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Song Y, Zhang J, Yuan H, Zhao P. An overview of the application and potential mechanism on the triglyceride glucose index with multi-vessel coronary disease. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:238. [PMID: 39095825 PMCID: PMC11295508 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-vessel coronary disease (MVCD) is a severe form of coronary artery disease (CAD) that significantly increases the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and heart attacks. The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index is a reliable and convenient marker for insulin resistance (IR). Recent studies have demonstrated its predictive value for CAD in patients with MVCD. This review aims to explore the application of the TyG index in managing MVCD and its underlying pathogenesis to enhance risk stratification and improve therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Song
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu T, Zhang ZY, Song WG, Guo SD. Exserolide J ameliorates lipid accumulation in vitro by regulating liver X receptor alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha proteins. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31861. [PMID: 38947487 PMCID: PMC11214467 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Exserolides are isocoumarin derivatives containing lactone moiety. Recently, some isocoumarins have been demonstrated to ameliorate hyperlipidemia, a major factor for inducing cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of exserolides on hyperlipidemia are not known. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the marine fungus Setosphaeria sp.-derived exserolides (compounds I, J, E, and F) exert lipid-lowering effects via improving reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vitro. RAW264.7 macrophages and HepG2 cells were used to establish lipid-laden models, and the levels of intracellular lipids and RCT-related proteins were determined by assay kits and Western blotting, respectively. We observed that exserolides (at a 5 μM concentration) significantly decreased intracellular cholesterol and triglyceride levels in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-laden RAW264.7 cells and markedly improved [3H]-cholesterol efflux. Among the four tested compounds, exserolide J increased the protein levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and liver X receptor α (LXRα). Furthermore, treatment with exserolides significantly decreased oleic acid-laden lipid accumulation in HepG2 hepatocytes. Mechanistically, exserolides enhance PPARα protein levels; furthermore, compound J increases cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1 and LXRα protein levels. Molecular docking revealed that exserolides, particularly compound J, can interact with PPARα and LXRα proteins. These data suggest that the terminal carboxyl group of compound J plays a key role in lowering lipid levels by stimulating LXRα and PPARα proteins. In conclusion, compound J exhibits powerful lipid-lowering effects in vitro. However, its hypolipidemic effects in vivo should be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, 550018, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wen-Gang Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
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Liu T, Wang X, Wang YM, Sui FR, Zhang XY, Liu HD, Ma DY, Liu XX, Guo SD. A comparative study of the hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of action of Laminaria japonica- and Ascophyllum nodosum-derived fucoidans in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:5955-5971. [PMID: 38738998 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05521c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The structural characteristics of fucoidans exhibit species and regional diversity. Previous studies have demonstrated that Laminaria japonica- and Ascophyllum nodosum-derived fucoidans have type I and type II fucosyl chains, respectively. These chemical differences may contribute to distinct hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of action. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the percentage contents of sulfate, glucuronic acid, and galactose were higher in L. japonica-derived fucoidans than those of A. nodosum-derived fucoidans. In hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, both A. nodosum- and L. japonica-derived fucoidans significantly decreased the plasma and hepatic levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride, leading to the reduction of atherosclerotic plaques. Western blotting experiments demonstrated that these fucoidans significantly enhanced the expression and levels of scavenger receptor B type 1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, contributing to circulating lipoprotein clearance and fatty acid degradation, respectively. Differentially, L. japonica-derived fucoidan significantly increased the LXR/ATP-binding cassette G8 signaling pathway in the small intestine, as revealed by real-time quantitative PCR, which may lead to further cholesterol and other lipid excretion. Collectively, these data are useful for understanding the hypolipidemic mechanisms of action of seaweed-derived fucoidans, and their potential application for the prevention and/or treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yan-Ming Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Feng-Rong Sui
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hai-Di Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Dong-Yue Ma
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Xiao Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
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Luo X, Guo Q, Wang J, Li Y, Zhao J, Huang B, Chen X. The impact of dyslipidemia on prognosis of patients after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1341663. [PMID: 38590698 PMCID: PMC10999528 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1341663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dyslipidemia is common in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, there is insufficient research on the impact of dyslipidemia on the postoperative outcomes of patients with AAA after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). This study aimed to determine the impact of dyslipidemia on the prognosis of patients with AAA treated with EVAR. Method We retrospectively reviewed patients with AAA who underwent EVAR at our hospital between 2010 and 2020. The baseline characteristics and prognoses of patients in the dyslipidemia and non-dyslipidemia groups were analyzed. Results A total of 641 patients were included; the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with AAA was 42.3% (271/641), and the mean follow-up time was 63.37 ± 26.49 months. The prevalence of diabetes (10.0% vs. 15.1%, P = 0.050), peripheral arterial disease (17.3% vs. 25.8%, P = 0.018), and chronic kidney disease (3.0% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.043) was higher in the dyslipidemia group. The three-year all-cause mortality rate after EVAR was 9.98% (64/641), and there was no difference in the incidence of all-cause mortality (10.27% vs. 9.59%, P = 0.778) between the two groups. A total of 36 (5.62%) major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) were observed within 3 years and were more common in patients with dyslipidemia (2.97% vs. 9.59%, P < 0.001). The incidence of stent-related complications in all patients was 19.97% (128/641), and there was no difference in the incidence of stent-related complications between the two groups (22.16% vs. 16.97%, P = 0.105); however, the incidence of type I endoleak in the dyslipidemia group was lower than that in the non-dyslipidemia group (9.19% vs. 4.06%, P = 0.012). Cox-regression analysis showed that high level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was the protective factor (HR, 0.203, 95% CI, 0.067-0.616, P = 0.005) for MACCES, but it was the risk factor for type I endoleak (HR, 2.317, 95% CI, 1.202-4.466, P = 0.012). Conclusion Dyslipidemia did not affect the mortality of patients with AAA who underwent EVAR; however, it may increase the incidence of MACCEs. Dyslipidemia may decrease the incidence of type I endoleaks after EVAR; however, further studies are warranted. We should strengthen the postoperative management of patients with dyslipidemia, prevent the occurrence of MACCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhang Y, Liu T, Qu ZJ, Wang X, Song WG, Guo SD. Laminaria japonica Aresch-Derived Fucoidan Ameliorates Hyperlipidemia by Upregulating LXRs and Suppressing SREBPs. Cardiovasc Ther 2024; 2024:8649365. [PMID: 38375358 PMCID: PMC10876302 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8649365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and hyperlipidemia is one major inducing factor of CVD. It is worthy to note that fucoidans are reported to have hypolipidemic activity with species specificity; however, the underlying mechanisms of action are far from clarification. This study is aimed at investigating the plasma lipid-lowering mechanisms of the fucoidan from L. japonica Aresch by detecting the levels of hepatic genes that are involved in lipid metabolism. Our results demonstrated that the fucoidan F3 significantly lowered total cholesterol and triglyceride in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. In the mouse liver, fucoidan F3 intervention significantly increased the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, liver X receptor (LXR) α and β, and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) G1 and G8 and decreased the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), low-density lipoprotein receptor, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1c and SREBP-2. These results demonstrated that the antihyperlipidemic effects of fucoidan F3 are related to its activation of PPARα and LXR/ABC signaling pathways and inactivation of SREBPs. In conclusion, fucoidan F3 may be explored as a potential compound for prevention or treatment of lipid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Ze-Jie Qu
- Cardiology Department, Qingzhou People's Hospital, Weifang 262500, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wen-Gang Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
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Deng CJ, Yan J, Zheng YY, Wu TT, Pan Y, Hou XG, Wang SF, Sirajidin S, Aimaitijiang M, Xie X. Effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy on mortality and major adverse cardiovascular event outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070827. [PMID: 37967998 PMCID: PMC10660972 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can quickly restore myocardial perfusion after acute coronary syndrome. Whether and which lipid-lowering regimens are effective in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and mortality risk after PCI remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the benefits of different lipid-lowering regimens on the risk of MACEs and mortality in the post-PCI population by network meta-analysis. METHODS Public databases, including PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library, were searched from inception to August 2022. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on lipid-lowering regimens in post-PCI populations were included and analysed. The outcomes were the incidence of all-cause mortality and MACEs, whether reported as dichotomous variables or as HRs. RESULTS Thirty-nine RCTs were included. For MACEs, alirocumab plus rosuvastatin (OR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.44), evolocumab plus ezetimibe and statins (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.59), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus pitavastatin (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.96) and icosapent ethyl plus statins (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.86) had significant advantages and relatively high rankings. For mortality, rosuvastatin (OR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.84), ezetimibe plus statins (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.89) and icosapent ethyl plus statins (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.96) had significant advantages compared with the control. CONCLUSION EPA, especially icosapent ethyl, plus statins had a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of MACEs and mortality in post-PCI patients. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 inhibitors plus statins were able to reduce the risk of MACEs, but the risk of mortality remained unclear. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018099600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ju Yan
- cardiovascular medicine department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xian-Geng Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Si-Fan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Subinur Sirajidin
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mikereyi Aimaitijiang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Iqbal M, Hasanah N, Arianto AD, Aryati WD, Puteri MU, Saputri FC. Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan L. as a Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitor: Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, In Silico Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Studies. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:5932315. [PMID: 37860715 PMCID: PMC10584496 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5932315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a crucial regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, as it binds to and degrades the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Elevated levels of PCSK9 have been linked to an increased LDL-c plasma levels, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. As a way to inhibit PCSK9 action, we searched for naturally derived small molecules which can block the binding of PCSK9 to the LDLR. Methods In this study, we carried out in silico studies which consist of virtual screening using an optimized pharmacophore model and molecular docking studies using Pyrx 0.98. Effects of the candidate compounds were evaluated using in vitro PCSK9-LDLR binding assays kit. Results Eleven natural compounds that bind to PCSK9 were virtually screened form HerbalDB database, including brazilin. Next, molecular docking studies using Pyrx 0.98 showed that brazilin had the highest binding affinity with PCSK9 at -9.0 (Kcal/mol), which was higher than that of the other ten compounds. Subsequent in vitro PCSK9-LDLR binding assays established that brazilin decreased the binding of PCSK9 to the EGF-A fragment of the LDLR in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 2.19 μM. Conclusion We have identified brazilin, which is derived from the Caesalpinia sappan herb, which can act as a small molecule inhibitor of PCSK9. Our findings suggest that screening for small molecules that can block the interaction between PCSK9 and the LDLR in silico and in vitro may be a promising approach for developing novel lipid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Iqbal
- Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Nur Hasanah
- Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
- Pharmacy Department, Widya Dharma Husada School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Banten 15417, Indonesia
| | - Aimee Detria Arianto
- Laboratory of Biomedical Computation and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Widya Dwi Aryati
- Laboratory of Biomedical Computation and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Meidi Utami Puteri
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Fadlina Chany Saputri
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Jakarta, West Java 16424, Indonesia
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Suh SH, Kim SW. Dyslipidemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Updated Overview. Diabetes Metab J 2023; 47:612-629. [PMID: 37482655 PMCID: PMC10555535 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2023.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a potentially modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Whereas the recommendations for the treatment target of dyslipidemia in the general population are being more and more rigorous, the 2013 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guideline for lipid management in chronic kidney disease (CKD) presented a relatively conservative approach with respect to the indication of lipid lowering therapy and therapeutic monitoring among the patients with CKD. This may be largely attributed to the lack of high-quality evidence derived from CKD population, among whom the overall feature of dyslipidemia is considerably distinctive to that of general population. In this review article, we cover the characteristic features of dyslipidemia and impact of dyslipidemia on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD. We also review the current evidence on lipid lowering therapy to modify the risk of cardiovascular events in this population. We finally discuss the association between dyslipidemia and CKD progression and the potential strategy to delay the progression of CKD in relation to lipid lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Lee SJ, Kim SE, Go TH, Kang DR, Jeon HS, Kim YI, Cho DH, Park YJ, Lee JH, Lee JW, Youn YJ, Kim SH, Kim JY, Ahn SG. Remnant cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and incident cardiovascular disease among Koreans: a national population-based study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023; 30:1142-1150. [PMID: 36753060 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The synergistic association of remnant cholesterol (remnant-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in various subgroups of Koreans was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the national health insurance data, we included subjects aged between 40 and 70 years without a history of CVD and at least two health screenings between 2009 and 2011. The subjects were divided into four groups by LDL-C and remnant-C levels. The primary outcome was CVD, which occurred between 2014 and 2017. Among 3 686 034 (45.6% women) subjects, 144 004 cardiovascular events occurred. Individuals in both high LDL-C and high remnant-C [hazard ratio (HR) 1.266, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.243-1.289; 7.9%], high LDL-C only (HR 1.098, 95% CI 1.083-1.113; 21.2%), and high remnant-C only groups (HR 1.102, 95% CI 1.087-1.118; 19.1%) had higher risks of CVD than those in the reference group (LDL-C < 3.4 mmol/L and remnant-C < 0.8 mmol/L; 51.8%). A continuous and linear increase in CVD risk was found in those with higher remnant-C levels after adjustment for several confounders, including LDL-C levels. The association of remnant-C ≥ 0.8 mmol/L with an increased CVD risk was consistent across various strata. CONCLUSIONS Combined high remnant-C and LDL-C levels confer a higher CVD risk than that individually. Elevated remnant-C values independent of LDL-C levels were associated with a risk of incident CVD. Remnant cholesterol levels in addition to LDL-C levels are important considerations in risk stratification for the primary prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Eun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwa Go
- National Health BigData Clinical Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biostatistics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Kang
- National Health BigData Clinical Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biostatistics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Precision Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Jeon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-In Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Youn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Young Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- National Health BigData Clinical Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Ahn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- National Health BigData Clinical Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Jorgensen SF, Macpherson ME, Skarpengland T, Berge RK, Fevang B, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P. Disturbed lipid profile in common variable immunodeficiency - a pathogenic loop of inflammation and metabolic disturbances. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199727. [PMID: 37545531 PMCID: PMC10398391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between metabolic and inflammatory pathways play a pathogenic role in various cardiometabolic disorders and is potentially also involved in the pathogenesis of other disorders such as cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in adults, characterized by increased frequency of airway infections with capsulated bacteria. In addition, a large proportion of CVID patients have autoimmune and inflammatory complications associated with systemic inflammation. We summarize the evidence that support a role of a bidirectional pathogenic interaction between inflammation and metabolic disturbances in CVID. This include low levels and function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high levels of triglycerides (TG) and its major lipoprotein very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and an unfavorable fatty acid (FA) profile. The dysregulation of TG, VLDL and FA were linked to disturbed gut microbiota profile, and TG and VLDL levels were strongly associated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a marker of gut leakage in blood. Of note, the disturbed lipid profile in CVID did not include total cholesterol levels or high low-density lipoprotein levels. Furthermore, increased VLDL and TG levels in blood were not associated with diet, high body mass index and liver steatosis, suggesting a different phenotype than in patients with traditional cardiovascular risk such as metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that these metabolic disturbances are linked to inflammation in a bidirectional manner with disturbed gut microbiota as a potential contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje F. Jorgensen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnhild E. Macpherson
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Skarpengland
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børre Fevang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Yu X, Ding X, Feng H, Bi Y, Li Y, Shan J, Bian H. Excessive exogenous cholesterol activating intestinal LXRα-ABCA1/G5/G8 signaling pathway can not reverse atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:51. [PMID: 37061692 PMCID: PMC10105390 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term excessive intake of exogenous cholesterol can lead to abnormally elevated blood lipid levels and induce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the influence and relevance of exogenous cholesterol on plasma cholesterol components were still unclear, and the influence on intestinal lipid metabolism targets needs to be further explored. METHODS In vivo, the C57BL/6 + NF group and ApoE-/- + NF group mice were fed a normal specific pathogen-free (SPF) diet; the ApoE-/- + HF group mice were fed a high-cholesterol SPF diet. The plasma and jejunum tissue homogenate were obtained for non-targeted lipid metabolomics. The lipid droplets in tissues were observed by transmission electron microscope and oil red O staining. Jejunum tissue morphology was observed by HE staining. The kits were used to detect lipid content in plasma, tissues, intestinal contents, and cells. Western blot, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to observe the key target of lipid metabolism. In vitro, the final concentration of cholesterol was 100 μmol/L in Caco-cells. Oil red O staining, western blot, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to observe the changes of lipid metabolism. Finally, the influence of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) on intestinal cholesterol metabolism was clarified by applying the LXRα inhibitor GSK2033 and siRNA targeting LXRα. RESULTS The aortic arch and intestinal villi of the two groups of ApoE-/- mice showed apparent lesions and lipid accumulation, and there were significant changes in a variety of lipids in the plasma and jejunum. Additionally, jejunum LXRα was markedly activated. High cholesterol can significantly activate LXRα in Caco-2 cells. After LXRα was inhibited, the protein level of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1/G5/G8 (ABCA1/G5/G8) decreased, and the quantity and volume of intracellular lipids soared. CONCLUSION In a high-cholesterol environment, the intestine promotes the excretion of cholesterol from the cell through the LXRα-ABCA1/G5/G8 pathway, reduces the intestinal intake of a variety of exogenous cholesterol, and reduces the risk of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- National Standard Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xue Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- National Standard Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Han Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- National Standard Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunhui Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- National Standard Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Huimin Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- National Standard Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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12
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Macpherson ME, Skarpengland T, Hov JR, Ranheim T, Vestad B, Dahl TB, Fraz MSA, Michelsen AE, Holven KB, Fevang B, Berge RK, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Jørgensen SF. Increased Plasma Levels of Triglyceride-Enriched Lipoproteins Associate with Systemic Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharides, and Gut Dysbiosis in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2023:10.1007/s10875-023-01475-x. [PMID: 36995502 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triglycerides (TG) and their major transport lipoprotein in the circulation (VLDL) appear to be related to inflammation. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory complications associated with gut microbial dysbiosis. We hypothesized that CVID patients have disturbed TG/VLDL profiles associated with these clinical characteristics. METHODS We measured plasma concentrations of TGs, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 95 CVID patients and 28 healthy controls. Additionally, in 40 CVID patients, we explored plasma lipoprotein profiling, fatty acid, gut microbial dysbiosis, and diet. RESULTS TG levels were increased in CVID patients as compared to healthy controls (1.36 ± 0.53 mmol/l versus 1.08 ± 0.56 [mean, SD], respectively, P = 0.008), particularly in the clinical subgroup "Complications," characterized by autoimmunity and organ-specific inflammation, compared to "Infection only" (1.41 mmol/l, 0.71[median, IQR] versus [1.02 mmol/l, 0.50], P = 0.021). Lipoprotein profile analyses showed increased levels of all sizes of VLDL particles in CVID patients compared to controls. TG levels correlated positively with CRP (rho = 0.256, P = 0.015), IL-6 (rho = 0.237, P = 0.021), IL-12 (rho = 0.265, P = 0.009), LPS (r = 0.654, P = 6.59 × 10-13), CVID-specific gut dysbiosis index (r = 0.315, P = 0.048), and inversely with a favorable fatty acid profile (docosahexaenoic acid [rho = - 0.369, P = 0.021] and linoleic acid [rho = - 0.375, P = 0.019]). TGs and VLDL lipids did not appear to be associated with diet and there were no differences in body mass index (BMI) between CVID patients and controls. CONCLUSION We found increased plasma levels of TGs and all sizes of VLDL particles, which were associated with systemic inflammation, LPS, and gut dysbiosis in CVID, but not diet or BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnhild E Macpherson
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Skarpengland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Ranheim
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beate Vestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mai S A Fraz
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Børre Fevang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje F Jørgensen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Schwarz A, Kinscherf R, Bonaterra GA. Role of the Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Cytokine GDF-15 in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Relevance. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:81. [PMID: 39077481 PMCID: PMC11264000 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2403081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress- and inflammation-induced growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is proposed as a biomarker for mortality and disease progression in patients with atherosclerosis and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD). The development of atherosclerotic lesions depends, among other factors, on inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and impaired lipid homeostasis. As a consequence, activation and dysfunction of endothelial cells, release of chemokines, growth factors and lipid mediators occur. GDF-15 is suggested as an acute-phase modifier of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ßRII-dependent pro-inflammatory responses leading to rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, although the exact biological function is poorly understood to date. GDF-15 is upregulated in many disease processes, and its effects may be highly context-dependent. To date, it is unclear whether the upregulation of GDF-15 leads to disease progression or provides protection against disease. Concerning CVD, cardiomyocytes are already known to produce and release GDF-15 in response to angiotensin II stimulation, ischemia, and mechanical stretch. Cardiomyocytes, macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes also release GDF-15 in response to oxidative as well as metabolic stress or stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Given the critically discussed pathophysiological and cellular functions and the important clinical significance of GDF-15 as a biomarker in CVD, we have summarized here the basic research findings on different cell types. In the context of cellular stress and inflammation, we further elucidated the signaling pathway of GDF-15 in coronary artery disease (CAD), the most common CVD in developing and industrial nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schwarz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel A. Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Wang L, Cai J, Qiao T, Li K. Ironing out macrophages in atherosclerosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1-10. [PMID: 36647723 PMCID: PMC10157607 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
<p indent="0mm">The most common cause of death worldwide is atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disorders. Macrophages are important players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and perform critical functions in iron homeostasis due to recycling iron by phagocytosis of senescent red blood cells and regulating iron availability in the tissue microenvironment. With the growth of research on the "iron hypothesis" of atherosclerosis, macrophage iron has gradually become a hotspot in the refined iron hypothesis. Macrophages with the M1, M2, M(Hb), Mox, and other phenotypes have been defined with different iron-handling capabilities related to the immune function and immunometabolism of macrophages, which influence the progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on macrophage iron and its effects on the development of atherosclerosis. We also cover the contradictory discoveries and propose a possible explanation. Finally, pharmaceutical modulation of macrophage iron is discussed as a promising target for atherosclerosis therapy.</p>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tong Qiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Kuanyu Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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15
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Yang TM, Miao M, Yu WQ, Wang X, Xia FJ, Li YJ, Guo SD. Targeting macrophages in atherosclerosis using nanocarriers loaded with liver X receptor agonists: A narrow review. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1147699. [PMID: 36936982 PMCID: PMC10018149 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in the whole process of atherosclerosis, which is characterized by accumulation of lipid and inflammation. Presently, clinically used lipid-lowering drugs cannot completely retard the progress of atherosclerosis. Liver X receptor (LXR) plays a key role in regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Accumulating evidence have demonstrated that synthetic LXR agonists can significantly retard the development of atherosclerosis. However, these agonists induce sever hypertriglyceridemia and liver steatosis. These side effects have greatly limited their potential application for therapy of atherosclerosis. The rapid development of drug delivery system makes it possible to delivery interested drugs to special organs or cells using nanocarriers. Macrophages express various receptors which can recognize and ingest specially modified nanocarriers loaded with LXR agonists. In the past decades, a great progress has been made in this field. These macrophage-targeted nanocarriers loaded with LXR agonists are found to decrease atherosclerosis by reducing cholesterol accumulation and inflammatory reactions. Of important, these nanocarriers can alleviate side effects of LXR agonists. In this article, we briefly review the roles of macrophages in atherosclerosis, mechanisms of action of LXR agonists, and focus on the advances of macrophage-targeted nanocarriers loaded with LXR agonists. This work may promote the potential clinical application of these nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan-Jie Li
- *Correspondence: Yan-Jie Li, ; Shou-Dong Guo,
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16
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Xie Y, Guo L, Chen H, Xu J, Qu P, Zhu L, Tan Y, Zhang M, Wen T, Liu L. Determination of the postprandial cut-off value of triglyceride after a daily meal corresponding to fasting optimal triglyceride level in Chinese subjects. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1037270. [PMID: 36937357 PMCID: PMC10017968 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1037270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background According to the 2021 consensus statement about triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins and their remnants from the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), fasting TG level < 1.2 mmol/L is regarded as optimal, otherwise considered as non-optimal TG (NoTG). However, the postprandial cut-off value after a daily meal corresponding to a fasting TG level of 1.2 mmol/L has not been explored. Materials and methods Six hundred and eighteen inpatients aged 18 to 70 were recruited in this study. Among them, 219 subjects had fasting TG levels < 1.2 mmol/L (i.e., OTG group), and 399 subjects had fasting TG levels ≥ 1.2 mmol/L (i.e., NoTG group). Serum levels of blood lipids, including calculated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and remnant cholesterol (RC), were monitored at 0, 2, and 4 h after a daily Chinese breakfast according to their dietary habits. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the postprandial cut-off value corresponding to the fasting TG level of 1.2 mmol/L. Kappa statistics were performed to determine the consistency between fasting and postprandial cut-off values in determining whether TG was optimal. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between NoTG and potential confounders. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the association between postprandial TG levels at 4h (pTG4h) and NoTG in greater detail. Results Postprandial levels of TG and RC significantly elevated and peaked at 4h after a daily breakfast in two groups (P < 0.05). The optimal cut-off value at 4h corresponding to fasting TG of 1.2 mmol/L was 1.56 mmol/L. According to the fasting cut-off value, the percentage of patients with NoTG was 64.6% in the fasting state while increasing obviously to 73.3-78.4% at 2 and 4h, respectively, after a daily Chinese breakfast. According to the postprandial cut-off value, the percentage of patients with NoTG at 4h after a daily Chinese breakfast was 62.6% which was close to 64.6% in the fasting state. The Kappa coefficient was 0.551, indicating a moderate consistency between the fasting and postprandial cut-off values in the diagnosis of NoTG. Moreover, the subjects with NoTG determined by the postprandial TG cut-off value had an obviously higher postprandial level of RC (1.2 vs. 0.8 mmol/L) and percentage of HRC (37.1 vs. 32.1%) than those determined by the fasting TG cut-off value. Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that except for BMI, pTG4h emerged as an independent predictor of not. Subgroup analyses revealed that the association between pTG4h and NoTG was consistent across subgroups. Conclusion Taken together, we for the first time determined TG 1.56 mmol/L as the postprandial cut-off value corresponding to fasting TG 1.2 mmol/L in Chinese subjects. This could make it more convenient to determine whether TG is optimal or not in the fasting or postprandial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liling Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peiliu Qu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yangrong Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tie Wen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Tie Wen,
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Liu,
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Lin P, Shen N, Yin F, Guo SD. Sea cucumber-derived compounds for treatment of dyslipidemia: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1000315. [PMID: 36188620 PMCID: PMC9515789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemias are disorders of plasma levels of lipids, such as elevated levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride, that are associated with various human diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Statins are the first-line drugs for treatment of dyslipidemia. However, a substantial proportion of patients cannot reach the recommended LDL-c level even with the highest tolerated doses of statins, and there is no available drug specifically for NAFLD therapy. Sea cucumbers are one of the widely distributed invertebrates, and are an important resource of food and medicine. Sea cucumbers have many valuable nutrients including saponins, fatty acids, phospholipids, cerebrosides, sulfated polysaccharides, as well as proteins and peptides. In recent years, these natural products derived from sea cucumbers have attracted attentions for treatment of CVD and NAFLD because of their lipid-lowering effect and low toxicity. However, the hypolipidemic mechanisms of action and the structure-activity relationship of these bioactive components have not been well-documented in literature. This review article summarizes the signaling pathways and the potential structure-activity relationship of sea cucumber-derived bioactive compounds including saponins, lipids, carbohydrates as well as peptides and proteins. This article will provide information useful for the development of sea cucumber-derived lipid-lowering compounds as well as for investigation of hypolipidemic compounds that are derived from other natural resources.
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Zhang Y, Jia XB, Liu YC, Yu WQ, Si YH, Guo SD. Fenofibrate enhances lipid deposition via modulating PPARγ, SREBP-1c, and gut microbiota in ob/ob mice fed a high-fat diet. Front Nutr 2022; 9:971581. [PMID: 36172518 PMCID: PMC9511108 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.971581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by lipid accumulation in distinct organs. Presently, fenofibrate is a commonly used triglyceride-lowering drug. This study is designed to investigate whether long-term fenofibrate intervention can attenuate lipid accumulation in ob/ob mouse, a typical model of obesity. Our data demonstrated that fenofibrate intervention significantly decreased plasma triglyceride level by 21.0%, increased liver index and hepatic triglyceride content by 31.7 and 52.1%, respectively, and elevated adipose index by 44.6% compared to the vehicle group. As a PPARα agonist, fenofibrate intervention significantly increased the expression of PPARα protein in the liver by 46.3% and enhanced the expression of LDLR protein by 3.7-fold. However, fenofibrate dramatically increased the expression of PPARγ and SREBP-1c proteins by ~2.1- and 0.9-fold in the liver, respectively. Fenofibrate showed no effects on the expression of genes-related to fatty acid β-oxidation. Of note, it significantly increased the gene expression of FAS and SCD-1. Furthermore, fenofibrate modulated the gut microbiota. Collectively, long-term fenofibrate induces lipid accumulation in liver and adipose tissues in ob/ob mice by enhancing the expression of adipogenesis-related proteins and gut microbiota. These data suggest that fenofibrate may have limited effects on attenuating lipid deposition in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Bin Jia
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yun-Chao Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yan-Hong Si
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Yan-Hong Si
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Shou-Dong Guo
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Qiao YN, Zou YL, Guo SD. Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:931931. [PMID: 36111155 PMCID: PMC9468243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.931931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diseases causing human death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains number one according to the World Health Organization report in 2021. It is known that atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of CVD. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD). LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is the traditional biological marker of LDL. However, large numbers of patients who have achieved the recommended LDL-C goals still have ASCVD risk. In multiple prospective studies, LDL particle (LDL-P) is reported to be more accurate in predicting CVD risk than LDL-C. LDL-Ps differ in size, density and chemical composition. Numerous clinical studies have proved that the atherogenic mechanisms of LDL-Ps are determined not only by LDL number and size but also by LDL modifications. Of note, small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles possess stronger atherogenic ability compared with large and intermediate LDL subfractions. Besides, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) is another risk factor in atherosclerosis. Among the traditional lipid-lowering drugs, statins induce dramatic reductions in LDL-C and LDL-P to a lesser extend. Recently, proprotein convertase subtilsin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) have been demonstrated to be effective in lowering the levels of LDL-C, LDL-P, as well as CVD events. In this article, we will make a short review of LDL metabolism, discuss the discordance between LDL-C and LDL-P, outline the atherogenic mechanisms of action of LDL by focusing on sdLDL and ox-LDL, summarize the methods used for measurement of LDL subclasses, and conclude the advances in LDL-lowering therapies using statins and PCSK9i.
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