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Birgersson L, Odenlund S, Sturve J. Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Exposure to Human-Relevant Mixtures of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Zebrafish. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1296. [PMID: 38731300 PMCID: PMC11083384 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish models used for chemical exposure in toxicological studies are normally kept in barren tanks without any structural environmental enrichment. Here, we tested the combined effects of environmental enrichment and exposure to two mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in zebrafish. Firstly, we assessed whether developmental exposure to an EDC mixture (MIX G1) combined with rearing the fish in an enriched environment influenced behaviour later in life. This was evaluated using locomotion tracking one month after exposure, showing a significant interaction effect between enrichment and the MIX G1 exposure on the measured locomotion parameters. After three months, we assessed behaviour using custom-made behaviour tanks, and found that enrichment influenced swimming activity. Control fish from the enriched environment were more active than control fish from the barren environment. Secondly, we exposed adult zebrafish to a separate EDC mixture (MIX G0) after rearing them in a barren or enriched environment. Behaviour and hepatic mRNA expression for thyroid-related genes were assessed. There was a significant interaction effect between exposure and enrichment on swimming activity and an effect of environment on latency to approach the group of conspecifics, where enriched fish took more time to approach the group, possibly indicating that they were less anxious. Hepatic gene expression of a thyroid-related gene (thrb) was significantly affected by EDC exposure, while enrichment had no discernible impact on the expression of the measured genes. In conclusion, environmental enrichment is important to consider when studying the effects of EDCs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (L.B.); (S.O.)
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2
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Howe NS, Hale MC, Waters CD, Schaal SM, Shedd KR, Larson WA. Genomic evidence for domestication selection in three hatchery populations of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13656. [PMID: 38357359 PMCID: PMC10866082 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish hatcheries are widely used to enhance fisheries and supplement declining wild populations. However, substantial evidence suggests that hatchery fish are subject to differential selection pressures compared to their wild counterparts. Domestication selection, or adaptation to the hatchery environment, poses a risk to wild populations if traits specific to success in the hatchery environment have a genetic component and there is subsequent introgression between hatchery and wild fish. Few studies have investigated domestication selection in hatcheries on a genomic level, and even fewer have done so in parallel across multiple hatchery-wild population pairs. In this study, we used low-coverage whole-genome sequencing to investigate signals of domestication selection in three separate hatchery populations of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, after approximately seven generations of divergence from their corresponding wild progenitor populations. We sequenced 192 individuals from populations across Southeast Alaska and estimated genotype likelihoods at over six million loci. We discovered a total of 14 outlier peaks displaying high genetic differentiation (F ST) between hatchery-wild pairs, although no peaks were shared across the three comparisons. Peaks were small (53 kb on average) and often displayed elevated absolute genetic divergence (D xy) and linkage disequilibrium, suggesting some level of domestication selection has occurred. Our study provides evidence that domestication selection can lead to genetic differences between hatchery and wild populations in only a few generations. Additionally, our data suggest that population-specific adaptation to hatchery environments likely occurs through different genetic pathways, even for populations with similar standing genetic variation. These results highlight the need to collect paired genotype-phenotype data to understand how domestication may be affecting fitness and to identify potential management practices that may mitigate genetic risks despite multiple pathways of domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S. Howe
- Department of BiologyTexas Christian UniversityFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Matthew C. Hale
- Department of BiologyTexas Christian UniversityFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Charles D. Waters
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries ServiceAlaska Fisheries Science Center, Auke Bay LaboratoriesJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - Sara M. Schaal
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries ServiceAlaska Fisheries Science Center, Auke Bay LaboratoriesJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - Kyle R. Shedd
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial FisheriesGene Conservation LaboratoryAnchorageAlaskaUSA
| | - Wesley A. Larson
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries ServiceAlaska Fisheries Science Center, Auke Bay LaboratoriesJuneauAlaskaUSA
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3
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Abstract
Neuroplasticity and evolutionary biology have been prominent fields of study for well over a century. However, they have advanced largely independently, without consideration of the benefits of integration. We propose a new framework by which researchers can begin to examine the evolutionary causes and consequences of neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity can be defined as changes to the structure, function or connections of the nervous system in response to individual experience. Evolution can alter levels of neuroplasticity if there is variation in neuroplasticity traits within and between populations. Neuroplasticity may be favored or disfavored by natural selection depending on the variability of the environment and the costs of neuroplasticity. Additionally, neuroplasticity may affect rates of genetic evolution in many ways: for example, decreasing rates of evolution by buffering against selection or increasing them via the Baldwin effect, by increasing genetic variation or by incorporating evolved peripheral changes to the nervous system. These mechanisms can be tested using comparative and experimental approaches and by examining patterns and consequences of variation in neuroplasticity among species, populations and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Axelrod
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Swanne P Gordon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bruce A Carlson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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4
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Ucar A, Parlak V, Ozgeris FB, Yeltekin AC, Arslan ME, Alak G, Turkez H, Kocaman EM, Atamanalp M. Magnetic nanoparticles-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in brain of rainbow trout: Mitigation by ulexite through modulation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155718. [PMID: 35525350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalent exposition of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the aquatic medium and their negative influence on human life is one of the major concerns global. Stress mechanization, as a non-specific and pervasive response, involves all physiological systems, particularly the closely interconnected neuroendocrine and immune systems. In this study, which was designed to obtain more data on the biological effects of ulexit, which prevents oxidative DNA damage by protecting against toxicity damage and offers new antioxidant roles. The concomitant use of ulexite (UX, as 18.75 mg/l) as a natural therapeutic agent against exposure to magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-MNPs/0.013 ml/l) on Oncorhynchus mykiss was investigated for 96 h. The brain tissues were taken at the 48th and 96th hours of the trial period, the effects on neurotoxic, pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, antioxidant immune system, DNA and apoptosis mechanisms were analyzed. In the present study, it was determined that AChE activity and BDNF level in the brain tissue decreased over time in the Fe3O4-MNPs group compared to the control, and UX tried to depress this inhibition. While inhibition was determined in antioxidant system biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH values), an induction was observed in lipid peroxidation indicators (MDA and MPO values) in Fe3O4-MNPs applied group. The same group data showed that TNF-α, IL-6, 8-OHdG and caspase-3 levels were increased, but Nrf-2 levels were decreased. The alterations in all biomarkers were found to be significant at the p < 0.05 level. In general, it was determined that Fe3O4-MNPs caused stress in O. mykiss and UX exhibited a positive effect on this stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ucar
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Veysel Parlak
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betul Ozgeris
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Enes Arslan
- Erzurum Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gonca Alak
- Department of Sea Food Processing, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esat Mahmut Kocaman
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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5
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Konishi J, Abe T, Ogihara A, Adachi D, Denboh T, Kudo H. Olfactory behavioural and neural responses of planktivorous lacustrine sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to prey odours. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:269-275. [PMID: 35596740 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish use a variety of sensory systems when foraging. Salmonids are generally considered visual feeders. However, some species feed on zooplanktons under dark conditions, suggesting they also detect prey using nonvisual cues. Under experimental conditions, hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been shown to use olfaction when searching for food pellets, but olfactory foraging has not been documented in wild salmonids. In the present study, to examine their behavioural response and neural activity in the olfactory nervous system using c-fos expression as a neural molecular marker, immature wild-caught lacustrine sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in a flow-through aquarium were exposed to zooplanktons (Daphnia spp.) extract including zooplanktons odorant and to dimethyl sulfide. The salmon exposed to zooplanktons odour increased their total swimming distance and time, numbers of turns and ascents, and c-fos expression in the olfactory bulb, suggesting that they can detect zooplanktons extract to locate prey in the laboratory experiments. However, no response was seen in those exposed to dimethyl sulfide. The results of this study suggest that prey odour may serve as a chemosensory cue for wild immature salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atsushi Ogihara
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Daisuke Adachi
- Toya Lake Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Toyako, Japan
| | - Takashi Denboh
- Toya Lake Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Toyako, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kudo
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
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6
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Costa RA, Olvera A, Power DM, Velez Z. Ocean acidification affects the expression of neuroplasticity and neuromodulation markers in seabream. Biol Open 2022; 11:274528. [PMID: 35199828 PMCID: PMC8935210 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible explanation for acidification-induced changes in fish behaviour is that acidification interferes with neurogenesis and modifies the plasticity of neuronal circuitry in the brain. We tested the effects on the olfactory system and brain of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to 4 weeks' exposure to ocean acidification (OA). Olfactory epithelium (OE) morphology changed shortly after OA exposure and persisted over the 4 weeks. Expression of genes related to olfactory transduction, neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, GABAergic innervation, and cell proliferation were unchanged in the OE and olfactory bulb (OB) after 4 weeks' exposure. Short-term changes in the ionic content of plasma and extradural fluid (EDF) returned to control levels after 4 weeks' exposure, except for [Cl−], which remained elevated. This suggests that, in general, there is an early physiological response to OA and by 4 weeks a new homeostatic status is achieved. However, expression of genes involved in proliferation, differentiation and survival of undifferentiated neurons were modified in the brain. In the same brain areas, expression of thyroid hormone signalling genes was altered suggesting modifications in the thyroid-system may be linked to the changes in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Overall, the results of the current study are consistent with and effect of OA on neuroplasticity. Summary: Ocean acidification alters fish behaviour. We show altered expression of genes involved in neuroplasticity and neuromodulation in fish exposed to high PCO2, highlighting their possible roles in such behavioural alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Costa
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Aurora Olvera
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Zélia Velez
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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7
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Makaras T, Stankevičiūtė M, Šidagytė-Copilas E, Virbickas T, Razumienė J. Acclimation effect on fish behavioural characteristics: determination of appropriate acclimation period for different species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:502-512. [PMID: 33783817 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the authors investigated the effect of acclimation duration (up to 4 h) on behavioural characteristics of taxonomically and functionally different fish species, i.e., the migratory rheophilic salmonids rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and the non-migratory eurytopic European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Specifically, the authors explored fish behavioural patterns based on specific endpoints (average, maximum and angular velocity) during the acclimation period, and determined the acclimation period suitable for the tested fish species. The performed behavioural data analysis showed that the minimum time needed to adjust fish activity to a more stable (baseline) level should be at least 2 h for O. mykiss and S. salar and 1 h for G. aculeatus. Nonetheless, P. fluviatilis behaviour did not show significant changes during the 4 h acclimation. The results of this study revealed that the effect of the acclimation duration on such rheophilic species as O. mykiss and S. salar was greater than that on the eurytopic species P. fluviatilis and G. aculeatus, indicating that acclimation period is important in managing fish stress before behavioural observations. For all species, the highest variability was found in the endpoint of maximum velocity, and the lowest in that of angular velocity. This study showed that before starting actual toxicity testing experiments, it is important to determine an appropriate, species-specific acclimation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Makaras
- Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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8
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Reiser S, Pohlmann DM, Blancke T, Koops U, Trautner J. Environmental enrichment during early rearing provokes epigenetic changes in the brain of a salmonid fish. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100838. [PMID: 33930773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment is used to increase structural complexity of captive rearing systems and has been shown to provoke a wide range of effects in the kept animals. Here we studied the effects of enrichment on DNA methylation patterns at the whole-genome level in the brain of rainbow trout reared in an aquaculture setting. We investigated the epigenetic effects between different types of enrichment (natural substrate vs. artificial substrate vs. barren) in three developmental stages (egg vs. alevin vs. fry) and as enrichment was discontinued at the fingerling stage by means of the Methylation-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP) technique. While enrichment did not affect growth in body size, we found enrichment to affected global DNA methylation in the brain at the egg and alevin stage, i.e., the period during development where the animals are in close physical contact with the substrate. At these stages, trout reared on the two substrates differed more from the control than the substrates differed from each other. Only minor differences between rearing environments were detected following emergence at the fry stage. When enrichment was discontinued during the rearing of fingerlings, no differences in DNA methylation patterns were observed between the rearing environments. Our results provide further evidence on the effects of enrichment in the captive rearing of fish and show that enrichment can even modulate epigenetic patterns. The effect on the epigenome may be causal for the previously reported effects of enrichment on gene expression, behaviour and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reiser
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Tina Blancke
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Koops
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Wulfsdorfer Weg 204, 22926 Ahrensburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Trautner
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Delfosse C, Pageat P, Lafont‐Lecuelle C, Asproni P, Chabaud C, Cozzi A, Bienboire‐Frosini C. Effect of handling and crowding on the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) copepodids. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:327-336. [PMID: 33112458 PMCID: PMC7894147 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an ectoparasite causing economic concerns in Atlantic salmon farming. Salmon lice infestation management methods can be stressful and impact fish welfare. This work investigated the stress effect on the attachment of L. salmonis copepodids to Atlantic salmon through two approaches: (a) handling by netting and air exposure (acute stress), and (b) crowding with restricted surface access in a tank (chronic stress). In the first experiment, we compared the number of attached L. salmonis and cortisol levels between a group of handled salmon and a control group. In the second experiment, a group of densely packed salmon was compared to a control group based on the number of attached copepodids, cortisol levels and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios. Handled salmon showed significantly higher plasma cortisol levels (p < .001) and more attached copepodids (p = .01) than control salmon. Conversely, the cortisol level and number of attached copepodids were not significantly different between the densely packed and control salmon (p > .05). The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher (p = .0014) in the densely packed salmon than in the control salmon. Handling salmon increased their risk of infestation by L. salmonis. This has implications for reinfestation rates following delousing treatments in commercial salmon aquaculture, which often involve crowding and handling salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Delfosse
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | - Patrick Pageat
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | | | - Pietro Asproni
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
| | - Camille Chabaud
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | - Alessandro Cozzi
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
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10
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Yebra-Pimentel ES, Reis B, Gessner J, Wuertz S, Dirks RPH. Temperature training improves transcriptional homeostasis after heat shock in juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1653-1664. [PMID: 32583280 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high temperatures can lead to thermotolerance in fish, which is hypothesized to potentially improve post-release survival in species under restocking programs, like Atlantic sturgeon. The aim of this study was to determine whether Atlantic sturgeon juveniles exposed to a 4-week temperature treatment respond differently to a subsequent heat shock than juveniles exposed to heat shock for the first time (naive fish). Response to heat shock was assessed by mapping the liver transcriptome. In total, 838 unique contigs were differentially expressed between the trained and the control group (592 downregulated, 261 upregulated, and 15 down- or upregulated, depending on the condition), corresponding to genes involved in the response to heat, tissue damage, proteolysis, and metabolism. Temperature-trained fish showed 2-4-fold fewer dysregulated contigs than naive fish, indicating their ability to maintain and recover homeostasis faster. During heat shock, hspc1 was upregulated in both experimental groups, while hspa1 and dnaja4 were exclusively upregulated in the control. Overall, compensatory mechanisms were observed in addition to the heat shock response. Only two genes, fgg and apnl, were upregulated at nearly all timepoints in both groups. Peptidases were more strongly downregulated in control fish, which also showed a reduction in lipid metabolism during recovery. Keratins, pck1, gadd45ga, and gadd45gb were differentially expressed between trained and control fish, and due to their roles in tissue protection and ER stress reduction, they might be responsible for the maintenance of the transcriptional homeostasis observed in trained fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Santidrián Yebra-Pimentel
- ZF-screens B.V., 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bruno Reis
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jörn Gessner
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Wuertz
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Mes D, van Os R, Gorissen M, Ebbesson LOE, Finstad B, Mayer I, Vindas MA. Effects of environmental enrichment on forebrain neural plasticity and survival success of stocked Atlantic salmon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.212258. [PMID: 31712354 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fish reared for stocking programmes are severely stimulus deprived compared with their wild conspecifics raised under natural conditions. This leads to reduced behavioural plasticity and low post-release survival of stocked fish. Environmental enrichment can have positive effects on important life skills, such as predator avoidance and foraging behaviour, but the neural mechanisms underpinning these behavioural changes are still largely unknown. In this study, juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared in an enriched hatchery environment for 7 weeks, after which neurobiological characteristics and post-release survival were compared with those of fish reared under normal hatchery conditions. Using in situ hybridization and qPCR, we quantified the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and the neural activity marker cfos in telencephalic subregions associated with relational memory, emotional learning and stress reactivity. Aside from lower expression of bdnf in the Dlv (a region associated with relational memory) of enriched salmon, we observed no other significant effects of enrichment in the studied regions. Exposure to an enriched environment increased post-release survival during a 5 month residence in a natural river by 51%. Thus, we demonstrate that environmental enrichment can improve stocking success of Atlantic salmon parr and that environmental enrichment is associated with changes in bdnf expression in the fish's hippocampus-equivalent structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Mes
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Renske van Os
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bengt Finstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ian Mayer
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco A Vindas
- Uni Environment, Uni Research AS, 5008 Bergen, Norway .,Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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