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Sukumar SK, Antonydhason V, Molander L, Sandakly J, Kleit M, Umapathy G, Mendoza-Garcia P, Masudi T, Schlosser A, Nässel DR, Wegener C, Shirinian M, Palmer RH. The Alk receptor tyrosine kinase regulates Sparkly, a novel activity regulating neuropeptide precursor in the Drosophila central nervous system. eLife 2024; 12:RP88985. [PMID: 38904987 PMCID: PMC11196111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous roles for the Alk receptor tyrosine kinase have been described in Drosophila, including functions in the central nervous system (CNS), however the molecular details are poorly understood. To gain mechanistic insight, we employed Targeted DamID (TaDa) transcriptional profiling to identify targets of Alk signaling in the larval CNS. TaDa was employed in larval CNS tissues, while genetically manipulating Alk signaling output. The resulting TaDa data were analyzed together with larval CNS scRNA-seq datasets performed under similar conditions, identifying a role for Alk in the transcriptional regulation of neuroendocrine gene expression. Further integration with bulk and scRNA-seq datasets from larval brains in which Alk signaling was manipulated identified a previously uncharacterized Drosophila neuropeptide precursor encoded by CG4577 as an Alk signaling transcriptional target. CG4577, which we named Sparkly (Spar), is expressed in a subset of Alk-positive neuroendocrine cells in the developing larval CNS, including circadian clock neurons. In agreement with our TaDa analysis, overexpression of the Drosophila Alk ligand Jeb resulted in increased levels of Spar protein in the larval CNS. We show that Spar protein is expressed in circadian (clock) neurons, and flies lacking Spar exhibit defects in sleep and circadian activity control. In summary, we report a novel activity regulating neuropeptide precursor gene that is regulated by Alk signaling in the Drosophila CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Sukumar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Vimala Antonydhason
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Linnea Molander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Jawdat Sandakly
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirutLebanon
| | - Malak Kleit
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirutLebanon
| | - Ganesh Umapathy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Patricia Mendoza-Garcia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Tafheem Masudi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Rudolf-Virchow-Center, Center for Integrative and Translational BioimagingWürzburgGermany
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Christian Wegener
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and GeneticsWürzburgGermany
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirutLebanon
| | - Ruth H Palmer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Ismail JN, Mantash S, Hallal M, Jabado N, Khoueiry P, Shirinian M. Phenotypic and transcriptomic impact of expressing mammalian TET2 in the Drosophila melanogaster model. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2192375. [PMID: 36989121 PMCID: PMC10072067 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2192375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins have recently come to light as important epigenetic regulators conserved in multicellular organisms. TET knockdown studies in rodents have highlighted the critical role of these proteins for proper brain development and function. Mutations in mammalian mTET proteins and mTET2 specifically are frequent and deregulated in leukaemia and glioma respectively. Accordingly, we examined the role of mTET2 in tumorigenesis in larval haemocytes and adult heads in Drosophila melanogaster. Our findings showed that expression of mutant and wild type mTET2 resulted in general phenotypic defects in adult flies and accumulation of abdominal melanotic masses. Notably, flies with mTET2-R43G mutation at the N-terminus of mTET2 exhibited locomotor and circadian behavioural deficits, as well as reduced lifespan. Flies with mTET2-R1261C mutation in the catalytic domain, a common mutation in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), displayed alterations affecting haemocyte haemostasis. Using transcriptomic approach, we identified upregulated immune genes in fly heads that were not exclusive to TET2 mutants but also found in wild type mTET2 flies. Furthermore, inhibiting expression of genes that were found to be deregulated in mTET2 mutants, such as those involved in immune pathways, autophagy, and transcriptional regulation, led to a rescue in fly survival, behaviour, and hemocyte number. This study identifies the transcriptomic profile of wild type mTET2 versus mTET2 mutants (catalytic versus non-catalytic) with indications of TET2 role in normal central nervous system (CNS) function and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy N Ismail
- Department of Experimental pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Mantash
- Department of Experimental pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Hallal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Biomedical Engineering Program, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Khoueiry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pillar Genomics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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3
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Ding M, Li QF, Peng TH, Wang TQ, Yan HH, Tang C, Wang XY, Guo Y, Zheng L. Early life exercise training and inhibition of apoLpp mRNA expression to improve age-related arrhythmias and prolong the average lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:9908-9923. [PMID: 36470666 PMCID: PMC9831727 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) places a heavy burden on older patients and the global healthcare system. A large body of evidence suggests that exercise training is essential in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we used the Drosophila melanogaster animal model to study the effects of early-life exercise training (Exercise) on the aging heart and lifespan. We found in flies that age-induced arrhythmias are conserved across different genetic backgrounds. The fat body is the primary source of circulating lipoproteins in flies. Inhibition of fat body apoLpp (Drosophila apoB homolog) demonstrated that low expression of apoLpp reduced the development of arrhythmias in aged flies but did not affect average lifespan. At the same time, exercise can also reduce the expression of apoLpp mRNA in aged flies and have a protective effect on the heart, which is similar to the inhibition of apoLpp mRNA. Although treatment of UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise alone had no significant effect on lifespan, the combination of UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise extended the average lifespan of flies. Therefore, we conclude that UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise are sufficient to resist age-induced arrhythmias, which may be related to the decreased expression of apoLpp mRNA, and that UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise have a combined effect on prolonging the average lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Hang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tong Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Han Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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4
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Ding M, Li H, Zheng L. Drosophila exercise, an emerging model bridging the fields of exercise and aging in human. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:966531. [PMID: 36158212 PMCID: PMC9507000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.966531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is one of the most effective treatments for the diseases of aging. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have used Drosophila melanogaster to study the broad benefits of regular exercise in aging individuals. With the widespread use of Drosophila exercise models and the upgrading of the Drosophila exercise apparatus, we should carefully examine the differential contribution of regular exercise in the aging process to facilitate more detailed quantitative measurements and assessment of the exercise phenotype. In this paper, we review some of the resources available for Drosophila exercise models. The focus is on the impact of regular exercise or exercise adaptation in the aging process in Drosophila and highlights the great potential and current challenges faced by this model in the field of anti-aging research.
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5
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Dyakonova V, Mezheritskiy M, Boguslavsky D, Dyakonova T, Chistopolsky I, Ito E, Zakharov I. Exercise and the Brain: Lessons From Invertebrate Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:928093. [PMID: 35836487 PMCID: PMC9275788 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.928093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of physical exercise for brain functions are well documented in mammals, including humans. In this review, we will summarize recent research on the effects of species-specific intense locomotion on behavior and brain functions of different invertebrates. Special emphasis is made on understanding the biological significance of these effects as well as underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The results obtained in three distantly related clades of protostomes, Nematodes, Molluscs and Artropods, suggest that influence of intense locomotion on the brain could have deep roots in evolution and wide adaptive significance. In C. elegans, improved learning, nerve regeneration, resistance to neurodegenerative processes were detected after physical activity; in L. stagnalis—facilitation of decision making in the novel environment, in Drosophila—increased endurance, improved sleep and feeding behavior, in G. bimaculatus—improved orientation in conspecific phonotaxis, enhanced aggressiveness, higher mating success, resistance to some disturbing stimuli. Many of these effects have previously been described in mammals as beneficial results of running, suggesting certain similarity between distantly-related species. Our hypothesis posits that the above modulation of cognitive functions results from changes in the organism’s predictive model. Intense movement is interpreted by the organism as predictive of change, in anticipation of which adjustments need to be made. Identifying the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind these adjustments is easier in experiments in invertebrates and may lead to the discovery of novel neurobiological mechanisms for regulation and correction of cognitive and emotional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Dyakonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Varvara Dyakonova
| | - Maxim Mezheritskiy
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri Boguslavsky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Taisia Dyakonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Chistopolsky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Igor Zakharov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Watanabe LP, Riddle NC. Exercise-induced changes in climbing performance. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211275. [PMID: 34804578 PMCID: PMC8580468 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is recommended to promote health and prevent a range of diseases. However, how exercise precipitates these benefits is unclear, nor do we understand why exercise responses differ so widely between individuals. We investigate how climbing ability in Drosophila melanogaster changes in response to an exercise treatment. We find extensive variation in baseline climbing ability and exercise-induced changes ranging from -13% to +20% in climbing ability. Climbing ability, and its exercise-induced change, is sex- and genotype-dependent. GWASs implicate 'cell-cell signalling' genes in the control of climbing ability. We also find that animal activity does not predict climbing ability and that the exercise-induced climbing ability change cannot be predicted from the activity level induced by the exercise treatment. These results provide promising new avenues for further research into the molecular pathways controlling climbing activity and illustrate the complexities involved in trying to predict individual responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P. Watanabe
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH464, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, US
| | - Nicole C. Riddle
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH464, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, US
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7
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GWAS reveal a role for the central nervous system in regulating weight and weight change in response to exercise. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5144. [PMID: 33664357 PMCID: PMC7933348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Body size and weight show considerable variation both within and between species. This variation is controlled in part by genetics, but also strongly influenced by environmental factors including diet and the level of activity experienced by the individual. Due to the increasing obesity epidemic in much of the world, there is considerable interest in the genetic factors that control body weight and how weight changes in response to exercise treatments. Here, we address this question in the Drosophila model system, utilizing 38 strains of the Drosophila Genetics Reference Panel. We use GWAS to identify the molecular pathways that control weight and weight changes in response to exercise. We find that there is a complex set of molecular pathways controlling weight, with many genes linked to the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS also plays a role in the weight change with exercise, in particular, signaling from the CNS. Additional analyses revealed that weight in Drosophila is driven by two factors, animal size, and body composition, as the amount of fat mass versus lean mass impacts the density. Thus, while the CNS appears to be important for weight and exercise-induced weight change, signaling pathways are particularly important for determining how exercise impacts weight.
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8
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Pun P, Brown J, Cobb T, Wessells RJ, Kim DH. Navigation of a Freely Walking Fruit Fly in Infinite Space Using a Transparent Omnidirectional Locomotion Compensator (TOLC). SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051651. [PMID: 33673520 PMCID: PMC7956841 DOI: 10.3390/s21051651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Animal behavior is an essential element in behavioral neuroscience study. However, most behavior studies in small animals such as fruit flies (Drosophilamelanogaster) have been performed in a limited spatial chamber or by tethering the fly's body on a fixture, which restricts its natural behavior. In this paper, we developed the Transparent Omnidirectional Locomotion Compensator (TOLC) for a freely walking fruit fly without tethering, which enables its navigation in infinite space. The TOLC maintains a position of a fruit fly by compensating its motion using the transparent sphere. The TOLC is capable of maintaining the position error < 1 mm for 90.3% of the time and the heading error < 5° for 80.2% of the time. The inverted imaging system with a transparent sphere secures the space for an additional experimental apparatus. Because the proposed TOLC allows us to observe a freely walking fly without physical tethering, there is no potential injury during the experiment. Thus, the TOLC will offer a unique opportunity to investigate longitudinal studies of a wide range of behavior in an unrestricted walking Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pikam Pun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Jacobs Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA;
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.C.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Robert J. Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.C.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Dal Hyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Tallo CA, Duncan LH, Yamamoto AH, Slaydon JD, Arya GH, Turlapati L, Mackay TFC, Carbone MA. Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa014. [PMID: 33561224 PMCID: PMC7849908 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Laura H Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Akihiko H Yamamoto
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Joshua D Slaydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Lavanya Turlapati
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- The Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mary A Carbone
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- The Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7244, USA
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10
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Tallo CA, Duncan LH, Yamamoto AH, Slaydon JD, Arya GH, Turlapati L, Mackay TFC, Carbone MA. Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021. [PMID: 33561224 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa014.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Laura H Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Akihiko H Yamamoto
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Joshua D Slaydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Lavanya Turlapati
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- The Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mary A Carbone
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,The Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7244, USA
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11
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Damschroder D, Richardson K, Cobb T, Wessells R. The effects of genetic background on exercise performance in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2020; 14:80-92. [PMID: 33100141 PMCID: PMC7714460 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2020.1835329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the Drosophila model for studying the broad beneficial effects of exercise training has grown over the past decade. As work using Drosophila as an exercise model becomes more widespread, the influence of genetic background on performance should be examined in order to better understand its influence on assessments used to quantitatively measure and compare exercise phenotypes. In this article, we review the various methods of exercise training Drosophila, and the performance of different wild-type Drosophila strains on various physiological assessments of exercise response. We conclude by summarizing the performance trends of commonly used strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Damschroder
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristin Richardson
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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12
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Riddle NC. Drosophila melanogaster, a new model for exercise research. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13352. [PMID: 31344748 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Riddle
- Department of Biology The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
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13
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Watanabe LP, Riddle NC. New opportunities: Drosophila as a model system for exercise research. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:482-490. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00394.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the growing rates of obesity in much of the world, exercise as a treatment option for obesity and as part of a healthy lifestyle is of great interest to the general public, health policy makers, and scientists alike. Despite the long history of exercise promotion and exercise research, there are still significant gaps in our understanding of how exercise impacts individuals and what role genetics plays in determining an individual’s response to exercise. Model organisms are positioned uniquely to help address these questions because of the challenges associated with carrying out large-scale, well-controlled studies in humans. The fruit fly model system, Drosophila melanogaster, has joined the models used for exercise research only recently but already has made significant contributions to the field. In this review, we highlight the opportunities for exercise research in Drosophila. We review the resources available to researchers interested in using Drosophila for exercise research, focusing on the existing systems to induce exercise in Drosophila, to measure the amount of exercise performed, and to assess physical fitness. We illustrate the potential of the Drosophila system by drawing attention to pioneering studies in Drosophila exercise research and emphasize the unique opportunities this model system represents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P. Watanabe
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nicole C. Riddle
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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14
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Lowman KE, Wyatt BJ, Cunneely OP, Reed LK. The TreadWheel: Interval Training Protocol for Gently Induced Exercise in Drosophila melanogaster. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29939171 PMCID: PMC6101642 DOI: 10.3791/57788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of complex metabolic diseases has increased as a result of a widespread transition towards lifestyles of increased caloric intake and lowered activity levels. These multifactorial diseases arise from a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. One such complex disease is Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), which is a cluster of metabolic disorders, including hypertension, hyperglycemia, and abdominal obesity. Exercise and dietary intervention are the primary treatments recommended by doctors to mitigate obesity and its subsequent metabolic diseases. Exercise intervention, in particular aerobic interval training, stimulates favorable changes in the common risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), and other conditions. With the influx of evidence describing the therapeutic effect exercise has on metabolic health, establishing a system that models exercise in a controlled setting provides a valuable tool for assessing the effects of exercise in an experimental context. Drosophila melanogaster is a great tool for investigating the physiological and molecular changes that result from exercise intervention. The flies have short lifespans and similar mechanisms of metabolizing nutrients when compared to humans. To induce exercise in Drosophila, we developed a machine called the TreadWheel, which utilizes the fly's innate, negative geotaxis tendency to gently induce climbing. This enables researchers to perform experiments on large cohorts of genetically diverse flies to better understand the genotype-by-environment interactions underlying the effects of exercise on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura K Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama;
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Watanabe LP, Riddle NC. Measuring Exercise Levels in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Rotating Exercise Quantification System (REQS). J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29889199 DOI: 10.3791/57751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a new model organism for studies in exercise biology. To date, two main exercise systems, the Power Tower and the Treadwheel have been described. However, a method to measure the amount of additional animal activity induced through the exercise treatment has been lacking. The Rotating Exercise Quantification System (REQS) fills this need, providing a measure of animal activity for animals experiencing rotational exercise. This protocol details how to use the REQS to assess animal activity during rotational exercise and illustrates the type of data that can be generated. Here, we demonstrate how the REQS is used to measure sex- and strain-specific differences in exercise induced activity. The REQS can also be used to evaluate the impact of various other experimental parameters such as age, diet, or population size on exercise induced activity. In addition, it can be used to compare the efficacy of different exercise training protocols. Importantly, it provides an opportunity to standardize exercise treatments between strains, allowing the researcher to achieve equal amounts of activity between groups if needed. Thus, the REQS is a notable new resource for exercise biologists working with the Drosophila model system and complements existing exercise systems.
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