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Zhang Y, Yang X, Sun F, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Bai Z, Yu J, Liu X, Zhao Q, Li X, Bao J. Emotional "Contagion" in Piglets after Sensory Avoidance of Rewarding and Punishing Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1110. [PMID: 38612349 PMCID: PMC11011006 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the pig farming industry, it is recommended to avoid groups when treating individuals to reduce adverse reactions in the group. However, can this eliminate the adverse effects effectively? Piglets were assigned to the Rewarding Group (RG), the Punishing Group (PG), and the Paired Control Group (PCG). There were six replicates in each group, with two paired piglets per replicate. One piglet of the RG and PG was randomly selected as the Treated pig (TP), treated with food rewards or electric shock, and the other as the Naive pig (NP). The NPs in the RG and PG were unaware of the treatment process, and piglets in the PCG were not treated. The behavior and heart rate changes of all piglets were recorded. Compared to the RG, the NPs in the PG showed longer proximity but less contact behavior, and the TPs in the PG showed more freezing behavior. The percentage change in heart rate of the NPs was synchronized with the TPs. This shows that after sensory avoidance, the untreated pigs could also feel the emotions of their peers and their emotional state was affected by their peers, and the negative emotions in the pigs lasted longer than the positive emotions. The avoidance process does not prevent the transfer of negative emotions to peers via emotional contagion from the stimulated pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xuesong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Fang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yuhan Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Ziyu Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Qian Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road No. 600, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.Y.); (Q.Z.)
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Berrio JP, Hestehave S, Kalliokoski O. Reliability of sucrose preference testing following short or no food and water deprivation-a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of rat models of chronic unpredictable stress. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:39. [PMID: 38242881 PMCID: PMC10799054 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The sucrose preference test is a popular test for anhedonia in the chronic unpredictable stress model of depression. Yet, the test does not always produce consistent results. Long food and water deprivation before the test, while often implemented, confounds the results by introducing unwanted drives in the form of hunger and thirst. We assessed the reliability of the test when only short or no fasting was used. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress that used no more than 6 h of food and/or water deprivation before the test. Sweet consumptions, for stressed and control/antidepressant-treated animals, in 132 studies were pooled using random effects models. We found a decrease in sweet consumption in stressed rats, compared to controls, that was halved when a non-caloric sweetener was used and significantly reduced when sucrose consumption was corrected for body weight. What is more, the length of food and water deprivation was found to confound the effect. The effect was reversed when the stressed rats were treated with antidepressants. Methodological strategies meant to control for recognized sources of bias when conducting the test were often missing, and so was a clear and complete report of essential study information. Our results indicate that not only is food and water deprivation before the test unnecessary, but not recommended. Even in absence of long fasting, we found evidence of an additional effect on sweet consumption that is unrelated to anhedonia. Without properly controlling for non-hedonic drivers of consumption, the test is unreliable as a proxy measure of anhedonia. Strengthening the methodological rigor and addressing the confounding effect of metabolic factors in the sucrose preference test prevents misleading conclusions that harm the translatability of the associated research and perpetuates the use of animals for little gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny P Berrio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Research and Education, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark.
| | - Sara Hestehave
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Otto Kalliokoski
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Research and Education, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
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Parvopassu A, Oggiano M, Festucci F, Curcio G, Alleva E, Adriani W. Altering the development of the dopaminergic system through social play in rats: Implications for anxiety, depression, hyperactivity, and compulsivity. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136090. [PMID: 34197903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is essential to many functions like reward, motivation, and attention; when its neural pathways do not function properly, various disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression, hyperactivity, compulsions) can arise. Truncated-DAT rats display persistent stereotypies and aggressiveness; hence they are a new valuable animal model to study the pathogenesis of these disorders. The focus of research is often on the individual epigenetic determinants and much less on the impact of social experiences. Here, we investigate the developmental impact of the social environment on adolescent wild type (WT) rats. We divided subjects at weaning into three groups: living with another adolescent (WT Peer), with a WT adult, or with a truncated-DAT one, and we observed homecage social behavior of these pairs (play, jump, victory, and "bullying") during whole adolescence. When adult, we observed the same subjects in plus maze, forced swim, and social preference tests to measure levels of anxiety, depression, and quality of social interactions. Compared to the other groups, WT rats that had spent their adolescence with a truncated-DAT adult as companion show more anxious, depressive, hyperactive, impulsive, and compulsive behaviours. Results confirm that social interactions and healthy play (i.e., when play has behavioural, social, and psychomotor rewards that support the cognitive, emotional and physical development of the individual) are essential to neurobehavioral maturation. Conversely, anomalous interactions like poor play and "bullying" in developing rats may impact onto their dopaminergic system. Consequently, an impoverished social play could be one of the factors contributing to the appearance of putative indexes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and\or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parvopassu
- Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy; Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Oggiano
- European Mind and Metabolism Association, Via Valtellina 108, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Festucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, L'Aquila, Italy; Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curcio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- European Mind and Metabolism Association, Via Valtellina 108, Rome, Italy; Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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Picard M, Sandi C. The social nature of mitochondria: Implications for human health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:595-610. [PMID: 32651001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sociality has profound evolutionary roots and is observed from unicellular organisms to multicellular animals. In line with the view that social principles apply across levels of biological complexity, a growing body of data highlights the remarkable social nature of mitochondria - life-sustaining endosymbiotic organelles with their own genome that populate the cell cytoplasm. Here, we draw from organizing principles of behavior in social organisms to reveal that similar to individuals among social networks, mitochondria communicate with each other and with the cell nucleus, exhibit group formation and interdependence, synchronize their behaviors, and functionally specialize to accomplish specific functions within the organism. Mitochondria are social organelles. The extension of social principles across levels of biological complexity is a theoretical shift that emphasizes the role of communication and interdependence in cell biology, physiology, and neuroscience. With the help of emerging computational methods capable of capturing complex dynamic behavioral patterns, the implementation of social concepts in mitochondrial biology may facilitate cross-talk across disciplines towards increasingly holistic and accurate models of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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