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McKenzie AT, Nnadi O, Slagell KD, Thorn EL, Farrell K, Crary JF. Fluid preservation in brain banking: a review. FREE NEUROPATHOLOGY 2024; 5:5-10. [PMID: 38690035 PMCID: PMC11058410 DOI: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2024-5373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Fluid preservation is nearly universally used in brain banking to store fixed tissue specimens for future research applications. However, the effects of long-term immersion on neural circuitry and biomolecules are not well characterized. As a result, there is a need to synthesize studies investigating fluid preservation of brain tissue. We searched PubMed and other databases to identify studies measuring the effects of fluid preservation in nervous system tissue. We categorized studies based on the fluid preservative used: formaldehyde solutions, buffer solutions, alcohol solutions, storage after tissue clearing, and cryoprotectant solutions. We identified 91 studies containing 197 independent observations of the effects of long-term storage on cellular morphology. Most studies did not report any significant alterations due to long-term storage. When present, the most frequent alteration was decreased antigenicity, commonly attributed to progressive crosslinking by aldehydes that renders biomolecules increasingly inaccessible over time. To build a mechanistic understanding, we discuss biochemical aspects of long-term fluid preservation. A subset of lipids appears to be chemical altered or extracted over time due to incomplete retention in the crosslinked gel. Alternative storage fluids mitigate the problem of antigen masking but have not been extensively characterized and may have other downsides. We also compare fluid preservation to cryopreservation, paraffin embedding, and resin embedding. Overall, existing evidence suggests that fluid preservation provides maintenance of neural architecture for decades, including precise structural details. However, to avoid the well-established problem of overfixation caused by storage in high concentration formaldehyde solutions, fluid preservation procedures can use an initial fixation step followed by an alternative long-term storage fluid. Further research is warranted on optimizing protocols and characterizing the generalizability of the storage artifacts that have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oge Nnadi
- Brain Preservation Foundation, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Kat D. Slagell
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emma L. Thorn
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John F. Crary
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Mangin JF, Le Guen Y, Labra N, Grigis A, Frouin V, Guevara M, Fischer C, Rivière D, Hopkins WD, Régis J, Sun ZY. "Plis de passage" Deserve a Role in Models of the Cortical Folding Process. Brain Topogr 2019; 32:1035-1048. [PMID: 31583493 PMCID: PMC6882753 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cortical folding is a hallmark of brain topography whose variability across individuals remains a puzzle. In this paper, we call for an effort to improve our understanding of the pli de passage phenomenon, namely annectant gyri buried in the depth of the main sulci. We suggest that plis de passage could become an interesting benchmark for models of the cortical folding process. As an illustration, we speculate on the link between modern biological models of cortical folding and the development of the Pli de Passage Frontal Moyen (PPFM) in the middle of the central sulcus. For this purpose, we have detected nine interrupted central sulci in the Human Connectome Project dataset, which are used to explore the organization of the hand sensorimotor areas in this rare configuration of the PPFM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicole Labra
- Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Grigis
- Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Miguel Guevara
- Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clara Fischer
- Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Denis Rivière
- Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - William D Hopkins
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jean Régis
- INS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Zhong Yi Sun
- Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Le Guen Y, Leroy F, Auzias G, Riviere D, Grigis A, Mangin JF, Coulon O, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Frouin V. The chaotic morphology of the left superior temporal sulcus is genetically constrained. Neuroimage 2018; 174:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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