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Wang T, Ling AH, Billings SE, Hosseini DK, Vaisbuch Y, Kim GS, Atkinson PJ, Sayyid ZN, Aaron KA, Wagh D, Pham N, Scheibinger M, Zhou R, Ishiyama A, Moore LS, Maria PS, Blevins NH, Jackler RK, Alyono JC, Kveton J, Navaratnam D, Heller S, Lopez IA, Grillet N, Jan TA, Cheng AG. Single-cell transcriptomic atlas reveals increased regeneration in diseased human inner ear balance organs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4833. [PMID: 38844821 PMCID: PMC11156867 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian inner ear hair cell loss leads to permanent hearing and balance dysfunction. In contrast to the cochlea, vestibular hair cells of the murine utricle have some regenerative capacity. Whether human utricular hair cells regenerate in vivo remains unknown. Here we procured live, mature utricles from organ donors and vestibular schwannoma patients, and present a validated single-cell transcriptomic atlas at unprecedented resolution. We describe markers of 13 sensory and non-sensory cell types, with partial overlap and correlation between transcriptomes of human and mouse hair cells and supporting cells. We further uncover transcriptomes unique to hair cell precursors, which are unexpectedly 14-fold more abundant in vestibular schwannoma utricles, demonstrating the existence of ongoing regeneration in humans. Lastly, supporting cell-to-hair cell trajectory analysis revealed 5 distinct patterns of dynamic gene expression and associated pathways, including Wnt and IGF-1 signaling. Our dataset constitutes a foundational resource, accessible via a web-based interface, serving to advance knowledge of the normal and diseased human inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, PR China
| | - Angela H Ling
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sara E Billings
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Davood K Hosseini
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yona Vaisbuch
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Grace S Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Patrick J Atkinson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zahra N Sayyid
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ksenia A Aaron
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dhananjay Wagh
- Stanford Genomics Facility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicole Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruiqi Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Akira Ishiyama
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lindsay S Moore
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nikolas H Blevins
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Robert K Jackler
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer C Alyono
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John Kveton
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Dhasakumar Navaratnam
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ivan A Lopez
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nicolas Grillet
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Taha A Jan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Anselmi C, Fuller GK, Stolfi A, Groves AK, Manni L. Sensory cells in tunicates: insights into mechanoreceptor evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1359207. [PMID: 38550380 PMCID: PMC10973136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1359207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tunicates, the sister group of vertebrates, offer a unique perspective for evolutionary developmental studies (Evo-Devo) due to their simple anatomical organization. Moreover, the separation of tunicates from vertebrates predated the vertebrate-specific genome duplications. As adults, they include both sessile and pelagic species, with very limited mobility requirements related mainly to water filtration. In sessile species, larvae exhibit simple swimming behaviors that are required for the selection of a suitable substrate on which to metamorphose. Despite their apparent simplicity, tunicates display a variety of mechanoreceptor structures involving both primary and secondary sensory cells (i.e., coronal sensory cells). This review encapsulates two decades of research on tunicate mechanoreception focusing on the coronal organ's sensory cells as prime candidates for understanding the evolution of vertebrate hair cells of the inner ear and the lateral line organ. The review spans anatomical, cellular and molecular levels emphasizing both similarity and differences between tunicate and vertebrate mechanoreception strategies. The evolutionary significance of mechanoreception is discussed within the broader context of Evo-Devo studies, shedding light on the intricate pathways that have shaped the sensory system in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Anselmi
- Hopkins Marine Station, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gwynna K. Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lucia Manni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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McGovern MM, Hosamani IV, Niu Y, Nguyen KY, Zong C, Groves AK. Expression of Atoh1, Gfi1, and Pou4f3 in the mature cochlea reprograms nonsensory cells into hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2304680121. [PMID: 38266052 PMCID: PMC10835112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304680121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory hair cells of the mature mammalian organ of Corti do not regenerate; consequently, loss of hair cells leads to permanent hearing loss. Although nonmammalian vertebrates can regenerate hair cells from neighboring supporting cells, many humans with severe hearing loss lack both hair cells and supporting cells, with the organ of Corti being replaced by a flat epithelium of nonsensory cells. To determine whether the mature cochlea can produce hair cells in vivo, we reprogrammed nonsensory cells adjacent to the organ of Corti with three hair cell transcription factors: Gfi1, Atoh1, and Pou4f3. We generated numerous hair cell-like cells in nonsensory regions of the cochlea and new hair cells continued to be added over a period of 9 wk. Significantly, cells adjacent to reprogrammed hair cells expressed markers of supporting cells, suggesting that transcription factor reprogramming of nonsensory cochlear cells in adult animals can generate mosaics of sensory cells like those seen in the organ of Corti. Generating such sensory mosaics by reprogramming may represent a potential strategy for hearing restoration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishwar V. Hosamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Yichi Niu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Ken Y. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Chenghang Zong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
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4
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Liu Y, Yang L, Singh S, Beyer LA, Prieskorn DM, Swiderski DL, Groves AK, Raphael Y. Combinatorial Atoh1, Gfi1, Pou4f3, and Six1 gene transfer induces hair cell regeneration in the flat epithelium of mature guinea pigs. Hear Res 2024; 441:108916. [PMID: 38103445 PMCID: PMC11223172 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Flat epithelium (FE) is a condition characterized by the loss of both hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells and the transformation of the organ of Corti into a simple flat or cuboidal epithelium, which can occur after severe cochlear insults. The transcription factors Gfi1, Atoh1, Pou4f3, and Six1 (GAPS) play key roles in HC differentiation and survival in normal ears. Previous work using a single transcription factor, Atoh1, to induce HC regeneration in mature ears in vivo usually produced very few cells and failed to produce HCs in severely damaged organs of Corti, especially those with FE. Studies in vitro suggested combinations of transcription factors may be more effective than any single factor, thus the current study aims to examine the effect of co-overexpressing GAPS genes in deafened mature guinea pig cochleae with FE. Deafening was achieved through the infusion of neomycin into the perilymph, leading to the formation of FE and substantial degeneration of nerve fibers. Seven days post neomycin treatment, adenovirus vectors carrying GAPS were injected into the scala media and successfully expressed in the FE. One or two months following GAPS inoculation, cells expressing Myosin VIIa were observed in regions under the FE (located at the scala tympani side of the basilar membrane), rather than within the FE. The number of cells, which we define as induced HCs (iHCs), was not significantly different between one and two months, but the larger N at two months made it more apparent that there were significantly more iHCs in GAPS treated animals than in controls. Additionally, qualitative observations indicated that ears with GAPS gene expression in the FE had more nerve fibers than FE without the treatment. In summary, our results showed that co-overexpression of GAPS enhances the potential for HC regeneration in a severe lesion model of FE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Sunita Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa A Beyer
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diane M Prieskorn
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donald L Swiderski
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yehoash Raphael
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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5
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Xu W, Zhu C, Gao X, Wu B, Xu H, Hu M, Zeng H, Gan X, Feng C, Zheng J, Bo J, He LS, Qiu Q, Wang W, He S, Wang K. Chromosome-level genome assembly of hadal snailfish reveals mechanisms of deep-sea adaptation in vertebrates. eLife 2023; 12:RP87198. [PMID: 38134226 PMCID: PMC10746142 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the deepest vertebrate in the ocean, the hadal snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei), which lives at a depth of 6,000-8,000 m, is a representative case for studying adaptation to extreme environments. Despite some preliminary studies on this species in recent years, including their loss of pigmentation, visual and skeletal calcification genes, and the role of trimethylamine N-oxide in adaptation to high-hydrostatic pressure, it is still unknown how they evolved and why they are among the few vertebrate species that have successfully adapted to the deep-sea environment. Using genomic data from different trenches, we found that the hadal snailfish may have entered and fully adapted to such extreme environments only in the last few million years. Meanwhile, phylogenetic relationships show that they spread into different trenches in the Pacific Ocean within a million years. Comparative genomic analysis has also revealed that the genes associated with perception, circadian rhythms, and metabolism have been extensively modified in the hadal snailfish to adapt to its unique environment. More importantly, the tandem duplication of a gene encoding ferritin significantly increased their tolerance to reactive oxygen species, which may be one of the important factors in their adaptation to high-hydrostatic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chenglong Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xueli Gao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Baosheng Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Han Xu
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of SciencesSanyaChina
| | - Mingliang Hu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Honghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xiaoni Gan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Chenguang Feng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiangmin Zheng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jing Bo
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of SciencesSanyaChina
| | - Li-Sheng He
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of SciencesSanyaChina
| | - Qiang Qiu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Shunping He
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of SciencesSanyaChina
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
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Laureano A, Kim J, Martinez E, Kwan KY. Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 in cell fate decisions. Hear Res 2023; 436:108813. [PMID: 37329862 PMCID: PMC10463912 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Loss of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the cochlea causes hearing loss. Understanding the mechanisms of cell fate transition accelerates efforts that employ directed differentiation and lineage conversion to repopulate lost SGNs. Proposed strategies to regenerate SGNs rely on altering cell fate by activating transcriptional regulatory networks, but repressing networks for alternative cell lineages is also essential. Epigenomic changes during cell fate transitions suggest that CHD4 represses gene expression by altering the chromatin status. Despite limited direct investigations, human genetic studies implicate CHD4 function in the inner ear. The possibility of CHD4 in suppressing alternative cell fates to promote inner ear regeneration is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Laureano
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Nelson Labs D250 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Stem Cell Research Center and Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Edward Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Nelson Labs D250 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Stem Cell Research Center and Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kelvin Y Kwan
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Nelson Labs D250 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Stem Cell Research Center and Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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7
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Jones M, Kovacevic B, Ionescu CM, Wagle SR, Quintas C, Wong EYM, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. The applications of Targeted Delivery for Gene Therapies in Hearing Loss. J Drug Target 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37211674 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2216900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapies are becoming more abundantly researched for use in a multitude of potential treatments, including for hearing loss. Hearing loss is a condition which impacts an increasing number of the population each year, with significant burdens associated. As such, this review will present the concept that delivering a gene effectively to the inner ear may assist in expanding novel treatment options and improving patient outcomes. Historically, several drawbacks have been associated with the use of gene therapies, some of which may be overcome via targeted delivery. Targeted delivery has the potential to alleviate off-target effects and permit a safer delivery profile. Viral vectors have often been described as a delivery method, however, there is an emerging depiction of the potential for nanotechnology to be used. Resulting nanoparticles may also be tuned to allow for targeted delivery. Therefore, this review will focus on hearing loss, gene delivery techniques and inner ear targets, including highlighting promising research. Targeted delivery is a key concept to permitting gene delivery in a safe effective manner, however, further research is required, both in the determination of genes to use in functional hearing recovery and formulating nanoparticles for targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Jones
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christina Quintas
- School of human sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elaine Y M Wong
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Smith-Cortinez N, Tan AK, Stokroos RJ, Versnel H, Straatman LV. Regeneration of Hair Cells from Endogenous Otic Progenitors in the Adult Mammalian Cochlea: Understanding Its Origins and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097840. [PMID: 37175547 PMCID: PMC10177935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to sensory hair cells and/or spiral ganglion neurons. In non-mammalian species, hair cell regeneration after damage is observed, even in adulthood. Although the neonatal mammalian cochlea carries regenerative potential, the adult cochlea cannot regenerate lost hair cells. The survival of supporting cells with regenerative potential after cochlear trauma in adults is promising for promoting hair cell regeneration through therapeutic approaches. Targeting these cells by manipulating key signaling pathways that control mammalian cochlear development and non-mammalian hair cell regeneration could lead to regeneration of hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. This review discusses the pathways involved in the development of the cochlea and the impact that trauma has on the regenerative capacity of the endogenous progenitor cells. Furthermore, it discusses the effects of manipulating key signaling pathways targeting supporting cells with progenitor potential to promote hair cell regeneration and translates these findings to the human situation. To improve hearing recovery after hearing loss in adults, we propose a combined approach targeting (1) the endogenous progenitor cells by manipulating signaling pathways (Wnt, Notch, Shh, FGF and BMP/TGFβ signaling pathways), (2) by manipulating epigenetic control, and (3) by applying neurotrophic treatments to promote reinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smith-Cortinez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Katherine Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Stokroos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Versnel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louise V Straatman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Future Pharmacotherapy for Sensorineural Hearing Loss by Protection and Regeneration of Auditory Hair Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030777. [PMID: 36986638 PMCID: PMC10054686 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss has been a global burden of diseases for decades. However, according to recent progress in experimental studies on hair cell regeneration and protection, clinical trials of pharmacotherapy for sensorineural hearing loss have rapidly progressed. In this review, we focus on recent clinical trials for hair cell protection and regeneration and outline mechanisms based on associated experimental studies. Outcomes of recent clinical trials provided valuable data regarding the safety and tolerability of intra-cochlear and intra-tympanic applications as drug delivery methods. Recent findings in molecular mechanisms of hair cell regeneration suggested the realization of regenerative medicine for sensorineural hearing loss in the near future.
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10
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Schvartz-Leyzac KC, Colesa DJ, Swiderski DL, Raphael Y, Pfingst BE. Cochlear Health and Cochlear-implant Function. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2023; 24:5-29. [PMID: 36600147 PMCID: PMC9971430 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-022-00882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cochlear implant (CI) is widely considered to be one of the most innovative and successful neuroprosthetic treatments developed to date. Although outcomes vary, CIs are able to effectively improve hearing in nearly all recipients and can substantially improve speech understanding and quality of life for patients with significant hearing loss. A wealth of research has focused on underlying factors that contribute to success with a CI, and recent evidence suggests that the overall health of the cochlea could potentially play a larger role than previously recognized. This article defines and reviews attributes of cochlear health and describes procedures to evaluate cochlear health in humans and animal models in order to examine the effects of cochlear health on performance with a CI. Lastly, we describe how future biologic approaches can be used to preserve and/or enhance cochlear health in order to maximize performance for individual CI recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara C Schvartz-Leyzac
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, 1150 Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Deborah J Colesa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, 1150 Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, USA
| | - Donald L Swiderski
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, 1150 Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, USA
| | - Yehoash Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, 1150 Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, USA
| | - Bryan E Pfingst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, 1150 Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, USA.
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11
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Iyer AA, Hosamani I, Nguyen JD, Cai T, Singh S, McGovern MM, Beyer L, Zhang H, Jen HI, Yousaf R, Birol O, Sun JJ, Ray RS, Raphael Y, Segil N, Groves AK. Cellular reprogramming with ATOH1, GFI1, and POU4F3 implicate epigenetic changes and cell-cell signaling as obstacles to hair cell regeneration in mature mammals. eLife 2022; 11:e79712. [PMID: 36445327 PMCID: PMC9708077 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of the cochlea with hair-cell-specific transcription factors such as ATOH1 has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for hearing loss. ATOH1 expression in the developing cochlea can efficiently induce hair cell regeneration but the efficiency of hair cell reprogramming declines rapidly as the cochlea matures. We developed Cre-inducible mice to compare hair cell reprogramming with ATOH1 alone or in combination with two other hair cell transcription factors, GFI1 and POU4F3. In newborn mice, all transcription factor combinations tested produced large numbers of cells with the morphology of hair cells and rudimentary mechanotransduction properties. However, 1 week later, only a combination of ATOH1, GFI1 and POU4F3 could reprogram non-sensory cells of the cochlea to a hair cell fate, and these new cells were less mature than cells generated by reprogramming 1 week earlier. We used scRNA-seq and combined scRNA-seq and ATAC-seq to suggest at least two impediments to hair cell reprogramming in older animals. First, hair cell gene loci become less epigenetically accessible in non-sensory cells of the cochlea with increasing age. Second, signaling from hair cells to supporting cells, including Notch signaling, can prevent reprogramming of many supporting cells to hair cells, even with three hair cell transcription factors. Our results shed light on the molecular barriers that must be overcome to promote hair cell regeneration in the adult cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita A Iyer
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ishwar Hosamani
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - John D Nguyen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology at USCLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Tiantian Cai
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Sunita Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Melissa M McGovern
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Lisa Beyer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Hsin-I Jen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Rizwan Yousaf
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Onur Birol
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Jenny J Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Russell S Ray
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yehoash Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Neil Segil
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology at USCLos AngelesUnited States
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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12
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Chen ZR, Guo JY, He L, Liu S, Xu JY, Yang ZJ, Su W, Liu K, Gong SS, Wang GP. Co-transduction of dual-adeno-associated virus vectors in the neonatal and adult mouse utricles. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1020803. [PMID: 36340687 PMCID: PMC9629838 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1020803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer is an efficient method of gene over-expression in the vestibular end organs. However, AAV has limited usefulness for delivering a large gene, or multiple genes, due to its small packaging capacity (< 5 kb). Co-transduction of dual-AAV vectors can be used to increase the packaging capacity for gene delivery to various organs and tissues. However, its usefulness has not been well validated in the vestibular sensory epithelium. In the present study, we characterized the co-transduction of dual-AAV vectors in mouse utricles following inoculation of two AAV-serotype inner ear (AAV-ie) vectors via canalostomy. Firstly, co-transduction efficiencies were compared between dual-AAV-ie vectors using two different promoters: cytomegalovirus (CMV) and CMV early enhancer/chicken β-actin (CAG). In the group of dual AAV-ie-CAG vectors, the co-transduction rates for striolar hair cells (HCs), extrastriolar HCs, striolar supporting cells (SCs), and extrastriolar SCs were 23.14 ± 2.25%, 27.05 ± 2.10%, 57.65 ± 7.21%, and 60.33 ± 5.69%, respectively. The co-transduction rates in the group of dual AAV-ie-CMV vectors were comparable to those in the dual AAV-ie-CAG group. Next, we examined the co-transduction of dual-AAV-ie-CAG vectors in the utricles of neonatal mice and damaged adult mice. In the neonatal mice, co-transduction rates were 52.88 ± 3.11% and 44.93 ± 2.06% in the striolar and extrastriolar HCs, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in adult mice. In the Pou4f3+/DTR mice, following diphtheria toxin administration, which eliminated most HCs and spared the SCs, the co-transduction rate of SCs was not significantly different to that of normal utricles. Transgene expression persisted for up to 3 months in the adult mice. Furthermore, sequential administration of two AAV-ie-CAG vectors at an interval of 1 week resulted in a higher co-transduction rate in HCs than concurrent delivery. The auditory brainstem responses and swim tests did not reveal any disruption of auditory or vestibular function after co-transduction with dual-AAV-ie vectors. In conclusion, dual-AAV-ie vectors allow efficient co-transduction in the vestibular sensory epithelium and facilitate the delivery of large or multiple genes for vestibular gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ying Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Yi Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Jing Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Peng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Hearing Loss, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Nist-Lund C, Kim J, Koehler KR. Advancements in inner ear development, regeneration, and repair through otic organoids. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101954. [PMID: 35853286 PMCID: PMC10425989 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate inner ear contains a diversity of unique cell types arranged in a particularly complex 3D cytoarchitecture. Both of these features are integral to the proper development, function, and maintenance of hearing and balance. Since the elucidation of the timing and delivery of signaling molecules to produce inner ear sensory cells, supporting cells, and neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells, we have entered a revolution using organ-like 'otic organoid' cultures to explore inner ear specific genetic programs, developmental rules, and potential therapeutics. This review aims to highlight a selection of reviews and primary research papers from the past two years of particular merit that use otic organoids to investigate the broadly defined topics of cell reprogramming, regeneration, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Nist-Lund
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Karl R. Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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14
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Jimenez E, Slevin CC, Song W, Chen Z, Frederickson SC, Gildea D, Wu W, Elkahloun AG, Ovcharenko I, Burgess SM. A regulatory network of Sox and Six transcription factors initiate a cell fate transformation during hearing regeneration in adult zebrafish. CELL GENOMICS 2022; 2. [PMID: 36212030 PMCID: PMC9540346 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Using adult zebrafish inner ears as a model for sensorineural regeneration, we ablated the mechanosensory receptors and characterized the single-cell epigenome and transcriptome at consecutive time points during hair cell regeneration. We utilized deep learning on the regeneration-induced open chromatin sequences and identified cell-specific transcription factor (TF) motif patterns. Enhancer activity correlated with gene expression and identified potential gene regulatory networks. A pattern of overlapping Sox- and Six-family TF gene expression and binding motifs was detected, suggesting a combinatorial program of TFs driving regeneration and cell identity. Pseudotime analysis of single-cell transcriptomic data suggested that support cells within the sensory epithelium changed cell identity to a “progenitor” cell population that could differentiate into hair cells. We identified a 2.6 kb DNA enhancer upstream of the sox2 promoter that, when deleted, showed a dominant phenotype that resulted in a hair-cell-regeneration-specific deficit in both the lateral line and adult inner ear. Jimenez et al. interrogate the epigenomic and transcriptomic landscape of regenerating adult zebrafish inner-ear sensory epithelia. They show that the support-cell population transitions to an intermediate “progenitor” cell state that becomes new hair cells, and they demonstrate that the cell fate decisions may be driven by the coordinate regulation and spatial co-binding of Sox and Six transcription factors. By functionally validating a predicted regeneration-responsive enhancer upstream of sox2, they show that precise timing of sox2 expression is critical for hearing regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Jimenez
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire C. Slevin
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Song
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Zelin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stephen C. Frederickson
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Derek Gildea
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Ovcharenko
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Shawn M. Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Corresponding author
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15
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Maudoux A, Vitry S, El-Amraoui A. Vestibular Deficits in Deafness: Clinical Presentation, Animal Modeling, and Treatment Solutions. Front Neurol 2022; 13:816534. [PMID: 35444606 PMCID: PMC9013928 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.816534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner ear is responsible for both hearing and balance. These functions are dependent on the correct functioning of mechanosensitive hair cells, which convert sound- and motion-induced stimuli into electrical signals conveyed to the brain. During evolution of the inner ear, the major changes occurred in the hearing organ, whereas the structure of the vestibular organs remained constant in all vertebrates over the same period. Vestibular deficits are highly prevalent in humans, due to multiple intersecting causes: genetics, environmental factors, ototoxic drugs, infections and aging. Studies of deafness genes associated with balance deficits and their corresponding animal models have shed light on the development and function of these two sensory systems. Bilateral vestibular deficits often impair individual postural control, gaze stabilization, locomotion and spatial orientation. The resulting dizziness, vertigo, and/or falls (frequent in elderly populations) greatly affect patient quality of life. In the absence of treatment, prosthetic devices, such as vestibular implants, providing information about the direction, amplitude and velocity of body movements, are being developed and have given promising results in animal models and humans. Novel methods and techniques have led to major progress in gene therapies targeting the inner ear (gene supplementation and gene editing), 3D inner ear organoids and reprograming protocols for generating hair cell-like cells. These rapid advances in multiscale approaches covering basic research, clinical diagnostics and therapies are fostering interdisciplinary research to develop personalized treatments for vestibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Maudoux
- Unit Progressive Sensory Disorders, Pathophysiology and Therapy, Institut Pasteur, Institut de l'Audition, Université de Paris, INSERM-UMRS1120, Paris, France.,Center for Balance Evaluation in Children (EFEE), Otolaryngology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Vitry
- Unit Progressive Sensory Disorders, Pathophysiology and Therapy, Institut Pasteur, Institut de l'Audition, Université de Paris, INSERM-UMRS1120, Paris, France
| | - Aziz El-Amraoui
- Unit Progressive Sensory Disorders, Pathophysiology and Therapy, Institut Pasteur, Institut de l'Audition, Université de Paris, INSERM-UMRS1120, Paris, France
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Li H, Lu M, Zhang H, Wang S, Wang F, Ma X, Liu J, Li X, Yang H, Shen H, Lv P. Downregulation of REST in the cochlea contributes to age-related hearing loss via the p53 apoptosis pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:343. [PMID: 35418568 PMCID: PMC9007975 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (AHL) is the most common sensory disorder amongst the elderly population. Although the degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and hair cells (HCs) is considered to play a critical role in AHL, the mechanism has not been fully outlined. The repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) has recently been associated with mediating cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether REST induces degeneration of cochlear HCs and SGNs to contribute to AHL remains unknown. Here, we report that REST expression was decreased in HCs and SGNs in AHL mice. Conditional deletion of Rest in HCs and SGNs of 2-month-old mice resulted in hearing loss accompanied by the upregulation of p53, TNFR1(tumor necrosis factor receptor-1), and cleaved caspase-3. The p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α significantly attenuated SGN and HC damage and rescued hearing impairment in Rest cKO mice. Furthermore, downregulation of REST by H2O2 treatment induced apoptosis in the House Ear Institute Organ of Corti 1 cell, through the upregulation of p53. In contrast, overexpression of REST reversed the changes in p53 expression. In addition, REST was further shown to bind directly to the p53 promoter site, thereby inhibiting the effect of p53. Finally, in aged mice, the p53 inhibitor significantly reduced loss of HCs and SGNs, and subsequently improved hearing. In summary, our findings indicate that REST has a protective role in AHL, and that its deficiency upregulates p53 and induces cochlear cell apoptosis, which that leads to deafness.
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17
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Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals three sequential phases of gene expression during zebrafish sensory hair cell regeneration. Dev Cell 2022; 57:799-819.e6. [PMID: 35316618 PMCID: PMC9188816 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Loss of sensory hair cells (HCs) in the mammalian inner ear leads to permanent hearing and vestibular defects, whereas loss of HCs in zebrafish results in their regeneration. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the transcriptional dynamics of HC regeneration in zebrafish at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We uncovered three sequentially activated modules: first, an injury/inflammatory response and downregulation of progenitor cell maintenance genes within minutes after HC loss; second, the transient activation of regeneration-specific genes; and third, a robust re-activation of developmental gene programs, including HC specification, cell-cycle activation, ribosome biogenesis, and a metabolic switch to oxidative phosphorylation. The results are relevant not only for our understanding of HC regeneration and how we might be able to trigger it in mammals but also for regenerative processes in general. The data are searchable and publicly accessible via a web-based interface.
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18
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Kim HK, Ha TW, Lee MR. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis as a Promising Tool to Study Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115988. [PMID: 34206025 PMCID: PMC8198005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are the basic units of all organisms and are involved in all vital activities, such as proliferation, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. A human body consists of more than 30 trillion cells generated through repeated division and differentiation from a single-cell fertilized egg in a highly organized programmatic fashion. Since the recent formation of the Human Cell Atlas consortium, establishing the Human Cell Atlas at the single-cell level has been an ongoing activity with the goal of understanding the mechanisms underlying diseases and vital cellular activities at the level of the single cell. In particular, transcriptome analysis of embryonic stem cells at the single-cell level is of great importance, as these cells are responsible for determining cell fate. Here, we review single-cell analysis techniques that have been actively used in recent years, introduce the single-cell analysis studies currently in progress in pluripotent stem cells and reprogramming, and forecast future studies.
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Elliott KL, Pavlínková G, Chizhikov VV, Yamoah EN, Fritzsch B. Development in the Mammalian Auditory System Depends on Transcription Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084189. [PMID: 33919542 PMCID: PMC8074135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the molecular basis of several transcription factors (Eya1, Sox2), including the three related genes coding basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH; see abbreviations) proteins (Neurog1, Neurod1, Atoh1) during the development of spiral ganglia, cochlear nuclei, and cochlear hair cells. Neuronal development requires Neurog1, followed by its downstream target Neurod1, to cross-regulate Atoh1 expression. In contrast, hair cells and cochlear nuclei critically depend on Atoh1 and require Neurod1 expression for interactions with Atoh1. Upregulation of Atoh1 following Neurod1 loss changes some vestibular neurons’ fate into “hair cells”, highlighting the significant interplay between the bHLH genes. Further work showed that replacing Atoh1 by Neurog1 rescues some hair cells from complete absence observed in Atoh1 null mutants, suggesting that bHLH genes can partially replace one another. The inhibition of Atoh1 by Neurod1 is essential for proper neuronal cell fate, and in the absence of Neurod1, Atoh1 is upregulated, resulting in the formation of “intraganglionic” HCs. Additional genes, such as Eya1/Six1, Sox2, Pax2, Gata3, Fgfr2b, Foxg1, and Lmx1a/b, play a role in the auditory system. Finally, both Lmx1a and Lmx1b genes are essential for the cochlear organ of Corti, spiral ganglion neuron, and cochlear nuclei formation. We integrate the mammalian auditory system development to provide comprehensive insights beyond the limited perception driven by singular investigations of cochlear neurons, cochlear hair cells, and cochlear nuclei. A detailed analysis of gene expression is needed to understand better how upstream regulators facilitate gene interactions and mammalian auditory system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Gabriela Pavlínková
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 25250 Vestec, Czechia;
| | - Victor V. Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Ebenezer N. Yamoah
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Correspondence:
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