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Dennis NA, Carpenter CM, Becker A. Examining the neural basis of unitization: A review. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 24:389-401. [PMID: 38413465 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Associative memory refers to the ability to form and remember associations between individual pieces of information rather than memory for a single object or word. Encoding associations in memory tends to be a more difficult task than item (only) encoding, because associative memory requires encoding multiple items as well as the specific links amongst the items. Accordingly, researchers have worked to identify interventions and strategies to reduce the effort and neural resources required for successful associative memory processing. Unitization is one such strategy that has traditionally been defined as the process by which two or more discrete items are processed, or encoded, such that they are perceived as a single ensemble. The current review explores the neural research on unitization while considering the behavioral benefits that accompany the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Dennis
- The Pennsylvania State University, 450 Moore Building, State College, PA, 16801, USA.
| | - Catherine M Carpenter
- The Pennsylvania State University, 450 Moore Building, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Alexa Becker
- The Pennsylvania State University, 450 Moore Building, State College, PA, 16801, USA
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Guo P, Carey E, Plaisted-Grant K, Cheke LG. Episodic memory during middle childhood: What is developing? J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 240:105828. [PMID: 38104459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Whereas previous research has concentrated on the emergence of episodic memory during the early years, fewer investigations have explored the details of this development through middle and late childhood. Considerable variation in task demands and testing methodologies have rendered the trajectory of episodic memory during this period unclear, particularly with regard to which elements are in a state of change at which time. This study separately assessed memory for item, location, and temporal order, as well as integrated what-where-when (WWW) information using a WWW memory test (the Treasure Hunt task), with 84 children aged 6 to 12 years. Two versions of the task were used, varying in the degree of retrieval support while keeping encoding constant. Results show that episodic memory continued to develop across this period, with individual item, spatial, temporal, and WWW memory all improving relatively linearly with age. These improvements were underpinned by both the associative binding and strategic control processes. These findings suggest that it is not any one element of episodic memory that is driving development during this period but that all aspects are continuing to mature in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyuan Guo
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Emma Carey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | | | - Lucy G Cheke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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Baudou É, Ryan JL, Cox E, Nham L, Johnston K, Bouffet É, Bartels U, Timmons B, de Medeiros C, Mabbott DJ. Optimizing an exercise training program in pediatric brain tumour survivors: Does timing postradiotherapy matter? Neurooncol Pract 2024; 11:69-81. [PMID: 38222057 PMCID: PMC10785595 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background While exercise training (ET) programs show positive outcomes in cognition, motor function, and physical fitness in pediatric brain tumor (PBT) survivors, little is known about the optimal timing of intervention. The aim of this work was to explore the feasibility and benefits of ET based on its timing after radiotherapy. Methods This retrospective analysis (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01944761) analyzed data based on the timing of PBT survivors' participation in an ET program relative to their completion of radiotherapy: <2 years (n = 9), 2-5 years (n = 10), and > 5 years (n = 13). We used repeated measures analysis of variance to compare feasibility and efficacy indicators among groups, as well as correlation analysis between ET program timing postradiotherapy and preliminary treatment effects on cognition, motor function and physical fitness outcomes. Results Two to five years postradiotherapy was the optimal time period in terms of adherence (88.5%), retention (100%), and satisfaction (more fun, more enjoyable and recommend it more to other children). However, the benefits of ET program on memory recognition (r = -0.379, P = .047) and accuracy (r = -0.430, P = .032) decreased with increased time postradiotherapy. Motor function improved in all groups, with greater improvements in bilateral coordination (P = .043) earlier postradiotherapy, and in running (P = .043) later postradiotherapy. The greatest improvement in pro-rated work rate occurred in the < 2-year group (P = .008). Conclusion Participation in an ET program should be offered as part of routine postradiotherapy care in the first 1-2 years and strongly encouraged in the first 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éloïse Baudou
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Ryan
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Cox
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Nham
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista Johnston
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Éric Bouffet
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ute Bartels
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Timmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health and Exercise Medicine Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia de Medeiros
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald J Mabbott
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rifkin-Graboi A, Tsotsi S, Syazwana N, Stephenson MC, Sim LW, Lee K. Variation in maternal sensitivity and the development of memory biases in preschoolers. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1093619. [PMID: 36873774 PMCID: PMC9978004 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1093619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Links between maternal sensitivity, hippocampal development, and memory abilities suggests early life insensitive care may shape structures and schemas influencing future decisions and stress management, biasing children to negative information. While it is possible that this pattern of neurodevelopment may have adaptive consequences, for example, preventing children from encountering untoward experience with future adversity, it may also leave some children at risk for the development of internalizing problems. Methods Here, in a Two Wave Study, we examine whether insensitive care predicts sub sequentially assessed memory biases for threatening (but not happy) stimuli in preschoolers (n = 49), and if such relations cut across different forms of relational memory, i.e., memory for relations between two "items," between an "item" and its spatial location, and an "item" and its temporal sequence. In a subset (n = 18) we also examine links between caregiving, memory, and hippocampal subregion volume. Results Results indicate no main or interactive influence of gender on relational memory. However, insensitive caregiving predicted the difference between Angry and Happy memory during the Item-Space condition (B = 2.451, se = 0.969, p = 0.014, 95% CI (0.572, 4.340)], as well as memory for Angry (but not Happy) items [B = -2.203, se = 0.551, p < 0.001, 95% CI (-3.264,-1.094)]. Memory for the difference between Angry and Happy stimuli in the Space condition associated with larger right hippocampal body volumes (Rho = 0.639, p = 0.004). No relations were observed with internalizing problems. Discussion Results are discussed with reference to developmental stage and in consideration of whether negative biases may serve as an intermediate factor linking early life insensitive care and later socioemotional problems including an increased incidence of internalizing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Office of Educational Research, Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stella Tsotsi
- PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadhrah Syazwana
- Office of Educational Research, Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary C Stephenson
- Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lit Wee Sim
- Office of Educational Research, Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kerry Lee
- Centre for Educational and Developmental Sciences, Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education and Human Development, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Asiminas A, Lyon SA, Langston RF, Wood ER. Developmental trajectory of episodic-like memory in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:969871. [PMID: 36523755 PMCID: PMC9745197 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.969871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Episodic memory formation requires the binding of multiple associations to a coherent episodic representation, with rich detail of times, places, and contextual information. During postnatal development, the ability to recall episodic memories emerges later than other types of memory such as object recognition. However, the precise developmental trajectory of episodic memory, from weaning to adulthood has not yet been established in rats. Spontaneous object exploration tasks do not require training, and allow repeated testing of subjects, provided novel objects are used on each trial. Therefore, these tasks are ideally suited for the study of the ontogeny of episodic memory and its constituents (e.g., object, spatial, and contextual memory). Methods In the present study, we used four spontaneous short-term object exploration tasks over two days: object (OR), object-context (OCR), object-place (OPR), and object-place-context (OPCR) recognition to characterise the ontogeny of episodic-like memory and its components in three commonly used outbred rat strains (Lister Hooded, Long Evans Hooded, and Sprague Dawley). Results In longitudinal studies starting at 3-4 weeks of age, we observed that short term memory for objects was already present at the earliest time point we tested, indicating that it is established before the end of the third week of life (consistent with several other reports). Object-context memory developed during the fifth week of life, while both object-in-place and the episodic-like object-place-context memory developed around the seventh postnatal week. To control for the effects of previous experience in the development of associative memory, we confirmed these developmental trajectories using a cross-sectional protocol. Discussion Our work provides robust evidence for different developmental trajectories of recognition memory in rats depending on the content and/or complexity of the associations and emphasises the utility of spontaneous object exploration tasks to assess the ontogeny of memory systems with high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Asiminas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie A. Lyon
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rosamund F. Langston
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Emma R. Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Bengaluru, India
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Özveren N, Yıldırım S. Effectiveness of an educational cartoon animation on the knowledge of children about traumatic dental injuries. Dent Traumatol 2022; 38:512-518. [PMID: 36040831 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Although children are frequently exposed to traumatic dental injuries (TDIs), their knowledge and attitude regarding the emergency management of TDIs are largely insufficient. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge of children about TDIs utilizing a questionnaire before and after watching a custom animated instructional video. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted with 332 children aged 8 to 13 years. The children were asked to complete a 3-part questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, past experiences related to TDIs, and knowledge of the emergency management of TDIs. An educational video containing evidence-based information about the management of TDIs was shown to the children. They then completed the questionnaire again immediately after viewing the video and 1 week later. The data were analyzed using Friedman's two-way ANOVA by ranks test, McNemar's test, and the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS The children's scores increased significantly following the viewing of the video (p = .0001). Prior to watching the animation, children who had previously received dental trauma education had considerably higher scores than their peers (p = .004). The animation was considered to be beneficial by 96.7% of the children. Prior to watching the animation, 49.1% of the children believed they could help their friends in the event of dental trauma, and after viewing the animation, this rate increased to 86.4%, but decreased to 77.1% after 1 week (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS After watching the video, the children's scores improved dramatically and their self-confidence in helping their friends in the event of dental trauma increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Özveren
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sinem Yıldırım
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Brunetta J, Fahner J, Legemaat M, van den Bergh E, Krommenhoek K, Prinsze K, Kars M, Michiels E. Age-Appropriate Advance Care Planning in Children Diagnosed with a Life-Limiting Condition: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9060830. [PMID: 35740767 PMCID: PMC9221719 DOI: 10.3390/children9060830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric advance care planning (pACP) is an important strategy to support patient-centered care. It is known to be difficult, yet paramount, to involve the child in pACP while adjusting treatment to age and the corresponding stage of development. This systematic review was aimed to evaluate the age appropriateness of pACP interventions by assessing their characteristics, content, and evidence. CINAHL, Embase and MEDLINE were searched from 1 January 1998 to 31 August 2020 in order to identify peer-reviewed articles containing strategies and tools to facilitate pACP in both children (0–18 years) with life-limiting conditions and their families. An assessment of quality was performed using Cochrane tools and COREQ. The full protocol is available as PROSPERO CRD42020152243. Thirty-one articles describing 18 unique pACP tools were included. Most tools were developed for adolescents and young adults. In most cases, the interventions tried to assess the child’s and family’s preferences concerning their current and future hopes, wishes, and goals of the care. This was aimed to enhance communication about these preferences between children, their families, and health-care providers and to improve engagement in pACP. The relevance of an age-appropriate approach was mentioned in most articles, but this was mainly implicit. Seven articles implemented age-appropriate elements. Six factors influencing age appropriateness were identified. Tools to support pACP integrated age-appropriate elements to a very limited extent. They mainly focused on adolescents. The involvement of children of all ages may need a more comprehensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brunetta
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Jurrianne Fahner
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Monique Legemaat
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Esther van den Bergh
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Koen Krommenhoek
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Kyra Prinsze
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Marijke Kars
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Erna Michiels
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
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A review of long-term deficits in memory systems following radiotherapy for pediatric posterior fossa tumor. Radiother Oncol 2022; 174:111-122. [PMID: 35640769 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, progress in pediatric posterior fossa tumor (PFT) treatments has improved survival rates. However, the majority of survivors present neurocognitive sequelae that impact academic achievement. METHODS This review examines the literature from 2000 to 2020 on long-term outcomes in different memory systems for survivors of pediatric PFT, considering the impact of radiotherapy which is a well-known prognostic factor for global neurocognitive function. RESULTS Of the 43 articles selected, 31 explored working memory, 19 episodic memory, 9 semantic memory and 2 procedural memory. Irradiated survivors had scores of < -2 standard deviation (SD) (n = 4 studies/25) or between -2SD and -1SD (n =7 studies/25) for working memory; < -1SD for anterograde memory (n = 11/13), with a progressive decline in these two memory systems; < -1SD (n = 4/7) in semantic memory, and a deficit in perceptual-motor procedural learning (n = 1/1). Reducing craniospinal irradiation dose, limiting tumor bed boosts, and using proton therapy seem to have had a beneficial effect with better preservation of the memory score and a reduction in the decline over time. Non-irradiated survivors had memory systems that were less affected, with preservation of anterograde memory and maintenance of long-term stability. CONCLUSION Memory deficits are a core feature in survivors of pediatric PFT, especially when treatment requires radiotherapy. To limit these effects, dose constraints for specific brain areas involved in memory should be defined. During long-term follow-up, specific attention is essential to identify these deficits in order to limit their impact on the quality of life.
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Bouyeure A, Bekha D, Patil S, Hertz-Pannier L, Noulhiane M. OUP accepted manuscript. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac004. [PMID: 35261977 PMCID: PMC8895309 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure-function relationship between white matter microstructure and episodic memory (EM) has been poorly studied in the developing brain, particularly in early childhood. Previous studies in adolescents and adults have shown that episodic memory recall is associated with prefrontal-limbic white matter microstructure. It is unknown whether this association is also observed during early ontogeny. Here, we investigated the association between prefrontal-limbic tract microstructure and EM performance in a cross-sectional sample of children aged 4 to 12 years. We used a multivariate partial least squares correlation approach to extract tract-specific latent variables representing shared information between age and diffusion parameters describing tract microstructure. Individual projections onto these latent variables describe patterns of interindividual differences in tract maturation that can be interpreted as scores of white matter tract microstructural maturity. Using these estimates of microstructural maturity, we showed that maturity scores of the uncinate fasciculus and dorsal cingulum bundle correlated with distinct measures of EM recall. Furthermore, the association between tract maturity scores and EM recall was comparable between younger and older children. Our results provide new evidence on the relation between white matter maturity and EM performance during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bouyeure
- UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UMR1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Dhaif Bekha
- UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UMR1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sandesh Patil
- UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UMR1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Hertz-Pannier
- UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UMR1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Marion Noulhiane
- UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UMR1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
- Corresponding author: UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Dang X, Yang C, Chen Y. Age difference in the forward testing effect: The roles of strategy change and release from proactive interference. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Rajan V, Cuevas K, Bell MA. Memory binding and theta EEG during middle childhood. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22124. [PMID: 33959957 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to bind together the contextual details associated with an event undergoes dramatic improvement during childhood. However, few studies have examined the neural correlates of memory binding encoding and retrieval during middle childhood. We examined age-related encoding and retrieval differences using continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) measures in a sample of 6- and 8-year-olds. For the memory binding task, children were tested on memory for individual items (i.e., objects and backgrounds only) and combined object-backgrounds pairings (combination condition). Memory for individual item information was comparable across both age groups. However, younger children experienced greater difficulty (i.e., higher false alarm rate) in the combination condition. Theta (4-7 Hz) neuronal oscillations were analyzed to compare memory encoding and retrieval processes. Widespread retrieval-related increases in theta band EEG power (compared with baseline and encoding-related activation) were evident in both 6- and 8-year-olds. Regression analyses revealed that parietal theta EEG power during retrieval accounted for variability in memory binding performance. These findings suggest that theta rhythms are intricately linked to memory binding processes during middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Rajan
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly Cuevas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Waterbury, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martha Ann Bell
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Ghetti S, Fandakova Y. Neural Development of Memory and Metamemory in Childhood and Adolescence: Toward an Integrative Model of the Development of Episodic Recollection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-060320-085634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memory and metamemory processes are essential to retrieve detailed memories and appreciate the phenomenological experience of recollection. Developmental cognitive neuroscience has made strides in revealing the neural changes associated with improvements in memory and metamemory during childhood and adolescence. We argue that hippocampal changes, in concert with surrounding cortical regions, support developmental improvements in the precision, complexity, and flexibility of memory representations. In contrast, changes in frontoparietal regions promote efficient encoding and retrieval strategies. A smaller body of literature on the neural substrates of metamemory development suggests that error monitoring processes implemented in the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex trigger, and perhaps support the development of, metacognitive evaluationsin the prefrontal cortex, while developmental changes in the parietal cortex support changes in the phenomenological experience of episodic retrieval. Our conclusions highlight the necessity of integrating these lines of research into a comprehensive model on the neurocognitive development of episodic recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ghetti
- Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA
| | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Exploring the Event‐Related Potentials' Time Course of Associative Recognition in Autism. Autism Res 2020; 13:1998-2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Lee JK, Fandakova Y, Johnson EG, Cohen NJ, Bunge SA, Ghetti S. Changes in anterior and posterior hippocampus differentially predict item-space, item-time, and item-item memory improvement. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 41:100741. [PMID: 31826840 PMCID: PMC6994624 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Relational memory improves during middle childhood and adolescence, yet the neural correlates underlying those improvements are debated. Although memory for spatial, temporal, and other associative relations requires the hippocampus, it is not established whether within-individual changes in hippocampal structure contribute to memory improvements from middle childhood into adolescence. Here, we investigated how structural changes in hippocampal head, body, and tail subregions predict improvements in the capacity to remember item-space, item-time, and item-item relations. Memory for each relation and volumes of hippocampal subregions were assessed longitudinally in 171 participants across 3 time points (Mage at T1 = 9.45 years; Mage at T2 = 10.86 years, Mage at T3 = 12.12 years; comprising 393 behavioral assessments and 362 structural scans). Among older children, volumetric growth in: (a) head and body predicted improvements in item-time memory, (b) head predicted improvements in item-item memory; and (c) right tail predicted improvements in item-space memory. The present research establishes that changes in hippocampal structure are related to improvements in relational memory, and that sub-regional changes in hippocampal volume differentially predict changes in different aspects of relational memory. These findings underscore a division of labor along the anterior-posterior axis of the hippocampus during child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Lee
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Elliott G Johnson
- Human Development Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Silvia A Bunge
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Simona Ghetti
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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15
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Ma X, Li T, Li Z, Zhou A. Episodic context reinstatement promotes memory retention in older but not younger elementary schoolchildren. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 38:304-318. [PMID: 31960469 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that reinstatement of spatial and temporal background information during learning can promote memory retention in adults. However, the effect in children is unclear. In order to explore the effect of episodic context reinstatement on the memory retention of different age groups, first-grade students, third-grade students, and third-year college students studied two word lists. When the words were presented mixed together, the participants were told to either restudy the words under intentional learning conditions or make list discrimination judgements by indicating the list from which each word had originated. Results revealed that the retrieval practice based on the episodic context reinstatement paradigm showed a phased development trend in the participants compared to restudy. Episodic context reinstatement only promoted memory retention in the third-grade children and college students, but not in the first-grade children. During the early elementary school years, children do not have relatively mature episodic memory ability and cannot output memories according to context clues. Our finding suggests important guidance for the age-appropriate use of tests as instructional tools in basic education. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? One recent theory of retrieval-based learning is the episodic context account; it promotes memory retention by reinstate the context of a prior learning episode. Previous studies have confirmed in the adults that the episodic context reinstatement was the main reason for retrieval practice to promote memory retention through the list discrimination tasks What does this study add? This study revealed that the retrieval practice based on the episodic context reinstatement paradigm showed a phased development trend in the participants. Episodic context reinstatement only promoted memory retention in the third-grade children and college students, but not in the first-grade children, and the results support the episodic context assumption, namely that episodic context reinstatement is the key factor in memory retention. The results of this study can explain why most prior work has observed the effect of retrieval practice in the groups above grade three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ma
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengyan Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - AiBao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Lanzhou, China
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16
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Bouyeure A, Noulhiane M. Memory: Normative development of memory systems. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:201-213. [PMID: 32958174 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, abundant behavioral, clinical, and neuroimaging data have shown several memory systems in the brain. A memory system is a type of memory that processes a particular type of information, using specific mechanisms, with distinct neural correlates. What we call memory is therefore not a unitary capacity but a collection of distinct systems. From a developmental perspective, each memory system has its own developmental course. This explains the heterogeneity of children's mnemonic competencies: for example, 3-year-olds learn many new words and concepts every day but have trouble recalling in detail an event that happened the week before. In this chapter, we sum up major findings regarding the development from infancy to early adulthood of the main memory systems. Specifically, we report recent data regarding the development of declarative memory (i.e., episodic and semantic memory), and the relationship between the maturation of their neural correlates and the phenomena of infantile and childhood amnesia. We conclude by indicating some of the possible avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bouyeure
- Translational and Applicative Neuroimaging Research Unit, NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Noulhiane
- Translational and Applicative Neuroimaging Research Unit, NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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17
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The spatiotemporal organization of episodic memory and its disruption in a neurodevelopmental disorder. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18447. [PMID: 31804517 PMCID: PMC6895173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent theories of episodic memory (EM) posit that the hippocampus provides a spatiotemporal framework necessary for representing events. If such theories hold true, then does the development of EM in children depend on the ability to first bind spatial and temporal information? And does this ability rely, at least in part, on normal hippocampal function? We investigated the development of EM in children 2–8 years of age (Study 1) and its impairment in Williams Syndrome, a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by visuospatial deficits and irregular hippocampal function, (Study 2) by implementing a nonverbal object-placement task that dissociates the what, where, and when components of EM. Consistent with the spatiotemporal-framework view of hippocampal EM, our results indicate that the binding of where and when in memory emerges earliest in development, around the age of 3, and is specifically impaired in WS. Space-time binding both preceded and was critical to full EM (what + where + when), and the successful association of objects to spatial locations seemed to mediate this developmental process.
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18
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Relational memory is associated with academic achievement in preadolescent children. Trends Neurosci Educ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Space and time in episodic memory: Effects of linearity and directionality on memory for spatial location and temporal order in children and adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206999. [PMID: 30408077 PMCID: PMC6224083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory is a critical capacity that involves remembering past events along with their spatial and temporal contexts. Relatively little is known about the relations between spatial and temporal information in long-term memory in children or adults. The present research examined the influence of the mental timeline (linear horizontal display extending from the left to right direction for English speakers) on memory for events and their spatial and temporal features in 7-year-olds, 9-year-olds, 11-year-olds and young adults (N = 146). During encoding, participants studied triplets of objects, varying on two dimensions of the mental timeline: linearity (whether objects were presented in linear succession or not) and direction (whether objects were presented from left-to-right or right-to-left). After a delay, during retrieval, participants were tested on their memory for individual objects, and either the spatial location or temporal order of the objects. We found that overall accuracy for spatial location was higher than accuracy for temporal order, and there was a parallel developmental trajectory for both these aspects of memory. Across age groups we found that memory for temporal order, but not spatial location, was influenced by linearity and direction (i.e., match to mental timeline). Thus, in both children and adults the spatiotemporal mental timeline supported memory for temporal order, converging with predictions generated within domains of language and thought and enhancing our understanding of how space and time are represented in the mind.
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20
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Wang JY, Weber FD, Zinke K, Inostroza M, Born J. More Effective Consolidation of Episodic Long-Term Memory in Children Than Adults-Unrelated to Sleep. Child Dev 2017; 89:1720-1734. [PMID: 28594100 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abilities to encode and remember events in their spatiotemporal context (episodic memory) rely on brain regions that mature late during childhood and are supported by sleep. We compared the temporal dynamics of episodic memory formation and the role of sleep in this process between 62 children (8-12 years) and 57 adults (18-37 years). Subjects recalled "what-where-when" memories after a short 1-hr retention interval or after a long 10.5-hr interval containing either nocturnal sleep or daytime wakefulness. Although children showed diminished recall of episodes after 1 hr, possibly resulting from inferior encoding, unlike adults, they showed no further decrease in recall after 10.5 hr. In both age groups, episodic memory benefitted from sleep. However, children's more effective offline retention was unrelated to sleep.
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21
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Grootens-Wiegers P, Hein IM, van den Broek JM, de Vries MC. Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:120. [PMID: 28482854 PMCID: PMC5422908 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various international laws and guidelines stress the importance of respecting the developing autonomy of children and involving minors in decision-making regarding treatment and research participation. However, no universal agreement exists as to at what age minors should be deemed decision-making competent. Minors of the same age may show different levels of maturity. In addition, patients deemed rational conversation-partners as a child can suddenly become noncompliant as an adolescent. Age, context and development all play a role in decision-making competence. In this article we adopt a perspective on competence that specifically focuses on the impact of brain development on the child’s decision-making process. Main body We believe that the discussion on decision-making competence of minors can greatly benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. We adopted such an approach in order to contribute to the understanding on how to deal with children in decision-making situations. Evidence emerging from neuroscience research concerning the developing brain structures in minors is combined with insights from various other fields, such as psychology, decision-making science and ethics. Four capacities have been described that are required for (medical) decision-making: (1) communicating a choice; (2) understanding; (3) reasoning; and (4) appreciation. Each capacity is related to a number of specific skills and abilities that need to be sufficiently developed to support the capacity. Based on this approach it can be concluded that at the age of 12 children can have the capacity to be decision-making competent. However, this age coincides with the onset of adolescence. Early development of the brain’s reward system combined with late development of the control system diminishes decision-making competence in adolescents in specific contexts. We conclude that even adolescents possessing capacities required for decision-making, may need support of facilitating environmental factors. Conclusion This paper intends to offer insight in neuroscientific mechanisms underlying the medical decision-making capacities in minors and to stimulate practices for optimal involvement of minors. Developing minors become increasingly capable of decision-making, but the neurobiological development in adolescence affects competence in specific contexts. Adequate support should be offered in order to create a context in which minors can make competently make decisions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0869-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella Grootens-Wiegers
- Science Communication and Society, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Irma M Hein
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and de Bascule, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M van den Broek
- Science Communication and Society, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C de Vries
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Karpicke JD, Blunt JR, Smith MA. Retrieval-Based Learning: Positive Effects of Retrieval Practice in Elementary School Children. Front Psychol 2016; 7:350. [PMID: 27014156 PMCID: PMC4786565 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of research has demonstrated that practicing retrieval is a powerful way to enhance learning. However, nearly all prior research has examined retrieval practice with college students. Little is known about retrieval practice in children, and even less is known about possible individual differences in retrieval practice. In three experiments, 88 children (mean age 10 years) studied a list of words and either restudied the items or practiced retrieving them. They then took a final free recall test (Experiments 1 and 2) or recognition test (Experiment 3). In all experiments, children showed robust retrieval practice effects. Although a range of individual differences in reading comprehension and processing speed were observed among these children, the benefits of retrieval practice were independent of these factors. The results contribute to the growing body of research supporting the mnemonic benefits of retrieval practice and provide preliminary evidence that practicing retrieval may be an effective learning strategy for children with varying levels of reading comprehension and processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Karpicke
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, USA
| | - Janell R Blunt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, USA
| | - Megan A Smith
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West LafayetteIN, USA; Department of Psychology, Rhode Island College, ProvidenceRI, USA
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23
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Dégeilh F, Eustache F, Guillery-Girard B. [Cognitive and brain development of memory from infancy to early adulthood]. Biol Aujourdhui 2016; 209:249-260. [PMID: 26820831 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2015026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive and brain development are closely linked from infancy to adulthood. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of knowledge on behavioral and brain substrates of memory development. First, we will review cognitive development of different memory systems, from procedural to autobiographical memory. We will discuss how the development of other cognitive functions (language, attention, executive functions and metamemory) participates in memory development. Second, we will describe how structural and functional changes in two core brain regions of memory, i.e. the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, impact the protracted development of memory throughout childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Dégeilh
- Inserm, U1077, Caen, France - Université de Caen Normandie, UMR-S1077, Caen, France - École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR-S1077, Caen, France - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, U1077, Caen, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- Inserm, U1077, Caen, France - Université de Caen Normandie, UMR-S1077, Caen, France - École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR-S1077, Caen, France - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, U1077, Caen, France
| | - Bérengère Guillery-Girard
- Inserm, U1077, Caen, France - Université de Caen Normandie, UMR-S1077, Caen, France - École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR-S1077, Caen, France - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, U1077, Caen, France
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24
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Lee JK, Wendelken C, Bunge SA, Ghetti S. A Time and Place for Everything: Developmental Differences in the Building Blocks of Episodic Memory. Child Dev 2015; 87:194-210. [PMID: 26493950 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated whether episodic memory development can be explained by improvements in relational binding processes, involved in forming novel associations between events and the context in which they occurred. Memory for item-space, item-time, and item-item relations was assessed in an ethnically diverse sample of 151 children aged 7-11 years and 28 young adults. Item-space memory reached adult performance by 9½ years, whereas item-time and item-item memory improved into adulthood. In path analysis, item-space, but not item-time best explained item-item memory. Across age groups, relational binding related to source memory and performance on standardized memory assessments. In conclusion, relational binding development depends on relation type, but relational binding overall supports episodic memory development.
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25
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Batistuzzo MC, Balardin JB, Martin MDGM, Hoexter MQ, Bernardes ET, Borcato S, Souza MDME, Querido CN, Morais RM, de Alvarenga PG, Lopes AC, Shavitt RG, Savage CR, Amaro E, Miguel EC, Polanczyk GV, Miotto EC. Reduced prefrontal activation in pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder during verbal episodic memory encoding. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 54:849-58. [PMID: 26407495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often present with deficits in episodic memory, and there is evidence that these difficulties may be secondary to executive dysfunction, that is, impaired selection and/or application of memory-encoding strategies (mediation hypothesis). Semantic clustering is an effective strategy to enhance encoding of verbal episodic memory (VEM) when word lists are semantically related. Self-initiated mobilization of this strategy has been associated with increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, particularly the orbitofrontal cortex, a key region in the pathophysiology of OCD. We therefore studied children and adolescents with OCD during uncued semantic clustering strategy application in a VEM functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-encoding paradigm. METHOD A total of 25 pediatric patients with OCD (aged 8.1-17.5 years) and 25 healthy controls (HC, aged 8.1-16.9) matched for age, gender, handedness, and IQ were evaluated using a block design VEM paradigm that manipulated semantically related and unrelated words. RESULTS The semantic clustering strategy score (SCS) predicted VEM performance in HC (p < .001, R(2) = 0.635), but not in patients (p = .099). Children with OCD also presented hypoactivation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (cluster-corrected p < .001). Within-group analysis revealed a negative correlation between Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores and activation of orbitofrontal cortex in the group with OCD. Finally, a positive correlation between age and SCS was found in HC (p = .001, r = 0.635), but not in patients with OCD (p = .936, r = 0.017). CONCLUSION Children with OCD presented altered brain activation during the VEM paradigm and absence of expected correlation between SCS and age, and between SCS and total words recalled. These results suggest that different neural mechanisms underlie self-initiated semantic clustering in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo Queiroz Hoexter
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Elisa Teixeira Bernardes
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Sonia Borcato
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Marina de Marco E Souza
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Cicero Nardini Querido
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Rosa Magaly Morais
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Pedro Gomes de Alvarenga
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Antonio Carlos Lopes
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Roseli Gedanke Shavitt
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Cary R Savage
- Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KA
| | - Edson Amaro
- Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Euripedes C Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Guilherme V Polanczyk
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program (PROTOC) at FMUSP
| | - Eliane C Miotto
- University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Blankenship SL, Riggins T. Developmental differences in relations between parent-reported executive function and unitized and non-unitized memory representations during childhood. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1214. [PMID: 26347683 PMCID: PMC4541290 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has documented an association between executive functioning (EF) and memory for bound details. However, it is unknown if this relation varies as a function of the type of bound information (i.e., unitized versus non-unitized) and whether this association changes as a function of age during childhood, when both EF and memory undergo rapid development. The current study sought to address these gaps by examining whether relations between parent-reported EF differed for unitized versus non-unitized memory representations and if these relations differed between children who were 4, 6, or 8 years of age. Results revealed that EF was selectively associated with non-unitized associative memory in 8-year-old children; no significant relations between EF and either memory condition were evident in 4- or 6-year-olds. These results suggest relations between EF and memory may be specific to non-unitized representations and that this association may emerge across childhood as both EF and memory abilities develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Blankenship
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA
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27
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Martins S, Guillery-Girard B, Clochon P, Bulteau C, Hertz-Pannier L, Chiron C, Eustache F, Jambaqué I. Associative episodic memory and recollective processes in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 44:86-9. [PMID: 25659044 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While the current literature on children suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy (CTLE) mostly focuses on material-related episodic memory deficits according to seizure-onset lateralization, the present study examined associative episodic memory according to the type of information to memorize (e.g., factual, spatial, and sequential) and further investigated subjective and objective recollection. Eleven children with left temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE), 10 children with right temporal lobe epilepsy (RTLE), among whom 9 displayed hippocampal sclerosis (HS), and 42 healthy controls completed the WHAT-WHEN-WHERE protocol (Guillery-Girard et al., 2013). Group comparisons were first conducted according to the affected side and second according to the underlying pathology. Results showed associative memory impairments in patients irrespective of the affected side. Moreover, this study revealed that HS is particularly deleterious to associative and subjective recollection in CTLE. In addition, this study emphasizes the need for assessing episodic memory in childhood TLE beyond material specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Martins
- UMR-S1077, INSERM, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CHU de Caen, France; INSERM U1129, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; CEA, Gif sur Yvette, France; UNIACT, Neuropsin, CEA-Sacley, France.
| | - Bérengère Guillery-Girard
- UMR-S1077, INSERM, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CHU de Caen, France
| | - Patrice Clochon
- UMR-S1077, INSERM, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CHU de Caen, France
| | - Christine Bulteau
- INSERM U1129, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; CEA, Gif sur Yvette, France; UNIACT, Neuropsin, CEA-Sacley, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Neurosurgery Unit, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Hertz-Pannier
- INSERM U1129, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; CEA, Gif sur Yvette, France; UNIACT, Neuropsin, CEA-Sacley, France
| | - Catherine Chiron
- INSERM U1129, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; CEA, Gif sur Yvette, France; UNIACT, Neuropsin, CEA-Sacley, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- UMR-S1077, INSERM, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CHU de Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Jambaqué
- INSERM U1129, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; CEA, Gif sur Yvette, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Neurosurgery Unit, Paris, France
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