drug delivery systems, exosomes have been engineered to compensate for the shortage of natural exosomes through various engineering strategies for improving drug delivery efficiency, enhancing targeting to tissues and organs, and extending the circulating half-life of exosomes. This review focuses on the engineered exosomes loading drugs through different strategies, discussions on exosome surface modification strategies, and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies. In addition, this review provides an overview of the recent applications of engineered exosomes in a number of refractory and relapsable diseases. This review has the potential to provide a reference for further research and development of engineered exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Enguang Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Liao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zongyi Wei
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Xiao Y, Powell DW, Liu X, Li Q. Cardiovascular manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R193-R211. [PMID: 37335014 PMCID: PMC10979804 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00300.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, mainly affects the gastrointestinal tract but is also known to have extraintestinal manifestations because of long-standing systemic inflammation. Several national cohort studies have found that IBD is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms by which IBD impairs the cardiovascular system are not fully understood. Although the gut-heart axis is attracting more attention in recent years, our knowledge of the organ-to-organ communication between the gut and the heart remains limited. In patients with IBD, upregulated inflammatory factors, altered microRNAs and lipid profiles, as well as dysbiotic gut microbiota, may induce adverse cardiac remodeling. In addition, patients with IBD have a three- to four times higher risk of developing thrombosis than people without IBD, and it is believed that the increased risk of thrombosis is largely due to increased procoagulant factors, platelet count/activity, and fibrinogen concentration, in addition to decreased anticoagulant factors. The predisposing factors for atherosclerosis are present in IBD and the possible mechanisms may involve oxidative stress system, overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases, and changes in vascular smooth muscle phenotype. This review focuses mainly on 1) the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases associated with IBD, 2) the potential pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases in patients with IBD, and 3) adverse effects of IBD drugs on the cardiovascular system. Also, we introduce here a new paradigm for the gut-heart axis that includes exosomal microRNA and the gut microbiota as a cause for cardiac remodeling and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Don W Powell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingjie Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
MicroRNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158751. [PMID: 35955886 PMCID: PMC9369281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), classified primarily between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a collection of chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions that cause multiple complications because of systemic alterations in the immune response. One major player is microRNA (miRNA), which is found to be associated with multiple pathways in mediating inflammation, especially those of a chronic nature in IBD, as well as irritable bowel syndrome. Although there have been studies linking miRNA alterations in IBD, even differentiating Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, this review focuses mainly on how miRNAs cause and mechanistically influence the pathologic complications of IBD. In addition to its role in the well-known progression towards colorectal cancer, we also emphasize how miRNA manifests the many extraintestinal complications in IBD such as cardiovascular diseases; neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders; and others, including various musculoskeletal, dermatologic, ocular, and hepatobiliary complications. We conclude through a description of its potential use in bettering diagnostics and the future treatment of IBD and its systemic symptoms.
Collapse
|