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Peipei W, Yu D, Xiaoyan L, Yunxia L, Liuming L, Tongbin C, Shaoping L. Effects of a novel regimen of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on neural remodeling and motor function in adult male mice with ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25358. [PMID: 38859672 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation caused by excessive microglial activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive neuromodulatory technique that has recently been reported to regulate microglial functions and exert anti-inflammatory effects. The intermittent burst stimulation (iTBS) regimen in rTMS improves neuronal excitability. However, whether iTBS exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by stimulating neurons and thereby modulating microglial polarization remains unclear. Motor function was assessed after 1 week of rTMS (iTBS regimen) treatment in adult male mice with occlusion/reperfusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO/r) injury. We also investigated the molecular biological alterations associated with microglial polarization using a cell proliferation assay, multiplex cytokine bioassays, and immunofluorescence staining. iTBS regimen can improve balance and motor coordination function, increase spontaneous movement, and improve walking function in mice with early cerebral ischemia injury. Expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 increased significantly in mice with MCAO injury. Especially, rTMS significantly increased the number of proliferating cells in the infarcted cortex. The fluorescence intensity of MAP2 in the peri-infarct area of MCAO injured mice was low, but the signal was broader. Compared with MCAO group, the fluorescence intensity of MAP2 in rTMS group was significantly increased. rTMS inhibited pro-inflammatory M1 activation (Iba1+/CD86+) and improved anti-inflammatory M2 activation (Iba1+/CD206+) in the peri-infarct zone, thus significantly changing the phenotypic ratio M1/M2. rTMS improves motor dysfunction and neuroinflammation after cerebral I/R injury in mice by regulating microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Peipei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Deng Yu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Xiaoyan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Liu Yunxia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Liuming
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Tongbin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lv Shaoping
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Aceves-Serrano L, Neva JL, Munro J, Vavasour IM, Parent M, Boyd LA, Doudet DJ. Evaluation of microglia activation related markers following a clinical course of TBS: A non-human primate study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301118. [PMID: 38753646 PMCID: PMC11098425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
While the applicability and popularity of theta burst stimulation (TBS) paradigms remain, current knowledge of their neurobiological effects is still limited, especially with respect to their impact on glial cells and neuroinflammatory processes. We used a multimodal imaging approach to assess the effects of a clinical course of TBS on markers for microglia activation and tissue injury as an indirect assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Healthy non-human primates received continuous TBS (cTBS), intermittent TBS (iTBS), or sham stimulation over the motor cortex at 90% of resting motor threshold. Stimulation was delivered to the awake subjects 5 times a week for 3-4 weeks. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression was evaluated using Positron Emission Tomography and [11C]PBR28, and myo-inositol (mI) and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) concentrations were assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Animals were then euthanized, and immunofluorescence staining was performed using antibodies against TSPO. Paired t-tests showed no significant changes in [11C]PBR28 measurements after stimulation. Similarly, no significant changes in mI and NAA concentrations were found. Post-mortem TSPO evaluation showed comparable mean immunofluorescence intensity after active TBS and sham delivery. The current study suggests that in healthy brains a clinical course of TBS, as evaluated with in-vivo imaging techniques (PET and MRS), did not measurably modulate the expression of glia related markers and metabolite associated with neural viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Aceves-Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason L. Neva
- Faculté de Médecine, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Munro
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irene M. Vavasour
- Faculty of Medicine, UBC MRI Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doris J. Doudet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has become an increasingly popular tool to modulate neural excitability and induce neural plasticity in clinical and preclinical models; however, the physiological mechanisms in which it exerts these effects remain largely unknown. To date, studies have primarily focused on characterizing rTMS-induced changes occurring at the synapse, with little attention given to changes in intrinsic membrane properties. However, accumulating evidence suggests that rTMS may induce its effects, in part, via intrinsic plasticity mechanisms, suggesting a new and potentially complementary understanding of how rTMS alters neural excitability and neural plasticity. In this review, we provide an overview of several intrinsic plasticity mechanisms before reviewing the evidence for rTMS-induced intrinsic plasticity. In addition, we discuss a select number of neurological conditions where rTMS-induced intrinsic plasticity has therapeutic potential before speculating on the temporal relationship between rTMS-induced intrinsic and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S King
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Australia
| | - Alexander D Tang
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Australia
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Selim MK, Harel M, De Santis S, Perini I, Sommer WH, Heilig M, Zangen A, Canals S. Repetitive deep TMS in alcohol dependent patients halts progression of white matter changes in early abstinence. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:176-185. [PMID: 38085120 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most prevalent form of addiction, with a great burden on society and limited treatment options. A recent clinical trial reported significant clinical benefits of deep transcranial magnetic stimulations (Deep TMS) targeting midline frontocortical areas. However, the underlying biological substrate remained elusive. Here, we report the effect of Deep TMS on the microstructure of white matter. METHODS A total of 37 (14 females) AUD treatment-seeking patients were randomized to sham or active Deep TMS. Twenty (six females) age-matched healthy controls were included. White matter integrity was evaluated by fractional anisotropy (FA). Secondary measures included brain functional connectivity and self-reports of craving and drinking units in the 3 months of follow-up period. RESULTS White matter integrity was compromised in patients with AUD relative to healthy controls, as reflected by the widespread reduction in FA. This alteration progressed during early abstinence (3 weeks) in the absence of Deep TMS. However, stimulation of midline frontocortical areas arrested the progression of FA changes in association with decreased craving and relapse scores. Reconstruction of axonal tracts from white-matter regions showing preserved FA values identified cortical regions in the posterior cingulate and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices where functional connectivity was persistently modulated. These effects were absent in the sham-stimulated group. CONCLUSIONS By integrating brain structure and function to characterize the alcohol-dependent brain, this study provides mechanistic insights into the TMS effect, pointing to myelin plasticity as a possible mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kotb Selim
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Maayan Harel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Silvia De Santis
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Irene Perini
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Abraham Zangen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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Zeljkovic Jovanovic M, Stanojevic J, Stevanovic I, Ninkovic M, Nedeljkovic N, Dragic M. Sustained Systemic Antioxidative Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation beyond Neurodegeneration: Implications in Therapy in 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:218. [PMID: 38397816 PMCID: PMC10885904 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is manifested by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and caudoputamen (Cp), leading to the development of motor and non-motor symptoms. The contribution of oxidative stress to the development and progression of PD is increasingly recognized. Experimental models show that strengthening antioxidant defenses and reducing pro-oxidant status may have beneficial effects on disease progression. In this study, the neuroprotective potential of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is investigated in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model in rats seven days after intoxication which corresponds to the occurrence of first motor symptoms. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were unilaterally injected with 6-OHDA to mimic PD pathology and were subsequently divided into two groups to receive either iTBS or sham stimulation for 21 days. The main oxidative parameters were analyzed in the caudoputamen, substantia nigra pars compacta, and serum. iTBS treatment notably mitigated oxidative stress indicators, simultaneously increasing antioxidative parameters in the caudoputamen and substantia nigra pars compacta well after 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration process was over. Serum analysis confirmed the systemic effect of iTBS with a decrease in oxidative markers and an increase in antioxidants. Prolonged iTBS exerts a modulatory effect on oxidative/antioxidant parameters in the 6-OHDA-induced PD model, suggesting a potential neuroprotective benefit, even though at this specific time point 6-OHDA-induced oxidative status was unaltered. These results emphasize the need to further explore the mechanisms of iTBS and argue in favor of considering it as a therapeutic intervention in PD and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Stanojevic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (I.S.); (M.N.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (I.S.); (M.N.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninkovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (I.S.); (M.N.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
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Ferreira SA, Pinto N, Serrenho I, Pato MV, Baltazar G. Contribution of glial cells to the neuroprotective effects triggered by repetitive magnetic stimulation: a systematic review. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:116-123. [PMID: 37488852 PMCID: PMC10479834 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.374140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been increasingly studied in different neurological diseases, and although most studies focus on its effects on neuronal cells, the contribution of non-neuronal cells to the improvement triggered by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in these diseases has been increasingly suggested. To systematically review the effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells two online databases, Web of Science and PubMed were searched for the effects of high-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, low-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, intermittent theta-burst stimulation, continuous theta-burst stimulation, or repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells in models of disease and in unlesioned animals or cells. A total of 52 studies were included. The protocol more frequently used was high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation, and in models of disease, most studies report that high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation led to a decrease in astrocyte and microglial reactivity, a decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase of oligodendrocyte proliferation. The trend towards decreased microglial and astrocyte reactivity as well as increased oligodendrocyte proliferation occurred with intermittent theta-burst stimulation and continuous theta-burst stimulation. Few papers analyzed the low-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, and the parameters evaluated were restricted to the study of astrocyte reactivity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reporting the absence of effects on these parameters. In what concerns the use of magnetic stimulation in unlesioned animals or cells, most articles on all four types of stimulation reported a lack of effects. It is also important to point out that the studies were developed mostly in male rodents, not evaluating possible differential effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation between sexes. This systematic review supports that through modulation of glial cells repetitive magnetic stimulation contributes to the neuroprotection or repair in various neurological disease models. However, it should be noted that there are still few articles focusing on the impact of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells and most studies did not perform in-depth analyses of the effects, emphasizing the need for more studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nuno Pinto
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- GRUBI-Systematic Reviews Group, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Inês Serrenho
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Vaz Pato
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- GRUBI-Systematic Reviews Group, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Graça Baltazar
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Natale G, Colella M, De Carluccio M, Lelli D, Paffi A, Carducci F, Apollonio F, Palacios D, Viscomi MT, Liberti M, Ghiglieri V. Astrocyte Responses Influence Local Effects of Whole-Brain Magnetic Stimulation in Parkinsonian Rats. Mov Disord 2023; 38:2173-2184. [PMID: 37700489 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive glutamatergic transmission in the striatum is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. Astrocytes maintain glutamate homeostasis, protecting from excitotoxicity through the glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST), whose alterations have been reported in PD. Noninvasive brain stimulation using intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) acts on striatal neurons and glia, inducing neuromodulatory effects and functional recovery in experimental parkinsonism. OBJECTIVE Because PD is associated with altered astrocyte function, we hypothesized that acute iTBS, known to rescue striatal glutamatergic transmission, exerts regional- and cell-specific effects through modulation of glial functions. METHODS 6-Hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats were exposed to acute iTBS, and the areas predicted to be more responsive by a biophysical, hyper-realistic computational model that faithfully reconstructs the experimental setting were analyzed. The effects of iTBS on glial cells and motor behavior were evaluated by molecular and morphological analyses, and CatWalk and Stepping test, respectively. RESULTS As predicted by the model, the hippocampus, cerebellum, and striatum displayed a marked c-FOS activation after iTBS, with the striatum showing specific morphological and molecular changes in the astrocytes, decreased phospho-CREB levels, and recovery of GLAST. Striatal-dependent motor performances were also significantly improved. CONCLUSION These data uncover an unknown iTBS effect on astrocytes, advancing the understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in TMS-mediated functional recovery. Data on numerical dosimetry, obtained with a degree of anatomical details never before considered and validated by the biological findings, provide a framework to predict the electric-field induced in different specific brain areas and associate it with functional and molecular changes. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Natale
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Micol Colella
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria De Carluccio
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lelli
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Paffi
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Carducci
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vitorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Palacios
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Section of Histology and Embryology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Section of Histology and Embryology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Liberti
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
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Anil S, Lu H, Rotter S, Vlachos A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) triggers dose-dependent homeostatic rewiring in recurrent neuronal networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011027. [PMID: 37956202 PMCID: PMC10681319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used to induce neuronal plasticity in healthy individuals and patients. Designing effective and reproducible rTMS protocols poses a major challenge in the field as the underlying biomechanisms of long-term effects remain elusive. Current clinical protocol designs are often based on studies reporting rTMS-induced long-term potentiation or depression of synaptic transmission. Herein, we employed computational modeling to explore the effects of rTMS on long-term structural plasticity and changes in network connectivity. We simulated a recurrent neuronal network with homeostatic structural plasticity among excitatory neurons, and demonstrated that this mechanism was sensitive to specific parameters of the stimulation protocol (i.e., frequency, intensity, and duration of stimulation). Particularly, the feedback-inhibition initiated by network stimulation influenced the net stimulation outcome and hindered the rTMS-induced structural reorganization, highlighting the role of inhibitory networks. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for the lasting effects of rTMS, i.e., rTMS-induced homeostatic structural plasticity, and highlight the importance of network inhibition in careful protocol design, standardization, and optimization of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Anil
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Rashid-López R, Macías-García P, Sánchez-Fernández FL, Cano-Cano F, Sarrias-Arrabal E, Sanmartino F, Méndez-Bértolo C, Lozano-Soto E, Gutiérrez-Cortés R, González-Moraleda Á, Forero L, López-Sosa F, Zuazo A, Gómez-Molinero R, Gómez-Ramírez J, Paz-Expósito J, Rubio-Esteban G, Espinosa-Rosso R, Cruz-Gómez ÁJ, González-Rosa JJ. Neuroimaging and serum biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients treated by intermittent theta-burst stimulation over the bilateral primary motor area: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover trial study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1258315. [PMID: 37869372 PMCID: PMC10585115 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1258315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a patterned form of excitatory transcranial magnetic stimulation that has yielded encouraging results as an adjunctive therapeutic option to alleviate the emergence of clinical deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Although it has been demonstrated that iTBS influences dopamine-dependent corticostriatal plasticity, little research has examined the neurobiological mechanisms underlying iTBS-induced clinical enhancement. Here, our primary goal is to verify whether iTBS bilaterally delivered over the primary motor cortex (M1) is effective as an add-on treatment at reducing scores for both motor functional impairment and nonmotor symptoms in PD. We hypothesize that these clinical improvements following bilateral M1-iTBS could be driven by endogenous dopamine release, which may rebalance cortical excitability and restore compensatory striatal volume changes, resulting in increased striato-cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity and positively impacting neuroglia and neuroplasticity. Methods A total of 24 PD patients will be assessed in a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover study involving the application of iTBS over the bilateral M1 (M1 iTBS). Patients on medication will be randomly assigned to receive real iTBS or control (sham) stimulation and will undergo 5 consecutive sessions (5 days) of iTBS over the bilateral M1 separated by a 3-month washout period. Motor evaluation will be performed at different follow-up visits along with a comprehensive neurocognitive assessment; evaluation of M1 excitability; combined structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), resting-state electroencephalography and functional MRI; and serum biomarker quantification of neuroaxonal damage, astrocytic reactivity, and neural plasticity prior to and after iTBS. Discussion The findings of this study will help to clarify the efficiency of M1 iTBS for the treatment of PD and further provide specific neurobiological insights into improvements in motor and nonmotor symptoms in these patients. This novel project aims to yield more detailed structural and functional brain evaluations than previous studies while using a noninvasive approach, with the potential to identify prognostic neuroprotective biomarkers and elucidate the structural and functional mechanisms of M1 iTBS-induced plasticity in the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry. Our approach may significantly optimize neuromodulation paradigms to ensure state-of-the-art and scalable rehabilitative treatment to alleviate motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Rashid-López
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Paloma Macías-García
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F. Luis Sánchez-Fernández
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Fátima Cano-Cano
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Esteban Sarrias-Arrabal
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Florencia Sanmartino
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Constantino Méndez-Bértolo
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Elena Lozano-Soto
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Remedios Gutiérrez-Cortés
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Álvaro González-Moraleda
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lucía Forero
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Sosa
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Amaya Zuazo
- Department of Radiodiagnostic and Medical Imaging, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Gómez-Ramírez
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - José Paz-Expósito
- Department of Radiodiagnostic and Medical Imaging, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - Raúl Espinosa-Rosso
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Jerez de la Frontera University Hospital, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Álvaro J. Cruz-Gómez
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier J. González-Rosa
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
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10
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Zeljkovic Jovanovic M, Stanojevic J, Stevanovic I, Stekic A, Bolland SJ, Jasnic N, Ninkovic M, Zaric Kontic M, Ilic TV, Rodger J, Nedeljkovic N, Dragic M. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Improves Motor and Behavioral Dysfunction through Modulation of NMDA Receptor Subunit Composition in Experimental Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1525. [PMID: 37296646 PMCID: PMC10252812 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic system, leading to a variety of motor and nonmotor symptoms. The currently available symptomatic therapy loses efficacy over time, indicating the need for new therapeutic approaches. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has emerged as one of the potential candidates for PD therapy. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an excitatory protocol of rTMS, has been shown to be beneficial in several animal models of neurodegeneration, including PD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prolonged iTBS on motor performance and behavior and the possible association with changes in the NMDAR subunit composition in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced experimental model of PD. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: controls, 6-OHDA rats, 6-OHDA + iTBS protocol (two times/day/three weeks) and the sham group. The therapeutic effect of iTBS was evaluated by examining motor coordination, balance, spontaneous forelimb use, exploratory behavior, anxiety-like, depressive/anhedonic-like behavior and short-term memory, histopathological changes and changes at the molecular level. We demonstrated the positive effects of iTBS at both motor and behavioral levels. In addition, the beneficial effects were reflected in reduced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and a subsequent increase in the level of DA in the caudoputamen. Finally, iTBS altered protein expression and NMDAR subunit composition, suggesting a sustained effect. Applied early in the disease course, the iTBS protocol may be a promising candidate for early-stage PD therapy, affecting motor and nonmotor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stanojevic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andjela Stekic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Samuel J. Bolland
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nebojsa Jasnic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninkovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Zaric Kontic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tihomir V. Ilic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Stanojevic JB, Zeljkovic M, Dragic M, Stojanovic IR, Ilic TV, Stevanovic ID, Ninkovic MB. Intermittent theta burst stimulation attenuates oxidative stress and reactive astrogliosis in the streptozotocin-induced model of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1161678. [PMID: 37273654 PMCID: PMC10233102 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1161678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected streptozotocin (STZ) is a widely used model for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD)-like pathology, marked by oxidative stress-mediated pathological progression. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a noninvasive technique for brain activity stimulation with the ability to induce long-term potentiation-like plasticity and represents a promising treatment for several neurological diseases, including AD. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the iTBS protocol on the animal model of STZ-induced sAD-like pathology in the context of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloidogenic effects in the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: control (icv normal saline solution), STZ (icv STZ-3 mg/kg), STZ + iTBS (STZ rats subjected to iTBS protocol), and STZ + Placebo (STZ animals subjected to placebo iTBS noise artifact). Biochemical assays and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to evaluate functional and structural changes. Results The icv STZ administration induces oxidative stress and attenuates antioxidative capacity in all examined brain regions. iTBS treatment significantly reduced oxidative and nitrosative stress parameters. Also, iTBS decreased Aβ-1-42 and APP levels. The iTBS enhances antioxidative capacity reported as elevated activity of its enzymatic and non-enzymatic components. In addition, iTBS elevated BDNF expression and attenuated STZ-induced astrogliosis confirmed by decreased GFAP+/VIM+/C3+ cell reactivity in the hippocampus. Discussion Our results provide experimental evidence for the beneficial effects of the applied iTBS protocol in attenuating oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant capacity and decreasing reactive astrogliosis in STZ-administrated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena B. Stanojevic
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana R. Stojanovic
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Tihomir V. Ilic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana D. Stevanovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica B. Ninkovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Anil S, Lu H, Rotter S, Vlachos A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) triggers dose-dependent homeostatic rewiring in recurrent neuronal networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.533396. [PMID: 36993387 PMCID: PMC10055183 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.533396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used to induce neuronal plasticity in healthy individuals and patients. Designing effective and reproducible rTMS protocols poses a major challenge in the field as the underlying biomechanisms remain elusive. Current clinical protocol designs are often based on studies reporting rTMS-induced long-term potentiation or depression of synaptic transmission. Herein, we employed computational modeling to explore the effects of rTMS on long-term structural plasticity and changes in network connectivity. We simulated a recurrent neuronal network with homeostatic structural plasticity between excitatory neurons, and demonstrated that this mechanism was sensitive to specific parameters of the stimulation protocol (i.e., frequency, intensity, and duration of stimulation). The feedback-inhibition initiated by network stimulation influenced the net stimulation outcome and hindered the rTMS-induced homeostatic structural plasticity, highlighting the role of inhibitory networks. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for the lasting effects of rTMS, i.e., rTMS-induced homeostatic structural plasticity, and highlight the importance of network inhibition in careful protocol design, standardization, and optimization of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Anil
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Qiao C, Liu Z, Qie S. The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030571. [PMID: 36979506 PMCID: PMC10046452 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes varying degrees of neurological deficits, leading to corresponding dysfunctions. There are different therapeutic principles for each stage of pathological development. Neuroprotection is the main treatment in the acute phase, and functional recovery becomes primary in the subacute and chronic phases. Neuroplasticity is considered the basis of functional restoration and neurological rehabilitation after stroke, including the remodeling of dendrites and dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, myelin regeneration, synapse shaping, and neurogenesis. Spatiotemporal development affects the spontaneous rewiring of neural circuits and brain networks. Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain that contribute to homeostasis under physiological conditions. Microglia are activated immediately after stroke, and phenotypic polarization changes and phagocytic function are crucial for regulating focal and global brain inflammation and neurological recovery. We have previously shown that the development of neuroplasticity is spatiotemporally consistent with microglial activation, suggesting that microglia may have a profound impact on neuroplasticity after stroke and may be a key therapeutic target for post-stroke rehabilitation. In this review, we explore the impact of neuroplasticity on post-stroke restoration as well as the functions and mechanisms of microglial activation, polarization, and phagocytosis. This is followed by a summary of microglia-targeted rehabilitative interventions that influence neuroplasticity and promote stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Qiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
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14
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Cuenca-Ortolá I, Martínez-Rojas B, Moreno-Manzano V, García Castelló M, Monleón Pradas M, Martínez-Ramos C, Más Estellés J. A Strategy for Magnetic and Electric Stimulation to Enhance Proliferation and Differentiation of NPCs Seeded over PLA Electrospun Membranes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2736. [PMID: 36359255 PMCID: PMC9687775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have been shown to serve as an efficient therapeutic strategy in different cell therapy approaches, including spinal cord injury treatment. Despite the reported beneficial effects of NPC transplantation, the low survival and differentiation rates constrain important limitations. Herein, a new methodology has been developed to overcome both limitations by applying a combination of wireless electrical and magnetic stimulation to NPCs seeded on aligned poly(lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds for in vitro cell conditioning prior transplantation. Two stimulation patterns were tested and compared, continuous (long stimulus applied once a day) and intermittent (short stimulus applied three times a day). The results show that applied continuous stimulation promotes NPC proliferation and preferential differentiation into oligodendrocytic and neuronal lineages. A neural-like phenotypic induction was observed when compared to unstimulated NPCs. In contrast, intermittent stimulation patterns did not affect NPC proliferation and differentiation to oligodendrocytes or astrocytes morphology with a detrimental effect on neuronal differentiation. This study provides a new approach of using a combination of electric and magnetic stimulation to induce proliferation and further neuronal differentiation, which would improve therapy outcomes in disorders such as spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cuenca-Ortolá
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Rojas
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Moreno-Manzano
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos García Castelló
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Monleón Pradas
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Ramos
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Avda/Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jorge Más Estellés
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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15
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Zhao D, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Li XT, Sun CC, Yang Q, Xie Q, Xu DS. Double-target neural circuit-magnetic stimulation improves motor function in spinal cord injury by attenuating astrocyte activation. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1062-1066. [PMID: 36254994 PMCID: PMC9827772 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-target neural circuit-magnetic stimulation has been clinically shown to improve rehabilitation of lower limb motor function after spinal cord injury. However, the precise underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we performed double-target neural circuit-magnetic stimulation on the left motor cortex and bilateral L5 nerve root for 3 successive weeks in a rat model of incomplete spinal cord injury caused by compression at T10. Results showed that in the injured spinal cord, the expression of the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein and inflammatory factors interleukin 1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α had decreased, whereas that of neuronal survival marker microtubule-associated protein 2 and synaptic plasticity markers postsynaptic densification protein 95 and synaptophysin protein had increased. Additionally, neural signaling of the descending corticospinal tract was markedly improved and rat locomotor function recovered significantly. These findings suggest that double-target neural circuit-magnetic stimulation improves rat motor function by attenuating astrocyte activation, thus providing a theoretical basis for application of double-target neural circuit-magnetic stimulation in the clinical treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Tong Li
- Department of Neurology, Zibo Centre Hospital, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Correspondence to: Qing Xie, ; Dong-Sheng Xu, .
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China,School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Shanghai, China,Correspondence to: Qing Xie, ; Dong-Sheng Xu, .
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16
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Mojaverrostami S, Khadivi F, Zarini D, Mohammadi A. Combination effects of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on a cuprizone-induced mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:817-831. [PMID: 35947228 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has no absolute treatment, and researchers are still exploring to introduce promising therapy for MS. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is a safe, non-invasive procedure for brain stimulating which can enhance working memory, cognitive neurohabitation and motor recovery. Here, we evaluated the effects of tDCS treatment and Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation on remyelination ability of a Cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination mouse model. tDCS significantly increased the motor coordination and balance abilities in CPZ + tDCS and CPZ + tDCS + MSCs mice in comparison to the CPZ mice. Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining showed that tDCS and MSCs transplantation could increase remyelination capacity in CPZ + tDCS and CPZ + MSCs mice compared to the CPZ mice. But, the effect of tDCS with MSCs transplantation on remyelination process was larger than each of treatment alone. Immunofluorescence technique indicated that the numbers of Olig2+ cells were increased by tDCS and MSCs transplantation in CPZ + tDCS and CPZ + MSCs mice compared to the CPZ mice. Interestingly, the combination effect of tDCS and MSCs was larger than each of treatment alone on Oligodendrocytes population. MSCs transplantation significantly decreased the TUNEL+ cells in CPZ + MSCs and CPZ + tDCS + MSCs mice in comparison to the CPZ mice. Also, the combination effects of tDCS and MSCs transplantation was much larger than each of treatment alone on increasing the mRNA expression of BDNF and Sox2, while decreasing P53 as compared to CPZ mice. It can be concluded that the combination usage of tDCS and MSCs transplantation enhance remyelination process in CPZ-treated mice by increasing transplanted stem cell homing, oligodendrocyte generation and decreasing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mojaverrostami
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Khadivi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Zarini
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Hong Y, Lyu J, Zhu L, Wang X, Peng M, Chen X, Deng Q, Gao J, Yuan Z, Wang D, Xu G, Xu M. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protects against ischemic stroke by inhibiting M1 microglia polarization through let-7b-5p/HMGA2/NF-κB signaling pathway. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:49. [PMID: 35927640 PMCID: PMC9351069 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia assume opposite phenotypes in response to ischemic brain injury, exerting neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects under different ischemic stages. Modulating M1/M2 polarization is a potential therapy for treating ischemic stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) held the capacity to regulate neuroinflammation and astrocytic polarization, but little is known about rTMS effects on microglia. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the rTMS influence on microglia polarization and the underlying possible molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke models. Methods Previously reported 10 Hz rTMS protocol that regulated astrocytic polarization was used to stimulate transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injured BV2 cells. Specific expression levels of M1 marker iNOS and M2 marker CD206 were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence. MicroRNA expression changes detected by high-throughput second-generation sequencing were validated by RT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Dual-luciferase report assay and miRNA knock-down were applied to verify the possible mechanisms regulated by rTMS. Microglia culture medium (MCM) from different groups were collected to measure the TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations, and detect the influence on neuronal survival. Finally, TTC staining and modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) were used to determine the effects of MCM on ischemic stroke volume and neurological functions. Results The 10 Hz rTMS inhibited ischemia/reperfusion induced M1 microglia and significantly increased let-7b-5p level in microglia. HMGA2 was predicted and proved to be the target protein of let-7b-5p. HMGA2 and its downstream NF-κB signaling pathway were inhibited by rTMS. Microglia culture medium (MCM) collected from rTMS treated microglia contained lower TNF-α concentration but higher IL-10 concentration than no rTMS treated MCM, reducing ischemic volumes and neurological deficits of MCAO mice. However, knockdown of let-7b-5p by antagomir reversed rTMS effects on microglia phenotype and associated HMGA/NF-κB activation and neurological recovery. Conclusion High-frequency rTMS could alleviate ischemic stroke injury through inhibiting M1 microglia polarization via regulating let-7b-5p/HMGA2/NF-κB signaling pathway in MCAO models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-022-00735-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinfeng Lyu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangliang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhua Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Michel-Flutot P, Vinit S. La stimulation magnétique répétée pour le traitement des traumas spinaux. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:679-685. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Les traumas spinaux induisent des déficits moteurs et sensoriels. La mise au point de thérapies visant à rétablir les fonctions altérées à la suite d’une lésion de la moelle épinière est donc nécessaire. La stimulation magnétique répétée (SMr) est une thérapie innovante et non invasive utilisée pour moduler l’activité de réseaux neuronaux dans diverses maladies neurologiques, telles que la maladie de Parkinson, ou psychiatriques, telles que le trouble bipolaire. Son utilisation chez les personnes atteintes de traumas spinaux pourrait avoir des effets fonctionnels bénéfiques. Des études réalisées in vitro, in vivo et ex vivo ont permis de comprendre en partie les mécanismes sous-jacents à la modulation de l’activité neuronale induite par les protocoles de SMr. Son utilisation dans des modèles précliniques de lésion médullaire a de plus montré des effets bénéfiques fonctionnels. Ainsi, la SMr pourrait potentialiser la récupération des fonctions perdues après un trauma spinal.
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Cellular mechanisms underlying state-dependent neural inhibition with magnetic stimulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12131. [PMID: 35840656 PMCID: PMC9287388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel stimulation protocols for neuromodulation with magnetic fields are explored in clinical and laboratory settings. Recent evidence suggests that the activation state of the nervous system plays a significant role in the outcome of magnetic stimulation, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of state-dependency have not been completely investigated. We recently reported that high frequency magnetic stimulation could inhibit neural activity when the neuron was in a low active state. In this paper, we investigate state-dependent neural modulation by applying a magnetic field to single neurons, using the novel micro-coil technology. High frequency magnetic stimulation suppressed single neuron activity in a state-dependent manner. It inhibited neurons in slow-firing states, but spared neurons from fast-firing states, when the same magnetic stimuli were applied. Using a multi-compartment NEURON model, we found that dynamics of voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels were significantly altered by the magnetic stimulation in the slow-firing neurons, but not in the fast-firing neurons. Variability in neural activity should be monitored and explored to optimize the outcome of magnetic stimulation in basic laboratory research and clinical practice. If selective stimulation can be programmed to match the appropriate neural state, prosthetic implants and brain-machine interfaces can be designed based on these concepts to achieve optimal results.
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Intermittent theta burst stimulation ameliorates cognitive impairment and hippocampal gliosis in the Streptozotocin-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2022; 433:113984. [PMID: 35780960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected streptozotocin (STZ) model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is used to explore the effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on astrocyte and microglia reactivity in selectively vulnerable brain regions and answer the question whether these changes are in the context of cognitive capacity. The iTBS is a non-invasive approach for stimulating neuronal and glial activity with the ability to induce long-term potentiation-like plasticity and represents a promising treatment for different neurological diseases, including AD. Male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups: 1. Control subjected to icv saline solution, 2. STZ subjected to icv-STZ (bilaterally, 3 mg/kg), 3. STZ+iTBS subjected to iTBS therapy after icv-STZ, 4. STZ+iTBS placebo subjected to noise artifact after icv-STZ and 5. Control+iTBS subjected to iTBS therapy after icv- saline solution. The RotaRod result showed that STZ did not alter motor function in rats. Eight arm radial maze test results showed that iTBS significantly improved cognitive impairment induced by STZ intoxication. Reactive gliosis in the hippocampus and periventricular area, manifested through elevated levels of Iba1+ and GFAP+/VIM+ following icv-STZ, was ameliorated after iTBS treatment. Our research identifies iTBS as an effective therapeutic candidate against STZ-induced neurotoxicity and AD-like changes. The beneficial effects of iTBS on cognitive dysfunction might be due to targeting microglia and astrocytes, as they exert a protective role in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. The results could provoke translation into clinical practice as an early/add-on non-invasive therapeutic intervention for cognitive impairment in AD.
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Stekic A, Zeljkovic M, Zaric Kontic M, Mihajlovic K, Adzic M, Stevanovic I, Ninkovic M, Grkovic I, Ilic TV, Nedeljkovic N, Dragic M. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit and Attenuates Neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer’s-Like Disease Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:889983. [PMID: 35656538 PMCID: PMC9152158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.889983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration implies progressive neuronal loss and neuroinflammation further contributing to pathology progression. It is a feature of many neurological disorders, most common being Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive stimulation which modulates excitability of stimulated brain areas through magnetic pulses. Numerous studies indicated beneficial effect of rTMS in several neurological diseases, including AD, however, exact mechanism are yet to be elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an rTMS paradigm, on behavioral, neurochemical and molecular level in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced Alzheimer’s-like disease model. TMT acts as a neurotoxic agent targeting hippocampus causing cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation, replicating behavioral and molecular aspects of AD. Male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups–controls, rats subjected to a single dose of TMT (8 mg/kg), TMT rats subjected to iTBS two times per day for 15 days and TMT sham group. After 3 weeks, we examined exploratory behavior and memory, histopathological and changes on molecular level. TMT-treated rats exhibited severe and cognitive deficit. iTBS-treated animals showed improved cognition. iTBS reduced TMT-induced inflammation and increased anti-inflammatory molecules. We examined PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is involved in regulation of apoptosis, cell growth and learning and memory. We found significant downregulation of phosphorylated forms of Akt and mTOR in TMT-intoxicated animals, which were reverted following iTBS stimulation. Application of iTBS produces beneficial effects on cognition in of rats with TMT-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and that effect could be mediated via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which could candidate this protocol as a potential therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Stekic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Zaric Kontic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Mihajlovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Adzic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninkovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grkovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tihomir V. Ilic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Milorad Dragic,
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Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030473. [PMID: 35336846 PMCID: PMC8945729 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are known to lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis, and to induce deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes following cervical spinal cord injury. We used a noninvasive therapeutic tool (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)), to harness plasticity in spared descending respiratory circuit and reduce the inflammatory processes. Briefly, the results obtained in this present study suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes. Abstract High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis. The search for therapeutics to induce functional motor recovery is essential. One promising noninvasive therapeutic tool that could harness plasticity in a spared descending respiratory circuit is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Here, we tested the effect of chronic high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS above the cortical areas in C2 hemisected rats when applied for 7 days, 1 month, or 2 months. An increase in intact hemidiaphragm electromyogram (EMG) activity and excitability (diaphragm motor evoked potentials) was observed after 1 month of rTMS application. Interestingly, despite no real functional effects of rTMS treatment on the injured hemidiaphragm activity during eupnea, 2 months of rTMS treatment strengthened the existing crossed phrenic pathways, allowing the injured hemidiaphragm to increase its activity during the respiratory challenge (i.e., asphyxia). This effect could be explained by a strengthening of respiratory descending fibers in the ventrolateral funiculi (an increase in GAP-43 positive fibers), sustained by a reduction in inflammation in the C1–C3 spinal cord (reduction in CD68 and Iba1 labeling), and acceleration of intracellular plasticity processes in phrenic motoneurons after chronic rTMS treatment. These results suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes.
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Saha R, Wu K, Bloom RP, Liang S, Tonini D, Wang JP. A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:182004. [PMID: 35013010 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac49be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of neurodegenerative, sensory and cardiovascular diseases, electrical probes and arrays have shown quite a promising success rate. However, despite the outstanding clinical outcomes, their operation is significantly hindered by non-selective control of electric fields. A promising alternative is micromagnetic stimulation (μMS) due to the high permeability of magnetic field through biological tissues. The induced electric field from the time-varying magnetic field generated by magnetic neurostimulators is used to remotely stimulate neighboring neurons. Due to the spatial asymmetry of the induced electric field, high spatial selectivity of neurostimulation has been realized. Herein, some popular choices of magnetic neurostimulators such as microcoils (μcoils) and spintronic nanodevices are reviewed. The neurostimulator features such as power consumption and resolution (aiming at cellular level) are discussed. In addition, the chronic stability and biocompatibility of these implantable neurostimulator are commented in favor of further translation to clinical settings. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as another invaluable neurostimulation material, has emerged in recent years. Thus, in this review we have also included MNPs as a remote neurostimulation solution that overcomes physical limitations of invasive implants. Overall, this review provides peers with the recent development of ultra-low power, cellular-level, spatially selective magnetic neurostimulators of dimensions within micro- to nano-range for treating chronic neurological disorders. At the end of this review, some potential applications of next generation neuro-devices have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Robert P Bloom
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
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24
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Uzair M, Abualait T, Arshad M, Yoo WK, Mir A, Bunyan RF, Bashir S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in animal models of neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:251-265. [PMID: 34269184 PMCID: PMC8464007 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation techniques offer powerful means of modulating the physiology of specific neural structures. In recent years, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation, have emerged as therapeutic tools for neurology and neuroscience. However, the possible repercussions of these techniques remain unclear, and there are few reports on the incisive recovery mechanisms through brain stimulation. Although several studies have recommended the use of non-invasive brain stimulation in clinical neuroscience, with a special emphasis on TMS, the suggested mechanisms of action have not been confirmed directly at the neural level. Insights into the neural mechanisms of non-invasive brain stimulation would unveil the strategies necessary to enhance the safety and efficacy of this progressive approach. Therefore, animal studies investigating the mechanisms of TMS-induced recovery at the neural level are crucial for the elaboration of non-invasive brain stimulation. Translational research done using animal models has several advantages and is able to investigate knowledge gaps by directly targeting neuronal levels. In this review, we have discussed the role of TMS in different animal models, the impact of animal studies on various disease states, and the findings regarding brain function of animal models after TMS in pharmacology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
- Hallym Institute for Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Ali Mir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Fahd Bunyan
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Naro A, Billeri L, Lauria P, Manuli A, Calabrò RS. Toward Improving Functional Recovery in AIDS-associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Single Case Pilot Study on a Novel Neuromodulation Approach. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 19:15-18. [PMID: 35382071 PMCID: PMC8970235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in the context of human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-AIDS) show a partial improvement following rehabilitation; however, this improvement is rapidly lost if the patient is not provided with intensive rehabilitation. A 42-year-old patient affected by HIV-AIDS had a clinical worsening within a few months following PML onset, despite being treated with antiretroviral drugs and conventional rehabilitation. He developed severe paraparesis and significant dependency in the activities of daily life. A first cycle of intensive rehabilitation provided the patient with some significant functional outcomes, although he experienced a worsening of the clinical condition after two months of rest, before admission to our rehabilitation unit. We thus sought to evaluate the effects of intensive robot-aided gait training (RAGT) coupled with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The patient significantly improved when provided with intensive RAGT coupled with tDCS (as per 10-meter Walk Test [10MWT] and 6-minute Walk Test [6MWT]), and the improvement was maintained at three-month follow-up. As this advanced approach was feasible, safe, and potentially effective, this case suggests that patients with PML-HIV require prolonged multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment. We can speculate that individuals with PML should also be treated with innovative technology to improve their functional outcomes and therefore quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- Drs. Naro and Calabrò, Ms. Billeri, Ms. Lauria, and Mr. Manuli are with IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo-Piemonte in Messina, Italy
| | - Luana Billeri
- Drs. Naro and Calabrò, Ms. Billeri, Ms. Lauria, and Mr. Manuli are with IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo-Piemonte in Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Lauria
- Drs. Naro and Calabrò, Ms. Billeri, Ms. Lauria, and Mr. Manuli are with IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo-Piemonte in Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Manuli
- Drs. Naro and Calabrò, Ms. Billeri, Ms. Lauria, and Mr. Manuli are with IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo-Piemonte in Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- Drs. Naro and Calabrò, Ms. Billeri, Ms. Lauria, and Mr. Manuli are with IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo-Piemonte in Messina, Italy
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26
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da Costa CC, Martins LAM, Koth AP, Ramos JMO, Guma FTCR, de Oliveira CM, Pedra NS, Fischer G, Helena ES, Gioda CR, Sanches PRS, Junior ASV, Soares MSP, Spanevello RM, Gamaro GD, de Souza ICC. Static Magnetic Stimulation Induces Changes in the Oxidative Status and Cell Viability Parameters in a Primary Culture Model of Astrocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:873-885. [PMID: 34176101 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play an important role in the central nervous system function and may contribute to brain plasticity response during static magnetic fields (SMF) brain therapy. However, most studies evaluate SMF stimulation in brain plasticity while few studies evaluate the consequences of SMF at the cellular level. Thus, we here evaluate the effects of SMF at 305 mT (medium-intensity) in a primary culture of healthy/normal cortical astrocytes obtained from neonatal (1 to 2-day-old) Wistar rats. After reaching confluence, cells were daily subjected to SMF stimulation for 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 40 min during 7 consecutive days. Oxidative stress parameters, cell cycle, cell viability, and mitochondrial function were analyzed. The antioxidant capacity was reduced in groups stimulated for 5 and 40 min. Although no difference was observed in the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase or the total thiol content, lipid peroxidation was increased in all stimulated groups. The cell cycle was changed after 40 min of SMF stimulation while 15, 30, and 40 min led cells to death by necrosis. Mitochondrial function was reduced after SMF stimulation, although imaging analysis did not reveal substantial changes in the mitochondrial network. Results mainly revealed that SMF compromised healthy astrocytes' oxidative status and viability. This finding reveals how important is to understand the SMF stimulation at the cellular level since this therapeutic approach has been largely used against neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Crespo da Costa
- NeuroCell Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão-RS, 96160-000, Brasil
| | - Léo Anderson Meira Martins
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Bairro Centro Histórico, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brasil
| | - André Peres Koth
- NeuroCell Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão-RS, 96160-000, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Marques Obelar Ramos
- NeuroCell Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão-RS, 96160-000, Brasil
| | - Fátima Theresinha Costa Rodrigues Guma
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-000, Brasil
| | - Cleverson Moraes de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-000, Brasil
| | - Nathália Stark Pedra
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Inflammation and Cancer, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão-RS, 96160-000, Brasil
| | - Geferson Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão-RS, 96160-000, Brasil
| | - Eduarda Santa Helena
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande Avenida Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brasil
| | - Carolina Rosa Gioda
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande Avenida Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brasil
| | - Paulo Roberto Stefani Sanches
- Laboratory of the Research and Development Service in Biomedical Engineering- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350- Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre-RS, 90035-903, Brasil
| | - Antonio Sergio Varela Junior
- Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Avenida Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brasil
| | - Mayara Sandrielly Pereira Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Inflammation and Cancer, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão-RS, 96160-000, Brasil
| | - Rosélia Maria Spanevello
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Inflammation and Cancer, Post-Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospection, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão-RS, 96160-000, Brasil
| | - Giovana Duzzo Gamaro
- NeuroCell Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão-RS, 96160-000, Brasil
| | - Izabel Cristina Custódio de Souza
- Coordinator of NeuroCell Laboratory, Laboratory of Histology, Department of Morphology, Post-Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospection, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Avenida Duque de Caxias, 250, 96030-000, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
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Ferro M, Lamanna J, Spadini S, Nespoli A, Sulpizio S, Malgaroli A. Synaptic plasticity mechanisms behind TMS efficacy: insights from its application to animal models. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:25-36. [PMID: 34783902 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural plasticity is defined as a reshape of communication paths among neurons, expressed through changes in the number and weights of synaptic contacts. During this process, which occurs massively during early brain development but continues also in adulthood, specific brain functions are modified by activity-dependent processes, triggered by external as well as internal stimuli. Since transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) produces a non-invasive form of brain cells activation, many different TMS protocols have been developed to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions and proved to be beneficial. Although neural plasticity induction by TMS has been widely assessed on human subjects, we still lack compelling evidence about the actual biological and molecular mechanisms. To support a better comprehension of the involved phenomena, the main focus of this review is to summarize what has been found through the application of TMS to animal models. The hope is that such integrated view will shed light on why and how TMS so effectively works on human subjects, thus supporting a more efficient development of new protocols in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ferro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy. .,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. .,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Spadini
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Nespoli
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Sulpizio
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. .,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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28
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Le HT, Haque RI, Ouyang Z, Lee SW, Fried SI, Zhao D, Qiu M, Han A. MEMS inductor fabrication and emerging applications in power electronics and neurotechnologies. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:59. [PMID: 34567771 PMCID: PMC8433479 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MEMS inductors are used in a wide range of applications in micro- and nanotechnology, including RF MEMS, sensors, power electronics, and Bio-MEMS. Fabrication technologies set the boundary conditions for inductor design and their electrical and mechanical performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art MEMS technologies for inductor fabrication, presents recent advances in 3D additive fabrication technologies, and discusses the challenges and opportunities of MEMS inductors for two emerging applications, namely, integrated power electronics and neurotechnologies. Among the four top-down MEMS fabrication approaches, 3D surface micromachining and through-substrate-via (TSV) fabrication technology have been intensively studied to fabricate 3D inductors such as solenoid and toroid in-substrate TSV inductors. While 3D inductors are preferred for their high-quality factor, high power density, and low parasitic capacitance, in-substrate TSV inductors offer an additional unique advantage for 3D system integration and efficient thermal dissipation. These features make in-substrate TSV inductors promising to achieve the ultimate goal of monolithically integrated power converters. From another perspective, 3D bottom-up additive techniques such as ice lithography have great potential for fabricating inductors with geometries and specifications that are very challenging to achieve with established MEMS technologies. Finally, we discuss inspiring and emerging research opportunities for MEMS inductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Thanh Le
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rubaiyet I. Haque
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ziwei Ouyang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Shelley I. Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ding Zhao
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anpan Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Zorzo C, Méndez M, Pernía AM, Arias JL. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during a spatial memory task leads to a decrease in brain metabolic activity. Brain Res 2021; 1769:147610. [PMID: 34380023 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that is able to generate causal-based interferences between brain networks and cognitive or behavioral responses. It has been used to improve cognition in several disease models. However, although its exploration in healthy animals is essential to attribute its pure effect in learning and memory processes, studies in this regard are scarce. We aimed to evaluate whether rTMS leads to memory facilitation in healthy rats, and to explore the brain-related oxidative metabolism. We stimulated healthy Wistar rats with a high-frequency (100 Hz) and low-intensity (0.33 T) protocol during three consecutive days and evaluated the effect on the performance of an allocentric spatial reference learning and memory task. Following the last day of learning, we assessed oxidative brain metabolism through quantitative cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) histochemistry. The results showed that rTMS did not improve spatial memory in healthy rats, but the behavioral outcome was accompanied by a CCO reduction in the prefrontal, retrosplenial, parietal, and rhinal cortices, as well as in the striatum, amygdala, septum, mammillary bodies, and the hippocampus, reflecting a lower metabolic activity. In conclusion, rTMS induces a highly efficient use of brain regions associated with spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Zorzo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Marta Méndez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Alberto M Pernía
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Electronic Technology Area, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Jorge L Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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Lin Y, Jin J, Lv R, Luo Y, Dai W, Li W, Tang Y, Wang Y, Ye X, Lin WJ. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the brain's drainage efficiency in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:102. [PMID: 34078467 PMCID: PMC8170932 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with high prevalence rate among the elderly population. A large number of clinical studies have suggested repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a promising non-invasive treatment for patients with mild to moderate AD. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain largely uninvestigated. In the current study, we examined the effect of high frequency rTMS treatment on the cognitive functions and pathological changes in the brains of 4- to 5-month old 5xFAD mice, an early pathological stage with pronounced amyloidopathy and cognitive deficit. Our results showed that rTMS treatment effectively prevented the decline of long-term memories of the 5xFAD mice for novel objects and locations. Importantly, rTMS treatment significantly increased the drainage efficiency of brain clearance pathways, including the glymphatic system in brain parenchyma and the meningeal lymphatics, in the 5xFAD mouse model. Significant reduction of Aβ deposits, suppression of microglia and astrocyte activation, and prevention of decline of neuronal activity as indicated by the elevated c-FOS expression, were observed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the rTMS-treated 5xFAD mice. Collectively, these findings provide a novel mechanistic insight of rTMS in regulating brain drainage system and β-amyloid clearance in the 5xFAD mouse model, and suggest the potential use of the clearance rate of contrast tracer in cerebrospinal fluid as a prognostic biomarker for the effectiveness of rTMS treatment in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongke Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Dai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Mancini A, Ghiglieri V, Parnetti L, Calabresi P, Di Filippo M. Neuro-Immune Cross-Talk in the Striatum: From Basal Ganglia Physiology to Circuit Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644294. [PMID: 33953715 PMCID: PMC8091963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia network is represented by an interconnected group of subcortical nuclei traditionally thought to play a crucial role in motor learning and movement execution. During the last decades, knowledge about basal ganglia physiology significantly evolved and this network is now considered as a key regulator of important cognitive and emotional processes. Accordingly, the disruption of basal ganglia network dynamics represents a crucial pathogenic factor in many neurological and psychiatric disorders. The striatum is the input station of the circuit. Thanks to the synaptic properties of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and their ability to express synaptic plasticity, the striatum exerts a fundamental integrative and filtering role in the basal ganglia network, influencing the functional output of the whole circuit. Although it is currently established that the immune system is able to regulate neuronal transmission and plasticity in specific cortical areas, the role played by immune molecules and immune/glial cells in the modulation of intra-striatal connections and basal ganglia activity still needs to be clarified. In this manuscript, we review the available evidence of immune-based regulation of synaptic activity in the striatum, also discussing how an abnormal immune activation in this region could be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and degenerative central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Section of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Pervin Z, Stephen JM. Effect of alcohol on the central nervous system to develop neurological disorder: pathophysiological and lifestyle modulation can be potential therapeutic options for alcohol-induced neurotoxication. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:390-413. [PMID: 34183988 PMCID: PMC8222771 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the major target for adverse effects of alcohol and extensively promotes the development of a significant number of neurological diseases such as stroke, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Excessive alcohol consumption causes severe neuro-immunological changes in the internal organs including irreversible brain injury and it also reacts with the defense mechanism of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which in turn leads to changes in the configuration of the tight junction of endothelial cells and white matter thickness of the brain. Neuronal injury associated with malnutrition and oxidative stress-related BBB dysfunction may cause neuronal degeneration and demyelination in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD); however, the underlying mechanism still remains unknown. To address this question, studies need to be performed on the contributing mechanisms of alcohol on pathological relationships of neurodegeneration that cause permanent neuronal damage. Moreover, alcohol-induced molecular changes of white matter with conduction disturbance in neurotransmission are a likely cause of myelin defect or axonal loss which correlates with cognitive dysfunctions in AUD. To extend our current knowledge in developing a neuroprotective environment, we need to explore the pathophysiology of ethanol (EtOH) metabolism and its effect on the CNS. Recent epidemiological studies and experimental animal research have revealed the association between excessive alcohol consumption and neurodegeneration. This review supports an interdisciplinary treatment protocol to protect the nervous system and to improve the cognitive outcomes of patients who suffer from alcohol-related neurodegeneration as well as clarify the pathological involvement of alcohol in causing other major neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinia Pervin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Julia M Stephen
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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The Role of White Matter Dysfunction and Leukoencephalopathy/Leukodystrophy Genes in the Aetiology of Frontotemporal Dementias: Implications for Novel Approaches to Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052541. [PMID: 33802612 PMCID: PMC7961524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of presenile dementia and is characterized by behavioural and/or language changes and progressive cognitive deficits. Genetics is an important component in the aetiology of FTD, with positive family history of dementia reported for 40% of cases. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the known major FTD genes, including C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72), MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) and GRN (granulin), and their impact on neuronal and glial pathology. Further, evidence for white matter dysfunction in the aetiology of FTD and the clinical, neuroimaging and genetic overlap between FTD and leukodystrophy/leukoencephalopathy are discussed. The review highlights the role of common variants and mutations in genes such as CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), CYP27A1 (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1), TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) and TMEM106B (transmembrane protein 106B) that play an integral role in microglia and oligodendrocyte function. Finally, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for enhancing remyelination are discussed in terms of future treatments of FTD.
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Wang J, Li G, Deng L, Mamtilahun M, Jiang L, Qiu W, Zheng H, Sun J, Xie Q, Yang GY. Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation Improves Neurorehabilitation after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. Aging Dis 2021; 12:50-60. [PMID: 33532127 PMCID: PMC7801287 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) regulates neural activity in different brain regions in humans and animals. However, the role of ultrasound stimulation in modulating neural activity and promoting neurorehabilitation in the ischemic brain is largely unknown. In the present study, we explored the effect of tFUS on neurological rehabilitation and the underlying mechanism. Adult male ICR mice (n=42) underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. One week after brain ischemia, low frequency (0.5 MHz) tFUS was applied to stimulate the ischemic hemisphere of mice for 7 consecutive days (10 minutes daily). Brain infarct volume, neurobehavioral tests, microglia activation, IL-10 and IL-10R levels were further assessed for up to 14 days. We found that the brain infarct volume was significantly reduced in the tFUS treated mice compared to that in the non-treated mice (p<0.05). Similarly, neurological severity scores, elevated body swing test, and corner test improved in the tFUS treated mice (p<0.05). We also demonstrated that tFUS resulted in increased M2 microglia in the ischemic brain region. The expression of IL-10R and IL-10 levels were also substantially upregulated (p<0.05). We concluded that tFUS served as a unique technique to promote neurorehabilitation after brain ischemia by promoting microglia polarization and further regulating IL-10 signaling in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Wang
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- 3Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,4School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lidong Deng
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Weibao Qiu
- 3Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- 3Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qing Xie
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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35
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Huo CC, Zheng Y, Lu WW, Zhang TY, Wang DF, Xu DS, Li ZY. Prospects for intelligent rehabilitation techniques to treat motor dysfunction. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:264-269. [PMID: 32859773 PMCID: PMC7896219 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of stroke patients live with different levels of motor dysfunction after receiving routine rehabilitation treatments. Therefore, new rehabilitation technologies are urgently needed as auxiliary treatments for motor rehabilitation. Based on routine rehabilitation treatments, a new intelligent rehabilitation platform has been developed for accurate evaluation of function and rehabilitation training. The emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques can promote the development of motor function rehabilitation in terms of informatization, standardization, and intelligence. Traditional assessment methods are mostly subjective, depending on the experience and expertise of clinicians, and lack standardization and precision. It is therefore difficult to track functional changes during the rehabilitation process. Emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques provide objective and accurate functional assessment for stroke patients that can promote improvement of clinical guidance for treatment. Artificial intelligence and neural networks play a critical role in intelligent rehabilitation. Multiple novel techniques, such as brain-computer interfaces, virtual reality, neural circuit-magnetic stimulation, and robot-assisted therapy, have been widely used in the clinic. This review summarizes the emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques for the evaluation and treatment of motor dysfunction caused by nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lu
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng-Yu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Dai-Fa Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Yong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
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36
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Low-Field Magnetic Stimulation Accelerates the Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells via Non-canonical TGF-β Signaling Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:855-866. [PMID: 33037982 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss are characteristic changes in demyelinating disorders. Low-field magnetic stimulation (LFMS) is a novel transcranial neuromodulation technology that has shown promising therapeutic potential for a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of magnetic stimulation remain unclear. Previous studies mainly focused on the effects of magnetic stimulation on neuronal cells. Here we aimed to examine the effects of a gamma frequency LFMS on the glial progenitor cells. We used rat central glia-4 (CG4) cell line as an in vitro model. CG4 is a bipotential glial progenitor cell line that can differentiate into either oligodendrocyte or type 2-astrocyte. The cells cultured in a defined differentiation media were exposed to a 40-Hz LFMS 20 min daily for five consecutive days. We found that LFMS transiently elevated the level of TGF-β1 in the culture media in the first 24 h after the treatment. In correlation with the TGF-β1 levels, the percentage of cells possessing complex branches and expressing the late oligodendrocyte progenitor marker O4 was increased, indicating the accelerated differentiation of CG4 cells towards oligodendrocyte in LFMS-treated cultures. LFMS increased phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 proteins, but not SMAD2/3. TGF-β1 receptor I specific inhibitor LY 364947 partially suppressed the effects of LFMS on differentiation and on levels of pAkt and pErk1/2, indicating that LFMS enhances the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells via activation of non-canonical TGF-β-Akt and TGF-β-Erk1/2 pathways but not the canonical SMAD pathway. The data from this study reveal a novel mechanism of magnetic stimulation as a potential therapy for demyelination disorders.
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Chalfouh C, Guillou C, Hardouin J, Delarue Q, Li X, Duclos C, Schapman D, Marie JP, Cosette P, Guérout N. The Regenerative Effect of Trans-spinal Magnetic Stimulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and Pathways Underlying the Effect. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:2069-2088. [PMID: 32856173 PMCID: PMC7851265 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a loss of sensitive and motor functions. Currently, there is no therapeutic intervention offering a complete recovery. Here, we report that repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation (rTSMS) can be a noninvasive SCI treatment that enhances tissue repair and functional recovery. Several techniques including immunohistochemical, behavioral, cells cultures, and proteomics have been performed. Moreover, different lesion paradigms, such as acute and chronic phase following SCI in wild-type and transgenic animals at different ages (juvenile, adult, and aged), have been used. We demonstrate that rTSMS modulates the lesion scar by decreasing fibrosis and inflammation and increases proliferation of spinal cord stem cells. Our results demonstrate also that rTSMS decreases demyelination, which contributes to axonal regrowth, neuronal survival, and locomotor recovery after SCI. This research provides evidence that rTSMS induces therapeutic effects in a preclinical rodent model and suggests possible translation to clinical application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chalfouh
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - C Guillou
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - J Hardouin
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Q Delarue
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - X Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences and Society, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Duclos
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - D Schapman
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, SFR IRIB, Plateau PRIMACEN, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - J-P Marie
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - P Cosette
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - N Guérout
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France.
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Muri L, Oberhänsli S, Buri M, Le ND, Grandgirard D, Bruggmann R, Müri RM, Leib SL. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates glial cells and inhibits neurogenesis after pneumococcal meningitis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232863. [PMID: 32915781 PMCID: PMC7485822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis (PM) causes damage to the hippocampus, a brain structure critically involved in learning and memory. Hippocampal injury-which compromises neurofunctional outcome-occurs as apoptosis of progenitor cells and immature neurons of the hippocampal dentate granule cell layer thereby impairing the regenerative capacity of the hippocampal stem cell niche. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) harbours the potential to modulate the proliferative activity of this neuronal stem cell niche. In this study, specific rTMS protocols-namely continuous and intermittent theta burst stimulation (cTBS and iTBS)-were applied on infant rats microbiologically cured from PM by five days of antibiotic treatment. Following two days of exposure to TBS, differential gene expression was analysed by whole transcriptome analysis using RNAseq. cTBS provoked a prominent effect in inducing differential gene expression in the cortex and the hippocampus, whereas iTBS only affect gene expression in the cortex. TBS induced polarisation of microglia and astrocytes towards an inflammatory phenotype, while reducing neurogenesis, neuroplasticity and regeneration. cTBS was further found to induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. We conclude that cTBS intensified neuroinflammation after PM, which translated into increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators thereby inhibiting neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Muri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Oberhänsli
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Buri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ngoc Dung Le
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M. Müri
- Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Compensatory Neuroprotective Response of Thioredoxin Reductase against Oxidative-Nitrosative Stress Induced by Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Rats: Modulation by Theta Burst Stimulation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173922. [PMID: 32867364 PMCID: PMC7503723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical theta burst stimulation (TBS) structured as intermittent (iTBS) and continuous (cTBS) could prevent the progression of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The interplay of brain antioxidant defense systems against free radicals (FRs) overproduction induced by EAE, as well as during iTBS or cTBS, have not been entirely investigated. This study aimed to examine whether oxidative-nitrogen stress (ONS) is one of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of EAE, which may be changed in terms of health improvement by iTBS or cTBS. Dark Agouti strain female rats were tested for the effects of EAE and TBS. The rats were randomly divided into the control group, rats specifically immunized for EAE and nonspecifically immuno-stimulated with Complete Freund's adjuvant. TBS or sham TBS was applied to EAE rats from 14th-24th post-immunization day. Superoxide dismutase activity, levels of superoxide anion (O2•-), lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity were analyzed in rat spinal cords homogenates. The severity of EAE clinical coincided with the climax of ONS. The most critical result refers to TrxR, which immensely responded against the applied stressors of the central nervous system (CNS), including immunization and TBS. We found that the compensatory neuroprotective role of TrxR upregulation is a positive feedback mechanism that reduces the harmfulness of ONS. iTBS and cTBS both modulate the biochemical environment against ONS at a distance from the area of stimulation, alleviating symptoms of EAE. The results of our study increase the understanding of FRs' interplay and the role of Trx/TrxR in ONS-associated neuroinflammatory diseases, such as EAE. Also, our results might help the development of new ideas for designing more effective medical treatment, combining neuropsychological with noninvasive neurostimulation-neuromodulation techniques to patients living with MS.
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Zheng Y, Mao YR, Yuan TF, Xu DS, Cheng LM. Multimodal treatment for spinal cord injury: a sword of neuroregeneration upon neuromodulation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1437-1450. [PMID: 31997803 PMCID: PMC7059565 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is linked to the interruption of neural pathways, which results in irreversible neural dysfunction. Neural repair and neuroregeneration are critical goals and issues for rehabilitation in spinal cord injury, which require neural stem cell repair and multimodal neuromodulation techniques involving personalized rehabilitation strategies. Besides the involvement of endogenous stem cells in neurogenesis and neural repair, exogenous neural stem cell transplantation is an emerging effective method for repairing and replacing damaged tissues in central nervous system diseases. However, to ensure that endogenous or exogenous neural stem cells truly participate in neural repair following spinal cord injury, appropriate interventional measures (e.g., neuromodulation) should be adopted. Neuromodulation techniques, such as noninvasive magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation, have been safely applied in many neuropsychiatric diseases. There is increasing evidence to suggest that neuromagnetic/electrical modulation promotes neuroregeneration and neural repair by affecting signaling in the nervous system; namely, by exciting, inhibiting, or regulating neuronal and neural network activities to improve motor function and motor learning following spinal cord injury. Several studies have indicated that fine motor skill rehabilitation training makes use of residual nerve fibers for collateral growth, encourages the formation of new synaptic connections to promote neural plasticity, and improves motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury. With the development of biomaterial technology and biomechanical engineering, several emerging treatments have been developed, such as robots, brain-computer interfaces, and nanomaterials. These treatments have the potential to help millions of patients suffering from motor dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury. However, large-scale clinical trials need to be conducted to validate their efficacy. This review evaluated the efficacy of neural stem cells and magnetic or electrical stimulation combined with rehabilitation training and intelligent therapies for spinal cord injury according to existing evidence, to build up a multimodal treatment strategy of spinal cord injury to enhance nerve repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye-Ran Mao
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dragic M, Zeljkovic M, Stevanovic I, Ilic T, Ilic N, Nedeljkovic N, Ninkovic M. Theta burst stimulation ameliorates symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and attenuates reactive gliosis. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:208-217. [PMID: 32599126 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease caused by inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). Decades of research led to discovery of several disease-modifying therapeutics strategies with moderate success. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is currently the most commonly used experimental model for MS and for studying various therapeutic approaches. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation technique with multiple beneficial effects on healthy as well as CNS with pathology. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of rTMS on acute EAE are scarce. Our study demonstrated beneficial effects of theta-burst stimulation (TBS), an experimental paradigm of rTMS, on disease course of acute EAE. TBS treatment attenuated reactive gliosis, restored myelin sheet and down-regulated expression of vimentin in EAE rats. These effects were reflected through reduced clinical parameters, shorter duration of illness and days spent in paralysis. Based on our research, rTMS deserves further considerations for its neuroprotective effect on EAE, and is an excellent candidate for further research and points that it could be used for more than for simple symptomatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Dragic
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Institute for Biological Research"Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Serbia
| | - Tihomir Ilic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Serbia
| | - Nela Ilic
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninkovic
- Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Serbia
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Cai Y, Qiu B, Liao M, Liu X, Lin J, Lan L, Xu G, Fan Y. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Improves the Spatial Cognitive Function of Rats with Chronic Hypertension-induced Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 437:98-106. [PMID: 32353458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) can improve the spatial cognitive function of rats with hypertension-induced cerebral small vessel disease. To prove our hypothesis, stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRSPs) were treated with iTBS beginning at postoperative week 22. The Morris water maze was performed to assess spatial cognitive function. The expression of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits NR1, NR2A and NR2B, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα), p-CaMKIIα and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) in the hippocampus were evaluated by western blot analysis. The distribution of GluR1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBa-1) in the CA1 and CA3 regions and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus were evaluated by immunofluorescence analysis. Treatment with iTBS significantly improved the spatial cognitive function of RHRSPs, increased the expression of NR2B, p-CaMKIIα and GluR1 in the hippocampus, and decreased the proliferation of astrocytes and microglia. Our results showed that iTBS treatment had a beneficial effect on the cognitive impairments induced by cerebral small vessel disease, potentially through the activation of the NR2B-CaMKII pathway, an increase in GluR1 expression and the suppression of astrocyte and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Baoshan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengshi Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Linfang Lan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangqing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Hong Y, Liu Q, Peng M, Bai M, Li J, Sun R, Guo H, Xu P, Xie Y, Li Y, Liu L, Du J, Liu X, Yang B, Xu G. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves functional recovery by inhibiting neurotoxic polarization of astrocytes in ischemic rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:150. [PMID: 32375835 PMCID: PMC7203826 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive treatment for ischemic stroke. Astrocytes regulation has been suggested as one mechanism for rTMS effectiveness. But how rTMS regulates astrocytes remains largely undetermined. There were neurotoxic and neuroprotective phenotypes of astrocytes (also denoted as classically and alternatively activated astrocytes or A1 and A2 astrocytes) pertaining to pro- or anti-inflammatory gene expression. Pro-inflammatory or neurotoxic polarized astrocytes were induced during cerebral ischemic stroke. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of rTMS on astrocytic polarization during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. Methods Three rTMS protocols were applied to primary astrocytes under normal and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) conditions. Cell survival, proliferation, and phenotypic changes were assessed after 2-day treatment. Astrocytes culture medium (ACM) from control, OGD/R, and OGD/R + rTMS groups were mixed with neuronal medium to culture neurons for 48 h and 7 days, in order to explore the influence on neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. In vivo, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and received posterior orbital intravenous injection of ACM collected from different groups at reperfusion, and at 3 days post reperfusion. The apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra, infarct volumes, and the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) were evaluated at 1 week after reperfusion, and cognitive functions were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests. Finally, the 10 Hz rTMS was directly applied to MCAO rats to verify the rTMS effects on astrocytic polarization. Results Among these three frequencies, the 10 Hz protocol exerted the greatest potential to modulate astrocytic polarization after OGD/R injury. Classically activated and A1 markers were significantly inhibited by rTMS treatment. In OGD/R model, the concentration of pro-inflammatory mediator TNF-α decreased from 57.7 to 23.0 рg/mL, while anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 increased from 99.0 to 555.1 рg/mL in the ACM after rTMS treatment. The ACM collected from rTMS-treated astrocytes significantly alleviated neuronal apoptosis induced by OGD/R injury, and promoted neuronal plasticity. In MCAO rat model, the ACM collected from rTMS treatment decreased neuronal apoptosis and infarct volumes, and improved cognitive functions. The neurotoxic astrocytes were simultaneously inhibited after rTMS treatment. Conclusion Inhibition of neurotoxic astrocytic polarization is a potential mechanism for the effectiveness of high-frequency rTMS in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maosheng Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juanji Li
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 210000, China
| | - Hongquan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.,Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunzi Li
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
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Focal Suppression of Epileptiform Activity in the Hippocampus by a High-frequency Magnetic Field. Neuroscience 2020; 432:1-14. [PMID: 32105740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electric current has been used for epilepsy treatment by targeting specific neural circuitries. Despite its success, direct contact between the electrode and tissue could cause side effects including pain, inflammation, and adverse biological reactions. Magnetic stimulation overcomes these limitations by offering advantages over biocompatibility and operational feasibility. However, the underlying neurological mechanisms of its action are largely unknown. In this work, a magnetic generating system was assembled that included a miniature coil. The coil was positioned above the CA3 area of mouse hippocampal slices. Epileptiform activity (EFA) was induced with low Mg2+/high K+ perfusion or with 100 µM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). The miniature coil generated a sizable electric field that suppressed the local EFA in the hippocampus in the low-Mg2+/high-K+ model. The inhibition effect was dependent on the frequency and duration of the magnetic stimulus, with high frequency being more effective in suppressing EFA. EFA suppression by the magnetic field was also observed in the 4-AP model, in a frequency and duration - dependent manner. The study provides a platform for further investigation of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy treatment with time varying magnetic fields.
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Martinez-Banaclocha M. Astroglial Isopotentiality and Calcium-Associated Biomagnetic Field Effects on Cortical Neuronal Coupling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020439. [PMID: 32069981 PMCID: PMC7073214 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic neurotransmission is necessary but does not sufficiently explain superior cognitive faculties. Growing evidence has shown that neuron-astroglial chemical crosstalk plays a critical role in the processing of information, computation, and memory. In addition to chemical and electrical communication among neurons and between neurons and astrocytes, other nonsynaptic mechanisms called ephaptic interactions can contribute to the neuronal synchronization from different brain regions involved in the processing of information. New research on brain astrocytes has clearly shown that the membrane potential of these cells remains very stable among neighboring and distant astrocytes due to the marked bioelectric coupling between them through gap junctions. This finding raises the possibility that the neocortical astroglial network exerts a guiding template modulating the excitability and synchronization of trillions of neurons by astroglial Ca2+-associated bioelectromagnetic interactions. We propose that bioelectric and biomagnetic fields of the astroglial network equalize extracellular local field potentials (LFPs) and associated local magnetic field potentials (LMFPs) in the cortical layers of the brain areas involved in the processing of information, contributing to the adequate and coherent integration of external and internal signals. This article reviews the current knowledge of ephaptic interactions in the cerebral cortex and proposes that the isopotentiality of cortical astrocytes is a prerequisite for the maintenance of the bioelectromagnetic crosstalk between neurons and astrocytes in the neocortex.
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Liu G, Li XM, Tian S, Lu RR, Chen Y, Xie HY, Yu KW, Zhang JJ, Wu JF, Zhu YL, Wu Y. The effect of magnetic stimulation on differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into neuron. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4130-4141. [PMID: 31916279 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of stem cell transplantation in the treatment of neural lesions is so far not satisfactory. Magnetic stimulation is a feasible exogenous interference to improve transplantation outcome. However, the effect of magnetic stimulation on the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into neuron has not been studied. In this experiment, an in vitro neuron differentiation system from human iPSCs were established and confirmed. Three magnetic stimuli (high frequency [HF], low frequency [LF], intermittent theta-burst stimulation [iTBS]) were applied twice a day during the differentiation process. Immunofluorescence and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) were performed to analyze the effect of magnetic stimulation. Neural stem cells were obtained on day 12, manifested as floating neurospheres expressing neural precursor markers. All groups can differentiate into neurons while glial cell markers were not detected. Both Immunofluorescence and PCR results showed LF and iTBS increased the transcription and expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN). HF significantly increased vesicular glutamate transporters2 transcription while iTBS promoted transcription of both synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95. These results indicate that LF and iTBS can promote the generation of mature neurons from human iPSCs; HF may promote differentiate into glutamatergic neurons while iTBS may promote synapse formation during the differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Ming Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Rong Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Wei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Lian Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wu C, Li MN, Feng YW, He XF, Li WQ, Liang FY, Li X, Li G, Pei Z, Lan Y, Xu GQ. Continuous theta burst stimulation provides neuroprotection by accelerating local cerebral blood flow and inhibiting inflammation in a mouse model of acute ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2020; 1726:146488. [PMID: 31586625 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability with limited therapeutic options. Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) has recently been shown to be a promising noninvasive therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke patients. Here, we investigated the protective effects of cTBS following acute infarction using a photothrombotic stroke (PTS) model in the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of C57BL/6 mice. Treatment with cTBS resulted in a reduction in the volume of the infarct region and significantly increased vascular diameter and blood flow velocity in peri-infarct region, as well as decreased the numbers of calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes. Moreover, the number of CD16/32 positive microglia was decreased, whereas the number of CD206 positive microglia was increased. In addition, performance in a water maze task was significantly improved. These results indicated that cTBS protected against PPC infarct region, leading to an improvement in spatial cognitive function, possibly as a result of changes to cerebral microvascular function and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ni Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wei Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fei He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Qi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Yin Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guang-Qing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Liu CY, Wang X, Liu C, Zhang HL. Pharmacological Targeting of Microglial Activation: New Therapeutic Approach. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:514. [PMID: 31803024 PMCID: PMC6877505 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is not just a consequence but a vital contributor to the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia in particular, may contribute to the induction and modulation of inflammation in PD. Upon stimulation, microglia convert into activated phenotypes, which exist along a dynamic continuum and bear different immune properties depending on the disease stage and severity. Activated microglia release various factors involved in neuroinflammation, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and prostaglandins (PGs). Further, activated microglia interact with other cell types (e.g., neurons, astrocytes and mast cells) and are closely associated with α-synuclein (α-syn) pathophysiology and iron homeostasis disturbance. Taken together, microglial activation and microglia-mediated inflammatory responses play essential roles in the pathogenesis of PD and elucidation of the complexity and imbalance of microglial activation may shed light on novel therapeutic approaches for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
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Ye H, Kaszuba S. Neuromodulation with electromagnetic stimulation for seizure suppression: From electrode to magnetic coil. IBRO Rep 2019; 7:26-33. [PMID: 31360792 PMCID: PMC6639724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive brain tissue stimulation with a magnetic coil provides several irreplaceable advantages over that with an implanted electrode, in altering neural activities under pathological situations. We reviewed clinical cases that utilized time-varying magnetic fields for the treatment of epilepsy, and the safety issues related to this practice. Animal models have been developed to foster understanding of the cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying magnetic control of epileptic activity. These mechanisms include (but are not limited to) (1) direct membrane polarization by the magnetic field, (2) depolarization blockade by the deactivation of ion channels, (3) alteration in synaptic transmission, and (4) interruption of ephaptic interaction and cellular synchronization. Clinical translation of this technology could be improved through the advancement of magnetic design, optimization of stimulation protocols, and evaluation of the long-term safety. Cellular and molecular studies focusing on the mechanisms of magnetic stimulation are of great value in facilitating this translation.
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Key Words
- 4-AP, 4-aminopyridine
- Animal models
- CD50, convulsant dose
- Cellular mechanisms
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- EEG, electroencephalography
- ELF-MF, extremely low frequency magnetic fields
- EcoG, electrocorticography
- Epilepsy
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- HFS, high frequency stimulation
- KA, kainic acid
- LD50, lethal dose
- LTD, long-term depression
- LTP, long-term potential
- MEG, magnetoencephalography
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- Magnetic stimulation
- NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor
- PTZ, pentylenetetrazol
- REM, rapid eye movement
- SMF, static magnetic field
- TES, transcranial electrical stimulation
- TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct-current stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., IL, 60660, United States
| | - Stephanie Kaszuba
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
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Zorzo C, Higarza SG, Méndez M, Martínez JA, Pernía AM, Arias JL. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves neuronal activity without affecting astrocytes and microglia density. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:13-20. [PMID: 31082456 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique capable of producing changes in the electrical potential of neurons. Currently, the application of rTMS in clinical practice and as a neurophysiological tool is increasing. However, the exact cellular mechanisms underlying rTMS-based therapies are not completely clear. Additionally, glial cells have been studied less. Our aim was to investigate the effect of three days of high-frequency rTMS on neuronal metabolism and neuronal activation, in addition to its effect on glial cells. For this purpose, we performed histochemistry and immunohistochemistry procedures: the histochemistry of cytochrome oxidase (COx) to assess neuronal metabolic activity, and the immunohistochemistry of c-Fos (marker of neuronal activity), GFAP (marker of astrocytic reactivity), and Iba1 (selective marker of reactive microglia). Our results showed enhanced metabolic activity after rTMS in the retrosplenial and parietal cortex and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. Moreover, higher c-Fos activity was found in the agranular retrosplenial cortex. Finally, we did not find changes between groups in the induction of astrocyte and microglia reactivity in any of the immunostained regions. In conclusion, we can assume that three days of high-frequency rTMS applied in healthy rats does not alter astroglia reactivity or inflammatory responses, such as microglia proliferation. Because we have shown an upregulation of neuronal metabolic activity in many limbic brain structures, in addition to higher c-Fos levels in the nearest cortical area to the rTMS, our work provides novel insight into the effectiveness and safety of rTMS as a brain modulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Zorzo
- Departamento de Psicología, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain.
| | - Sara G Higarza
- Departamento de Psicología, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain.
| | - Marta Méndez
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain.
| | - Juan A Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain; Electronic Technology Area, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Alberto M Pernía
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain; Electronic Technology Area, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Jorge L Arias
- Departamento de Psicología, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain.
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