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Conedera FM, Kokona D, Zinkernagel MS, Stein JV, Lin CP, Alt C, Enzmann V. Macrophages coordinate immune response to laser-induced injury via extracellular traps. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:68. [PMID: 38500151 PMCID: PMC10949579 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration results from disruptions in retinal homeostasis due to injury, disease, or aging and triggers peripheral leukocyte infiltration. Effective immune responses rely on coordinated actions of resident microglia and recruited macrophages, critical for tissue remodeling and repair. However, these phagocytes also contribute to chronic inflammation in degenerated retinas, yet the precise coordination of immune response to retinal damage remains elusive. Recent investigations have demonstrated that phagocytic cells can produce extracellular traps (ETs), which are a source of self-antigens that alter the immune response, which can potentially lead to tissue injury. METHODS Innovations in experimental systems facilitate real-time exploration of immune cell interactions and dynamic responses. We integrated in vivo imaging with ultrastructural analysis, transcriptomics, pharmacological treatments, and knockout mice to elucidate the role of phagocytes and their modulation of the local inflammatory response through extracellular traps (ETs). Deciphering these mechanisms is essential for developing novel and enhanced immunotherapeutic approaches that can redirect a specific maladaptive immune response towards favorable wound healing in the retina. RESULTS Our findings underscore the pivotal role of innate immune cells, especially macrophages/monocytes, in regulating retinal repair and inflammation. The absence of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration aids parenchymal integrity restoration, while their depletion, particularly macrophages/monocytes, impedes vascular recovery. We demonstrate that macrophages/monocytes, when recruited in the retina, release chromatin and granular proteins, forming ETs. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of ETosis support retinal and vascular repair, surpassing the effects of blocking innate immune cell recruitment. Simultaneously, the absence of ETosis reshapes the inflammatory response, causing neutrophils, helper, and cytotoxic T-cells to be restricted primarily in the superficial capillary plexus instead of reaching the damaged photoreceptor layer. CONCLUSIONS Our data offer novel insights into innate immunity's role in responding to retinal damage and potentially help developing innovative immunotherapeutic approaches that can shift the immune response from maladaptive to beneficial for retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Conedera
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Despina Kokona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens Alt
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Yang R, Zhang Y, Kang J, Zhang C, Ning B. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans Revisited: Its Mechanism of Generation and Action for Spinal Cord Injury. Aging Dis 2024; 15:153-168. [PMID: 37307832 PMCID: PMC10796098 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes (RAs) produce chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in large quantities after spinal cord injury (SCI) and inhibit axon regeneration through the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway. However, the mechanism of producing CSPGs by RAs and their roles in other aspects are often overlooked. In recent years, novel generation mechanisms and functions of CSPGs have gradually emerged. Extracellular traps (ETs), a new recently discovered phenomenon in SCI, can promote secondary injury. ETs are released by neutrophils and microglia, which activate astrocytes to produce CSPGs after SCI. CSPGs inhibit axon regeneration and play an important role in regulating inflammation as well as cell migration and differentiation; some of these regulations are beneficial. The current review summarized the process of ET-activated RAs to generate CSPGs at the cellular signaling pathway level. Moreover, the roles of CSPGs in inhibiting axon regeneration, regulating inflammation, and regulating cell migration and differentiation were discussed. Finally, based on the above process, novel potential therapeutic targets were proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianning Kang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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3
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Bourcier CH, Michel-Flutot P, Emam L, Adam L, Gasser A, Vinit S, Mansart A. ß1-adrenergic blockers preserve neuromuscular function by inhibiting the production of extracellular traps during systemic inflammation in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228374. [PMID: 37809074 PMCID: PMC10556451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe inflammation via innate immune system activation causes organ dysfunction. Among these, the central nervous system (CNS) is particularly affected by encephalopathies. These symptoms are associated with the activation of microglia and a potential infiltration of leukocytes. These immune cells have recently been discovered to have the ability to produce extracellular traps (ETs). While these components capture and destroy pathogens, deleterious effects occur such as reduced neuronal excitability correlated with excessive ETs production. In this study, the objectives were to determine (1) whether immune cells form ETs in the CNS during acute inflammation (2) whether ETs produce neuromuscular disorders and (3) whether an immunomodulatory treatment such as β1-adrenergic blockers limits these effects. We observed an infiltration of neutrophils in the CNS, an activation of microglia and a production of ETs following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Atenolol, a β1-adrenergic blocker, significantly decreased the production of ETs in both microglia and neutrophils. This treatment also preserved the gastrocnemius motoneuron excitability. Similar results were observed when the production of ETs was prevented by sivelestat, an inhibitor of ET formation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that LPS administration increases neutrophils infiltration into the CNS, activates immune cells and produces ETs that directly impair neuromuscular function. Prevention of ETs formation by β1-adrenergic blockers partly restores this function and could be a good target in order to reduce adverse effects in severe inflammation such as sepsis but also in other motor related pathologies linked to ETs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille H. Bourcier
- END-ICAP, INSERM U1179, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Laila Emam
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Lucille Adam
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Adeline Gasser
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Stéphane Vinit
- END-ICAP, INSERM U1179, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud Mansart
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause severe invasive infections upon ingestion with contaminated food. Clinically, listerial disease, or listeriosis, most often presents as bacteremia, meningitis or meningoencephalitis, and pregnancy-associated infections manifesting as miscarriage or neonatal sepsis. Invasive listeriosis is life-threatening and a main cause of foodborne illness leading to hospital admissions in Western countries. Sources of contamination can be identified through international surveillance systems for foodborne bacteria and strains' genetic data sharing. Large-scale whole genome studies have increased our knowledge on the diversity and evolution of L. monocytogenes, while recent pathophysiological investigations have improved our mechanistic understanding of listeriosis. In this article, we present an overview of human listeriosis with particular focus on relevant features of the causative bacterium, epidemiology, risk groups, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel M Koopmans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - José A Vázquez-Boland
- Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School (Biomedical Sciences), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Michel-Flutot P, Bourcier CH, Emam L, Gasser A, Glatigny S, Vinit S, Mansart A. Extracellular traps formation following cervical spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:692-704. [PMID: 36537022 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries involve a primary injury that can lead to permanent loss of function and a secondary injury associated with pathologic and inflammatory processes. Extracellular traps are extracellular structures expressed by immune cells that are primarily composed of chromatin, granular enzymes and histones. Extracellular traps are known to induce tissue damage when overexpressed and could be associated in the occurrence of secondary damage. In the present study, we used flow cytometry to demonstrate that at 1 day following a C2 spinal cord lateral hemisection in male Swiss mice, resident microglia form vital microglia extracellular traps, and infiltrating neutrophils form vital neutrophil extracellular traps. We also used immunolabelling to show that microglia near the lesion area are most likely to form these microglia extracellular traps. As expected, infiltrating neutrophils are located at the site of injury, though only some of them engage in post-injury extracellular trap formation. We also observed the formation of microglia and neutrophil extracellular traps in our sham animal models of durotomy, but formation was less frequent than following the C2 hemisection. Our results demonstrate for the first time that microglia form extracellular traps in the spinal cord following injury and durotomy. It remains however to determine the exact mechanisms and kinetics of neutrophil and microglia extracellular traps formation following spinal cord injury. This information would allow to better mitigate this inflammatory process that may contribute to secondary injury and to effectively target extracellular traps to improve functional outcomes following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille H Bourcier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1179, END-ICAP, Versailles, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
| | - Laila Emam
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
| | - Adeline Gasser
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
| | - Simon Glatigny
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
| | - Stéphane Vinit
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1179, END-ICAP, Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud Mansart
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
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Chen J, Huang W, Zhang H, Peng X, Yang J, Yang Y, Su J, Wang S, Zhou W. Quantitative proteomics on the cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalus in neonatal bacterial meningitis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:972032. [PMID: 36052359 PMCID: PMC9424622 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.972032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hydrocephalus in bacterial meningitis (BM) is a devastating infectious neurological disease and the proteins and pathways involved in its pathophysiology are not fully understood. Materials and methods Label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics analyses was used to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from infants with hydrocephalus and bacterial meningitis (HBM group, N = 8), infants with bacterial meningitis (BM group, N = 9); and healthy infants (N group, N = 11). Bioinformatics analysis was subsequently performed to investigate Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enriched signaling pathways of these DEPs. Six proteins (AZU1, COX4I1, EDF1, KRT31, MMP12, and PRG2) were selected for further validation via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with BM group and N group, HBM group had a higher whole CSF protein level (5.6 ± 2.7 vs. 1.7 ± 1.0 vs. 1.2 ± 0.5 g/l) and lower whole CSF glucose level (0.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.8 ± 0.7 vs. 3.3 ± 0.8 mmol/l) (both P < 0.05). Over 300 DEPs were differentially expressed in HBM group compared with BM group and BM compared with N group, of which 78% were common to both. Cluster analysis indicated that the levels of 226 proteins were increased in BM group compared with N group and were decreased in HBM group compared with BM group. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the involvement of the cell adhesion, immune response and extracellular exosome signaling were significantly enriched in HBM compared with BM group and BM compared with N group. 267 DEPs were identified between HBM group with N group, KEGG analysis indicated that DEPs mainly involved in filament cytoskeleton and immune response. The ELISA results further verified that the expression levels of AZU1 were significantly different from among three groups (both P < 0.05). Conclusion This is the first reported characterization of quantitative proteomics from the CSF of infants with HBM. Our study also demonstrated that AZU1 could be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus in bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncao Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiben Huang
- Department of Neonatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Dali Autonomous Prefecture Children’s Hospital, Dali, China
| | - Xiangwen Peng
- Department of Key Laboratory, Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Jinzhen Su
- Department of Neonatology, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Colciaghi F, Costanza M. Unveiling Leukocyte Extracellular Traps in Inflammatory Responses of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915392. [PMID: 35844591 PMCID: PMC9283689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past nearly two decades, increasing evidence has uncovered how immune cells can actively extrude genetic material to entrap invading pathogens or convey sterile inflammatory signals that contribute to shaping immune responses. Originally identified in neutrophils, the release of decondensed chromatin fibers decorated with antimicrobial proteins, called extracellular traps (ETs), has been recognized as a specific form of programmed inflammatory cell death, which is now known to occur in several other leukocytes. Subsequent reports have shown that self-DNA can be extruded from immune cells even in the absence of cell death phenomena. More recent data suggest that ETs formation could exacerbate neuroinflammation in several disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). This review article provides an overview of the varied types, sources, and potential functions of extracellular DNA released by immune cells. Key evidence suggesting the involvement of ETs in neurodegenerative, traumatic, autoimmune, and oncological disorders of the CNS will be discussed, outlining ongoing challenges and drawing potentially novel lines of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Colciaghi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Costanza
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo Costanza,
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8
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Keshavarz Alikhani H, Shokoohian B, Rezasoltani S, Hossein-Khannazer N, Yadegar A, Hassan M, Vosough M. Application of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as an Innovative Theranostics in Microbial Diseases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:785856. [PMID: 34917064 PMCID: PMC8669997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as nano-/micro-scale vehicles, are membranous particles containing various cargoes including peptides, proteins, different types of RNAs and other nucleic acids, and lipids. These vesicles are produced by all cell types, in which stem cells are a potent source for them. Stem cell-derived EVs could be promising platforms for treatment of infectious diseases and early diagnosis. Infectious diseases are responsible for more than 11 million deaths annually. Highly transmissible nature of some microbes, such as newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), drives researcher's interest to set up different strategies to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Recently, EVs-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been launched and gaining momentum very fast. The efficiency of stem cell-derived EVs on treatment of clinical complications of different viruses and bacteria, such as SARS-CoV-2, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli has been demonstrated. On the other hand, microbial pathogens are able to incorporate their components into their EVs. The microbe-derived EVs have different physiological and pathological impacts on the other organisms. In this review, we briefly discussed biogenesis and the fate of EVs. Then, EV-based therapy was described and recent developments in understanding the potential application of stem cell-derived EVs on pathogenic microorganisms were recapitulated. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which EVs were exploited to fight against infectious diseases were highlighted. Finally, the deriver challenges in translation of stem cell-derived EVs into the clinical arena were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Keshavarz Alikhani
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Shokoohian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sama Rezasoltani
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran.,Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Wu X, Zeng H, Cai L, Chen G. Role of the Extracellular Traps in Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:783882. [PMID: 34868063 PMCID: PMC8635093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that several immune cells can release chromatin and granular proteins into extracellular space in response to the stimulation, forming extracellular traps (ETs). The cells involved in the extracellular trap formation are recognized including neutropils, macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells. With the development of research related to central nervous system, the role of ETs has been valued in neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier, and other fields. Meanwhile, it has been found that microglial cells as the resident immune cells of the central nervous system can also release ETs, updating the original understanding. This review aims to clarify the role of the ETs in the central nervous system, especially in neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingxin Cai
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Funnicelli MIG, Alecrim JVC, Souza PG, Carvalho FCA, Belo MAA, Pizauro JM. Microglia extracellular traps in Oreochromis niloticus infected with Weissella cibaria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:148-153. [PMID: 33838222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of extracellular traps (ETs) is important in the cellular response against bacteria. Thus, in the present study, we describe for the first time the capacity of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) microglia in the formation of ETs in Weissella cibaria in vitro infection. Thus, we evaluated the ultrastructure of the microglia culture and observed the formation of ETs 6 h after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and during the course of infection. Our results shed light on the mechanism of formation of ETs in the microglia of teleost fish and the ability of W. cibaria to infect these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas F Eto
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil.
| | - Dayanne C Fernandes
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, (CeTICS/FAPESP), 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelli I G Funnicelli
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João V C Alecrim
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Pedro G Souza
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Fabíola C A Carvalho
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Marco A A Belo
- Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Brazil, 13690-000, Descalvado, Brazil; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Unesp, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - João M Pizauro
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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White JR, Dauros-Singorenko P, Hong J, Vanholsbeeck F, Phillips A, Swift S. The complex, bidirectional role of extracellular vesicles in infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:881-891. [PMID: 33860784 PMCID: PMC8106493 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells from all domains of life release extracellular vesicles (EVs), packages that carry a cargo of molecules that participate in communication, co-ordination of population behaviours, virulence and immune response mechanisms. Mammalian EVs play an increasingly recognised role to fight infection, yet may also be commandeered to disseminate pathogens and enhance infection. EVs released by bacterial pathogens may deliver toxins to host cells, signalling molecules and new DNA to other bacteria, and act as decoys, protecting infecting bacteria from immune killing. In this review, we explore the role of EVs in infection from the perspective of both the pathogen and host, and highlight their importance in the host/pathogen relationship. We highlight proposed strategies for EVs in therapeutics, and call attention to areas where existing knowledge and evidence is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Renee White
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, Auckland 1010, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Priscila Dauros-Singorenko
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, New Zealand
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, 22-30 Park Avenue, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, 22-30 Park Avenue, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Frédérique Vanholsbeeck
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, Auckland 1010, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, 38 Princes Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, 22-30 Park Avenue, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, New Zealand
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Agrawal I, Sharma N, Saxena S, Arvind S, Chakraborty D, Chakraborty DB, Jha D, Ghatak S, Epari S, Gupta T, Jha S. Dopamine induces functional extracellular traps in microglia. iScience 2021; 24:101968. [PMID: 33458617 PMCID: PMC7797945 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays many roles in the brain, especially in movement, motivation, and reinforcement of behavior; however, its role in regulating innate immunity is not clear. Here, we show that DA can induce DNA-based extracellular traps in primary, adult, human microglia and BV2 microglia cell line. These DNA-based extracellular traps are formed independent of reactive oxygen species, actin polymerization, and cell death. These traps are functional and capture fluorescein (FITC)-tagged Escherichia coli even when reactive oxygen species production or actin polymerization is inhibited. We show that microglial extracellular traps are present in Glioblastoma multiforme. This is crucial because Glioblastoma multiforme cells are known to secrete DA. Our findings demonstrate that DA plays a significant role in sterile neuro-inflammation by inducing microglia extracellular traps. Dopamine induces ETs in BV2 microglia and primary adult human microglia Induced traps are independent of ROS, cell death, and actin polymerization Microglia ETs are functional and can trap E. coli Microglia ETs are also present in Glioblastoma multiforme
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Agrawal
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India.,Karolinska Institute and Scilifelab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shivanjali Saxena
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - S Arvind
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Debayani Chakraborty
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Debarati Bhunia Chakraborty
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Deepak Jha
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan, India
| | - Surajit Ghatak
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan, India
| | - Sridhar Epari
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, 400012 Maharashtra, India
| | - Tejpal Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushmita Jha
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
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Barani M, Mukhtar M, Rahdar A, Sargazi G, Thysiadou A, Kyzas GZ. Progress in the Application of Nanoparticles and Graphene as Drug Carriers and on the Diagnosis of Brain Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010186. [PMID: 33401658 PMCID: PMC7795866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the protective sheath around the brain that protects the sensitive microenvironments of the brain. However, certain pathogens, viruses, and bacteria disrupt the endothelial barrier and cause infection and hence inflammation in meninges. Macromolecular therapeutics are unable to cross the tight junctions, thereby limiting their bioavailability in the brain. Recently, nanotechnology has brought a revolution in the field of drug delivery in brain infections. The nanostructures have high targeting accuracy and specificity to the receptors in the case of active targeting, which have made them the ideal cargoes to permeate across the BBB. In addition, nanomaterials with biomimetic functions have been introduced to efficiently cross the BBB to be engulfed by the pathogens. This review focuses on the nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches for exploration in brain infections, including meningitis. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, or, rarely, protozoa or parasites may be the cause of brain infections. Moreover, inflammation of the meninges, called meningitis, is presently diagnosed using laboratory and imaging tests. Despite attempts to improve diagnostic instruments for brain infections and meningitis, due to its complicated and multidimensional nature and lack of successful diagnosis, meningitis appears almost untreatable. Potential for overcoming the difficulties and limitations related to conventional diagnostics has been shown by nanoparticles (NPs). Nanomedicine now offers new methods and perspectives to improve our knowledge of meningitis and can potentially give meningitis patients new hope. Here, we review traditional diagnosis tools and key nanoparticles (Au-NPs, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), QDs, etc.) for early diagnosis of brain infections and meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran;
| | - Mahwash Mukhtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (G.Z.K.); Tel.: +30-2510-462218 (G.Z.K.)
| | - Ghasem Sargazi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Science, Bam 5166-15731, Iran;
| | - Anna Thysiadou
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece;
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece;
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (G.Z.K.); Tel.: +30-2510-462218 (G.Z.K.)
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14
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TLR-2 neutralization potentiates microglial M1 to M2 switching by the combinatorial treatment of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone during S. aureus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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The Messenger Apps of the cell: Extracellular Vesicles as Regulatory Messengers of Microglial Function in the CNS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:473-486. [PMID: 32337651 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intense effort of investigators, in particular during the past decade, has highlighted the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity in the course of a variety of infections, with clear implications for development of novel vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Current and future efforts now need to focus strongly on teasing apart the intricate and complex molecular mechanisms that operate during EV regulation of immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances that bear on our current understanding of how EVs, including exosomes, can contribute to the innate immune functions of microglia within the central nervous system (CNS), and we also highlight future important mechanistic questions that need to be addressed. In particular, recent findings that highlight the crosstalk between autophagy and exosome pathways and their implications for innate immune functions of microglia will be presented. Microglial activation has been shown to play a key role in neuroAIDS, a neuro-infectious disease for which the importance of exosome functions, including exosome-autophagy interplay, has been reported. The importance of exosomes and exosome-autophagy crosstalk involving microglia has also been shown for the Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease that is thought to be linked with immune dysfunction and involve infectious agents as trigger. Considering the accumulation of recent findings and the vibrancy of the EV field, we anticipate that future studies will continue to have a deep impact on our understanding of the CNS pathologies that are influenced by the functions of microglia and of the infectious disease mechanisms in general. Graphical Abstract.
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Pathogenesis of Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU). Cells 2019; 8:cells8121528. [PMID: 31783639 PMCID: PMC6953072 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is considered one of the most important eye diseases in horses and typically appears with relapsing inflammatory episodes without systemic effects. Various disorders have been described as an initial trigger, including infections. Independent of the initiating cause, there are numerous indications that ERU is an immune-mediated disease. We investigated whether neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are part of the ERU pathogenesis. Therefore, vitreous body fluids (VBF), sera, and histological sections of the eye from ERU-diseased horses were analyzed for the presence of NET markers and compared with horses with healthy eyes. In addition, NET formation by blood derived neutrophils was investigated in the presence of VBF derived from horses with healthy eyes versus ERU-diseased horses using immunofluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, NET markers like free DNA, histone-complexes, and myeloperoxidase were detected in higher amounts in samples from ERU-diseased horses. Furthermore, in vitro NET formation was higher in neutrophils incubated with VBF from diseased horses compared with those animals with healthy eyes. Finally, we characterized the ability of equine cathelicidins to induce NETs, as potential NET inducing factors in ERU-diseased horses. In summary, our findings lead to the hypothesis that ERU-diseased horses develop more NETs and that these may contribute to the pathogenesis of ERU.
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