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Veshchitskii AA, Kirik OV, Korzhevskii DE, Merkulyeva N. Development of neurochemical labeling in the intermediolateral nucleus of cats' spinal cord. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2400-2410. [PMID: 35500068 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
NeuN is a neuron-specific nuclear protein expressed in most mature neuronal cell types, with some exceptions. These exceptions are known mainly for the brain but not for the spinal cord or the spinal visceral networks for which only scarce information is available. One of the most defined visceral structures in the spinal cord is the sympathetic intermediolateral nucleus located within the thoracolumbar segments. We investigated the NeuN staining in the intermediolateral nucleus and compared it with the staining for two neurochemical markers of visceral neurons: nitric oxide synthase and calcium-binding protein calretinin in adult cats and in kittens aged 0, 14, and 35 days. A clear NeuN-immunonegativity was obtained for intermediolateral neurons labeled for nitric oxide synthase for both adult cats and kittens. In contrast, a matched immunopositivity for the NeuN and calretinin was obtained, showing an age-dependent degree of this colocalization, which was high in newborn kittens, decreased on postnatal 14 and 35 days and persisted at a moderate level up to adulthood. Perhaps our data displayed a heterogeneity of the intermediolateral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga V Kirik
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology of Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Institute of Experimental Medicine RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy E Korzhevskii
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology of Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Institute of Experimental Medicine RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Merkulyeva
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Téllez de Meneses PG, Pérez-Revuelta L, Canal-Alonso Á, Hernández-Pérez C, Cocho T, Valero J, Weruaga E, Díaz D, Alonso JR. Immunohistochemical distribution of secretagogin in the mouse brain. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1224342. [PMID: 37711587 PMCID: PMC10498459 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1224342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calcium is essential for the correct functioning of the central nervous system, and calcium-binding proteins help to finely regulate its concentration. Whereas some calcium-binding proteins such as calmodulin are ubiquitous and are present in many cell types, others such as calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin are expressed in specific neuronal populations. Secretagogin belongs to this latter group and its distribution throughout the brain is only partially known. In the present work, the distribution of secretagogin-immunopositive cells was studied in the entire brain of healthy adult mice. Methods Adult male C57BL/DBA mice aged between 5 and 7 months were used. Their whole brain was sectioned and used for immunohistochemistry. Specific neural populations were observed in different zones and nuclei identified according to Paxinos mouse brain atlas. Results Labelled cells were found with a Golgi-like staining, allowing an excellent characterization of their dendritic and axonal arborizations. Many secretagogin-positive cells were observed along different encephalic regions, especially in the olfactory bulb, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus. Immunostained populations were very heterogenous in both size and distribution, as some nuclei presented labelling in their entire extension, but in others, only scattered cells were present. Discussion Secretagogin can provide a more complete vision of calcium-buffering mechanisms in the brain, and can be a useful neuronal marker in different brain areas for specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo G. Téllez de Meneses
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Revuelta
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Canal-Alonso
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Bioinformatics, Intelligent Systems and Educational Technology (BISITE) Research Group, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernández-Pérez
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Teresa Cocho
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - José R. Alonso
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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Mikhalkin AA, Nikitina NI, Merkulyeva NS. Age-Related Changes in Soma Size of Y Neurons in the Cat Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Dorsoventral and Centroperipheral Gradients. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Veshchitskii A, Shkorbatova P, Merkulyeva N. Neurochemical atlas of the cat spinal cord. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1034395. [PMID: 36337139 PMCID: PMC9627295 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1034395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord is a complex heterogeneous structure, which provides multiple vital functions. The precise surgical access to the spinal regions of interest requires precise schemes for the spinal cord structure and the spatial relation between the spinal cord and the vertebrae. One way to obtain such information is a combined anatomical and morphological spinal cord atlas. One of the widely used models for the investigation of spinal cord functions is a cat. We create a single cell-resolution spinal cord atlas of the cat using a variety of neurochemical markers [antibodies to NeuN, choline acetyltransferase, calbindin 28 kDa, calretinin, parvalbumin, and non-phosphorylated heavy-chain neurofilaments (SMI-32 antibody)] allowing to visualize several spinal neuronal populations. In parallel, we present a map of the spatial relation between the spinal cord and the vertebrae for the entire length of the spinal cord.
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Merkulyeva N, Mikhalkin А, Kostareva A, Vavilova T. Transient neurochemical features of the perigeniculate neurons during early postnatal development of the cat. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3193-3208. [PMID: 36036192 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus receives axons from the thalamic sensory nuclei and the cerebral cortex. The visual part of this nucleus in carnivores is the perigeniculate nucleus located dorsal to the lateral geniculate nucleus. The perigeniculate nucleus participates in the modulation of visual processing and in the transition of synchronized slow rhythmicity during sleep into desynchronized high-frequency activity during arousal and consists of inhibitory neurons. The main neurochemical markers for perigeniculate neurons are glutamic acid decarboxylase and Ca2+ -binding protein parvalbumin. Previous studies of postnatal development focused on the morphological features of the perigeniculate nucleus; however, its neurochemistry remains poorly understood. In this study, we focused on the postnatal development of perigeniculate neurons using immunohistochemical labeling of parvalbumin, two related Ca2+ -binding proteins (calretinin and calbindin), glutamic acid decarboxylase, and a common neuronal protein, NeuN, in kittens that were 0-123 days old and in adult cats. In parallel with the well-known dominant neuronal populations expressing parvalbumin and GAD67 and persisting until adulthood, transient populations expressing calretinin and calbindin were observed. The calbindin-positive neurons were similar to the main perigeniculate population and showed close morphological features and parvalbumin coexpression. In contrast, the calretinin-positive neurons differed in their morphological characteristics and did not express GAD67, thus distinguishing them from the majority of perigeniculate neurons. A possible link between these populations was revealed, and the development of thalamocortical processing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Merkulyeva
- Lab Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Аleksandr Mikhalkin
- Lab Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Institution of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana Vavilova
- Institution of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Imam A, Bhagwandin A, Ajao MS, Manger PR. The brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). X. The spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2692-2710. [PMID: 35765943 PMCID: PMC9540424 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The spinal cord of the tree pangolin is known to be very short compared to the overall length of the body and tail. Here, we provide a description of the tree pangolin spinal cord to determine whether the short length contributes to specific structural, and potentially functional, differences. The short spinal cord of the adult tree pangolin, at around 13 cm, terminates at the midthoracic level. Within this shortened spinal cord, we could identify six regions, which from rostral to caudal include the prebrachial, brachial, interramal, crural, postcrural, and caudal regions, with both the brachial and crural regions showing distinct swellings. The chemoarchitecture of coronal sections through these regions confirmed regional assignation, being most readily delineated by the presence of cholinergic neurons forming the intermediolateral column in the interramal region and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus in the postcrural region. The 10 laminae of Rexed were observed throughout the spinal cord and presented with an anatomical organization similar to that observed in other mammals. Despite the shortened length of the tree pangolin spinal cord, the regional and laminar anatomical organization is very similar to that observed in other mammals. This indicates that the functional aspects of the short tree pangolin spinal cord can be inferred from what is known in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Imam
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Moyosore S Ajao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Impaired visceral pain-related functions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray in rats with colitis. Brain Res Bull 2022; 182:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mikhalkin AA, Merkulyeva NS. Peculiarities of Age-Related Dynamics of Neurons in the Cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus as Revealed in Frontal versus Sagittal Slices. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Veshchitskii AA, Musienko PE, Merkulyeva NS. Distribution of Calretinin-Immunopositive Neurons in the Cat Lumbar Spinal Cord. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shadrach JL, Stansberry WM, Milen AM, Ives RE, Fogarty EA, Antonellis A, Pierchala BA. Translatomic analysis of regenerating and degenerating spinal motor neurons in injury and ALS. iScience 2021; 24:102700. [PMID: 34235408 PMCID: PMC8246596 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction is a synapse critical for muscle strength and coordinated motor function. Unlike CNS injuries, motor neurons mount robust regenerative responses after peripheral nerve injuries. Conversely, motor neurons selectively degenerate in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To assess how these insults affect motor neurons in vivo, we performed ribosomal profiling of mouse motor neurons. Motor neuron-specific transcripts were isolated from spinal cords following sciatic nerve crush, a model of acute injury and regeneration, and in the SOD1G93A ALS model. Of the 267 transcripts upregulated after nerve crush, 38% were also upregulated in SOD1G93A motor neurons. However, most upregulated genes in injured and ALS motor neurons were context specific. Some of the most significantly upregulated transcripts in both paradigms were chemokines such as Ccl2 and Ccl7, suggesting an important role for neuroimmune modulation. Collectively these data will aid in defining pro-regenerative and pro-degenerative mechanisms in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Shadrach
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wesley M. Stansberry
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Allison M. Milen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel E. Ives
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Anthony Antonellis
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian A. Pierchala
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Mikhalkin A, Nikitina N, Merkulyeva N. Heterochrony of postnatal accumulation of nonphosphorylated heavy‐chain neurofilament by neurons of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1430-1441. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.25028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Mikhalkin
- lab Neuromorphology Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS Makarov emb, 6 Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Nina Nikitina
- lab Neuromorphology Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS Makarov emb, 6 Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Natalia Merkulyeva
- lab Neuromorphology Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS Makarov emb, 6 Saint‐Petersburg Russia
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12
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Merkulyeva N, Lyakhovetskii V, Veshchitskii A, Bazhenova E, Gorskii O, Musienko P. Activation of the spinal neuronal network responsible for visceral control during locomotion. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112986. [PMID: 31254518 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that stepping of the decerebrate cat was accompanied by involvement of the urinary system: external urethral sphincter (EUS) and detrusor muscle activation, as well as the corresponding increase of the intravesical pressure. Detrusor and EUS evoked EMG activity matched the limbs locomotor movements. Immunohistochemical labeling of the immediate early gene c-fos expression was used to reveal the neural mechanisms of such somatovisceral interconnection within the sacral neural pathways. Study showed that two locomotor modes (forward and backward walking) had significantly different kinematic features. Combining the different immunohistochemical methods, we found that many c-fos-immunopositive nuclei were localized within several visceral areas of the S2 spinal segment which matched the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and dorsal gray commissure. Cats stepping backward had 4-fold more c-fos-immunopositive nuclei within the ventrolateral part of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus apparently correspondent to the "lateral band" contained cells controlling bladder function. The present work provides the direct evidences of visceral neurons activation depending on the specific of locomotor pattern and confirms the somatovisceral integration carrying out on the spinal cord level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Merkulyeva
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Makarov emb., 6, 199034, Russia; Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the RF, Saint-Petersburg, poselok Pesochnyy, Leningradskaya str., 70, 197758, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7-9, 199034, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Lyakhovetskii
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Makarov emb., 6, 199034, Russia; Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the RF, Saint-Petersburg, poselok Pesochnyy, Leningradskaya str., 70, 197758, Russia
| | | | - Elena Bazhenova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Makarov emb., 6, 199034, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7-9, 199034, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorskii
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Makarov emb., 6, 199034, Russia; Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the RF, Saint-Petersburg, poselok Pesochnyy, Leningradskaya str., 70, 197758, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7-9, 199034, Russia
| | - Pavel Musienko
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Makarov emb., 6, 199034, Russia; Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the RF, Saint-Petersburg, poselok Pesochnyy, Leningradskaya str., 70, 197758, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7-9, 199034, Russia; Children's Surgery and Orthopedic Clinic, Department of Non-pulmonary Tuberculosis, Research Institute of Phthysiopulmonology, Saint-Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya str., 32, 194064, Russia.
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Porseva VV, Emanuilov AI, Masliukov PM. Changes in the Expression of Calbindin and Calretinin in Interneurons of the Spinal Dorsal Horns Under Conditions of Antiorthostatic Suspension in Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 166:22-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wong AW, Osborne PB, Keast JR. Axonal Injury Induces ATF3 in Specific Populations of Sacral Preganglionic Neurons in Male Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:766. [PMID: 30405344 PMCID: PMC6207596 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to other neurons of the central nervous system, autonomic preganglionic neurons are unusual because most of their axon lies in the periphery. These axons are vulnerable to injury during surgical procedures, yet in comparison to peripheral neurons and somatic motor neurons, the impact of injury on preganglionic neurons is poorly understood. Here, we have investigated the impact of axotomy on sacral preganglionic neurons, a functionally diverse group of neurons required for micturition, defecation, and sexual function. We have previously observed that after axotomy, the injury-related transcription factor activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) is upregulated in only half of these neurons (Peddie and Keast, 2011: PMID: 21283532). In the current study, we have investigated if this response is constrained to particular subclasses of preganglionic neurons that have specific functions or signaling properties. Seven days after unilateral pelvic nerve transection, we quantified sacral preganglionic neurons expressing ATF3, many but not all of which co-expressed c-Jun. This response was independent of soma size. Subclasses of sacral preganglionic neurons expressed combinations of somatostatin, calbindin, and neurokinin-1 receptor, each of which showed a similar response to injury. We also found that in contrast to thoracolumbar preganglionic neurons, the heat shock protein-25 (Hsp25) was not detected in naive sacral preganglionic neurons but was upregulated in many of these neurons after axotomy; the majority of these Hsp25 neurons expressed ATF3. Together, these studies reveal the molecular complexity of sacral preganglionic neurons and their responses to injury. The simultaneous upregulation of Hsp25 and ATF3 may indicate a distinct mechanism of regenerative capacity after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes W Wong
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peregrine B Osborne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Merighi A. The histology, physiology, neurochemistry and circuitry of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (lamina II) in mammalian spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:91-134. [PMID: 29981393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (SGR) was first described about two centuries ago. In the following decades an enormous amount of information has permitted us to understand - at least in part - its role in the initial processing of pain and itch. Here, I will first provide a comprehensive picture of the histology, physiology, and neurochemistry of the normal SGR. Then, I will analytically discuss the SGR circuits that have been directly demonstrated or deductively envisaged in the course of the intensive research on this area of the spinal cord, with particular emphasis on the pathways connecting the primary afferent fibers and the intrinsic neurons. The perspective existence of neurochemically-defined sets of primary afferent neurons giving rise to these circuits will be also discussed, with the proposition that a cross-talk between different subsets of peptidergic fibers may be the structural and functional substrate of additional gating mechanisms in SGR. Finally, I highlight the role played by slow acting high molecular weight modulators in these gating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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Nurzynska K, Mikhalkin A, Piorkowski A. CAS: Cell Annotation Software - Research on Neuronal Tissue Has Never Been so Transparent. Neuroinformatics 2018; 15:365-382. [PMID: 28849545 PMCID: PMC5671565 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-017-9340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CAS (Cell Annotation Software) is a novel tool for analysis of microscopic images and selection of the cell soma or nucleus, depending on the research objectives in medicine, biology, bioinformatics, etc. It replaces time-consuming and tiresome manual analysis of single images not only with automatic methods for object segmentation based on the Statistical Dominance Algorithm, but also semi-automatic tools for object selection within a marked region of interest. For each image, a broad set of object parameters is computed, including shape features and optical and topographic characteristics, thus giving additional insight into data. Our solution for cell detection and analysis has been verified by microscopic data and its application in the annotation of the lateral geniculate nucleus has been examined in a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nurzynska
- Institute of Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Aleksandr Mikhalkin
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Adam Piorkowski
- Department of Geoinformatics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
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Early Postnatal Development of the Lamination in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus A-Layers in Cats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1137-1143. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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