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Capek E, Ribeiro TL, Kells P, Srinivasan K, Miller SR, Geist E, Victor M, Vakili A, Pajevic S, Chialvo DR, Plenz D. Parabolic avalanche scaling in the synchronization of cortical cell assemblies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2555. [PMID: 37137888 PMCID: PMC10156782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the cerebral cortex fire coincident action potentials during ongoing activity and in response to sensory inputs. These synchronized cell assemblies are fundamental to cortex function, yet basic dynamical aspects of their size and duration are largely unknown. Using 2-photon imaging of neurons in the superficial cortex of awake mice, we show that synchronized cell assemblies organize as scale-invariant avalanches that quadratically grow with duration. The quadratic avalanche scaling was only found for correlated neurons, required temporal coarse-graining to compensate for spatial subsampling of the imaged cortex, and suggested cortical dynamics to be critical as demonstrated in simulations of balanced E/I-networks. The corresponding time course of an inverted parabola with exponent of χ = 2 described cortical avalanches of coincident firing for up to 5 s duration over an area of 1 mm2. These parabolic avalanches maximized temporal complexity in the ongoing activity of prefrontal and somatosensory cortex and in visual responses of primary visual cortex. Our results identify a scale-invariant temporal order in the synchronization of highly diverse cortical cell assemblies in the form of parabolic avalanches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Capek
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiago L Ribeiro
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Kells
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keshav Srinivasan
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie R Miller
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elias Geist
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell Victor
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ali Vakili
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sinisa Pajevic
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dante R Chialvo
- CEMSC3, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnologia, UNSAM, San Martín, P. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dietmar Plenz
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Yang JC, Paulk AC, Salami P, Lee SH, Ganji M, Soper DJ, Cleary D, Simon M, Maus D, Lee JW, Nahed BV, Jones PS, Cahill DP, Cosgrove GR, Chu CJ, Williams Z, Halgren E, Dayeh S, Cash SS. Microscale dynamics of electrophysiological markers of epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2916-2931. [PMID: 34419344 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interictal discharges (IIDs) and high frequency oscillations (HFOs) are established neurophysiologic biomarkers of epilepsy, while microseizures are less well studied. We used custom poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) microelectrodes to better understand these markers' microscale spatial dynamics. METHODS Electrodes with spatial resolution down to 50 µm were used to record intraoperatively in 30 subjects. IIDs' degree of spread and spatiotemporal paths were generated by peak-tracking followed by clustering. Repeating HFO patterns were delineated by clustering similar time windows. Multi-unit activity (MUA) was analyzed in relation to IID and HFO timing. RESULTS We detected IIDs encompassing the entire array in 93% of subjects, while localized IIDs, observed across < 50% of channels, were seen in 53%. IIDs traveled along specific paths. HFOs appeared in small, repeated spatiotemporal patterns. Finally, we identified microseizure events that spanned 50-100 µm. HFOs covaried with MUA, but not with IIDs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data suggest that irritable cortex micro-domains may form part of an underlying pathologic architecture which could contribute to the seizure network. SIGNIFICANCE These results, supporting the possibility that epileptogenic cortex comprises a mosaic of irritable domains, suggests that microscale approaches might be an important perspective in devising novel seizure control therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy C Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pariya Salami
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mehran Ganji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel J Soper
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Cleary
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mirela Simon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Douglas Maus
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pamela S Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Garth Rees Cosgrove
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine J Chu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ziv Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr.; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shadi Dayeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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3
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Bellay T, Shew WL, Yu S, Falco-Walter JJ, Plenz D. Selective Participation of Single Cortical Neurons in Neuronal Avalanches. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 14:620052. [PMID: 33551757 PMCID: PMC7862716 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.620052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal avalanches are scale-invariant neuronal population activity patterns in the cortex that emerge in vivo in the awake state and in vitro during balanced excitation and inhibition. Theory and experiments suggest that avalanches indicate a state of cortex that improves numerous aspects of information processing by allowing for the transient and selective formation of local as well as system-wide spanning neuronal groups. If avalanches are indeed involved with information processing, one might expect that single neurons would participate in avalanche patterns selectively. Alternatively, all neurons could participate proportionally to their own activity in each avalanche as would be expected for a population rate code. Distinguishing these hypotheses, however, has been difficult as robust avalanche analysis requires technically challenging measures of their intricate organization in space and time at the population level, while also recording sub- or suprathreshold activity from individual neurons with high temporal resolution. Here, we identify repeated avalanches in the ongoing local field potential (LFP) measured with high-density microelectrode arrays in the cortex of awake nonhuman primates and in acute cortex slices from young and adult rats. We studied extracellular unit firing in vivo and intracellular responses of pyramidal neurons in vitro. We found that single neurons participate selectively in specific LFP-based avalanche patterns. Furthermore, we show in vitro that manipulating the balance of excitation and inhibition abolishes this selectivity. Our results support the view that avalanches represent the selective, scale-invariant formation of neuronal groups in line with the idea of Hebbian cell assemblies underlying cortical information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Bellay
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Woodrow L. Shew
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shan Yu
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jessica J. Falco-Walter
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dietmar Plenz
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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4
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Bravo-Martínez J, Rivera AL, Toledo-Roy JC, Arenas I, Frank A, García DE. Dynamical phase transition in spike neuronal firing patterns of hippocampal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:1216-1221. [PMID: 31296383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the brain resides in a state of criticality. The purpose of the present work is to characterize the dynamics of individual hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and to investigate how it is influenced by changes in Kv7.2/7.3 (M-channel) ion channel modulation, which is known to be key in determining the neuronal excitability. We show that the resting activity of CA1 neurons exhibit random dynamics with low information content, while changes in M-channel modulation move the neuronal activity near a phase transition to richer non-trivial dynamics. We interpret these results as the basis upon which the state of self-organized criticality is built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Bravo-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico; Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Ana Leonor Rivera
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, UNAM, Mexico; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Mexico.
| | - Juan Claudio Toledo-Roy
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, UNAM, Mexico; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Isabel Arenas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Alejandro Frank
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, UNAM, Mexico; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Mexico; El Colegio Nacional, Mexico
| | - David E García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico; Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, UNAM, Mexico
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Deco G, Cruzat J, Kringelbach ML. Brain songs framework used for discovering the relevant timescale of the human brain. Nat Commun 2019; 10:583. [PMID: 30718478 PMCID: PMC6361902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A key unresolved problem in neuroscience is to determine the relevant timescale for understanding spatiotemporal dynamics across the whole brain. While resting state fMRI reveals networks at an ultraslow timescale (below 0.1 Hz), other neuroimaging modalities such as MEG and EEG suggest that much faster timescales may be equally or more relevant for discovering spatiotemporal structure. Here, we introduce a novel way to generate whole-brain neural dynamical activity at the millisecond scale from fMRI signals. This method allows us to study the different timescales through binning the output of the model. These timescales can then be investigated using a method (poetically named brain songs) to extract the spacetime motifs at a given timescale. Using independent measures of entropy and hierarchy to characterize the richness of the dynamical repertoire, we show that both methods find a similar optimum at a timescale of around 200 ms in resting state and in task data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain.
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Josephine Cruzat
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark.
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Iyer KK. Sleep, Wake, and Critical Brain States: Corollaries From Brain Dynamics. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:948. [PMID: 30618577 PMCID: PMC6297550 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kartik K Iyer
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,UQ Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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7
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Oscillatory Patterns of Phase Cone Formations near to Epileptic Spikes Derived from 256-Channel Scalp EEG Data. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2018; 2018:9034543. [PMID: 30728850 PMCID: PMC6343174 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9034543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine if there are any distinguishable phase cone clustering patterns present near to epileptic spikes. These phase cones arise from episodic phase shifts due to the coordinated activity of cortical neurons at or near to state transitions and can be extracted from the high-density scalp EEG recordings. The phase cone clustering activities in the low gamma band (30-50 Hz) and in the ripple band (80-150 Hz) were extracted from the analytic phase after taking Hilbert transform of the 256-channel high density (dEEG) data of adult patients. We used three subjects in this study. Spatiotemporal contour plots of the unwrapped analytic phase with 1.0 ms intervals were constructed using a montage layout of 256 electrode positions. Stable phase cone patterns were selected based on the criteria that the sign of the spatial gradient did not change for at least three consecutive time samples and the frame velocity was within the range of propagation velocities of cortical axons. These plots exhibited dynamical formation of phase cones which were higher in the seizure area as compared with the nearby surrounding brain areas. Spatiotemporal oscillatory patterns were also visible during ±5 sec period from the location of the spike. These results suggest that the phase cone activity might be useful for noninvasive localization of epileptic sites and also for examining the cortical neurodynamics near to epileptic spikes.
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8
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Scarpetta S, Apicella I, Minati L, de Candia A. Hysteresis, neural avalanches, and critical behavior near a first-order transition of a spiking neural network. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:062305. [PMID: 30011436 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.062305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many experimental results, both in vivo and in vitro, support the idea that the brain cortex operates near a critical point and at the same time works as a reservoir of precise spatiotemporal patterns. However, the mechanism at the basis of these observations is still not clear. In this paper we introduce a model which combines both these features, showing that scale-free avalanches are the signature of a system posed near the spinodal line of a first-order transition, with many spatiotemporal patterns stored as dynamical metastable attractors. Specifically, we studied a network of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons whose connections are the result of the learning of multiple spatiotemporal dynamical patterns, each with a randomly chosen ordering of the neurons. We found that the network shows a first-order transition between a low-spiking-rate disordered state (down), and a high-rate state characterized by the emergence of collective activity and the replay of one of the stored patterns (up). The transition is characterized by hysteresis, or alternation of up and down states, depending on the lifetime of the metastable states. In both cases, critical features and neural avalanches are observed. Notably, critical phenomena occur at the edge of a discontinuous phase transition, as recently observed in a network of glow lamps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scarpetta
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Caianiello," Università di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Italy
| | - Ilenia Apicella
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, Italy
| | - Ludovico Minati
- Complex Systems Theory Department, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ-PAN), Kraków, Poland
| | - Antonio de Candia
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini," Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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9
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Fagerholm ED, Dinov M, Knöpfel T, Leech R. The characteristic patterns of neuronal avalanches in mice under anesthesia and at rest: An investigation using constrained artificial neural networks. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197893. [PMID: 29795654 PMCID: PMC5967741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Local perturbations within complex dynamical systems can trigger cascade-like events that spread across significant portions of the system. Cascades of this type have been observed across a broad range of scales in the brain. Studies of these cascades, known as neuronal avalanches, usually report the statistics of large numbers of avalanches, without probing the characteristic patterns produced by the avalanches themselves. This is partly due to limitations in the extent or spatiotemporal resolution of commonly used neuroimaging techniques. In this study, we overcome these limitations by using optical voltage (genetically encoded voltage indicators) imaging. This allows us to record cortical activity in vivo across an entire cortical hemisphere, at both high spatial (~30um) and temporal (~20ms) resolution in mice that are either in an anesthetized or awake state. We then use artificial neural networks to identify the characteristic patterns created by neuronal avalanches in our data. The avalanches in the anesthetized cortex are most accurately classified by an artificial neural network architecture that simultaneously connects spatial and temporal information. This is in contrast with the awake cortex, in which avalanches are most accurately classified by an architecture that treats spatial and temporal information separately, due to the increased levels of spatiotemporal complexity. This is in keeping with reports of higher levels of spatiotemporal complexity in the awake brain coinciding with features of a dynamical system operating close to criticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Fagerholm
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Dinov
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, The Centre for Neuroscience, The Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Leech
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Karimipanah Y, Ma Z, Miller JEK, Yuste R, Wessel R. Neocortical activity is stimulus- and scale-invariant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177396. [PMID: 28489906 PMCID: PMC5425225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that the cortex operates near a critical state, defined as the transition point between order (large-scale activity) and disorder (small-scale activity). This criticality is manifested by power law distribution of the size and duration of spontaneous cascades of activity, which are referred as neuronal avalanches. The existence of such neuronal avalanches has been confirmed by several studies both in vitro and in vivo, among different species and across multiple spatial scales. However, despite the prevalence of scale free activity, still very little is known concerning whether and how the scale-free nature of cortical activity is altered during external stimulation. To address this question, we performed in vivo two-photon population calcium imaging of layer 2/3 neurons in primary visual cortex of behaving mice during visual stimulation and conducted statistical analyses on the inferred spike trains. Our investigation for each mouse and condition revealed power law distributed neuronal avalanches, and irregular spiking individual neurons. Importantly, both the avalanche and the spike train properties remained largely unchanged for different stimuli, while the cross-correlation structure varied with stimuli. Our results establish that microcircuits in the visual cortex operate near the critical regime, while rearranging functional connectivity in response to varying sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Karimipanah
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Zhengyu Ma
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jae-eun Kang Miller
- Neurotechnology Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Ralf Wessel
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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