1
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Pahlenkemper M, Bernhard H, Reithler J, Roberts MJ. Behavioural interference at event boundaries reduces long-term memory performance in the virtual water maze task without affecting working memory performance. Cognition 2024; 250:105859. [PMID: 38896998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Narrative episodic memory of movie clips can be retroactively impaired by presenting unrelated stimuli coinciding with event boundaries. This effect has been linked with rapid hippocampal processes triggered by the offset of the event, that are alternatively related either to memory consolidation or with working memory processes. Here we tested whether this effect extended to spatial memory, the temporal specificity and extent of the interference, and its effect on working- vs long-term memory. In three computerized adaptations of the Morris Water Maze, participants learned the location of an invisible target over three trials each. A second spatial navigation task was presented either immediately after finding the target, after a 10-s delay, or no second task was presented (control condition). A recall session, in which participants indicated the learned target location with 10 'pin-drop' trials for each condition, was performed after a 1-h or a 24-h break. Spatial memory was measured by the mean distance between pins and the true location. Results indicated that the immediate presentation of the second task led to worse memory performance, for both break durations, compared to the delayed condition. There was no difference in performance between the delayed presentation and the control condition. Despite this long-term memory effect, we found no difference in the rate of performance improvement during the learning session, indicating no effect of the second task on working memory. Our findings are in line with a rapid process, linked to the offset of an event, that is involved in the early stages of memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pahlenkemper
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah Bernhard
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joel Reithler
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J Roberts
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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2
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Kymn CJ, Mazelet S, Thomas A, Kleyko D, Frady EP, Sommer FT, Olshausen BA. Binding in hippocampal-entorhinal circuits enables compositionality in cognitive maps. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2406.18808v1. [PMID: 38979486 PMCID: PMC11230348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
We propose a normative model for spatial representation in the hippocampal formation that combines optimality principles, such as maximizing coding range and spatial information per neuron, with an algebraic framework for computing in distributed representation. Spatial position is encoded in a residue number system, with individual residues represented by high-dimensional, complex-valued vectors. These are composed into a single vector representing position by a similarity-preserving, conjunctive vector-binding operation. Self-consistency between the representations of the overall position and of the individual residues is enforced by a modular attractor network whose modules correspond to the grid cell modules in entorhinal cortex. The vector binding operation can also associate different contexts to spatial representations, yielding a model for entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. We show that the model achieves normative desiderata including superlinear scaling of patterns with dimension, robust error correction, and hexagonal, carry-free encoding of spatial position. These properties in turn enable robust path integration and association with sensory inputs. More generally, the model formalizes how compositional computations could occur in the hippocampal formation and leads to testable experimental predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Mazelet
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anthony Thomas
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Denis Kleyko
- Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Friedrich T Sommer
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
- Intel Labs, Santa Clara, USA
| | - Bruno A Olshausen
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
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3
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Long X, Deng B, Shen R, Yang L, Chen L, Ran Q, Du X, Zhang SJ. Border cells without theta rhythmicity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321614121. [PMID: 38857401 PMCID: PMC11194599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321614121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a key brain structure for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making and goal-directed behavior, many of which require awareness of spatial variables including one's current position within the surrounding environment. Although previous studies have reported spatially tuned activities in mPFC during memory-related trajectory, the spatial tuning of mPFC network during freely foraging behavior remains elusive. Here, we reveal geometric border or border-proximal representations from the neural activity of mPFC ensembles during naturally exploring behavior, with both allocentric and egocentric boundary responses. Unlike most of classical border cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) discharging along a single wall, a large majority of border cells in mPFC fire particularly along four walls. mPFC border cells generate new firing fields to external insert, and remain stable under darkness, across distinct shapes, and in novel environments. In contrast to hippocampal theta entrainment during spatial working memory tasks, mPFC border cells rarely exhibited theta rhythmicity during spontaneous locomotion behavior. These findings reveal spatially modulated activity in mPFC, supporting local computation for cognitive functions involving spatial context and contributing to a broad spatial tuning property of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Rui Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Qingxia Ran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Sheng-Jia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
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4
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van Bree S. Why the neural ingredients for a language of thought are not like spatial cells (commentary on Kazanina & Poeppel, 2023). Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2552-2555. [PMID: 38556788 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Bree
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Vision and Computational Cognition Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Moon HJ, Albert L, De Falco E, Tasu C, Gauthier B, Park HD, Blanke O. Changes in spatial self-consciousness elicit grid cell-like representation in the entorhinal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315758121. [PMID: 38489383 PMCID: PMC10962966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315758121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex (EC) encode an individual's location in space, integrating both environmental and multisensory bodily cues. Notably, body-derived signals are also primary signals for the sense of self. While studies have demonstrated that continuous application of visuo-tactile bodily stimuli can induce perceptual shifts in self-location, it remains unexplored whether these illusory changes suffice to trigger grid cell-like representation (GCLR) within the EC, and how this compares to GCLR during conventional virtual navigation. To address this, we systematically induced illusory drifts in self-location toward controlled directions using visuo-tactile bodily stimulation, while maintaining the subjects' visual viewpoint fixed (absent conventional virtual navigation). Subsequently, we evaluated the corresponding GCLR in the EC through functional MRI analysis. Our results reveal that illusory changes in perceived self-location (independent of changes in environmental navigation cues) can indeed evoke entorhinal GCLR, correlating in strength with the magnitude of perceived self-location, and characterized by similar grid orientation as during conventional virtual navigation in the same virtual room. These data demonstrate that the same grid-like representation is recruited when navigating based on environmental, mainly visual cues, or when experiencing illusory forward drifts in self-location, driven by perceptual multisensory bodily cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-June Moon
- Neuro-X Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Geneva1202, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne1015, Switzerland
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Louis Albert
- Neuro-X Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Geneva1202, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela De Falco
- Neuro-X Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Geneva1202, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Corentin Tasu
- Neuro-X Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Geneva1202, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Gauthier
- Neuro-X Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Geneva1202, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne1015, Switzerland
- Clinical Research Unit, Cantonal Hospital, Neuchâtel2000, Switzerland
| | - Hyeong-Dong Park
- Neuro-X Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Geneva1202, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne1015, Switzerland
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Neuro-X Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Geneva1202, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne1015, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva1205, Switzerland
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6
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Chang WL, Hen R. Adult Neurogenesis, Context Encoding, and Pattern Separation: A Pathway for Treating Overgeneralization. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 38:163-193. [PMID: 39008016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62983-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus is one of two brain regions (with the subventricular zone of the olfactory bulb) that continues to generate new neurons throughout adulthood, a phenomenon known as adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) (Eriksson et al., Nat Med 4:1313-1317, 1998; García-Verdugo et al., J Neurobiol 36:234-248, 1998). The integration of these new neurons into the dentate gyrus (DG) has implications for memory encoding, with unique firing and wiring properties of immature neurons that affect how the hippocampal network encodes and stores attributes of memory. In this chapter, we will describe the process of AHN and properties of adult-born cells as they integrate into the hippocampal circuit and mature. Then, we will discuss some methodological considerations before we review evidence for the role of AHN in two major processes supporting memory that are performed by the DG. First, we will discuss encoding of contextual information for episodic memories and how this is facilitated by AHN. Second, will discuss pattern separation, a major role of the DG that reduces interference for the formation of new memories. Finally, we will review clinical and translational considerations, suggesting that stimulation of AHN may help decrease overgeneralization-a common endophenotype of mood, anxiety, trauma-related, and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Chang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rene Hen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Mo F, Kong F, Yang G, Xu Z, Liang W, Liu J, Zhang K, Liu Y, Lv S, Han M, Wang Y, Song Y, Wang M, Wu Y, Cai X. Integrated Three-Electrode Dual-Mode Detection Chip for Place Cell Analysis: Dopamine Facilitates the Role of Place Cells in Encoding Spatial Locations of Novel Environments and Rewards. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4765-4773. [PMID: 38015643 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The functioning of place cells requires the involvement of multiple neurotransmitters, with dopamine playing a critical role in hippocampal place cell activity. However, the exact mechanisms through which dopamine influences place cell activity remain largely unknown. Herein, we present the development of the integrated three-electrode dual-mode detection chip (ITDDC), which enables simultaneous recording of the place cell activity and dopamine concentration fluctuation. The working electrode, reference electrode, and counter electrode are all integrated within the ITDDC in electrochemical detection, enabling the real-time in situ monitoring of dopamine concentrations in animals in motion. The reference, working, and counter electrodes are surface-modified using PtNPs and polypyrrole, PtNPs and PEDOT:PSS, and PtNPs, respectively. This modification allows for the detection of dopamine concentrations as low as 20 nM. We conducted dual-mode testing on mice in a novel environment and an environment with food rewards. We found distinct dopamine concentration variations along different paths within a novel environment, implying that different dopamine levels may contribute to spatial memory. Moreover, environmental food rewards elevate dopamine significantly, followed by the intense firing of reward place cells, suggesting a crucial role of dopamine in facilitating the encoding of reward-associated locations in animals. The real-time and in situ recording capabilities of ITDDC offer new opportunities to investigate the interplay between electrophysiology and dopamine during animal exploration and reward-based memory and provide a novel glimpse into the correlation between dopamine levels and place cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanli Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiqi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Tuncdemir SN, Grosmark AD, Chung H, Luna VM, Lacefield CO, Losonczy A, Hen R. Adult-born granule cells facilitate remapping of spatial and non-spatial representations in the dentate gyrus. Neuron 2023; 111:4024-4039.e7. [PMID: 37820723 PMCID: PMC10841867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Adult-born granule cells (abGCs) have been implicated in memory discrimination through a neural computation known as pattern separation. Here, using in vivo Ca2+ imaging, we examined how chronic ablation or acute chemogenetic silencing of abGCs affects the activity of mature granule cells (mGCs). In both cases, we observed altered remapping of mGCs. Rather than broadly modulating the activity of all mGCs, abGCs promote the remapping of place cells' firing fields while increasing rate remapping of mGCs that represent sensory cues. In turn, these remapping deficits are associated with behavioral impairments in animals' ability to correctly identify new goal locations. Thus, abGCs facilitate pattern separation through the formation of non-overlapping representations for identical sensory cues encountered in different locations. In the absence of abGCs, the dentate gyrus shifts to a state that is dominated by cue information, a situation that is consistent with the overgeneralization often observed in anxiety or age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem N Tuncdemir
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andres D Grosmark
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hannah Chung
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Victor M Luna
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Clay O Lacefield
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rene Hen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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9
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Schøyen V, Pettersen MB, Holzhausen K, Fyhn M, Malthe-Sørenssen A, Lepperød ME. Coherently remapping toroidal cells but not Grid cells are responsible for path integration in virtual agents. iScience 2023; 26:108102. [PMID: 37867941 PMCID: PMC10589895 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that grid cells provide cues for path integration, with place cells encoding an animal's location and environmental identity. When entering a new environment, these cells remap concurrently, sparking debates about their causal relationship. Using a continuous attractor recurrent neural network, we study spatial cell dynamics in multiple environments. We investigate grid cell remapping as a function of global remapping in place-like units through random resampling of place cell centers. Dimensionality reduction techniques reveal that a subset of cells manifest a persistent torus across environments. Unexpectedly, these toroidal cells resemble band-like cells rather than high grid score units. Subsequent pruning studies reveal that toroidal cells are crucial for path integration while grid cells are not. As we extend the model to operate across many environments, we delineate its generalization boundaries, revealing challenges with modeling many environments in current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemund Schøyen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
| | | | | | - Marianne Fyhn
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
- Simula Research Laboratory, Norway
| | - Anders Malthe-Sørenssen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
- Simula Research Laboratory, Norway
| | - Mikkel Elle Lepperød
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
- Simula Research Laboratory, Norway
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10
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Aoun A, Shetler O, Raghuraman R, Rodriguez GA, Hussaini SA. Beyond Correlation: Optimal Transport Metrics For Characterizing Representational Stability and Remapping in Neurons Encoding Spatial Memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.11.548592. [PMID: 37503011 PMCID: PMC10369988 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.11.548592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Spatial representations in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (HPC) are fundamental to cognitive functions like navigation and memory. These representations, embodied in spatial field maps, dynamically remap in response to environmental changes. However, current methods, such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, struggle to capture the complexity of these remapping events, especially when fields do not overlap, or transformations are non-linear. This limitation hinders our understanding and quantification of remapping, a key aspect of spatial memory function. To address this, we propose a family of metrics based on the Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) as a versatile framework for characterizing remapping. Applied to both normalized and unnormalized distributions, the EMD provides a granular, noise-resistant, and rate-robust description of remapping. This approach enables the identification of specific cell types and the characterization of remapping in various scenarios, including disease models. Furthermore, the EMD's properties can be manipulated to identify spatially tuned cell types and to explore remapping as it relates to alternate information forms such as spatiotemporal coding. By employing approximations of the EMD, we present a feasible, lightweight approach that complements traditional methods. Our findings underscore the potential of the EMD as a powerful tool for enhancing our understanding of remapping in the brain and its implications for spatial navigation, memory studies and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Aoun
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Oliver Shetler
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Radha Raghuraman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gustavo A. Rodriguez
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S. Abid Hussaini
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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11
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Abstract
A schema refers to a structured body of prior knowledge that captures common patterns across related experiences. Schemas have been studied separately in the realms of episodic memory and spatial navigation across different species and have been grounded in theories of memory consolidation, but there has been little attempt to integrate our understanding across domains, particularly in humans. We propose that experiences during navigation with many similarly structured environments give rise to the formation of spatial schemas (for example, the expected layout of modern cities) that share properties with but are distinct from cognitive maps (for example, the memory of a modern city) and event schemas (such as expected events in a modern city) at both cognitive and neural levels. We describe earlier theoretical frameworks and empirical findings relevant to spatial schemas, along with more targeted investigations of spatial schemas in human and non-human animals. Consideration of architecture and urban analytics, including the influence of scale and regionalization, on different properties of spatial schemas may provide a powerful approach to advance our understanding of spatial schemas.
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12
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Duvelle É, Grieves RM, van der Meer MAA. Temporal context and latent state inference in the hippocampal splitter signal. eLife 2023; 12:e82357. [PMID: 36622350 PMCID: PMC9829411 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is thought to enable the encoding and retrieval of ongoing experience, the organization of that experience into structured representations like contexts, maps, and schemas, and the use of these structures to plan for the future. A central goal is to understand what the core computations supporting these functions are, and how these computations are realized in the collective action of single neurons. A potential access point into this issue is provided by 'splitter cells', hippocampal neurons that fire differentially on the overlapping segment of trajectories that differ in their past and/or future. However, the literature on splitter cells has been fragmented and confusing, owing to differences in terminology, behavioral tasks, and analysis methods across studies. In this review, we synthesize consistent findings from this literature, establish a common set of terms, and translate between single-cell and ensemble perspectives. Most importantly, we examine the combined findings through the lens of two major theoretical ideas about hippocampal function: representation of temporal context and latent state inference. We find that unique signature properties of each of these models are necessary to account for the data, but neither theory, by itself, explains all of its features. Specifically, the temporal gradedness of the splitter signal is strong support for temporal context, but is hard to explain using state models, while its flexibility and task-dependence is naturally accounted for using state inference, but poses a challenge otherwise. These theories suggest a number of avenues for future work, and we believe their application to splitter cells is a timely and informative domain for testing and refining theoretical ideas about hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éléonore Duvelle
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Roddy M Grieves
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
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13
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Gateway identity and spatial remapping in a combined grid and place cell attractor. Neural Netw 2023; 157:226-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Pospisil DA, Bair W. Accounting for Bias in the Estimation of r 2 between Two Sets of Noisy Neural Responses. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9343-9355. [PMID: 36396403 PMCID: PMC9794365 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0198-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pearson correlation coefficient squared, r 2, is an important tool used in the analysis of neural data to quantify the similarity between neural tuning curves. Yet this metric is biased by trial-to-trial variability; as trial-to-trial variability increases, measured correlation decreases. Major lines of research are confounded by this bias, including those involving the study of invariance of neural tuning across conditions and the analysis of the similarity of tuning across neurons. To address this, we extend an estimator, [Formula: see text], that was recently developed for estimating model-to-neuron correlation, in which a noisy signal is compared with a noise-free prediction, to the case of neuron-to-neuron correlation, in which two noisy signals are compared with each other. We compare the performance of our novel estimator to a prior method developed by Spearman, commonly used in other fields but widely overlooked in neuroscience, and find that our method has less bias. We then apply our estimator to demonstrate how it avoids drastic confounds introduced by trial-to-trial variability using data collected in two prior studies (macaque, both sexes) that examined two different forms of invariance in the neural encoding of visual inputs-translation invariance and fill-outline invariance. Our results quantify for the first time the gradual falloff with spatial offset of translation-invariant shape selectivity within visual cortical neuronal receptive fields and offer a principled method to compare invariance in noisy biological systems to that in noise-free models.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Quantifying the similarity between two sets of averaged neural responses is fundamental to the analysis of neural data. A ubiquitous metric of similarity, the correlation coefficient, is attenuated by trial-to-trial variability that arises from many irrelevant factors. Spearman recognized this problem and proposed corrected methods that have been extended over a century. We show this method has large asymptotic biases that can be overcome using a novel estimator. Despite the frequent use of the correlation coefficient in neuroscience, consensus on how to address this fundamental statistical issue has not been reached. We provide an accurate estimator of the correlation coefficient and apply it to gain insight into visual invariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Pospisil
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | - Wyeth Bair
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
- Computational Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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15
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Gobbo F, Mitchell-Heggs R, Tse D, Al Omrani M, Spooner PA, Schultz SR, Morris RGM. Neuronal signature of spatial decision-making during navigation by freely moving rats by using calcium imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212152119. [PMID: 36279456 PMCID: PMC9636941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212152119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge in spatial memory is understanding how place cell firing contributes to decision-making in navigation. A spatial recency task was created in which freely moving rats first became familiar with a spatial context over several days and thereafter were required to encode and then selectively recall one of three specific locations within it that was chosen to be rewarded that day. Calcium imaging was used to record from more than 1,000 cells in area CA1 of the hippocampus of five rats during the exploration, sample, and choice phases of the daily task. The key finding was that neural activity in the startbox rose steadily in the short period prior to entry to the arena and that this selective population cell firing was predictive of the daily changing goal on correct trials but not on trials in which the animals made errors. Single-cell and population activity measures converged on the idea that prospective coding of neural activity can be involved in navigational decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gobbo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rufus Mitchell-Heggs
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dorothy Tse
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Meera Al Omrani
- MSc Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Patrick A. Spooner
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Department of Bioengineering and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard G. M. Morris
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
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16
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Mo F, Xu Z, Yang G, Fan P, Wang Y, Lu B, Liu J, Wang M, Jing L, Xu W, Li M, Shan J, Song Y, Cai X. Single-neuron detection of place cells remapping in short-term memory using motion microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114726. [PMID: 36174358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Place cells establish rapid mapping relationships between the external environment and themselves in a new context. However, the mapping relationships of environmental cues to place cells in short-term memory is still completely unknown. In this work, we designed a silicon-based motion microelectrode array (mMEA) and an implantation device to record electrophysiological signals of place cells in CA1, CA3, and DG regions in the hippocampus of ten mice in motion, and investigated the corresponding place fields under distal or local cues in just a few minutes. The mMEA can expand the detection area and greatly lower the motion noise. Finding and recording place cells of moving mice in short-term memory is made possible by the mMEA. The place-related cells were found for the first time. Unlike place cells, which only fire in a particular position of the environment, place-related cells fire in numerous areas of the environment. Furthermore, place cells in the CA1 and CA3 have the most stable place memory for time-preferred single cues, and they fire in concert with place-related cells during short-term memory dynamics, whereas place cells in the DG regions have overlapping and unstable place memory in a multi-cue context. These results demonstrate the consistency of place cells in CA1 and CA3 and reflect their different roles in spatial memory processing during familiarization with new environments. The mMEA provides a platform for studying the place cells of short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Penghui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Botao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Luyi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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17
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Xu Z, Mo F, Yang G, Fan P, Wang Y, Lu B, Xie J, Dai Y, Song Y, He E, Xu S, Liu J, Wang M, Cai X. Grid cell remapping under three-dimensional object and social landmarks detected by implantable microelectrode arrays for the medial entorhinal cortex. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:104. [PMID: 36124081 PMCID: PMC9481550 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grid cells with stable hexagonal firing patterns in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) carry the vital function of serving as a metric for the surrounding environment. Whether this mechanism processes only spatial information or involves nonspatial information remains elusive. Here, we fabricated an MEC-shaped microelectrode array (MEA) to detect the variation in neural spikes and local field potentials of the MEC when rats forage in a square enclosure with a planar, three-dimensional object and social landmarks in sequence. The results showed that grid cells exhibited rate remapping under social conditions in which spike firing fields closer to the social landmark had a higher firing rate. Furthermore, global remapping showed that hexagonal firing patterns were rotated and scaled when the planar landmark was replaced with object and social landmarks. In addition, when grid cells were activated, the local field potentials were dominated by the theta band (5-8 Hz), and spike phase locking was observed at troughs of theta oscillations. Our results suggest the pattern separation mechanism of grid cells in which the spatial firing structure and firing rate respond to spatial and social information, respectively, which may provide new insights into how the brain creates a cognitive map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Gucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Penghui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Botao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jingyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yuchuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Enhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shihong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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18
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Valero M, Navas-Olive A, de la Prida LM, Buzsáki G. Inhibitory conductance controls place field dynamics in the hippocampus. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111232. [PMID: 36001959 PMCID: PMC9595125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells receive a disparate collection of excitatory and inhibitory currents that endow them with spatially selective discharges and rhythmic activity. Using a combination of in vivo intracellular and extracellular recordings with opto/chemogenetic manipulations and computational modeling, we investigate the influence of inhibitory and excitatory inputs on CA1 pyramidal cell responses. At the cell bodies, inhibition leads and is stronger than excitation across the entire theta cycle. Pyramidal neurons fire on the ascending phase of theta when released from inhibition. Computational models equipped with the observed conductances reproduce these dynamics. In these models, place field properties are favored when the increased excitation is coupled with a reduction of inhibition within the field. As predicted by our simulations, firing rate within place fields and phase locking to theta are impaired by DREADDs activation of interneurons. Our results indicate that decreased inhibitory conductance is critical for place field expression. Valero et al. examine the influence of inhibition on place fields. They show that hippocampal neurons are dominated by inhibitory conductances during theta oscillations. A transient increase of excitation and drop of inhibition mediates place field emergence in simulations. Consistently, chemogenetic activation of interneurons deteriorates place cell properties in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Valero
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrea Navas-Olive
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenue Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Liset M de la Prida
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenue Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain.
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neurology, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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19
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Modular microcircuit organization of the presubicular head-direction map. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110684. [PMID: 35417686 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our internal sense of direction is thought to rely on the activity of head-direction (HD) neurons. We find that the mouse dorsal presubiculum (PreS), a key structure in the cortical representation of HD, displays a modular "patch-matrix" organization, which is conserved across species (including human). Calbindin-positive layer 2 neurons within the "matrix" form modular recurrent microcircuits, while inputs from the anterodorsal and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei are non-overlapping and target the "patch" and "matrix" compartments, respectively. The apical dendrites of identified HD cells are largely restricted within the "matrix," pointing to a non-random sampling of patterned inputs and to a precise structure-function architecture. Optogenetic perturbation of modular recurrent microcircuits results in a drastic tonic suppression of firing only in a subpopulation of HD neurons. Altogether, our data reveal a modular microcircuit organization of the PreS HD map and point to the existence of cell-type-specific microcircuits that support the cortical HD representation.
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20
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Zutshi I, Valero M, Fernández-Ruiz A, Buzsáki G. Extrinsic control and intrinsic computation in the hippocampal CA1 circuit. Neuron 2022; 110:658-673.e5. [PMID: 34890566 PMCID: PMC8857017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In understanding circuit operations, a key problem is the extent to which neuronal spiking reflects local computation or responses to upstream inputs. We addressed this issue in the hippocampus by performing combined optogenetic and pharmacogenetic local and upstream inactivation. Silencing the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) largely abolished extracellular theta and gamma currents in CA1 while only moderately affecting firing rates. In contrast, CA3 and local CA1 silencing strongly decreased firing of CA1 neurons without affecting theta currents. Each perturbation reconfigured the CA1 spatial map. However, the ability of the CA1 circuit to support place field activity persisted, maintaining the same fraction of spatially tuned place fields and reliable assembly expression as in the intact mouse. Thus, the CA1 network can induce and maintain coordinated cell assemblies with minimal reliance on its inputs, but these inputs can effectively reconfigure and assist in maintaining stability of the CA1 map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Zutshi
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Manuel Valero
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ruiz
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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21
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Sotskov VP, Pospelov NA, Plusnin VV, Anokhin KV. Calcium Imaging Reveals Fast Tuning Dynamics of Hippocampal Place Cells and CA1 Population Activity during Free Exploration Task in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020638. [PMID: 35054826 PMCID: PMC8775446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells are a well-known object in neuroscience, but their place field formation in the first moments of navigating in a novel environment remains an ill-defined process. To address these dynamics, we performed in vivo imaging of neuronal activity in the CA1 field of the mouse hippocampus using genetically encoded green calcium indicators, including the novel NCaMP7 and FGCaMP7, designed specifically for in vivo calcium imaging. Mice were injected with a viral vector encoding calcium sensor, head-mounted with an NVista HD miniscope, and allowed to explore a completely novel environment (circular track surrounded by visual cues) without any reinforcement stimuli, in order to avoid potential interference from reward-related behavior. First, we calculated the average time required for each CA1 cell to acquire its place field. We found that 25% of CA1 place fields were formed at the first arrival in the corresponding place, while the average tuning latency for all place fields in a novel environment equaled 247 s. After 24 h, when the environment was familiar to the animals, place fields formed faster, independent of retention of cognitive maps during this session. No cumulation of selectivity score was observed between these two sessions. Using dimensionality reduction, we demonstrated that the population activity of rapidly tuned CA1 place cells allowed the reconstruction of the geometry of the navigated circular maze; the distribution of reconstruction error between the mice was consistent with the distribution of the average place field selectivity score in them. Our data thus show that neuronal activity recorded with genetically encoded calcium sensors revealed fast behavior-dependent plasticity in the mouse hippocampus, resulting in the rapid formation of place fields and population activity that allowed the reconstruction of the geometry of the navigated maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P. Sotskov
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (V.P.S.); (K.V.A.)
| | - Nikita A. Pospelov
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Viktor V. Plusnin
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Anokhin
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology RAS, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.P.S.); (K.V.A.)
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22
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Michon F, Krul E, Sun JJ, Kloosterman F. Single-trial dynamics of hippocampal spatial representations are modulated by reward value. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4423-4435.e5. [PMID: 34416178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reward value is known to modulate learning speed in spatial memory tasks, but little is known about its influence on the dynamical changes in hippocampal spatial representations. Here, we monitored the trial-to-trial changes in hippocampal place cell activity during the acquisition of place-reward associations with varying reward size. We show a faster reorganization and stabilization of the hippocampal place map when a goal location is associated with a large reward. The reorganization is driven by both rate changes and the appearance and disappearance of place fields. The occurrence of hippocampal replay activity largely followed the dynamics of changes in spatial representations. Replay patterns became more selectively tuned toward behaviorally relevant experiences over the course of learning via the refined contributions of specific cell subpopulations. These results suggest that high reward value enhances memory retention by accelerating the formation and stabilization of the hippocampal cognitive map and selectively enhancing its reactivation during learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Michon
- NERF, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Rijvisschestraat 120, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esther Krul
- NERF, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jyh-Jang Sun
- NERF, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; imec, Remisebosweg 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Kloosterman
- NERF, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Rijvisschestraat 120, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; imec, Remisebosweg 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Fetterhoff D, Sobolev A, Leibold C. Graded remapping of hippocampal ensembles under sensory conflicts. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109661. [PMID: 34525357 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells are thought to constitute a cognitive map of space derived from multimodal sensory inputs. Alteration of allocentric (visual) cues in a fixed environment is known to induce modulations of place cell activity to varying degrees from rate changes to global remapping. To determine how hippocampal ensembles combine multimodal sensory cues, we examine hippocampal CA1 remapping in Mongolian gerbils in a 1D virtual reality experiment, during which self-motion cues (locomotor, vestibular, and optic flow information) and allocentric visual cues are altered. We observe that self-motion cues are over-represented, but responsiveness to allocentric visual cues, although task-irrelevant, elicits both rate and global remapping in the hippocampal ensemble. We propose that remapping can be reconciled by considering global, partial, and rate remapping on a continuous scale on which the graded change of activity in the entire CA1 population can be interpreted as the expectancy about the animal's spatial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Fetterhoff
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrey Sobolev
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Leibold
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Munich, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, 82152 Munich, Germany
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24
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Remapping and realignment in the human hippocampal formation predict context-dependent spatial behavior. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:863-872. [PMID: 33859438 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To guide spatial behavior, the brain must retrieve memories that are appropriately associated with different navigational contexts. Contextual memory might be mediated by cell ensembles in the hippocampal formation that alter their responses to changes in context, processes known as remapping and realignment in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, respectively. However, whether remapping and realignment guide context-dependent spatial behavior is unclear. To address this issue, human participants learned object-location associations within two distinct virtual reality environments and subsequently had their memory tested during functional MRI (fMRI) scanning. Entorhinal grid-like representations showed realignment between the two contexts, and coincident changes in fMRI activity patterns consistent with remapping were observed in the hippocampus. Critically, in a third ambiguous context, trial-by-trial remapping and realignment in the hippocampal-entorhinal network predicted context-dependent behavior. These results reveal the hippocampal-entorhinal mechanisms mediating human contextual memory and suggest that the hippocampal formation plays a key role in spatial behavior under uncertainty.
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25
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Dong C, Madar AD, Sheffield MEJ. Distinct place cell dynamics in CA1 and CA3 encode experience in new environments. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2977. [PMID: 34016996 PMCID: PMC8137926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When exploring new environments animals form spatial memories that are updated with experience and retrieved upon re-exposure to the same environment. The hippocampus is thought to support these memory processes, but how this is achieved by different subnetworks such as CA1 and CA3 remains unclear. To understand how hippocampal spatial representations emerge and evolve during familiarization, we performed 2-photon calcium imaging in mice running in new virtual environments and compared the trial-to-trial dynamics of place cells in CA1 and CA3 over days. We find that place fields in CA1 emerge rapidly but tend to shift backwards from trial-to-trial and remap upon re-exposure to the environment a day later. In contrast, place fields in CA3 emerge gradually but show more stable trial-to-trial and day-to-day dynamics. These results reflect different roles in CA1 and CA3 in spatial memory processing during familiarization to new environments and constrain the potential mechanisms that support them.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior Observation Techniques
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/diagnostic imaging
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/diagnostic imaging
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/physiology
- Craniotomy
- Intravital Microscopy/instrumentation
- Intravital Microscopy/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Models, Animal
- Optical Imaging/instrumentation
- Optical Imaging/methods
- Place Cells/physiology
- Space Perception/physiology
- Spatial Memory/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Dong
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antoine D Madar
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark E J Sheffield
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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26
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George D, Rikhye RV, Gothoskar N, Guntupalli JS, Dedieu A, Lázaro-Gredilla M. Clone-structured graph representations enable flexible learning and vicarious evaluation of cognitive maps. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2392. [PMID: 33888694 PMCID: PMC8062558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive maps are mental representations of spatial and conceptual relationships in an environment, and are critical for flexible behavior. To form these abstract maps, the hippocampus has to learn to separate or merge aliased observations appropriately in different contexts in a manner that enables generalization and efficient planning. Here we propose a specific higher-order graph structure, clone-structured cognitive graph (CSCG), which forms clones of an observation for different contexts as a representation that addresses these problems. CSCGs can be learned efficiently using a probabilistic sequence model that is inherently robust to uncertainty. We show that CSCGs can explain a variety of cognitive map phenomena such as discovering spatial relations from aliased sensations, transitive inference between disjoint episodes, and formation of transferable schemas. Learning different clones for different contexts explains the emergence of splitter cells observed in maze navigation and event-specific responses in lap-running experiments. Moreover, learning and inference dynamics of CSCGs offer a coherent explanation for disparate place cell remapping phenomena. By lifting aliased observations into a hidden space, CSCGs reveal latent modularity useful for hierarchical abstraction and planning. Altogether, CSCG provides a simple unifying framework for understanding hippocampal function, and could be a pathway for forming relational abstractions in artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajeev V Rikhye
- Vicarious AI, Union City, CA, USA
- Google, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Nishad Gothoskar
- Vicarious AI, Union City, CA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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27
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Long-Term Characterization of Hippocampal Remapping during Contextual Fear Acquisition and Extinction. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8329-8342. [PMID: 32958567 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1022-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal CA1 place cell spatial maps are known to alter their firing properties in response to contextual fear conditioning, a process called "remapping." In the present study, we use chronic calcium imaging to examine remapping during fear retrieval and extinction of an inhibitory avoidance task in mice of both sexes over an extended period of time and with thousands of neurons. We demonstrate that hippocampal ensembles encode space at a finer scale following fear memory acquisition. This effect is strongest near the shock grid. We also characterize the long-term effects of shock on place cell ensemble stability, demonstrating that shock delivery induces several days of high fear and low between-session place field stability, followed by a new, stable spatial representation that appears after fear extinction. Finally, we identify a novel group of CA1 neurons that robustly encode freeze behavior independently from spatial location. Thus, following fear acquisition, hippocampal CA1 place cells sharpen their spatial tuning and dynamically change spatial encoding stability throughout fear learning and extinction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hippocampus contains place cells that encode an animal's location. This spatial code updates, or remaps, in response to environmental change. It is known that contextual fear can induce such remapping; in the present study, we use chronic calcium imaging to examine inhibitory avoidance-induced remapping over an extended period of time and with thousands of neurons and demonstrate that hippocampal ensembles encode space at a finer scale following electric shock, an effect which is enhanced by threat proximity. We also identify a novel group of freeze behavior-activated neurons. These results suggest that, more than merely shuffling their spatial code following threat exposure, place cells enhance their spatial coding with the possible benefit of improved threat localization.
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28
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A Brain-Inspired Adaptive Space Representation Model Based on Grid Cells and Place Cells. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 2020:1492429. [PMID: 32849862 PMCID: PMC7439180 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1492429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Grid cells and place cells are important neurons in the animal brain. The information transmission between them provides the basis for the spatial representation and navigation of animals and also provides reference for the research on the autonomous navigation mechanism of intelligent agents. Grid cells are important information source of place cells. The supervised learning and unsupervised learning models can be used to simulate the generation of place cells from grid cell inputs. However, the existing models preset the firing characteristics of grid cell. In this paper, we propose a united generation model of grid cells and place cells. First, the visual place cells with nonuniform distribution generate the visual grid cells with regional firing field through feedforward network. Second, the visual grid cells and the self-motion information generate the united grid cells whose firing fields extend to the whole space through genetic algorithm. Finally, the visual place cells and the united grid cells generate the united place cells with uniform distribution through supervised fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (ART) network. Simulation results show that this model has stronger environmental adaptability and can provide reference for the research on spatial representation model and brain-inspired navigation mechanism of intelligent agents under the condition of nonuniform environmental information.
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29
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Agmon H, Burak Y. A theory of joint attractor dynamics in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex accounts for artificial remapping and grid cell field-to-field variability. eLife 2020; 9:56894. [PMID: 32779570 PMCID: PMC7447444 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The representation of position in the mammalian brain is distributed across multiple neural populations. Grid cell modules in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) express activity patterns that span a low-dimensional manifold which remains stable across different environments. In contrast, the activity patterns of hippocampal place cells span distinct low-dimensional manifolds in different environments. It is unknown how these multiple representations of position are coordinated. Here, we develop a theory of joint attractor dynamics in the hippocampus and the MEC. We show that the system exhibits a coordinated, joint representation of position across multiple environments, consistent with global remapping in place cells and grid cells. In addition, our model accounts for recent experimental observations that lack a mechanistic explanation: variability in the firing rate of single grid cells across firing fields, and artificial remapping of place cells under depolarization, but not under hyperpolarization, of layer II stellate cells of the MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggai Agmon
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoram Burak
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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Altered Hippocampal Place Cell Representation and Theta Rhythmicity following Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3556-3569.e5. [PMID: 32707066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) leads to profound deficits in spatial memory and synaptic and cellular alterations to the hippocampus that last into adulthood. Neurons in the hippocampus called place cells discharge as an animal enters specific places in an environment, establish distinct ensemble codes for familiar and novel places, and are modulated by local theta rhythms. Spatial memory is thought to critically depend on the integrity of hippocampal place cell firing. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that hippocampal place cell firing is impaired after PAE by performing in vivo recordings from the hippocampi (CA1 and CA3) of moderate PAE and control adult rats. Our results show that hippocampal CA3 neurons from PAE rats have reduced spatial tuning. Second, CA1 and CA3 neurons from PAE rats are less likely to orthogonalize their firing between directions of travel on a linear track and between changes in contextual stimuli in an open arena compared to control neurons. Lastly, reductions in the number of hippocampal place cells exhibiting significant theta rhythmicity and phase precession were observed, which may suggest changes to hippocampal microcircuit function. Together, the reduced spatial tuning and sensitivity to contextual changes provide a neural systems-level mechanism to explain spatial memory impairment after moderate PAE.
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31
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Xiao Z, Lin K, Fellous JM. Conjunctive reward-place coding properties of dorsal distal CA1 hippocampus cells. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2020; 114:285-301. [PMID: 32266474 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-020-00830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous motivated spatial navigation in animals or robots requires the association between spatial location and value. Hippocampal place cells are involved in goal-directed spatial navigation and the consolidation of spatial memories. Recently, Gauthier and Tank (Neuron 99(1):179-193, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.008) have identified a subpopulation of hippocampal cells selectively activated in relation to rewarded goals. However, the relationship between these cells' spiking activity and goal representation remains elusive. We analyzed data from experiments in which rats underwent five consecutive tasks in which reward locations and spatial context were manipulated. We found CA1 populations with properties continuously ranging from place cells to reward cells. Specifically, we found typical place cells insensitive to reward locations, reward cells that only fired at correct rewarded feeders in each task regardless of context, and "hybrid cells" that responded to spatial locations and change of reward locations. Reward cells responded mostly to the reward delivery rather than to its expectation. In addition, we found a small group of neurons that transitioned between place and reward cells properties within the 5-task session. We conclude that some pyramidal cells (if not all) integrate both spatial and reward inputs to various degrees. These results provide insights into the integrative coding properties of CA1 pyramidal cells, focusing on their abilities to carry both spatial and reward information in a mixed and plastic manner. This conjunctive coding property prompts a re-thinking of current computational models of spatial navigation in which hippocampal spatial and subcortical value representations are independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Xiao
- Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Fellous
- Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd, Suite 312, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Mammals have evolved specialized brain systems to support efficient navigation within diverse habitats and over varied distances, but while navigational strategies and sensory mechanisms vary across species, core spatial components appear to be widely shared. This review presents common elements found in mammalian spatial mapping systems, focusing on the cells in the hippocampal formation representing orientational and locational spatial information, and 'core' mammalian hippocampal circuitry. Mammalian spatial mapping systems make use of both allothetic cues (space-defining cues in the external environment) and idiothetic cues (cues derived from self-motion). As examples of each cue type, we discuss: environmental boundaries, which control both orientational and locational neuronal activity and behaviour; and 'path integration', a process that allows the estimation of linear translation from velocity signals, thought to depend upon grid cells in the entorhinal cortex. Building cognitive maps entails sampling environments: we consider how the mapping system controls exploration to acquire spatial information, and how exploratory strategies may integrate idiothetic with allothetic information. We discuss how 'replay' may act to consolidate spatial maps, and simulate trajectories to aid navigational planning. Finally, we discuss grid cell models of vector navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Hartley
- Department of Psychology, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Colin Lever
- Psychology Department, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK.
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33
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Ciliberti D, Michon F, Kloosterman F. Real-time classification of experience-related ensemble spiking patterns for closed-loop applications. eLife 2018; 7:36275. [PMID: 30373716 PMCID: PMC6207426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication in neural circuits across the cortex is thought to be mediated by spontaneous temporally organized patterns of population activity lasting ~50 –200 ms. Closed-loop manipulations have the unique power to reveal direct and causal links between such patterns and their contribution to cognition. Current brain–computer interfaces, however, are not designed to interpret multi-neuronal spiking patterns at the millisecond timescale. To bridge this gap, we developed a system for classifying ensemble patterns in a closed-loop setting and demonstrated its application in the online identification of hippocampal neuronal replay sequences in the rat. Our system decodes multi-neuronal patterns at 10 ms resolution, identifies within 50 ms experience-related patterns with over 70% sensitivity and specificity, and classifies their content with 95% accuracy. This technology scales to high-count electrode arrays and will help to shed new light on the contribution of internally generated neural activity to coordinated neural assembly interactions and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ciliberti
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Michon
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Kloosterman
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,imec, Leuven, Belgium
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