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Huang AA, Huang SY. Diabetes is associated with increased risk of death in COVID-19 hospitalizations in Mexico 2020: A retrospective cohort study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1416. [PMID: 37415678 PMCID: PMC10320697 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The COVID-19 disease course can be thought of as a function of prior risk factors consisting of comorbidities and outcomes. Survival analysis data for diabetic patients with COVID-19 from an up to date and representative sample can increase efficiency in resource allocation. The study aimed to quantify mortality in Mexico for individuals with diabetes in the setting of COVID-19 hospitalization. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized publicly available data from the Mexican Federal Government, covering the period from April 14, 2020, to December 20, 2020 (last accessed). Survival analysis techniques were applied, including Kaplan-Meier curves to estimate survival probabilities, log-rank tests to compare survival between groups, Cox proportional hazard models to assess the association between diabetes and mortality risk, and restricted mean survival time (RMST) analyses to measure the average survival time. Results A total of 402,388 adults age greater than 18 with COVID-19 were used in the analysis. Mean age = 16.16 (SD = 15.55), 214,161 males (53%). Twenty-day Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were 32% for COVID-19 patients with diabetes and 10.2% for those without diabetes with log-rank p < 0.01. Univariable analysis showed increased mortality in diabetic patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.54-3.67, p < 0.01) showing a 254% increase in death. After controlling for confounding variables, multivariate analysis continued to show increased mortality in diabetics (HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.29-1.44, p < 0.01) indicating a 37% increase in death. Multivariable RMST at Day 20 showed in Mexico, hospitalized COVID-19 patients were associated with less mean survival time by 2.01 days (p < 0.01) and a 10% increased mortality (p < 0.01). Conclusions In the present analysis, COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Mexico had shorter survival times. Further interventions aimed at improving comorbidities in the population, particularly in individuals with diabetes, may contribute to better outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Huang
- Department of MD EducationNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samuel Y. Huang
- Department of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
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Banerjee A, Somasundaram I, Das D, Jain Manoj S, Banu H, Mitta Suresh P, Paul S, Bisgin A, Zhang H, Sun XF, Duttaroy AK, Pathak S. Functional Foods: A Promising Strategy for Restoring Gut Microbiota Diversity Impacted by SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112631. [PMID: 37299594 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural herbs and functional foods contain bioactive molecules capable of augmenting the immune system and mediating anti-viral functions. Functional foods, such as prebiotics, probiotics, and dietary fibers, have been shown to have positive effects on gut microbiota diversity and immune function. The use of functional foods has been linked to enhanced immunity, regeneration, improved cognitive function, maintenance of gut microbiota, and significant improvement in overall health. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and immune function, and disruptions to its balance have been linked to various health problems. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to affect gut microbiota diversity, and the emergence of variants poses new challenges to combat the virus. SARS-CoV-2 recognizes and infects human cells through ACE2 receptors prevalent in lung and gut epithelial cells. Humans are prone to SARS-CoV-2 infection because their respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are rich in microbial diversity and contain high levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. This review article explores the potential use of functional foods in mitigating the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on gut microbiota diversity, and the potential use of functional foods as a strategy to combat these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Banerjee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indumathi Somasundaram
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Diptimayee Das
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samatha Jain Manoj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Husaina Banu
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavane Mitta Suresh
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, San Pablo 76130, Mexico
| | - Atil Bisgin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana 01250, Turkey
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Division of Ocology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linkoping University, SE-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
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