1
|
P2X7 Receptors and TMEM16 Channels Are Functionally Coupled with Implications for Macropore Formation and Current Facilitation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126542. [PMID: 34207150 PMCID: PMC8234106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (P2X7) are cationic channels involved in many diseases. Following their activation by extracellular ATP, distinct signaling pathways are triggered, which lead to various physiological responses such as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines or the modulation of cell death. P2X7 also exhibit unique behaviors, such as “macropore” formation, which corresponds to enhanced large molecule cell membrane permeability and current facilitation, which is caused by prolonged activation. These two phenomena have often been confounded but, thus far, no clear mechanisms have been resolved. Here, by combining different approaches including whole-cell and single-channel recordings, pharmacological and biochemical assays, CRISPR/Cas9 technology and cell imaging, we provide evidence that current facilitation and macropore formation involve functional complexes comprised of P2X7 and TMEM16, a family of Ca2+-activated ion channel/scramblases. We found that current facilitation results in an increase of functional complex-embedded P2X7 open probability, a result that is recapitulated by plasma membrane cholesterol depletion. We further show that macropore formation entails two distinct large molecule permeation components, one of which requires functional complexes featuring TMEM16F subtype, the other likely being direct permeation through the P2X7 pore itself. Such functional complexes can be considered to represent a regulatory hub that may orchestrate distinct P2X7 functionalities.
Collapse
|
2
|
Benhadda A, Quentin E, Moutkine I, Chanrion B, Russeau M, Marin P, Levi S, Maroteaux L. Serotonin 2B Receptor by Interacting with NMDA Receptor and CIPP Protein Complex May Control Structural Plasticity at Glutamatergic Synapses. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1133-1149. [PMID: 33739808 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin 2B (5-HT2B) receptor coupled to Gq-protein contributes to the control of neuronal excitability and is implicated in various psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms underlying its brain function are not fully described. Using peptide affinity chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, we found that the PDZ binding motif of the 5-HT2B receptor located at its C-terminal end interacts with the scaffolding protein channel interacting PDZ protein (CIPP). We then showed, in COS-7 cells, that the association of the 5-HT2B receptor to CIPP enhanced receptor-operated inositol phosphate (IP) production without affecting its cell surface and intracellular levels. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that CIPP, the 5-HT2B receptor, and the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor form a macromolecular complex. CIPP increased 5-HT2B receptor clustering at the surface of primary cultured hippocampal neurons and prevented receptor dispersion following agonist stimulation, thus potentiating IP production and intracellular calcium mobilization in dendrites. CIPP or 5-HT2B receptor stimulation in turn dispersed NR1 clusters colocalized with 5-HT2B receptors and increased the density and maturation of dendritic spines. Collectively, our results suggest that the 5-HT2B receptor, the NMDA receptor, and CIPP may form a signaling platform by which serotonin can influence structural plasticity of excitatory glutamatergic synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Benhadda
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Emily Quentin
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Imane Moutkine
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Chanrion
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Russeau
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Levi
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, F75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rezayi M, Mahmoodi P, Langari H, Behnam B, Sahebkar A. Conjugates of Curcumin with Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes: A Review on Biomedical Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6849-6863. [PMID: 31724497 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191113145745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of carbon nanotubes and graphenes has been on the rise for various nanobiotechnological applications. Owing to their special characteristics, these two nanostructures of carbon allotropes have been studied for their capacity in the detection and treatment of many diseases. On the other hand, curcumin, a well-known antioxidant and anticancer natural product, is being extensively studied for numerous medicinal applications. Interestingly, many reports have shown great potentials of conjugates of curcumin and carbon nanotubes or graphenes. These conjugates, when properly designed and functionalized with biomolecules, could represent the valuable properties of each component alone while they could be effective in overcoming the poor solubility issues of both curcumin and Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs). In this case, curcumin conjugates with CNMs seem to be very promising in biosensing applications and the detection of many biomolecules, especially, curcumin has been reported to be very effective with these conjugates. Also, the delivery of curcumin using functionalized SWCNTs was evaluated for its ability to load and release curcumin, to protect curcumin from degradation and to enhance its solubility. It is proposed that other properties of these conjugates are still to be discovered and the interdisciplinary approaches among biology, medicine, chemistry, and material engineering will accelerate the applications of these novel materials. This review aims to summarize the findings on the applications of CNM conjugates of curcumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rezayi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564,
Iran,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Pegah Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Hadis Langari
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Behzad Behnam
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kokolaki ML, Fauquier A, Renner M. Molecular Crowding and Diffusion-Capture in Synapses. iScience 2020; 23:101382. [PMID: 32739837 PMCID: PMC7399191 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes often contain domains with important physiological functions. A typical example are neuronal synapses, whose capacity to capture receptors for neurotransmitters is central to neuronal functions. Receptors diffuse in the membrane until they are stabilized by interactions with stable elements, the scaffold. Single particle tracking experiments demonstrated that these interactions are rather weak and that lateral diffusion is strongly impaired in the post-synaptic membrane due to molecular crowding. We investigated how the distribution of scaffolding molecules and molecular crowding affect the capture of receptors. In particle-based Monte Carlo simulations, based on experimental data of molecular diffusion and organization, crowding enhanced the receptor-scaffold interaction but reduced the capture of new molecules. The distribution of scaffolding sites in several clusters reduced crowding and fostered the exchange of molecules accelerating synaptic plasticity. Synapses could switch between two regimes, becoming more stable or more plastic depending on the internal distribution of molecules. The good: molecular crowding enhances the interaction receptors-scaffold The bad: the exchange of molecules with extrasynaptic areas is reduced by crowding Molecular crowding helps synapses to be stable Nanoclusters of scaffold sites reduce crowding effects and favor synaptic plasticity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélien Fauquier
- Sorbonne Université UMR-S 1270 INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin (IFM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marianne Renner
- Sorbonne Université UMR-S 1270 INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin (IFM), 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shrivastava AN, Redeker V, Pieri L, Bousset L, Renner M, Madiona K, Mailhes-Hamon C, Coens A, Buée L, Hantraye P, Triller A, Melki R. Clustering of Tau fibrils impairs the synaptic composition of α3-Na +/K +-ATPase and AMPA receptors. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.201899871. [PMID: 30630857 PMCID: PMC6356061 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau assemblies have prion‐like properties: they propagate from one neuron to another and amplify by seeding the aggregation of endogenous Tau. Although key in prion‐like propagation, the binding of exogenous Tau assemblies to the plasma membrane of naïve neurons is not understood. We report that fibrillar Tau forms clusters at the plasma membrane following lateral diffusion. We found that the fibrils interact with the Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA) and AMPA receptors. The consequence of the clustering is a reduction in the amount of α3‐NKA and an increase in the amount of GluA2‐AMPA receptor at synapses. Furthermore, fibrillar Tau destabilizes functional NKA complexes. Tau and α‐synuclein aggregates often co‐exist in patients’ brains. We now show evidences for cross‐talk between these pathogenic aggregates with α‐synuclein fibrils dramatically enhancing fibrillar Tau clustering and synaptic localization. Our results suggest that fibrillar α‐synuclein and Tau cross‐talk at the plasma membrane imbalance neuronal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Nidhi Shrivastava
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (UMR9199), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (UMR9199), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laura Pieri
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (UMR9199), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Luc Bousset
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (UMR9199), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marianne Renner
- INSERM, UMR - S 839 Institut du Fer à Moulin (IFM), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karine Madiona
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (UMR9199), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Mailhes-Hamon
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Coens
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (UMR9199), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Luc Buée
- CHU Lille, INSERM UMR-S 1172 JPArc "Alzheimer & Tauopathies" Universite Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (UMR9199), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antoine Triller
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (UMR9199), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wijesooriya CS, Nyamekye CKA, Smith EA. Optical Imaging of the Nanoscale Structure and Dynamics of Biological Membranes. Anal Chem 2018; 91:425-440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles K. A. Nyamekye
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- The Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- The Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heller JP, Rusakov DA. The Nanoworld of the Tripartite Synapse: Insights from Super-Resolution Microscopy. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:374. [PMID: 29225567 PMCID: PMC5705901 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic connections between individual nerve cells are fundamental to the process of information transfer and storage in the brain. Over the past decades a third key partner of the synaptic machinery has been unveiled: ultrathin processes of electrically passive astroglia which often surround pre- and postsynaptic structures. The recent advent of super-resolution (SR) microscopy has begun to uncover the dynamic nanoworld of synapses and their astroglial environment. Here we overview and discuss the current progress in our understanding of the synaptic nanoenvironment, as gleaned from the imaging methods that go beyond the diffraction limit of conventional light microscopy. We argue that such methods are essential to achieve a new level of comprehension pertinent to the principles of signal integration in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janosch P Heller
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitri A Rusakov
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sáez-Orellana F, Fuentes-Fuentes MC, Godoy PA, Silva-Grecchi T, Panes JD, Guzmán L, Yévenes GE, Gavilán J, Egan TM, Aguayo LG, Fuentealba J. P2X receptor overexpression induced by soluble oligomers of amyloid beta peptide potentiates synaptic failure and neuronal dyshomeostasis in cellular models of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:366-378. [PMID: 29079292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. The etiology of the disease is unknown, although considerable evidence suggests a critical role for the soluble oligomers of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). Because Aβ increases the expression of purinergic receptors (P2XRs) in vitro and in vivo, we studied the functional correlation between long-term exposure to Aβ and the ability of P2XRs to modulate network synaptic tone. We used electrophysiological recordings and Ca2+ microfluorimetry to assess the effects of chronic exposure (24 h) to Aβ oligomers (0.5 μM) together with known inhibitors of P2XRs, such as PPADS and apyrase on synaptic function. Changes in the expression of P2XR were quantified using RT-qPCR. We observed changes in the expression of P2X1R, P2X7R and an increase in P2X2R; and also in protein levels in PC12 cells (143%) and hippocampal neurons (120%) with Aβ. In parallel, the reduction on the frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs (72% and 35%, respectively) were prevented by P2XR inhibition using a low PPADS concentration. Additionally, the current amplitude and intracellular Ca2+ signals evoked by extracellular ATP were increased (70% and 75%, respectively), suggesting an over activation of purinergic neurotransmission in cells pre-treated with Aβ. Taken together, our findings suggest that Aβ disrupts the main components of synaptic transmission at both pre- and post-synaptic sites, and induces changes in the expression of key P2XRs, especially P2X2R; changing the neuromodulator function of the purinergic tone that could involve the P2X2R as a key factor for cytotoxic mechanisms. These results identify novel targets for the treatment of dementia and other diseases characterized by increased purinergic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sáez-Orellana
- Neuroactive Compounds Screening Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María C Fuentes-Fuentes
- Neuroactive Compounds Screening Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela A Godoy
- Neuroactive Compounds Screening Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tiare Silva-Grecchi
- Neuroactive Compounds Screening Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jessica D Panes
- Neuroactive Compounds Screening Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javiera Gavilán
- Neuroactive Compounds Screening Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Terrance M Egan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis G Aguayo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Neuroactive Compounds Screening Laboratory, Physiology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bannai H. Molecular membrane dynamics: Insights into synaptic function and neuropathological disease. Neurosci Res 2017; 129:47-56. [PMID: 28826905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The fluid mosaic model states that molecules in the plasma membrane can freely undergo lateral diffusion; however, in neurons and glia, specific membrane molecules are concentrated in cellular microdomains to overcome the randomizing effects of free diffusion. This specialized distribution of membrane molecules is crucial for various cell functions; one example is the accumulation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynaptic neuronal membrane, which enables efficient synaptic transmission. Quantum dot-single particle tracking (QD-SPT) is a super-resolution imaging technique that uses semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots as fluorescent probes, and is a powerful tool for analyzing protein and lipid behavior in the plasma membrane. In this article, we review studies implementing QD-SPT in neuroscience research and important data gleaned using this technology. Recent QD-SPT experiments have provided critical insights into the mechanism and physiological relevance of membrane self-organization in neurons and astrocytes in the brain. The mobility of some membrane molecules may become abnormal in cellular models of epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Based on these findings, we propose that the behavior of membrane molecules reflects the condition of neurons in pathological disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Bannai
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tapia M, Dominguez A, Zhang W, Del Puerto A, Ciorraga M, Benitez MJ, Guaza C, Garrido JJ. Cannabinoid Receptors Modulate Neuronal Morphology and AnkyrinG Density at the Axon Initial Segment. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:5. [PMID: 28179879 PMCID: PMC5263140 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarization underlies the ability of neurons to integrate and transmit information. This process begins early in development with axon outgrowth, followed by dendritic growth and subsequent maturation. In between these two steps, the axon initial segment (AIS), a subcellular domain crucial for generating action potentials (APs) and maintaining the morphological and functional polarization, starts to develop. However, the cellular/molecular mechanisms and receptors involved in AIS initial development and maturation are mostly unknown. In this study, we have focused on the role of the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R), a highly abundant G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) in the nervous system largely involved in different phases of neuronal development and differentiation. Although CB1R activity modulation has been related to changes in axons or dendrites, its possible role as a modulator of AIS development has not been yet explored. Here we analyzed the potential role of CB1R on neuronal morphology and AIS development using pharmacological and RNA interference approaches in cultured hippocampal neurons. CB1R inhibition, at a very early developmental stage, has no effect on axonal growth, yet CB1R activation can promote it. By contrast, subsequent dendritic growth is impaired by CB1R inhibition, which also reduces ankyrinG density at the AIS. Moreover, our data show a significant correlation between early dendritic growth and ankyrinG density. However, CB1R inhibition in later developmental stages after dendrites are formed only reduces ankyrinG accumulation at the AIS. In conclusion, our data suggest that neuronal CB1R basal activity plays a role in initial development of dendrites and indirectly in AIS proteins accumulation. Based on the lack of CB1R expression at the AIS, we hypothesize that CB1R mediated modulation of dendritic arbor size during early development indirectly determines the accumulation of ankyrinG and AIS development. Further studies will be necessary to determine which CB1R-dependent mechanisms can coordinate these two domains, and what may be the impact of these early developmental changes once neurons mature and are embedded in a functional brain network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Tapia
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dominguez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Wei Zhang
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Del Puerto
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ciorraga
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Benitez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Department of Quimica Fisica Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Garrido
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ion channel gated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The receptor is present on an increasing number of different cells types including stem, blood, glial, neural, ocular, bone, dental, exocrine, endothelial, muscle, renal and skin cells. The P2X7 receptor induces various downstream events in a cell-specific manner, including inflammatory molecule release, cell proliferation and death, metabolic events, and phagocytosis. As such this receptor plays important roles in heath and disease. Increasing knowledge about the P2X7 receptor has been gained from studies of, but not limited to, protein chemistry including cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, crystal structures and atomic modeling, as well as from studies of primary tissues and transgenic mice. This chapter focuses on the P2X7 receptor itself. This includes the P2RX7 gene and its products including splice and polymorphic variants. This chapter also reviews modulators of P2X7 receptor activation and inhibition, as well as the transcriptional regulation of the P2RX7 gene via its promoter and enhancer regions, and by microRNA and long-coding RNA. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the post-translational modification of the P2X7 receptor by N-linked glycosylation, adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation and palmitoylation. Finally, this chapter reviews interaction partners of the P2X7 receptor, and its cellular localisation and trafficking within cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cassé F, Martin S. Tracking the activity-dependent diffusion of synaptic proteins using restricted photoconversion of Dendra2. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:367. [PMID: 26441538 PMCID: PMC4585026 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spines are small protrusions on dendritic membranes receiving inputs from axonal termini. They consist in a head connected to the dendritic shaft by a narrow neck and contain multiple synaptic proteins that interact in a coordinated manner to allow for synaptic communication. This process involves many proteins that are moving in and out spines. However, comparing this synaptodendritic movement in basal and stimulated conditions is very challenging. Here we describe an elegant method to measure the activity-dependent diffusion of synaptic proteins using Dendra2 photoconversion. We provide a successful method to obtain Dendra2-photoconverted images and a step-by-step procedure to analyze the data. This live-imaging approach may also apply to investigate the diffusion of proteins across other subcellular compartments or organelles including but not restricted to, nucleus, nucleolus, ER, or vesicular structures. Once the imaging system is set up, data can be acquired in 1-30 min and analyzed in approximately 1-4 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Cassé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7275 - Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences, " Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Martin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7275 - Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences, " Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Z, Lavis L, Betzig E. Imaging Live-Cell Dynamics and Structure at the Single-Molecule Level. Mol Cell 2015; 58:644-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
14
|
Zhong H. Applying superresolution localization-based microscopy to neurons. Synapse 2015; 69:283-94. [PMID: 25648102 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Proper brain function requires the precise localization of proteins and signaling molecules on a nanometer scale. The examination of molecular organization at this scale has been difficult in part because it is beyond the reach of conventional, diffraction-limited light microscopy. The recently developed method of superresolution, localization-based fluorescent microscopy (LBM), such as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), has demonstrated a resolving power at a 10 nm scale and is poised to become a vital tool in modern neuroscience research. Indeed, LBM has revealed previously unknown cellular architectures and organizational principles in neurons. Here, we discuss the principles of LBM, its current applications in neuroscience, and the challenges that must be met before its full potential is achieved. We also present the unpublished results of our own experiments to establish a sample preparation procedure for applying LBM to study brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, 20147
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pi J, Jin H, Yang F, Chen ZW, Cai J. In situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes: linking basic nanotechniques to cell biology, immunology and medicine. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:12229-12249. [PMID: 25227707 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04195j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane, which consists of a viscous phospholipid bilayer, different kinds of proteins and various nano/micrometer-sized domains, plays a very important role in ensuring the stability of the intracellular environment and the order of cellular signal transductions. Exploring the precise cell membrane structure and detailed functions of the biomolecules in a cell membrane would be helpful to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in cell membrane signal transductions, which could further benefit research into cell biology, immunology and medicine. The detection of membrane biomolecules at the single molecule level can provide some subtle information about the molecular structure and the functions of the cell membrane. In particular, information obtained about the molecular mechanisms and other information at the single molecule level are significantly different from that detected from a large amount of biomolecules at the large-scale through traditional techniques, and can thus provide a novel perspective for the study of cell membrane structures and functions. However, the precise investigations of membrane biomolecules prompts researchers to explore cell membranes at the single molecule level by the use of in situ imaging methods, as the exact conformation and functions of biomolecules are highly controlled by the native cellular environment. Recently, the in situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes has attracted increasing attention from cell biologists and immunologists. The size of biomolecules and their clusters on the cell surface are set at the nanoscale, which makes it mandatory to use high- and super-resolution imaging techniques to realize the in situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes. In the past few decades, some amazing imaging techniques and instruments with super resolution have been widely developed for molecule imaging, which can also be further employed for the in situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes. In this review, we attempt to summarize the characteristics of these advanced techniques for use in the in situ single molecule imaging of cell membranes. We believe that this work will help to promote the technological and methodological developments of super-resolution techniques for the single molecule imaging of cell membranes and help researchers better understand which technique is most suitable for their future exploring of membrane biomolecules; ultimately promoting further developments in cell biology, immunology and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technique, Macau, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barrantes FJ. Cell-surface translational dynamics of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:25. [PMID: 25414663 PMCID: PMC4220116 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse efficacy heavily relies on the number of neurotransmitter receptors available at a given time. In addition to the equilibrium between the biosynthetic production, exocytic delivery and recycling of receptors on the one hand, and the endocytic internalization on the other, lateral diffusion and clustering of receptors at the cell membrane play key roles in determining the amount of active receptors at the synapse. Mobile receptors traffic between reservoir compartments and the synapse by thermally driven Brownian motion, and become immobilized at the peri-synaptic region or the synapse by: (a) clustering mediated by homotropic inter-molecular receptor–receptor associations; (b) heterotropic associations with non-receptor scaffolding proteins or the subjacent cytoskeletal meshwork, leading to diffusional “trapping,” and (c) protein-lipid interactions, particularly with the neutral lipid cholesterol. This review assesses the contribution of some of these mechanisms to the supramolecular organization and dynamics of the paradigm neurotransmitter receptor of muscle and neuronal cells -the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Currently available information stemming from various complementary biophysical techniques commonly used to interrogate the dynamics of cell-surface components is critically discussed. The translational mobility of nAChRs at the cell surface differs between muscle and neuronal receptors in terms of diffusion coefficients and residence intervals at the synapse, which cover an ample range of time regimes. A peculiar feature of brain α7 nAChR is its ability to spend much of its time confined peri-synaptically, vicinal to glutamatergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. An important function of the α7 nAChR may thus be visiting the territories of other neurotransmitter receptors, differentially regulating the dynamic equilibrium between excitation and inhibition, depending on its residence time in each domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina-National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sperlágh B, Illes P. P2X7 receptor: an emerging target in central nervous system diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:537-47. [PMID: 25223574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-sensitive homomeric P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has received particular attention as a potential drug target because of its widespread involvement in inflammatory diseases as a key regulatory element of the inflammasome complex. However, it has only recently become evident that P2X7Rs also play a pivotal role in central nervous system (CNS) pathology. There is an explosion of data indicating that genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of P2X7Rs alter responsiveness in animal models of neurological disorders, such as stroke, neurotrauma, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Moreover, recent studies suggest that P2X7Rs regulate the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders, implicating P2X7Rs as drug targets in a variety of CNS pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Sperlágh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Burnstock G, Nistri A, Khakh BS, Giniatullin R. ATP-gated P2X receptors in health and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:204. [PMID: 25104924 PMCID: PMC4109572 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Division of Biosciences, Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School London, UK ; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) Trieste, Italy
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- Department Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Physiology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu J, Chai H, Ehinger K, Egan TM, Srinivasan R, Frick M, Khakh BS. Imaging P2X4 receptor subcellular distribution, trafficking, and regulation using P2X4-pHluorin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 144:81-104. [PMID: 24935743 PMCID: PMC4076521 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A P2X4 receptor labeled with the pH-sensitive GFP superecliptic pHluorin represents a useful probe to investigate P2X4 receptor distribution, trafficking, and up-regulation. P2X4 receptors are adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated cation channels present on the plasma membrane (PM) and also within intracellular compartments such as vesicles, vacuoles, lamellar bodies (LBs), and lysosomes. P2X4 receptors in microglia are up-regulated in epilepsy and in neuropathic pain; that is to say, their total and/or PM expression levels increase. However, the mechanisms underlying up-regulation of microglial P2X4 receptors remain unclear, in part because it has not been possible to image P2X4 receptor distribution within, or trafficking between, cellular compartments. Here, we report the generation of pH-sensitive fluorescently tagged P2X4 receptors that permit evaluations of cell surface and total receptor pools. Capitalizing on information gained from zebrafish P2X4.1 crystal structures, we designed a series of mouse P2X4 constructs in which a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein, superecliptic pHluorin (pHluorin), was inserted into nonconserved regions located within flexible loops of the P2X4 receptor extracellular domain. One of these constructs, in which pHluorin was inserted after lysine 122 (P2X4-pHluorin123), functioned like wild-type P2X4 in terms of its peak ATP-evoked responses, macroscopic kinetics, calcium flux, current–voltage relationship, and sensitivity to ATP. P2X4-pHluorin123 also showed pH-dependent fluorescence changes, and was robustly expressed on the membrane and within intracellular compartments. P2X4-pHluorin123 identified cell surface and intracellular fractions of receptors in HEK-293 cells, hippocampal neurons, C8-B4 microglia, and alveolar type II (ATII) cells. Furthermore, it showed that the subcellular fractions of P2X4-pHluorin123 receptors were cell and compartment specific, for example, being larger in hippocampal neuron somata than in C8-B4 cell somata, and larger in C8-B4 microglial processes than in their somata. In ATII cells, P2X4-pHluorin123 showed that P2X4 receptors were secreted onto the PM when LBs undergo exocytosis. Finally, the use of P2X4-pHluorin123 showed that the modulator ivermectin did not increase the PM fraction of P2X4 receptors and acted allosterically to potentiate P2X4 receptor responses. Collectively, our data suggest that P2X4-pHluorin123 represents a useful optical probe to quantitatively explore P2X4 receptor distribution, trafficking, and up-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hua Chai
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Terrance M Egan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science and The Center for Excellence in Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130 Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science and The Center for Excellence in Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Willig KI, Barrantes FJ. Recent applications of superresolution microscopy in neurobiology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 20:16-21. [PMID: 24793373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synapses in brain are structural differentiations where excitatory or inhibitory signals are vectorially transmitted between two neurons. Excitatory synapses occur mostly on dendritic spines, submicron sized protrusions of the neuronal dendritic arborizations. Axons establish contacts with these tiny specializations purported to be the smallest functional processing units in the central nervous system. The minute size of synapses and their macromolecular constituents creates an inherent difficulty for imaging but makes them an ideal object for superresolution microscopy. Here we discuss some representative examples of nanoscopy studies, ranging from quantification of receptors and scaffolding proteins in postsynaptic densities and their dynamic behavior, to imaging of synaptic vesicle proteins and dendritic spines in living neurons or even live animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin I Willig
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany; Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, BIOMED, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Argentina, UCA-CONICET, 1107 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|