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Amin KR, Fildes JE. The contribution of the donor vascularised hand and face allograft in transplant rejection: An immunological perspective. Transpl Immunol 2024; 84:102035. [PMID: 38518826 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Overcoming immunological rejection remains a barrier to the safe adoption of Vascularised Composite Allotransplantation (VCA). To mitigate this risk, clinical protocols have been derived from solid organ transplantation, targeting recipient immunomodulation, yet VCA is unique. Face and hand composite allografts are composed of multiple different tissues, each with their own immunological properties. Experimental work suggests that allografts carry variable numbers and populations of donor leukocytes in an organ specific manner. Ordinarily, these passenger leukocytes are transferred from the donor graft into the recipient circulation after transplantation. Whether alloantigen presentation manifests as acute allograft rejection or transplant tolerance is unknown. This review aims to characterise the immunological properties of the constituent parts of the donor face and hand, the potential fate of donor leukocytes and to consider theoretical graft specific interventions to mitigate early rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavit R Amin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Cell Matrix, Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; The Pebble Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - James E Fildes
- The Pebble Institute, Manchester, UK; The Healthcare Technologies Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Panagopoulos GN, Megaloikonomos PD, Mitsiokapa EA, Bami M, Agrogiannis G, Johnson EO, Soucacos PN, Papagelopoulos PJ, Mavrogenis AF. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Tacrolimus Improve Nerve Regeneration in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Defect Model. Orthopedics 2023; 46:e353-e361. [PMID: 37052592 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20230407-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effect of undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) vs tacrolimus (FK506) in peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve complete transection model. Forty Wistar rats were equally distributed in four groups. In the SHAM surgery group, the sciatic nerve was exposed and no further intervention was done. In the conduit-alone group (the SLN group), a 10-mm nerve gap was created and bridged with a fibrin conduit filled in with normal saline. In the FK506 group, the fibrin conduit was injected with soluble FK506. In the ADSC group, the conduit was impregnated with undifferentiated ADSCs. Nerve regeneration was assessed by means of walking track analysis, electromyography, and neurohistomorphometry. Clinically and microscopically, nerve regeneration was achieved in all groups at 12 weeks. Walking track analysis confirmed functional recovery in the FK506 and ADSC groups, but there was no difference between them. Recovery in function was also achieved in the SLN group, but it was inferior (P<.05). Electromyography demonstrated superior nerve regeneration in the FK506 and ADSC groups compared with the SLN group (P<.05), with no difference between the FK506 and ADSC groups. Similarly, histology showed no difference between the FK506 and ADSC groups, although both outperformed the SLN group (P<.05). No complications were observed. Successful peripheral nerve regeneration can be accomplished after a 10-mm nerve defect treated with nerve conduits. Superior nerve regeneration may be expected when the conduits are loaded with undifferentiated ADSCs or FK506, with similar outcomes for ADSCs and FK506. [Orthopedics. 2023;46(6):e353-e361.].
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Li D, Yang Q, Liu X, Jia J, Liu G, Bai K, Jia S, Peng J, Yu F. Experimental study on the repair of peripheral nerve injuries via simultaneously coapting the proximal and distal ends of peripheral nerves to the side of nearby intact nerves. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1088983. [PMID: 37090979 PMCID: PMC10115955 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1088983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPeripheral nerve defect is a difficult disease to treat in clinical practice. End-to-side anastomosis is a useful method to treat it. At present, the end-to-side anastomosis method does not involve the proximal nerve, which results in a waste of proximal donor nerves, and even the formation of traumatic neuromas at the proximal end. The patients suffer from traumatic neuralgia and the curative effect is unsatisfactory.MethodsIn this study, an improved end-to-side anastomosis technique was proposed in this study: both the proximal and distal ends of the damaged common peroneal nerve were sutured to an adjacent normal tibial nerve. Moreover, the possible role and mechanism of the proposed technique were explained at the physiological and anatomical levels. In this study, a 10 mm common peroneal nerve defect was made in SD rats, and the rats were randomly divided into three groups. In Group I, the distal end of the common peroneal nerve was attached end-to-side to the fenestrated tibial nerve adventitia, and the proximal end was ligated and fixed in the nearby muscle. In Group II, the tibial nerve adventitia was fenestrated and the epineurial end-to-end anastomosis surgery was performed to suture the proximal and distal ends of the common peroneal nerve. Rats in Group III were taken as control and received sham operation. Twelve weeks after the operation, the recovery of the repaired nerve and distal effector functions were examined by the sciatic functional index, electrophysiology, osmic acid staining, the muscle wet weight ratio, and the muscle fiber cross-sectional area.ResultsIt was found that these results in Group II were similar to those in Group III, but better than those in Group I. Through retrograde tracing of neurons and Electrophysiological examination in Group II, the study also found that the proximal common peroneal nerve also could establish a connection with tibialis anterior, even gastrocnemius.DiscussionTherefore, it is inferred that fostering both the proximal and distal ends of defective peripheral nerves on normal peripheral nerves using the end-to-side anastomosis technique is a more effective approach to repairing injured nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guangbo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kewen Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shicheng Jia
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
- Jun Peng
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Yu
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Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Hao H, Yan M. Hypoxic culture of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived sEVs prompts peripheral nerve injury repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:897224. [PMID: 36970310 PMCID: PMC10035596 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.897224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRepair and regeneration of the peripheral nerve are important for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) caused by mechanical tears, external compression injuries and traction injuries. Pharmacological treatment can promote the proliferation of fibroblasts and Schwann cells (SCs), which longitudinally fill the endoneurial canal and form Bungner’s band, helping the repair of peripheral nerves. Therefore, the development of new drugs for the treatment of PNI has become a top priority in recent years.MethodsHere, we report that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) produced from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-sEVs) cultured under hypoxia promote repair and regeneration of the peripheral nerve in PNI and may be a new therapeutic drug candidate.ResultsThe results showed that the amount of secreted sEVs was significantly increased in UC-MSCs compared with control cells after 48 h of culture at 3% oxygen partial pressure in a serum-free culture system. The identified MSC-sEVs could be taken up by SCs in vitro, promoting the growth and migration of SCs. In a spared nerve injury (SNI) mouse model, MSC-sEVs accelerated the recruitment of SCs at the site of PNI and promoted peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. Notably, repair and regeneration in the SNI mouse model were enhanced by treatment with hypoxic cultured UC-MSC-derived sEVs.DiscussionTherefore, we conclude that hypoxic cultured UC-MSC-derived sEVs may be a promising candidate drug for repair and regeneration in PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhu
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ziying Zhu,
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Hao
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Haojie Hao,
| | - Muyang Yan
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Muyang Yan,
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Han N, Zhang W, Fang XX, Li QC, Pi W. Reduced graphene oxide-embedded nerve conduits loaded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799543 PMCID: PMC9241414 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously combined reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) to create an rGO-GelMA-PCL nerve conduit and found that the conductivity and biocompatibility were improved. However, the rGO-GelMA-PCL nerve conduits differed greatly from autologous nerve transplants in their ability to promote the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves and axonal sprouting. Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be loaded into rGO-GelMA-PCL nerve conduits for repair of rat sciatic nerve injury because they can promote angiogenesis at the injured site. In this study, 12 weeks after surgery, sciatic nerve function was measured by electrophysiology and sciatic nerve function index, and myelin sheath and axon regeneration were observed by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The regeneration of microvessel was observed by immunofluorescence. Our results showed that rGO-GelMA-PCL nerve conduits loaded with BMSC-derived extracellular vesicles were superior to rGO-GelMA-PCL conduits alone in their ability to increase the number of newly formed vessels and axonal sprouts at the injury site as well as the recovery of neurological function. These findings indicate that rGO-GelMA-PCL nerve conduits loaded with BMSC-derived extracellular vesicles can promote peripheral nerve regeneration and neurological function recovery, and provide a new direction for the curation of peripheral nerve defect in the clinic.
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Wang Y, Yan Z, Liu W, Liu C, Xu N, Wu Y, Sun F, Wang X, Qian Y, Jiang L, Sun X. Biomechanically-Adapted Immunohydrogels Reconstructing Myelin Sheath for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201596. [PMID: 35920510 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Myelin sheath reconstruction plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration. But the hindered reconstruction of myelin sheath, due to the inadequate repair phenotypes of macrophages and Schwann cells after peripheral nerve injury, often causes poor functional nerve recovery. Here, biomechanically-adapted immunohydrogels are prepared as the FK506-loaded platforms and nerve tissue engineering scaffolds to reconstruct myelin sheath for peripheral nerve regeneration. By immunofluorescent staining, an increase in the proportion of F4/80+ markers reveals that the biomechanically-adapted scaffolds facilitate recruitment of macrophages. Furthermore, the high Interleukin 10 (IL-10) mRNA expression level suggests the anti-inflammation learning effects of FK506 in vitro, which is further confirmed by a high CD206/TNF-α ratio in the FK506 Gel group in vivo. The immune learning effects are positively related to the increase in compactness and thickness of myelin sheath, indicating the synergy of structural reconstruction of myelin sheath and M2 phenotype polarization of macrophages. All these data indicate that the biomechanically-adapted immunohydrogels enhance recruitment of macrophages, educate M2 polarization of macrophages and promote a neuroprotective environment, which in consequence reconstructs myelin sheath for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yixian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fengbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Le Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Zhang Q, Burrell JC, Zeng J, Motiwala FI, Shi S, Cullen DK, Le AD. Implantation of a nerve protector embedded with human GMSC-derived Schwann-like cells accelerates regeneration of crush-injured rat sciatic nerves. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:263. [PMID: 35725660 PMCID: PMC9208168 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) remain one of the great clinical challenges because of their considerable long-term disability potential. Postnatal neural crest-derived multipotent stem cells, including gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs), represent a promising source of seed cells for tissue engineering and regenerative therapy of various disorders, including PNIs. Here, we generated GMSC-repopulated nerve protectors and evaluated their therapeutic effects in a crush injury model of rat sciatic nerves. METHODS GMSCs were mixed in methacrylated collagen and cultured for 48 h, allowing the conversion of GMSCs into Schwann-like cells (GiSCs). The phenotype of GiSCs was verified by fluorescence studies on the expression of Schwann cell markers. GMSCs encapsulated in the methacrylated 3D-collagen hydrogel were co-cultured with THP-1-derived macrophages, and the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 or inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in the supernatant was determined by ELISA. In addition, GMSCs mixed in the methacrylated collagen were filled into a nerve protector made from the decellularized small intestine submucosal extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) and cultured for 24 h, allowing the generation of functionalized nerve protectors repopulated with GiSCs. We implanted the nerve protector to wrap the injury site of rat sciatic nerves and performed functional and histological assessments 4 weeks post-surgery. RESULTS GMSCs encapsulated in the methacrylated 3D-collagen hydrogel were directly converted into Schwann-like cells (GiSCs) characterized by the expression of S-100β, p75NTR, BDNF, and GDNF. In vitro, co-culture of GMSCs encapsulated in the 3D-collagen hydrogel with macrophages remarkably increased the secretion of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine characteristic of pro-regenerative (M2) macrophages, but robustly reduced LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-1α and IL-1β, two cytokines characteristic of pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages. In addition, our results indicate that implantation of functionalized nerve protectors repopulated with GiSCs significantly accelerated functional recovery and axonal regeneration of crush-injured rat sciatic nerves accompanied by increased infiltration of pro-regenerative (M2) macrophages while a decreased infiltration of pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest that Schwann-like cells converted from GMSCs represent a promising source of supportive cells for regenerative therapy of PNI through their dual functions, neurotrophic effects, and immunomodulation of pro-inflammatory (M1)/pro-regenerative (M2) macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunzhou Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Justin C. Burrell
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.410355.60000 0004 0420 350XCenter for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Faizan I. Motiwala
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Shihong Shi
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.410355.60000 0004 0420 350XCenter for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Anh D. Le
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.411115.10000 0004 0435 0884Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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