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Kc E, Islam J, Lee G, Park YS. Optogenetic Approach in Trigeminal Neuralgia and Potential Concerns: Preclinical Insights. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1769-1780. [PMID: 37775720 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The integration of optogenetics in the trigeminal pain circuitry broadens and reinforces existing pain investigations. Similar to research on spinal neuropathic pain, the exploration of the underlying determinants of orofacial pain is expanding. Optogenetics facilitates more direct, specific, and subtle investigations of the neuronal circuits involved in orofacial pain. One of the most significant concerns of both dentistry and medicine is trigeminal neuralgia (TN) management due to its substantial impact on a patient's quality of life. Our objective is to gather insights from preclinical studies conducted in TN employing an optogenetic paradigm, thereby extending the prospects for in-depth neurobiological research. This review highlights optogenetic research in trigeminal pain circuitry involving TN. We outline the central and peripheral regions associated with pain-that have been investigated using optogenetics in the trigeminal pain circuitry. The study further reports its scope and limitations as well as its potential for future applications from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Kc
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaisan Islam
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Young Seok Park
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Maruta T, Hidaka K, Kouroki S, Koshida T, Kurogi M, Kage Y, Mizuno S, Shirasaka T, Yanagita T, Takahashi S, Takeya R, Tsuneyoshi I. Selective optogenetic activation of NaV1.7-expressing afferents in NaV1.7-ChR2 mice induces nocifensive behavior without affecting responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275751. [PMID: 36201719 PMCID: PMC9536842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In small and large spinal dorsal root ganglion neurons, subtypes of voltage-gated sodium channels, such as NaV1.7, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9 are expressed with characteristically localized and may play different roles in pain transmission and intractable pain development. Selective stimulation of each specific subtype in vivo may elucidate its role of each subtype in pain. So far, this has been difficult with current technology. However, Optogenetics, a recently developed technique, has enabled selective activation or inhibition of specific neural circulation in vivo. Moreover, optogenetics had even been used to selectively excite NaV1.8-expressing dorsal root ganglion neurons to induce nocifensive behavior. In recent years, genetic modification technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have advanced, and various knock-in mice can be easily generated using such technology. We aimed to investigate the effects of selective optogenetic activation of NaV1.7-expressing afferents on mouse behavior. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination to generate bicistronic NaV1.7-iCre knock-in mice, which express iCre recombinase under the endogenous NaV1.7 gene promoter without disrupting NaV1.7. The Cre-driver mice were crossed with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) Cre-reporter Ai32 mice to obtain NaV1.7iCre/+;Ai32/+, NaV1.7iCre/iCre;Ai32/+, NaV1.7iCre/+;Ai32/Ai32, and NaV1.7iCre/iCre;Ai32/Ai32 mice. Compared with wild-type mice behavior, no differences were observed in the behaviors associated with mechanical and thermal stimuli exhibited by mice of the aforementioned genotypes, indicating that the endogenous NaV1.7 gene was not affected by the targeted insertion of iCre. Blue light irradiation to the hind paw induced paw withdrawal by mice of all genotypes in a light power-dependent manner. The threshold and incidence of paw withdrawal and aversive behavior in a blue-lit room were dependent on ChR2 expression level; the strongest response was observed in NaV1.7iCre/iCre;Ai32/Ai32 mice. Thus, we developed a non-invasive pain model in which peripheral nociceptors were optically activated in free-moving transgenic NaV1.7-ChR2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoaki Maruta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kotaro Hidaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kouroki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Koshida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mio Kurogi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yohko Kage
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shirasaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanagita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Isao Tsuneyoshi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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A Review on Medicinal Plants Having Anticancer Properties of Northeast India and Associated Endophytic Microbes and their Future in Medicinal Science. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings are affected by different diseases and suffer to different extents. Cancer is one of the major human disease and millions of people suffered from cancer and end their lives every year. Peoples are dependent on herbal medicines since prehistoric time especially from developing countries. It is very common to have different side effects of modern synthetic medicines; hence now-a-days importance of herbal medicines due to no or least side effects increases all parts of the world. But the major problems of using herbal medicines are that plants can produce very limited amount of medicinally important bioactive metabolites and they have very long growth periods. Therefore endophytes are the excellent alternative of plant derived metabolites. Endophytic microbes can synthesize exactly same type of metabolites as the plant produces. North East India is a treasure of plant resources; various types of medicinal plants are present in this region. Different types of indigenous tribes are inhabited in this region who used different plants in traditional system for treating various disease. But with increasing demand it is sometimes not sufficient to manage the demand of medicines, therefore for massive production endophytic study is crucial. In spite of having huge plant resources very limited endophytic studies are observed in this region. In this review, we studied different plants with their endophytes of NE India showing anticancer properties.
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Abdus-Saboor I, Luo W. Measuring Mouse Somatosensory Reflexive Behaviors with High-speed Videography, Statistical Modeling, and Machine Learning. NEUROMETHODS 2022; 178:441-456. [PMID: 35783537 PMCID: PMC9249079 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2039-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectively measuring and interpreting an animal's sensory experience remains a challenging task. This is particularly true when using preclinical rodent models to study pain mechanisms and screen for potential new pain treatment reagents. How to determine their pain states in a precise and unbiased manner is a hurdle that the field will need to overcome. Here, we describe our efforts to measure mouse somatosensory reflexive behaviors with greatly improved precision by high-speed video imaging. We describe how coupling sub-second ethograms of reflexive behaviors with a statistical reduction method and supervised machine learning can be used to create a more objective quantitative mouse "pain scale." Our goal is to provide the readers with a protocol of how to integrate some of the new tools described here with currently used mechanical somatosensory assays, while discussing the advantages and limitations of this new approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmail Abdus-Saboor
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 3740 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Lei F, Yan Z. Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Corynoline in Different Nociceptive and Inflammatory Experimental Models. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4783-4799. [PMID: 35247154 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pain is growing to be a massive health issue across the globe. It is reported that one in every five adults tends to suffer from pain worldwide each year, regardless of age and gender. Inflammation caused by tissue damage, chemical stimulus, and foreign substances is commonly associated with pain. Inflammatory pain is mainly caused by the direct effect of inflammatory mediators on particular classes of nociceptive neurons. In the current investigation, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of corynoline, a phytochemical compound isolated from Corydalis bungeana Turcz., has been evaluated in experimental mice. The experimental mice were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. The first control group was fed with water. The second, third, and fourth groups received different doses of corynoline and the fifth group of mice received positive controls. Nociception was induced with the help of acetic acid, formalin, glutamate, capsaicin, hot plate, and tail immersion in mice whereas carrageenan was used to induce inflammation. The peritoneal cavity leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory mediator generation were also analyzed to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect and the natural locomotor activity was determined using an open field test. Corynoline treatment significantly suppressed the paw licking, writhing in the abdominal region, and displayed high nociceptive inhibitory reaction in a dose-related manner. Additionally, corynoline significantly reduced the carrageenan-triggered paw edema and also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of corynoline has been successfully established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Zhou Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China.
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6
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Optogenetic Stimulation of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Modulates the Pain Processing in Neuropathic Pain: A Review. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:1-8. [PMID: 34505976 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is characterized by hypersensitivity, hyperalgesia, and allodynia, which is caused by damage to the somatosensory nervous system. It substantially impairs the quality of life. The management of neuropathic pain is challenging and should comprise alternative therapies. Researchers working on neural modulation methods in the field of optogenetics have recently referred to novel techniques that involve the activation or inhibition of signaling proteins by specific wavelengths of light. The use of optogenetics in neuropathic pain facilitates the investigation of pain pathways involved in chronic pain and has the potential for therapeutic use. Neuropathic pain is often accompanied by negative stimuli involving a broad network of brain regions. In particular, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a part of the limbic system that has highly interconnected structures involved in processing components of pain. The ACC is a key region for acute pain perception as well as the development of neuropathic pain, characterized by long-term potentiation induced in pain pathways. The exact mechanism for neuropathic pain in the ACC is unclear. Current evidence supports the potential of optogenetics methods to modulate the neuronal activity in the ACC for neuropathic pain. We anticipate the neuronal modulation in the ACC will be used widely to manage neuropathic pain.
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Moroz LL, Nikitin MA, Poličar PG, Kohn AB, Romanova DY. Evolution of glutamatergic signaling and synapses. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108740. [PMID: 34343611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate as a signaling molecule in the first place. Here, we used comparative metabolomics and genomic data to reconstruct the genealogy of glutamatergic signaling. The origin of Glu-mediated communications might be traced to primordial nitrogen and carbon metabolic pathways. The versatile chemistry of L-Glu placed this molecule at the crossroad of cellular biochemistry as one of the most abundant metabolites. From there, innovations multiplied. Many stress factors or injuries could increase extracellular glutamate concentration, which led to the development of modular molecular systems for its rapid sensing in bacteria and archaea. More than 20 evolutionarily distinct families of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) have been identified in eukaryotes. The domain compositions of iGluRs correlate with the origins of multicellularity in eukaryotes. Although L-Glu was recruited as a neuro-muscular transmitter in the early-branching metazoans, it was predominantly a non-neuronal messenger, with a possibility that glutamatergic synapses evolved more than once. Furthermore, the molecular secretory complexity of glutamatergic synapses in invertebrates (e.g., Aplysia) can exceed their vertebrate counterparts. Comparative genomics also revealed 15+ subfamilies of iGluRs across Metazoa. However, most of this ancestral diversity had been lost in the vertebrate lineage, preserving AMPA, Kainate, Delta, and NMDA receptors. The widespread expansion of glutamate synapses in the cortical areas might be associated with the enhanced metabolic demands of the complex brain and compartmentalization of Glu signaling within modular neuronal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - Pavlin G Poličar
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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Hurtado-Lorenzo A, Honig G, Weaver SA, Larkin PB, Heller C. Chronic Abdominal Pain in IBD Research Initiative: Unraveling Biological Mechanisms and Patient Heterogeneity to Personalize Treatment and Improve Clinical Outcomes. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2021; 3:otab034. [PMID: 36776666 PMCID: PMC9802354 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Hurtado-Lorenzo
- Research Department, Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, New York, New York, USA,Address correspondence to: Andrés Hurtado-Lorenzo, PhD, Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, 733 3rd Ave Suite 510, New York, NY 10017, USA ()
| | - Gerard Honig
- Research Department, Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Paul B Larkin
- Research Department, Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caren Heller
- Research Department, Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, New York, New York, USA
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Surgical implantation of wireless, battery-free optoelectronic epidural implants for optogenetic manipulation of spinal cord circuits in mice. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3072-3088. [PMID: 34031611 PMCID: PMC9273129 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of optogenetics to regulate neuronal activity has revolutionized the study of the neural circuitry underlying a number of complex behaviors in rodents. Advances have been particularly evident in the study of brain circuitry and related behaviors, while advances in the study of spinal circuitry have been less striking because of technical hurdles. We have developed and characterized a wireless and fully implantable optoelectronic device that enables optical manipulation of spinal cord circuitry in mice via a microscale light-emitting diode (µLED) placed in the epidural space (NeuroLux spinal optogenetic device). This protocol describes how to surgically implant the device into the epidural space and then analyze light-induced behavior upon µLED activation. We detail optimized optical parameters for in vivo stimulation and demonstrate typical behavioral effects of optogenetic activation of nociceptive spinal afferents using this device. This fully wireless spinal µLED system provides considerable versatility for behavioral assays compared with optogenetic approaches that require tethering of animals, and superior temporal and spatial resolution when compared with other methods used for circuit manipulation such as chemogenetics. The detailed surgical approach and improved functionality of these spinal optoelectronic devices substantially expand the utility of this approach for the study of spinal circuitry and behaviors related to mechanical and thermal sensation, pruriception and nociception. The surgical implantation procedure takes ~1 h. The time required for the study of behaviors that are modulated by the light-activated circuit is variable and will depend upon the nature of the study.
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Ohnesorge N, Heinl C, Lewejohann L. Current Methods to Investigate Nociception and Pain in Zebrafish. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:632634. [PMID: 33897350 PMCID: PMC8061727 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant, negative emotion and its debilitating effects are complex to manage. Mammalian models have long dominated research on nociception and pain, but there is increasing evidence for comparable processes in fish. The need to improve existing pain models for drug research and the obligation for 3R refinement of fish procedures facilitated the development of numerous new assays of nociception and pain in fish. The zebrafish is already a well-established animal model in many other research areas like toxicity testing, as model for diseases or regeneration and has great potential in pain research, too. Methods of electrophysiology, molecular biology, analysis of reflexive or non-reflexive behavior and fluorescent imaging are routinely applied but it is the combination of these tools what makes the zebrafish model so powerful. Simultaneously, observing complex behavior in free-swimming larvae, as well as their neuronal activity at the cellular level, opens new avenues for pain research. This review aims to supply a toolbox for researchers by summarizing current methods to study nociception and pain in zebrafish. We identify treatments with the best algogenic potential, be it chemical, thermal or electric stimuli and discuss options of analgesia to counter effects of nociception and pain by opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or local anesthetics. In addition, we critically evaluate these practices, identify gaps of knowledge and outline potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ohnesorge
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Céline Heinl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Elina KC, Moon HC, Islam J, Kim HK, Park YS. The Effect of Optogenetic Inhibition of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Neuropathic Pain Following Sciatic Nerve Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:638-650. [PMID: 32808249 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cortical disinhibition is the underlying pathological alteration contributing to neuropathic pain associated with peripheral nerve injury. Nerve injury resulting in disinhibition of the anterior cingulate cortex has been reported. However, the effect of optogenetic inhibition of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) on the sensory component of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain has not been well studied. To investigate the feasibility of optogenetic ACC modulation, we injected an optogenetic virus or a null virus into the ACC of a nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain model. The unilateral ACC was modulated, and the optogenetic effect was measured by mechanical and thermal sensitivity tests. The assessment was performed in "pre-light off," "stimulation-yellow light on," and "post-light off" states. Optogenetic inhibition of the ACC in injury models revealed improved mechanical and thermal latencies with profound pain-relieving effects against nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. The sensory thalamic discharge in electrophysiological in vivo recordings was also altered during laser stimulation. This finding indicates that hyperactivity of the ACC in nerve injury increases output to the spinothalamic tract through direct or indirect pathways. The direct photoinhibition of ACC neurons could play a vital role in restoring equilibrium and provide novel insight into techniques that can assuage peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Elina
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheol Moon
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776, 1 Sunhwanro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jaisan Islam
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyong Kyu Kim
- Department of Medical and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776, 1 Sunhwanro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea.
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Das R, Moradi F, Heidari H. Biointegrated and Wirelessly Powered Implantable Brain Devices: A Review. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:343-358. [PMID: 31944987 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.2966920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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Mazeto TK, Picada JN, Correa ÁP, Rebelo IN, Ribeiro MT, Gomez MV, de Souza AH. Antinociceptive and genotoxic assessments of the antagonist TRPV1 receptor SB-366791 on morphine-induced tolerance in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:481-490. [PMID: 31655852 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is mainly treated with opioid analgesics such as morphine. However, the use of these substances can cause adverse effects, including dependence and tolerance, necessitating the discovery of a new approach to analgesic therapies. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is linked to thermal sensibility and has been considered as a new therapeutic option for pain treatment. This study aims to investigate the antinociceptive effect and toxicity of SB-366791, a TRPV1 antagonist. Morphine-tolerant and morphine non-tolerant Swiss mice were submitted to the hot plate and thermal tail flick tests. Toxicological evaluations of the genotoxic and mutagenic activities of SB-366791 were assessed using a comet assay and micronucleus test, and the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. In the hot plate test, intrathecal injection of SB-366791 or morphine resulted in significantly increased antinociception in non-tolerant mice. SB-366791 also led to an analgesic effect in the tail flick test. Tolerant mice that received SB-366791 demonstrated a central antinociceptive effect in both thermal tests. No genotoxic effects were observed in the comet assay and no mutagenic effects were detected in the micronucleus test or in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Behavioral results of the thermal nociception tests show that SB-366791 has antinociceptive potential in both morphine-tolerant and non-tolerant mice and does not cause genotoxic or mutagenic effects. Nevertheless, new studies should be performed to clarify the activity and participation of vanilloid channels in the antinociception of SB-366791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Kastell Mazeto
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil.
| | - Áurea Pandolfo Correa
- Department of Pharmacology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Isadora Nunes Rebelo
- Department of Pharmacology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Magali Terra Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Gomez
- Department of Neurotransmitters, Institute for Education and Research, Hospital Santa Casa, Domingos Vieira Street, 590, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 30150-240, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Hubner de Souza
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
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Leonelli S, Nkambeu B, Beaudry F. Impaired EAT-4 Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Leads to Defective Nocifensive Response of Caenorhabditis elegans to Noxious Heat. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:882-890. [PMID: 31950452 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate and glutamate receptors are found in areas specifically involved in pain sensation, transmission and transduction such as peripheral nervous system, spinal cord and brain. In C. elegans, several studies have suggested glutamate pathways are associated with withdrawal responses to mechanical stimuli and to chemical repellents. However, few evidences demonstrate that glutamate pathways are important to mediate nocifensive response to noxious heat. The thermal avoidance behavior of C. elegans was studied and results illustrated that mutants of glutamate receptors (glr-1, glr-2, nmr-1, nmr-2) behaviors was not affected. However, results revealed that all strains of eat-4 mutants, C. elegans vesicular glutamate transporters, displayed defective thermal avoidance behaviors. Due to the interplay between the glutamate and the FLP-18/FLP-21/NPR-1 pathways, we analyzed the effectors FLP-18 and FLP-21 at the protein level, we did not observe biologically significant differences compared to N2 (WT) strain (fold-change < 2) except for the IK602 strain. The data presented in this manuscript reveals that glutamate signaling pathways are essential to elicit a nocifensive response to noxious heat in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leonelli
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animal du Québec (GREPAQ), Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Bruno Nkambeu
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animal du Québec (GREPAQ), Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animal du Québec (GREPAQ), Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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15
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Activation of the Intrinsic Pain Inhibitory Circuit from the Midcingulate Cg2 to Zona Incerta Alleviates Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9130-9144. [PMID: 31604834 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1683-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is one of the most common and notorious neurological diseases. The changes in cerebral structures after nerve injury and the corresponding contributions to neuropathic pain are not well understood. Here we found that the majority of glutamatergic neurons in the area 2 of midcingulate cortex (MCC Cg2Glu) were inhibited by painful stimulation in male mice. Optogenetic manipulation revealed that these neurons were tonically involved in the inhibitory modulation of multimodal nociception. We further identified the projections to GABAergic neurons in the zona incerta (ZIGABA) mediated the pain inhibitory role. However, MCC Cg2Glu became hypoactive after nerve injury. Although a brief activation of the MCC Cg2Glu to ZIGABA circuit was able to relieve the aversiveness associated with spontaneous ongoing pain, consecutive activation of the circuit was required to alleviate neuropathic allodynia. In contrast, glutamatergic neurons in the area 1 of MCC played opposite roles in pain modulation. They became hyperactive after nerve injury and only consecutive inhibition of their activity relieved allodynia. These results demonstrate that MCC Cg2Glu constitute a component of intrinsic pain inhibitory circuitry and their hypoactivity underlies neuropathic pain. We propose that selective and persistent activation of the MCC Cg2Glu to ZIGABA circuit may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glutamatergic neurons in the area 2 of midcingulate cortex (MCC Cg2Glu) are tonically involved in the intrinsic pain inhibition via projecting to GABAergic neurons in the zona incerta. They are hypoactive after nerve injury. Selective activation of the circuit compensates the reduction of its analgesic strength and relieves neuropathic pain. Therefore, MCC Cg2Glu and the related analgesic circuit may serve as therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain. In contrast, MCC Cg1Glu have an opposite role in pain modulation and become hyperactive after nerve injury. The present study provides novel evidence for the concept that neuropathic pain is associated with the dysfunction of endogenous pain modulatory system and new perspective on the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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16
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17
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18
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Kaur S, Saper CB. Neural Circuitry Underlying Waking Up to Hypercapnia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:401. [PMID: 31080401 PMCID: PMC6497806 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is a sleep and breathing disorder, in which, patients suffer from cycles of atonia of airway dilator muscles during sleep, resulting in airway collapse, followed by brief arousals that help re-establish the airway patency. These repetitive arousals which can occur hundreds of times during the course of a night are the cause of the sleep-disruption, which in turn causes cognitive impairment as well as cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities. To prevent this potential outcome, it is important to target preventing the arousal from sleep while preserving or augmenting the increase in respiratory drive that reinitiates breathing, but will require understanding of the neural circuits that regulate the cortical and respiratory responses to apnea. The parabrachial nucleus (PB) is located in rostral pons. It receives chemosensory information from medullary nuclei that sense increase in CO2 (hypercapnia), decrease in O2 (hypoxia) and mechanosensory inputs from airway negative pressure during apneas. The PB area also exerts powerful control over cortical arousal and respiration, and therefore, is an excellent candidate for mediating the EEG arousal and restoration of the airway during sleep apneas. Using various genetic tools, we dissected the neuronal sub-types responsible for relaying the stimulus for cortical arousal to forebrain arousal circuits. The present review will focus on the circuitries that regulate waking-up from sleep in response to hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvinder Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Seno MDJ, Assis DV, Gouveia F, Antunes GF, Kuroki M, Oliveira CC, Santos LCT, Pagano RL, Martinez RCR. The critical role of amygdala subnuclei in nociceptive and depressive-like behaviors in peripheral neuropathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13608. [PMID: 30206257 PMCID: PMC6134132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is an important component of the limbic system that participates in the control of the pain response and modulates the affective-motivational aspect of pain. Neuropathic pain is a serious public health problem and has a strong affective-motivational component that makes it difficult to treat. The central (CeA), basolateral (BLA) and lateral (LA) nuclei of the amygdala are involved in the processing and regulation of chronic pain. However, the roles of these nuclei in the maintenance of neuropathic pain, anxiety and depression remain unclear. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the role of amygdala subnuclei in the modulation of neuropathic pain, including the affective-motivational axis, in an experimental model of peripheral neuropathy. The specific goals were as follows: (1) To evaluate the nociceptive responses and the patterns of activation of the CeA, BLA and LA in neuropathic rats; and (2) To evaluate the effect of inactivating the amygdala nuclei on the nociceptive response, anxiety and depressive behaviors, motor activity, and plasma stress hormones in animals with neuropathic pain. Thus, mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia, and the pattern of c-Fos staining in the amygdala subnuclei were evaluated in rats with chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve, as well as sham-operated and naïve rats. Once the amygdala subnuclei involved in neuropathic pain response were defined, those subnuclei were pharmacological inactivated. The effect of muscimol inactivation on the nociceptive response (hyperalgesia and allodynia), anxiety (elevated plus-maze), depressive-like behavior (forced swim test), motor activity (open field), and plasma stress hormone levels (corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone) were evaluated in sham-operated and neuropathic animals. The results showed that the anterior and posterior portions of the BLA and the central portion of the CeA are involved in controlling neuropathic pain. The inactivation of these nuclei reversed hyperalgesia, allodynia and depressive-like behavior in animals with peripheral neuropathy. Taken together, our findings improve our understanding of the neurocircuitry involved in persistent pain and the roles of specific amygdala subnuclei in the modulation of neuropathic pain, including the neurocircuitry that processes the affective-motivational component of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midiã D J Seno
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle V Assis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Gouveia
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Geiza F Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayra Kuroki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lennon C T Santos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Xiao X, Zhang YQ. A new perspective on the anterior cingulate cortex and affective pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:200-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Johnson AC, Latorre R, Ligon CO, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Visceral hypersensitivity induced by optogenetic activation of the amygdala in conscious rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G448-G457. [PMID: 29351398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00370.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In vivo optogenetics identifies brain circuits controlling behaviors in conscious animals by using light to alter neuronal function and offers a novel tool to study the brain-gut axis. Using adenoviral-mediated expression, we aimed to investigate whether photoactivation with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) or photoinhibition with halorhodopsin (HR3.0) of fibers originating from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) at the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) had any effect on colonic sensitivity. We also investigated whether there was any deleterious effect of the adenovirus on the neuronal population or the neuronal phenotype within the CeA-BNST circuitry activated during the optogenetic stimulation. In male rats, the CeA was infected with vectors expressing ChR2 or HR3.0 and fiber optic cannulae were implanted on the BNST. After 8-10 wk, the response to graded, isobaric colonic distension was measured with and without laser stimulation of CeA fibers at the BNST. Immunohistochemistry and histology were used to evaluate vector expression, neuronal integrity, and neurochemical phenotype. Photoactivation of CeA fibers at the BNST with ChR2 induced colonic hypersensitivity, whereas photoinhibition of CeA fibers at the BNST with HR3.0 had no effect on colonic sensitivity. Control groups treated with virus expressing reporter proteins showed no abnormalities in neuronal morphology, neuronal number, or neurochemical phenotype following laser stimulation. Our experimental findings reveal that optogenetic activation of discrete brain nuclei can be used to advance our understanding of complex visceral nociceptive circuitry in a freely moving rat model. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings reveal that optogenetic technology can be employed as a tool to advance understanding of the brain-gut axis. Using adenoviral-mediated expression of opsins, which were activated by laser light and targeted by fiber optic cannulae, we examined central nociceptive circuits mediating visceral pain in a freely moving rat. Photoactivation of amygdala fibers in the stria terminalis with channelrhodopsin induced colonic hypersensitivity, whereas inhibition of the same fibers with halorhodopsin did not alter colonic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Casey O Ligon
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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22
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Zussy C, Gómez-Santacana X, Rovira X, De Bundel D, Ferrazzo S, Bosch D, Asede D, Malhaire F, Acher F, Giraldo J, Valjent E, Ehrlich I, Ferraguti F, Pin JP, Llebaria A, Goudet C. Dynamic modulation of inflammatory pain-related affective and sensory symptoms by optical control of amygdala metabotropic glutamate receptor 4. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:509-520. [PMID: 27994221 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to acute pain, chronic pain does not serve as a warning signal and must be considered as a disease per se. This pathology presents a sensory and psychological dimension at the origin of affective and cognitive disorders. Being largely refractory to current pharmacotherapies, identification of endogenous systems involved in persistent and chronic pain is crucial. The amygdala is a key brain region linking pain sensation with negative emotions. Here, we show that activation of a specific intrinsic neuromodulatory system within the amygdala associated with type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu4) abolishes sensory and affective symptoms of persistent pain such as hypersensitivity to pain, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors, and fear extinction impairment. Interestingly, neuroanatomical and synaptic analysis of the amygdala circuitry suggests that the effects of mGlu4 activation occur outside the central nucleus via modulation of multisensory thalamic inputs to lateral amygdala principal neurons and dorso-medial intercalated cells. Furthermore, we developed optogluram, a small diffusible photoswitchable positive allosteric modulator of mGlu4. This ligand allows the control of endogenous mGlu4 activity with light. Using this photopharmacological approach, we rapidly and reversibly inhibited behavioral symptoms associated with persistent pain through optical control of optogluram in the amygdala of freely behaving animals. Altogether, our data identify amygdala mGlu4 signaling as a mechanism that bypasses central sensitization processes to dynamically modulate persistent pain symptoms. Our findings help to define novel and more precise therapeutic interventions for chronic pain, and exemplify the potential of optopharmacology to study the dynamic activity of endogenous neuromodulatory mechanisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zussy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR-5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - X Gómez-Santacana
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - X Rovira
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR-5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - D De Bundel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR-5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - S Ferrazzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Bosch
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - D Asede
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Malhaire
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR-5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - F Acher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Valjent
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR-5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - I Ehrlich
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Ferraguti
- Department of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J-P Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR-5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - A Llebaria
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Goudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR-5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France
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23
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Optogenetic Activation of Non-Nociceptive Aβ Fibers Induces Neuropathic Pain-Like Sensory and Emotional Behaviors after Nerve Injury in Rats. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0450-17. [PMID: 29468190 PMCID: PMC5819669 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0450-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is caused by peripheral nerve injury (PNI). One hallmark symptom is allodynia (pain caused by normally innocuous stimuli), but its mechanistic underpinning remains elusive. Notably, whether selective stimulation of non-nociceptive primary afferent Aβ fibers indeed evokes neuropathic pain-like sensory and emotional behaviors after PNI is unknown, because of the lack of tools to manipulate Aβ fiber function in awake, freely moving animals. In this study, we used a transgenic rat line that enables stimulation of non-nociceptive Aβ fibers by a light-activated channel (channelrhodopsin-2; ChR2). We found that illuminating light to the plantar skin of these rats with PNI elicited pain-like withdrawal behaviors that were resistant to morphine. Light illumination to the skin of PNI rats increased the number of spinal dorsal horn (SDH) Lamina I neurons positive to activity markers (c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; pERK). Whole-cell recording revealed that optogenetic Aβ fiber stimulation after PNI caused excitation of Lamina I neurons, which were normally silent by this stimulation. Moreover, illuminating the hindpaw of PNI rats resulted in activation of central amygdaloid neurons and produced an aversion to illumination. Thus, these findings provide the first evidence that optogenetic activation of primary afferent Aβ fibers in PNI rats produces excitation of Lamina I neurons and neuropathic pain-like behaviors that were resistant to morphine treatment. This approach may provide a new path for investigating circuits and behaviors of Aβ fiber-mediated neuropathic allodynia with sensory and emotional aspects after PNI and for discovering novel drugs to treat neuropathic pain.
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24
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Nam Y, Kim JH, Kim JH, Jha MK, Jung JY, Lee MG, Choi IS, Jang IS, Lim DG, Hwang SH, Cho HJ, Suk K. Reversible Induction of Pain Hypersensitivity following Optogenetic Stimulation of Spinal Astrocytes. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3049-3061. [PMID: 27974216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While glial activation is an integral part of pain pathogenesis, the existence of a causal relationship between glia and pain processing has yet to be demonstrated in vivo. Here, we have investigated whether the activation of spinal astrocytes could directly evoke pain hypersensitivity in vivo via the use of optogenetic techniques. Optogenetic stimulation of channelrhopdopsin-2 (ChR)-expressing spinal astrocytes induced pain hypersensitivity in a reversible and time-dependent manner, which was accompanied by glial activation, NR1 phosphorylation, ATP release, and the production of proalgesic mediators. Photostimulation of ChR2-expressing astrocytes in culture and spinal slices recapitulated in vivo findings, demonstrating the release of proalgesic mediators and electrophysiological disinhibition of spinal projection neurons. These findings deepen our understanding of the role of astrocytes in pain pathogenesis and provide the scientific basis for an astrocyte-oriented pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngpyo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Maan-Gee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Sung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Christensen AJ, Iyer SM, François A, Vyas S, Ramakrishnan C, Vesuna S, Deisseroth K, Scherrer G, Delp SL. In Vivo Interrogation of Spinal Mechanosensory Circuits. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1699-1710. [PMID: 27806306 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal dorsal horn circuits receive, process, and transmit somatosensory information. To understand how specific components of these circuits contribute to behavior, it is critical to be able to directly modulate their activity in unanesthetized in vivo conditions. Here, we develop experimental tools that enable optogenetic control of spinal circuitry in freely moving mice using commonly available materials. We use these tools to examine mechanosensory processing in the spinal cord and observe that optogenetic activation of somatostatin-positive interneurons facilitates both mechanosensory and itch-related behavior, while reversible chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons suppresses mechanosensation. These results extend recent findings regarding the processing of mechanosensory information in the spinal cord and indicate the potential for activity-induced release of the somatostatin neuropeptide to affect processing of itch. The spinal implant approach we describe here is likely to enable a wide range of studies to elucidate spinal circuits underlying pain, touch, itch, and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Christensen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shrivats M Iyer
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amaury François
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Saurabh Vyas
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sam Vesuna
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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26
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Islam R, Zhang Y, Xu L, Sah P, Lynch JW. A Chemogenetic Receptor That Enhances the Magnitude and Frequency of Glycinergic Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents without Inducing a Tonic Chloride Flux. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:460-467. [PMID: 27958714 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene transfer-mediated expression of inhibitory ion channels in nociceptive neurons holds promise for treating intractable pain. Chemogenetics, which involves expressing constructs activated by biologically inert molecules, is of particular interest as it permits tunable neuromodulation. However, current chloride-permeable chemogenetic constructs are problematic as they mediate a tonic chloride influx which over time would deplete the chloride electrochemical gradient and reduce inhibitory efficacy. Inflammatory pain sensitization can be caused by prostaglandin E2-mediated inhibition of glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents in spinal nociceptive neurons. We developed a highly conducting (100 pS) inhibitory chemogenetic construct based on a human glycine receptor (α1Y279F,A288G) with high ivermectin sensitivity. When virally infected into spinal neurons, 10 nM ivermectin increased the magnitude and frequency of glycinergic postsynaptic currents without activating a tonic chloride flux. The construct should thus produce analgesia. Its human origin and the well-established biocompatibility of its ligand suggest it may be suited to human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robiul Islam
- Queensland Brain Institute and ‡School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yan Zhang
- Queensland Brain Institute and ‡School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Li Xu
- Queensland Brain Institute and ‡School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute and ‡School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Joseph W. Lynch
- Queensland Brain Institute and ‡School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Copits BA, Pullen MY, Gereau RW. Spotlight on pain: optogenetic approaches for interrogating somatosensory circuits. Pain 2016; 157:2424-2433. [PMID: 27340912 PMCID: PMC5069102 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Copits
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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28
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Iyer SM, Vesuna S, Ramakrishnan C, Huynh K, Young S, Berndt A, Lee SY, Gorini CJ, Deisseroth K, Delp SL. Optogenetic and chemogenetic strategies for sustained inhibition of pain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30570. [PMID: 27484850 PMCID: PMC4971509 DOI: 10.1038/srep30570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatially targeted, genetically-specific strategies for sustained inhibition of nociceptors may help transform pain science and clinical management. Previous optogenetic strategies to inhibit pain have required constant illumination, and chemogenetic approaches in the periphery have not been shown to inhibit pain. Here, we show that the step-function inhibitory channelrhodopsin, SwiChR, can be used to persistently inhibit pain for long periods of time through infrequent transdermally delivered light pulses, reducing required light exposure by >98% and resolving a long-standing limitation in optogenetic inhibition. We demonstrate that the viral expression of the hM4D receptor in small-diameter primary afferent nociceptor enables chemogenetic inhibition of mechanical and thermal nociception thresholds. Finally, we develop optoPAIN, an optogenetic platform to non-invasively assess changes in pain sensitivity, and use this technique to examine pharmacological and chemogenetic inhibition of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Vesuna
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Karen Huynh
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie Young
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andre Berndt
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soo Yeun Lee
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Karl Deisseroth
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott L. Delp
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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29
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Montgomery KL, Iyer SM, Christensen AJ, Deisseroth K, Delp SL. Beyond the brain: Optogenetic control in the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:337rv5. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad7577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Montgomery KL, Yeh AJ, Ho JS, Tsao V, Mohan Iyer S, Grosenick L, Ferenczi EA, Tanabe Y, Deisseroth K, Delp SL, Poon ASY. Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice. Nat Methods 2015; 12:969-74. [PMID: 26280330 PMCID: PMC5507210 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To enable sophisticated optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits throughout the nervous system with limited disruption of animal behavior, light-delivery systems beyond fiber optic tethering and large, head-mounted wireless receivers are desirable. We report the development of an easy-to-construct, implantable wireless optogenetic device. Our smallest version (20 mg, 10 mm(3)) is two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported wireless optogenetic systems, allowing the entire device to be implanted subcutaneously. With a radio-frequency (RF) power source and controller, this implant produces sufficient light power for optogenetic stimulation with minimal tissue heating (<1 °C). We show how three adaptations of the implant allow for untethered optogenetic control throughout the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve endings) of behaving mice. This technology opens the door for optogenetic experiments in which animals are able to behave naturally with optogenetic manipulation of both central and peripheral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Montgomery
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexander J Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John S Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Vivien Tsao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shrivats Mohan Iyer
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Logan Grosenick
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emily A Ferenczi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yuji Tanabe
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ada S Y Poon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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31
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Yang K, Ma R, Wang Q, Jiang P, Li YQ. Optoactivation of parvalbumin neurons in the spinal dorsal horn evokes GABA release that is regulated by presynaptic GABAB receptors. Neurosci Lett 2015; 594:55-9. [PMID: 25817363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Among heterogeneous neural cells in the spinal dorsal horn, parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons are one subtype of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons. Using an optogenetic approach, we expressed blue light-sensitive cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) via a viral vector on PV neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Combined with in vitro whole-cell recordings, we activated ChR2 expressed on PV neurons by blue light and recorded GABAA receptor-mediated light-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (L-IPSCs). The L-IPSCs were action potential-dependent and abolished by the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin, indicating a synchronic GABA release from presynaptic terminals. Activation of GABAB receptors (the metabotropic receptors of GABA) on presynaptic terminals by a putative agonist, baclofen, depressed the amplitude of L-IPSCs. This depression was largely occluded by pretreatment with the highly selective Cav2.1 (P/Q-type) Ca(2+) channel blocker ω-agatoxin IVA. N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker ω-conotoxin GVIA showed less effects on either L-IPSCs or baclofen depression. We conclude that optoactivation of PV-ChR2 neurons in the spinal dorsal horn induces GABA release from presynaptic terminals, which is modulated by presynaptic GABAB receptors that are coupled to P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels. Importantly, our studies provide a simple and reliable optogenetic approach to study dorsal horn neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- School of Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- School of Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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32
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Ilango A, Lobo MK. Shining light on motivation, emotion, and memory processes. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:1. [PMID: 25653603 PMCID: PMC4299452 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ilango
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mary K Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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33
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Boada DM, Martin TJ, Peters CM, Hayashida K, Harris MH, Houle TT, Boyden ES, Eisenach JC, Ririe DG. Fast-conducting mechanoreceptors contribute to withdrawal behavior in normal and nerve injured rats. Pain 2014; 155:2646-2655. [PMID: 25267211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast-conducting myelinated high-threshold mechanoreceptors (AHTMR) are largely thought to transmit acute nociception from the periphery. However, their roles in normal withdrawal and in nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia are less well accepted. Modulation of this subpopulation of peripheral neurons would help define their roles in withdrawal behaviors. The optically active proton pump, ArchT, was placed in an adeno-associated virus-type 8 viral vector with the CAG promoter and was administered by intrathecal injection resulting in expression in myelinated neurons. Optical inhibition of peripheral neurons at the soma and transcutaneously was possible in the neurons expressing ArchT, but not in neurons from control animals. Receptive field characteristics and electrophysiology determined that inhibition was neuronal subtype-specific with only AHTMR neurons being inhibited. One week after nerve injury the AHTMR are hyperexcitable, but can still be inhibited at the soma and transcutaneously. Withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli in normal and in hyperalgesic nerve-injured animals also were increased by transcutaneous light to the affected hindpaw. This suggests that AHTMR neurons play a role not only in threshold-related withdrawal behavior in the normal animal, but also in sensitized states after nerve injury. This is the first time this subpopulation of neurons has been reversibly modulated to test their contribution to withdrawal-related behaviors before and after nerve injury. This technique may prove useful to define the role of selective neuronal populations in different pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Boada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA The Synthetic Neurobiology Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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34
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Yalcin I, Barthas F, Barrot M. Emotional consequences of neuropathic pain: insight from preclinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:154-64. [PMID: 25148733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety are frequently observed in patients suffering from chronic pain, including neuropathic pain. While this comorbidity is clinically well established, the underlying mechanism(s) remained unclear. The recent development of animal models now allows addressing the consequences of neuropathic pain. In this review, we report the preclinical evidences from anatomical, neuroimaging, behavioral, pharmacological and biochemical studies that address the anxiodepressive consequences of neuropathic pain. We present an overview of rodent models of these consequences and we discuss the challenges and parameters to consider for generating these models. We then discuss the possible mechanism(s) underlying anxiodepressive consequences by describing morphological and functional changes. Information is provided concerning neuroanatomical changes and plasticity, including LTP and LTD, in the anterior cingulate cortex, the insula, the hippocampus, the amygdala and the mesolimbic system, neuroendocrine parameters concerning the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroimmune response including the role of glial cells and cytokines, monoamine systems and changes in locus coeruleus noradrenergic system, and neurotrophic factors such as BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Yalcin
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Florent Barthas
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Barrot
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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