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Richer N, Bradford JC, Ferris DP. Mobile neuroimaging: What we have learned about the neural control of human walking, with an emphasis on EEG-based research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105718. [PMID: 38744350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural control of human walking has changed significantly over the last twenty years and mobile brain imaging methods have contributed substantially to current knowledge. High-density electroencephalography (EEG) has the advantages of being lightweight and mobile while providing temporal resolution of brain changes within a gait cycle. Advances in EEG hardware and processing methods have led to a proliferation of research on the neural control of locomotion in neurologically intact adults. We provide a narrative review of the advantages and disadvantages of different mobile brain imaging methods, then summarize findings from mobile EEG studies quantifying electrocortical activity during human walking. Contrary to historical views on the neural control of locomotion, recent studies highlight the widespread involvement of many areas, such as the anterior cingulate, posterior parietal, prefrontal, premotor, sensorimotor, supplementary motor, and occipital cortices, that show active fluctuations in electrical power during walking. The electrocortical activity changes with speed, stability, perturbations, and gait adaptation. We end with a discussion on the next steps in mobile EEG research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Richer
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - J Cortney Bradford
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Daniel P Ferris
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Jonaitis J, Hibbard KL, McCafferty Layte K, Hiramoto A, Cardona A, Truman JW, Nose A, Zwart MF, Pulver SR. STEERING FROM THE REAR: COORDINATION OF CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS UNDERLYING NAVIGATION BY ASCENDING INTERNEURONS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.598162. [PMID: 38948859 PMCID: PMC11212907 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.598162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how animals coordinate movements to achieve goals is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience. Here we explore how neurons that reside in posterior lower-order regions of a locomotor system project to anterior higher-order regions to influence steering and navigation. We characterized the anatomy and functional role of a population of ascending interneurons in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila larvae. Through electron microscopy reconstructions and light microscopy, we determined that the cholinergic 19f cells receive input primarily from premotor interneurons and synapse upon a diverse array of postsynaptic targets within the anterior segments including other 19f cells. Calcium imaging of 19f activity in isolated central nervous system (CNS) preparations in relation to motor neurons revealed that 19f neurons are recruited into most larval motor programmes. 19f activity lags behind motor neuron activity and as a population, the cells encode spatio-temporal patterns of locomotor activity in the larval CNS. Optogenetic manipulations of 19f cell activity in isolated CNS preparations revealed that they coordinate the activity of central pattern generators underlying exploratory headsweeps and forward locomotion in a context and location specific manner. In behaving animals, activating 19f cells suppressed exploratory headsweeps and slowed forward locomotion, while inhibition of 19f activity potentiated headsweeps, slowing forward movement. Inhibiting activity in 19f cells ultimately affected the ability of larvae to remain in the vicinity of an odor source during an olfactory navigation task. Overall, our findings provide insights into how ascending interneurons monitor motor activity and shape interactions amongst rhythm generators underlying complex navigational tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Jonaitis
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | | | - Atsuki Hiramoto
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Albert Cardona
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge UK
| | - James W. Truman
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - Akinao Nose
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maarten F. Zwart
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Centre of Biophotonics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Institute for Behavioural and Neural Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Stefan R. Pulver
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Centre of Biophotonics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Institute for Behavioural and Neural Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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3
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Tomita Y, Sekiguchi Y, Mayo NE. Efficacy of a Single-Bout of Auditory Feedback Training on Gait Performance and Kinematics in Healthy Young Adults. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3206. [PMID: 38794060 PMCID: PMC11125153 DOI: 10.3390/s24103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the immediate effects of auditory feedback training on gait performance and kinematics in 19 healthy young adults, focusing on bilateral changes, despite unilateral training. Baseline and post-training kinematic measurements, as well as the feedback training were performed on a treadmill with a constant velocity. Significant improvements were seen in step length (trained: 590.7 mm to 611.1 mm, 95%CI [7.609, 24.373]; untrained: 591.1 mm to 628.7 mm, 95%CI [10.698, 30.835]), toe clearance (trained: 13.9 mm to 16.5 mm, 95%CI [1.284, 3.503]; untrained: 11.8 mm to 13.7 mm, 95%CI [1.763, 3.612]), ankle dorsiflexion angle at terminal stance (trained: 8.3 deg to 10.5 deg, 95%CI [1.092, 3.319]; untrained: 9.2 deg to 12.0 deg, 95%CI [1.676, 3.573]), hip flexion angular velocity, (trained: -126.5 deg/s to -131.0 deg/s, 95%CI [-9.054, -2.623]; untrained: -130.2 deg/s to -135.3 deg/s, 95%CI [-10.536, -1.675]), ankle angular velocity at terminal stance (trained: -344.7 deg/s to -359.1 deg/s, 95%CI [-47.540, -14.924]; untrained: -340.3 deg/s to -376.9 deg/s, 95%CI [-37.280, -13.166s]), and gastrocnemius EMG activity (trained: 0.60 to 0.66, 95%CI [0.014, 0.258]; untrained: 0.55 to 0.65, 95%CI [0.049, 0.214]). These findings demonstrate the efficacy of auditory feedback training in enhancing key gait parameters, highlighting the bilateral benefits from unilateral training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tomita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan; (Y.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sekiguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan; (Y.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Nancy E. Mayo
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada
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4
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Xie H, Xia C, Zhao H, Xia Z, Zhang N, Huang Y. Variability, asymmetry, and bilateral coordination of gait during single- and dual-task walking of patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38294519 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2309454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated coefficient of variation (CV), gait asymmetry (GA) and phase coordination index (PCI) in CSVD (cerebral small vessel disease) patients during STW (single task walking) and DTW (dual task walking) and explored the relationship between above parameters with disease severity and cognitive function. METHODS This cross-sectional study collected cognitive function indices and gait parameters from 23 healthy controls and 94 patients with CSVD during STW and DTW. According to the Fazekas scales, the severity of CSVD valued by white matter hyperintensity (WMH) were divided into control, mild, moderate, severe and control group. MRIs were analyzed for WMHs, CMB, lacunes, etc. RESULTS The control group showed lower PCI than CSVD patients during STW; no differences were detected among the disease severity groups. During DTW, all four groups exhibited significant differences in PCI and CV. For the moderate and severe groups, coordination and variation significantly differed between the two walking methods. There were correlations between the PCI and GA in the moderate and severe groups (R = 0.376, R = 0.573 during DTW; R = 0.414, R = 0.643 during STW), and no correlations in the control group and mild CSVD group. Conclusion: PCI and CV may be vital for detecting the symptoms in the early stage of CSVD disease. We also verified that the PCI could become the bridge across the cognition and motor disorder in CSVD, which was helpful for evaluating clinical symptoms comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 5 nanmencang Hutong, Dongsishitiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiqiao Xia
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 5 nanmencang Hutong, Dongsishitiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 5 nanmencang Hutong, Dongsishitiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Number 984 Hospital of the PLA, 116 zaojiatun village, Shangzhuang Town, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxi Xia
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 5 nanmencang Hutong, Dongsishitiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 5 nanmencang Hutong, Dongsishitiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 5 nanmencang Hutong, Dongsishitiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
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Wang X, Yue M, Cheung JPY, Cheung PWH, Fan Y, Wu M, Wang X, Zhao S, Khanshour AM, Rios JJ, Chen Z, Wang X, Tu W, Chan D, Yuan Q, Qin D, Qiu G, Wu Z, Zhang TJ, Ikegawa S, Wu N, Wise CA, Hu Y, Luk KDK, Song YQ, Gao B. Impaired glycine neurotransmission causes adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e168783. [PMID: 37962965 PMCID: PMC10786698 DOI: 10.1172/jci168783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of spinal deformity, affecting millions of adolescents worldwide, but it lacks a defined theory of etiopathogenesis. Because of this, treatment of AIS is limited to bracing and/or invasive surgery after onset. Preonset diagnosis or preventive treatment remains unavailable. Here, we performed a genetic analysis of a large multicenter AIS cohort and identified disease-causing and predisposing variants of SLC6A9 in multigeneration families, trios, and sporadic patients. Variants of SLC6A9, which encodes glycine transporter 1 (GLYT1), reduced glycine-uptake activity in cells, leading to increased extracellular glycine levels and aberrant glycinergic neurotransmission. Slc6a9 mutant zebrafish exhibited discoordination of spinal neural activities and pronounced lateral spinal curvature, a phenotype resembling human patients. The penetrance and severity of curvature were sensitive to the dosage of functional glyt1. Administration of a glycine receptor antagonist or a clinically used glycine neutralizer (sodium benzoate) partially rescued the phenotype. Our results indicate a neuropathic origin for "idiopathic" scoliosis, involving the dysfunction of synaptic neurotransmission and central pattern generators (CPGs), potentially a common cause of AIS. Our work further suggests avenues for early diagnosis and intervention of AIS in preadolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Yue
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Prudence Wing Hang Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meicheng Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anas M. Khanshour
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children (SRC), Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children (SRC), Dallas, Texas, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zheyi Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Carol A. Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children (SRC), Dallas, Texas, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keith Dip Kei Luk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Roman A, Huntemer-Silveira A, Waldron MA, Khalid Z, Blake J, Parr AM, Low WC. Cell Transplantation for Repair of the Spinal Cord and Prospects for Generating Region-Specific Exogenic Neuronal Cells. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897241241998. [PMID: 38590295 PMCID: PMC11005494 DOI: 10.1177/09636897241241998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with currently irreversible consequences in several functional components of the central nervous system. Despite the severity of injury, there remains no approved treatment to restore function. However, with a growing number of preclinical studies and clinical trials, cell transplantation has gained significant potential as a treatment for SCI. Researchers have identified several cell types as potential candidates for transplantation. To optimize successful functional outcomes after transplantation, one key factor concerns generating neuronal cells with regional and subtype specificity, thus calling on the developmental transcriptome patterning of spinal cord cells. A potential source of spinal cord cells for transplantation is the generation of exogenic neuronal progenitor cells via the emerging technologies of gene editing and blastocyst complementation. This review highlights the use of cell transplantation to treat SCI in the context of relevant developmental gene expression patterns useful for producing regionally specific exogenic spinal cells via in vitro differentiation and blastocyst complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Roman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anne Huntemer-Silveira
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madison A. Waldron
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zainab Khalid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey Blake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Baruzzi V, Lodi M, Storace M. Optimization strategies to obtain smooth gait transitions through biologically plausible central pattern generators. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:014404. [PMID: 38366407 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.014404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Central pattern generators are small networks that contribute to generating animal locomotion. The models used to study gait generation and gait transition mechanisms often require biologically accurate neuron and synapse models, with high dimensionality and complex dynamics. Tuning the parameters of these models to elicit network dynamics compatible with gait features is not a trivial task, due to the impossibility of inferring a priori the effects of each parameter on the nonlinear system's emergent dynamics. In this paper we explore the use of global optimization strategies for parameter optimization in multigait central pattern generator (CPG) models with complex cell dynamics and minimal topology. We first consider an existing quadruped CPG model as a test bed for the objective function formulation, then proceed to optimize the parameters of a newly proposed multigait, interlimb hexapod CPG model. We successfully obtain hexapod gaits and prompt gait transitions by varying only control currents, while all CPG parameters, once optimized, are kept fixed. This mechanism of gait transitions is compatible with short-term synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Baruzzi
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - M Lodi
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - M Storace
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
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8
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Kinany N, Pirondini E, Micera S, Van De Ville D. Spinal Cord fMRI: A New Window into the Central Nervous System. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:715-731. [PMID: 35822665 PMCID: PMC10623605 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the brain, the spinal cord forms the central nervous system. Initially considered a passive relay between the brain and the periphery, the spinal cord is now recognized as being active and plastic. Yet, it remains largely overlooked by the human neuroscience community, in stark contrast with the wealth of research investigating the brain. In this review, we argue that fMRI, traditionally used to image cerebral function, can be extended beyond the brain to help unravel spinal mechanisms involved in human behaviors. To this end, we first outline strategies that have been proposed to tackle the challenges inherent to spinal cord fMRI. Then, we discuss how they have been utilized to provide insights into the functional organization of spinal sensorimotor circuits, highlighting their potential to address fundamental and clinical questions. By summarizing guidelines and applications of spinal cord fMRI, we hope to stimulate and support further research into this promising yet underexplored field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Kinany
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medical Image Processing Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elvira Pirondini
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of BioEngineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Rehabilitation Neural Engineering Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medical Image Processing Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Elameer M, Lumley H, Moore SA, Marshall K, Alton A, Smith FE, Gani A, Blamire A, Rodgers H, Price CIM, Mitra D. A prospective study of MRI biomarkers in the brain and lower limb muscles for prediction of lower limb motor recovery following stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1229681. [PMID: 37941576 PMCID: PMC10628497 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1229681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective observational longitudinal study was to explore and decipher the predictive value of prospective MRI biomarkers in the brain and lower limb muscles for 3-month lower limb motor recovery following stroke. In the brain, we measured the integrity of the corticospinal tract (fractional anisotropy/"FA"). In the muscles, we measured volume, fatty replacement (fat fraction analysis and proton spectroscopy) and oedema. Measurements were taken at two time points: (1) within 4 weeks of stroke (baseline measurement, clinical and imaging) and (2) 3 months following stroke (follow up measurement, clinical only). Clinical measurements consisted of assessments of functional ability and strength (Fugl-Meyer score, motor NIHSS, Functional Ambulation Category/"FAC", and muscle dynamometry). Twenty-three patients completed imaging and clinical assessments at baseline and follow-up; five patients had partial imaging assessment. The results provided some evidence that damage to the corticospinal tract would result in less motor recovery: recovery of the Fugl-Meyer score and dynamometric ankle plantarflexion, ankle dorsiflexion, and knee extension correlated positively and significantly with fractional anisotropy (0.406-0.457; p = 0.034-p = 0.016). However, fractional anisotropy demonstrated a negative correlation with recovery of the Functional Ambulation Category (-0.359, p = 0.046). For the muscle imaging, significant inverse correlation was observed between vastus lateralis fat fraction vs. NIHSS recovery (-0.401, p = 0.04), and a strong positive correlation was observed between ratio of intra- to extra-myocellular lipid concentrations and the recovery of knee flexion (0.709, p = 0.007). This study supports previous literature indicating a positive correlation between the integrity of the corticospinal tract and motor recovery post-stroke, expanding the limited available literature describing this relationship specifically for the lower limb. However, recovery of functional ambulation behaved differently to other clinical recovery markers by demonstrating an inverse relationship with corticospinal tract integrity. The study also introduces some muscle imaging biomarkers as potentially valuable in the prediction of 3-month lower limb motor recovery following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mat Elameer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Stroke Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Lumley
- Stroke Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A. Moore
- Stroke Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Marshall
- Department of Medical Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Alton
- Stroke Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona E. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Akif Gani
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Blamire
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Rodgers
- Stroke Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dipayan Mitra
- Department of Neuroradiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Stroke Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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Park CS, Oh GB, Cho KH. Effects of gait training with weight support feedback walker on walker dependence, lower limb muscle activation, and gait ability in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Spinal Cord Med 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37769143 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2023.2260532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition affecting an individual's life, particularly through lower extremity paralysis, which limits walking and daily activities. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effects of weight support feedback walker (WSFW) gait training on walker dependence, lower limb muscle activation, and gait ability in patients with incomplete SCI (ISCI). METHODS Eleven subjects capable of walking > 20 m with and without a walker were randomly assigned to WSFW gait training (n = 6) or conventional walker (CW) gait training groups (n = 5). All subjects underwent standard physical therapy for 4 weeks. Additionally, the WSFW group participated in WSFW gait training, whereas the CW group participated in CW gait training conducted for 30 min per day, thrice per week, for 4 weeks. Walker dependence (the average force pressing WSFW with the user's arm during walker gait), lower extremity muscle activity (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and medial gastrocnemius), and gait ability (gait elements: velocity, cadence, step length, and step length asymmetry) were measured to investigate the effects of training. RESULTS The WSFW group showed significant decrease in walker dependence compared to the CW group (P < 0.05). Some lower extremity muscle activation (left side biceps femoris) and velocity of the gait elements were increased in the WSFW group compared with those in the CW group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION WSFW gait training could help patients with ISCI transfer their body weight to the paralyzed lower extremity. However, a randomized controlled trial with several subjects is essential to verify the effects of WSFW training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sune Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Gku Bin Oh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong-gun, Republic of Korea
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11
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Mundra A, Varma Kalidindi K, Chhabra HS, Manghwani J. Spinal cord stimulation for spinal cord injury - Where do we stand? A narrative review. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2023; 43:102210. [PMID: 37663171 PMCID: PMC10470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2023.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery of function following a complete spinal cord injury (SCI) or an incomplete SCI where recovery has plateaued still eludes us despite extensive research. Epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) was initially used for managing neuropathic pain. It has subsequently demonstrated improvement in motor function in otherwise non-recovering chronic spinal cord injury in animal and human trials. The mechanisms of how it is precisely effective in doing so will need further research, which would help refine the technology for broader application. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) is also emerging as a modality to improve the functional outcome in SCI individuals, especially when coupled with appropriate rehabilitation. Apart from motor recovery, ESCS and TSCS have also shown improvement in autonomic, metabolic, genitourinary, and pulmonary function. Since the literature on this is still in its infancy, with no large-scale randomised trials and different studies using different protocols in a wide range of patients, a review of the present literature is imperative to better understand the latest developments in this field. This article examines the existing literature on the use of SCS for SCI individuals with the purpose of enabling functional recovery. It also examines the voids in the present research, thus providing future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Mundra
- Department of Spine and Rehabilitation, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi, 110063, India
| | | | - Harvinder Singh Chhabra
- Department of Spine and Rehabilitation, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi, 110063, India
| | - Jitesh Manghwani
- Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
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12
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Derakhshan R, Ahmadian M, Chizari M, Samimiardestani H. Trimming of sheep spinal cord by waterjet; an experimental study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17872. [PMID: 37496918 PMCID: PMC10366390 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord is a structure of nervous tissue that primarily transmits nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is enveloped by three layers of meninges. Covering provides a supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature and protects the central nervous system (CNS) from mechanical damage. Surgical operation in the vicinity of the spinal cord is complicated and risky because it exposes it to probably irreversible damage. To reduce the risk of these operations, attempts have been made to remove the tumor using safer methods like waterjet operation. In these methods, the waterjet and spinal cord interaction are inevitable. To secure interaction of operation, a standard development of waterjet criteria is necessary. In this study, a system of waterjet is designed to perform sheep spinal cord as a tissue with a good resemblance to the human spinal cord. Effects of interaction between waterjet and sheep spinal cord are investigated to define a safe operation threshold. The impact of the liquid density of waterjet on failure criteria of spinal cord surgery is also investigated. Results show that meninges are stiff enough to protect the sheep spinal cord from rupture for pressures up to 8 bar; however internal spinal cord tissue cannot be guaranteed any damage. Three essential parameters represent the spinal cord meninges and spinal cord deformation during the tests. These parameters lead us to provide standard criteria for damage prevention of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Derakhshan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - M.T. Ahmadian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Center of Excellence in Design, Robotic and Automation, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Chizari
- School of Physics, Engineering & Computer Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - H. Samimiardestani
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Amir-Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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13
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De Martino E, Green DA, Ciampi de Andrade D, Weber T, Herssens N. Human movement in simulated hypogravity-Bridging the gap between space research and terrestrial rehabilitation. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1062349. [PMID: 36815001 PMCID: PMC9939477 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1062349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human movement is optimized to Earth's gravity and based on highly complex interactions between sensory and neuro-muscular systems. Yet, humans are able to adapt-at least partially-to extreme environments upon and beyond Earth's surface. With upcoming Lunar Gateway and Artemis missions, it is crucial to increase our understanding of the impact of hypogravity-i.e., reduced vertical loading-on physiological and sensory-motor performances to improve countermeasure programs, and define crewmember's readiness to perform mission critical tasks. Several methodologies designed to reduce vertical loading are used to simulate hypogravity on Earth, including body weight support (BWS) devices. Countering gravity and offloading the human body is also used in various rehabilitation scenarios to improve motor recovery in neurological and orthopedic impairments. Thus, BWS-devices have the potential of advancing theory and practice of both space exploration and terrestrial rehabilitation by improving our understanding of physiological and sensory-motor adaptations to reduced vertical loading and sensory input. However, lack of standardization of BWS-related research protocols and reporting hinders the exchange of key findings and new advancements in both areas. The aim of this introduction paper is to review the role of BWS in understanding human movement in simulated hypogravity and the use of BWS in terrestrial rehabilitation, and to identify relevant research areas contributing to the optimization of human spaceflight and terrestrial rehabilitation. One of the main aims of this research topic is to facilitate standardization of hypogravity-related research protocols and outcome reporting, aimed at optimizing knowledge transfer between space research and BWS-related rehabilitation sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico De Martino
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - David A. Green
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany,KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany,Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ciampi de Andrade
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Tobias Weber
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany,KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nolan Herssens
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany,*Correspondence: Nolan Herssens ✉
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14
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Dorrian RM, Berryman CF, Lauto A, Leonard AV. Electrical stimulation for the treatment of spinal cord injuries: A review of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive functional improvements. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1095259. [PMID: 36816852 PMCID: PMC9936196 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1095259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that causes severe loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Additionally, many individuals experience chronic neuropathic pain that is often refractory to interventions. While treatment options to improve outcomes for individuals with SCI remain limited, significant research efforts in the field of electrical stimulation have made promising advancements. Epidural electrical stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and functional electrical stimulation have shown promising improvements for individuals with SCI, ranging from complete weight-bearing locomotion to the recovery of sexual function. Despite this, there is a paucity of mechanistic understanding, limiting our ability to optimize stimulation devices and parameters, or utilize combinatorial treatments to maximize efficacy. This review provides a background into SCI pathophysiology and electrical stimulation methods, before exploring cellular and molecular mechanisms suggested in the literature. We highlight several key mechanisms that contribute to functional improvements from electrical stimulation, identify gaps in current knowledge and highlight potential research avenues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Dorrian
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,*Correspondence: Ryan M. Dorrian,
| | | | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna V. Leonard
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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15
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Mikhailova Y, Pozdeeva A, Suleimanova A, Leukhin A, Toschev A, Lukmanov T, Fatyhova E, Magid E, Lavrov I, Talanov M. Neurointerface with oscillator motifs for inhibitory effect over antagonist muscles. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1113867. [PMID: 37034155 PMCID: PMC10079922 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1113867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of inhibitory management is usually underestimated in artificial control systems, using biological analogy. According to our hypothesis, the muscle hypertonus could be effectively compensated via stimulation by bio-plausible patterns. We proposed an approach for the compensatory stimulation device as implementation of previously presented architecture of the neurointerface, where (1) the neuroport is implemented as a DAC and stimulator, (2) neuroterminal is used for neurosimulation of a set of oscillator motifs on one-board computer. In the set of experiments with five volunteers, we measured the efficacy of motor neuron inhibition via the antagonist muscle or nerve stimulation registering muscle force with and without antagonist stimulation. For the agonist activation, we used both voluntary activity and electrical stimulation. In the case of stimulation of both the agonist and the antagonist muscles and nerves, we experimented with delays between muscle stimulation in the range of 0-20 ms. We registered the subjective discomfort rate. We did not identify any significant difference between the antagonist muscle and nerve stimulation in both voluntary activity and electrical stimulation of cases showing agonist activity. We determined the most effective delay between the stimulation of the agonist and the antagonist muscles and nerves as 10-20 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Mikhailova
- B-Rain Labs LLC, Kazan, Russia
- Neuromorphic Computing and Neurosimulations Laboratory, Intelligent Robotics Department, Institute of Information Technologies and Intelligent Systems, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna Pozdeeva
- B-Rain Labs LLC, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Leukhin
- B-Rain Labs LLC, Kazan, Russia
- Neuromorphic Computing and Neurosimulations Laboratory, Intelligent Robotics Department, Institute of Information Technologies and Intelligent Systems, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander Toschev
- B-Rain Labs LLC, Kazan, Russia
- Neuromorphic Computing and Neurosimulations Laboratory, Intelligent Robotics Department, Institute of Information Technologies and Intelligent Systems, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Timur Lukmanov
- Children's Republican Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elsa Fatyhova
- Children's Republican Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia
| | - Evgeni Magid
- School of Electronic Engineering, Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Intelligent Robotics Department, Institute of Information Technologies and Intelligent Systems, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor Lavrov
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, United States
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Max Talanov
- Neuromorphic Computing and Neurosimulations Laboratory, Intelligent Robotics Department, Institute of Information Technologies and Intelligent Systems, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence R&D, Novi Sad, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Max Talanov
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16
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Pirtle TJ. A review of the circuit-level and cellular mechanisms contributing to locomotor acceleration in the marine mollusk Clione limacina. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1072974. [PMID: 36620465 PMCID: PMC9815461 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1072974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pteropod mollusk, Clione limacina, is a useful model system for understanding the neural basis of behavior. Of particular interest are the unique swimming behavior and neural circuitry that underlies this swimming behavior. The swimming system of Clione has been studied by two primary groups-one in Russia and one in the United States of America-for more than four decades. The neural circuitry, the cellular properties, and ion channels that create and change the swimming locomotor rhythm of Clione-particularly mechanisms that contribute to swimming acceleration-are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Pirtle
- Department of Biology, The College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID, United States
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17
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Putrino D, Krakauer JW. Neurotechnology’s Prospects for Bringing About Meaningful Reductions in Neurological Impairment. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022:15459683221137341. [DOI: 10.1177/15459683221137341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we report and comment on the magnitudes of post-stroke impairment reduction currently observed using new neurotechnologies. We argue that neurotechnology’s best use case is impairment reduction as this is neither the primary strength nor main goal of conventional rehabilitation, which is better at targeting the activity and participation levels of the ICF. The neurotechnologies discussed here can be divided into those that seek to be adjuncts for enhancing conventional rehabilitation, and those that seek to introduce a novel behavioral intervention altogether. Examples of the former include invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation. Examples of the latter include robotics and some forms of serious gaming. We argue that motor learning and training-related recovery are conceptually and mechanistically distinct. Based on our survey of recent results, we conclude that large reductions in impairment will need to begin with novel forms of high dose and high intensity behavioral intervention that are qualitatively different to conventional rehabilitation. Adjunct forms of neurotechnology, if they are going to be effective, will need to piggyback on these new behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Putrino
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John W. Krakauer
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Zheng G, Zhang H, Tail M, Wang H, Walter J, Skutella T, Unterberg A, Zweckberger K, Younsi A. Assessment of hindlimb motor recovery after severe thoracic spinal cord injury in rats: classification of CatWalk XT® gait analysis parameters. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1084-1089. [PMID: 36254997 PMCID: PMC9827780 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of locomotion recovery in preclinical studies of experimental spinal cord injury remains challenging. We studied the CatWalk XT® gait analysis for evaluating hindlimb functional recovery in a widely used and clinically relevant thoracic contusion/compression spinal cord injury model in rats. Rats were randomly assigned to either a T9 spinal cord injury or sham laminectomy. Locomotion recovery was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan open field rating scale and the CatWalk XT® gait analysis. To determine the potential bias from weight changes, corrected hindlimb (H) values (divided by the unaffected forelimb (F) values) were calculated. Six weeks after injury, cyst formation, astrogliosis, and the deposition of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans were assessed by immunohistochemistry staining. Compared with the baseline, a significant spontaneous recovery could be observed in the CatWalk XT® parameters max intensity, mean intensity, max intensity at%, and max contact mean intensity from 4 weeks after injury onwards. Of note, corrected values (H/F) of CatWalk XT® parameters showed a significantly less vulnerability to the weight changes than absolute values, specifically in static parameters. The corrected CatWalk XT® parameters were positively correlated with the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan rating scale scores, cyst formation, the immunointensity of astrogliosis and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan deposition. The CatWalk XT® gait analysis and especially its static parameters, therefore, seem to be highly useful in assessing spontaneous recovery of hindlimb function after severe thoracic spinal cord injury. Because many CatWalk XT® parameters of the hindlimbs seem to be affected by body weight changes, using their corrected values might be a valuable option to improve this dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Tail
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Zweckberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Younsi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,Correspondence to: Alexander Younsi, .
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19
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Girão AF, Serrano MC, Completo A, Marques PAAP. Is Graphene Shortening the Path toward Spinal Cord Regeneration? ACS NANO 2022; 16:13430-13467. [PMID: 36000717 PMCID: PMC9776589 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Along with the development of the next generation of biomedical platforms, the inclusion of graphene-based materials (GBMs) into therapeutics for spinal cord injury (SCI) has potential to nourish topmost neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategies for enhancing neural structural and physiological recovery. In the context of SCI, contemplated as one of the most convoluted challenges of modern medicine, this review first provides an overview of its characteristics and pathophysiological features. Then, the most relevant ongoing clinical trials targeting SCI, including pharmaceutical, robotics/neuromodulation, and scaffolding approaches, are introduced and discussed in sequence with the most important insights brought by GBMs into each particular topic. The current role of these nanomaterials on restoring the spinal cord microenvironment after injury is critically contextualized, while proposing future concepts and desirable outputs for graphene-based technologies aiming to reach clinical significance for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F. Girão
- Centre
for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Aveiro (UA), Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la
Cruz 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- (A.F.G.)
| | - María Concepcion Serrano
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la
Cruz 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- (M.C.S.)
| | - António Completo
- Centre
for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Aveiro (UA), Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paula A. A. P. Marques
- Centre
for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Aveiro (UA), Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- (P.A.A.P.M.)
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20
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Spinal Cord Circuits: Models and Reality. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-022-09927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Oddsson LIE, Bisson T, Cohen HS, Iloputaife I, Jacobs L, Kung D, Lipsitz LA, Manor B, McCracken P, Rumsey Y, Wrisley DM, Koehler-McNicholas SR. Extended effects of a wearable sensory prosthesis on gait, balance function and falls after 26 weeks of use in persons with peripheral neuropathy and high fall risk—The walk2Wellness trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:931048. [PMID: 36204554 PMCID: PMC9531134 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.931048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We recently reported that individuals with impaired plantar sensation and high fall risk due to sensory peripheral neuropathy (PN) improved gait and balance function following 10 weeks of use of Walkasins®, a wearable lower limb sensory prosthesis that provides directional specific mechanical tactile stimuli related to plantar pressure measurements during standing and walking (RxFunction Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, United States). Here, we report 26-week outcomes and compare pre- and in-study fall rates. We expected improvements in outcomes and reduced fall rates reported after 10 weeks of use to be sustained. Materials and methods Participants had clinically diagnosed PN with impaired plantar sensation, high fall risk (Functional Gait Assessment, FGA score < 23) and ability to sense tactile stimuli above the ankle at the location of the device. Additional outcomes included 10 m Gait Speed, Timed Up and Go (TUG), Four-Stage Balance Test, and self-reported outcomes, including Activities-Specific Balance Confidence scale and Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale. Participants tracked falls using a calendar. Results We assessed falls and self-reported outcomes from 44 individuals after 26 weeks of device use; 30 of them conducted in-person testing of clinical outcomes. Overall, improvements in clinical outcomes seen at 10 weeks of use remained sustained at 26 weeks with statistically significant increases compared to baseline seen in FGA scores (from 15.0 to 19.2), self-selected gait speed (from 0.89 to 0.97 m/s), and 4-Stage Balance Test (from 25.6 to 28.4 s), indicating a decrease in fall risk. Non-significant improvements were observed in TUG and fast gait speed. Overall, 39 falls were reported; 31 of them did not require medical treatment and four caused severe injury. Participants who reported falls over 6 months prior to the study had a 43% decrease in fall rate during the study as compared to self-report 6-month pre-study (11.8 vs. 6.7 falls/1000 patient days, respectively, p < 0.004), similar to the 46% decrease reported after 10 weeks of use. Conclusion A wearable sensory prosthesis can improve outcomes of gait and balance function and substantially decreases incidence of falls during long-term use. The sustained long-term benefits in clinical outcomes reported here lessen the likelihood that improvements are placebo effects. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier #NCT03538756.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars I. E. Oddsson
- RxFunction Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
- *Correspondence: Lars I. E. Oddsson,
| | - Teresa Bisson
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- M Health Fairview, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Ikechukwu Iloputaife
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, United States
| | - Laura Jacobs
- RxFunction Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, United States
| | - Doris Kung
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lewis A. Lipsitz
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, United States
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brad Manor
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, United States
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia McCracken
- Minneapolis Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | | | - Sara R. Koehler-McNicholas
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Minneapolis Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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22
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Eisdorfer JT, Sobotka-Briner H, Schramfield S, Moukarzel G, Chen J, Campion TJ, Smit R, Rauscher BC, Lemay MA, Smith GM, Spence AJ. Chemogenetic modulation of sensory afferents induces locomotor changes and plasticity after spinal cord injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:872634. [PMID: 36090254 PMCID: PMC9461563 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.872634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulatory therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI) such as electrical epidural stimulation (EES) are increasingly effective at improving patient outcomes. These improvements are thought to be due, at least in part, to plasticity in neuronal circuits. Precisely which circuits are influenced and which afferent classes are most effective in stimulating change remain important open questions. Genetic tools, such as Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), support targeted and reversible neuromodulation as well as histological characterization of manipulated neurons. We therefore transduced and activated lumbar large diameter peripheral afferents with excitatory (hM3Dq) DREADDs, in a manner analogous to EES, in a rat hemisection model, to begin to trace plasticity and observe concomitant locomotor changes. Chronic DREADDs activation, coupled with thrice weekly treadmill training, was observed to increase afferent fluorescent labeling within motor pools and Clarke's column when compared to control animals. This plasticity may underlie kinematic differences that we observed across stages of recovery, including an increased and less variable hindquarters height in DREADDs animals, shorter step durations, a more flexed ankle joint early in recovery, a less variable ankle joint angle in swing phase, but a more variable hip joint angle. Withdrawal of DREADDs agonist, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) left these kinematic differences largely unaffected; suggesting that DREADDs activation is not necessary for them later in recovery. However, we observed an intermittent “buckling” phenomenon in DREADDs animals without CNO activation, that did not occur with CNO re-administration. Future studies could use more refined genetic targeted of specific afferent classes, and utilize muscle recordings to find where afferent modulation is most influential in altering motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn T. Eisdorfer
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Hannah Sobotka-Briner
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Susan Schramfield
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - George Moukarzel
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas J. Campion
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rupert Smit
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bradley C. Rauscher
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michel A. Lemay
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - George M. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Spence
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew J. Spence
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O'Keeffe R, Shirazi SY, Bilaloglu S, Jahed S, Bighamian R, Raghavan P, Atashzar SF. Nonlinear functional muscle network based on information theory tracks sensorimotor integration post stroke. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13029. [PMID: 35906239 PMCID: PMC9338017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory information is critical for motor coordination. However, understanding sensorimotor integration is complicated, especially in individuals with impairment due to injury to the central nervous system. This research presents a novel functional biomarker, based on a nonlinear network graph of muscle connectivity, called InfoMuNet, to quantify the role of sensory information on motor performance. Thirty-two individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis performed a grasp-and-lift task, while their muscle activity from 8 muscles in each arm was measured using surface electromyography. Subjects performed the task with their affected hand before and after sensory exposure to the task performed with the less-affected hand. For the first time, this work shows that InfoMuNet robustly quantifies changes in functional muscle connectivity in the affected hand after exposure to sensory information from the less-affected side. > 90% of the subjects conformed with the improvement resulting from this sensory exposure. InfoMuNet also shows high sensitivity to tactile, kinesthetic, and visual input alterations at the subject level, highlighting its potential use in precision rehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory O'Keeffe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seyed Yahya Shirazi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seda Bilaloglu
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shayan Jahed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramin Bighamian
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Preeti Raghavan
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - S Farokh Atashzar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Bansal K, Garcia J, Feltch C, Earley C, Robucci R, Banerjee N, Brooks J. A pilot study to understand the relationship between cortical arousals and leg movements during sleep. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12685. [PMID: 35879382 PMCID: PMC9314423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leg movements during sleep occur in patients with sleep pathology and healthy individuals. Some (but not all) leg movements during sleep are related to cortical arousals which occur without conscious awareness but have a significant effect of sleep fragmentation. Detecting leg movements during sleep that are associated with cortical arousals can provide unique insight into the nature and quality of sleep. In this study, a novel leg movement monitor that uses a unique capacitive displacement sensor and 6-axis inertial measurement unit, is used in conjunction with polysomnography to understand the relationship between leg movement and electroencephalogram (EEG) defined cortical arousals. In an approach that we call neuro-extremity analysis, directed connectivity metrics are used to interrogate causal linkages between EEG and leg movements measured by the leg movement sensors. The capacitive displacement measures were more closely related to EEG-defined cortical arousals than inertial measurements. Second, the neuro-extremity analysis reveals a temporally evolving connectivity pattern that is consistent with a model of cortical arousals in which brainstem dysfunction leads to near-instantaneous leg movements and a delayed, filtered signal to the cortex leading to the cortical arousal during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Bansal
- US CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Javier Garcia
- US CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | | | - Christopher Earley
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Robucci
- Tanzen Medical Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - Nilanjan Banerjee
- Tanzen Medical Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - Justin Brooks
- Tanzen Medical Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Catonsville, MD, USA. .,Tanzen Medical Inc, 5926 Lebanon Lane, Elkridge, MD, 21075, USA.
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25
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Ramadan R, Geyer H, Jeka J, Schöner G, Reimann H. A neuromuscular model of human locomotion combines spinal reflex circuits with voluntary movements. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8189. [PMID: 35581211 PMCID: PMC9114145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing models of human walking use low-level reflexes or neural oscillators to generate movement. While appropriate to generate the stable, rhythmic movement patterns of steady-state walking, these models lack the ability to change their movement patterns or spontaneously generate new movements in the specific, goal-directed way characteristic of voluntary movements. Here we present a neuromuscular model of human locomotion that bridges this gap and combines the ability to execute goal directed movements with the generation of stable, rhythmic movement patterns that are required for robust locomotion. The model represents goals for voluntary movements of the swing leg on the task level of swing leg joint kinematics. Smooth movements plans towards the goal configuration are generated on the task level and transformed into descending motor commands that execute the planned movements, using internal models. The movement goals and plans are updated in real time based on sensory feedback and task constraints. On the spinal level, the descending commands during the swing phase are integrated with a generic stretch reflex for each muscle. Stance leg control solely relies on dedicated spinal reflex pathways. Spinal reflexes stimulate Hill-type muscles that actuate a biomechanical model with eight internal joints and six free-body degrees of freedom. The model is able to generate voluntary, goal-directed reaching movements with the swing leg and combine multiple movements in a rhythmic sequence. During walking, the swing leg is moved in a goal-directed manner to a target that is updated in real-time based on sensory feedback to maintain upright balance, while the stance leg is stabilized by low-level reflexes and a behavioral organization switching between swing and stance control for each leg. With this combination of reflex-based stance leg and voluntary, goal-directed control of the swing leg, the model controller generates rhythmic, stable walking patterns in which the swing leg movement can be flexibly updated in real-time to step over or around obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Ramadan
- Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geyer
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Jeka
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Gregor Schöner
- Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hendrik Reimann
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, USA.
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Polet DT, Bertram JEA. Competing Models of Work in Quadrupedal Walking: Center of Mass Work is Insufficient to Explain Stereotypical Gait. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:826336. [PMID: 35646881 PMCID: PMC9135023 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The walking gaits of cursorial quadrupedal mammals tend to be highly stereotyped as a four-beat pattern with interspersed periods of double and triple stance, often with double-hump ground reaction force profiles. This pattern has long been associated with high energetic economy, due to low apparent work. However, there are differing ways of approximating the work performed during walking and, consequently, different interpretations of the primary mechanism leading to high economy. A focus on Net Center of Mass (COM) Work led to the claim that quadrupedal walking is efficient because it effectively trades potential and kinetic energy of the COM. Individual Limbs COM Work instead focuses on the ability of the limbs to manage the trajectory of the COM to limit energetic losses to the ground (“collisions”). By focusing on the COM, both these metrics effectively dismiss the importance of rotation of the elongate quadrupedal body. Limb Extension Work considers work required to extend and contract each limb like a strut, and accounts for the work of body pitching. We tested the prescriptive ability of these approximations of work by optimizing them within a quadrupedal model with two approximations of the body as a point-mass or a rigid distributed mass. Perfect potential-kinetic energy exchange of the COM was possible when optimizing Net COM Work, resulting in highly compliant gaits with duty factors close to one, far different than observed mammalian gaits. Optimizing Individual Limbs COM Work resulted in alternating periods of single limb stance. Only the distributed mass model, with Limb Extension Work as the cost, resulted in a solution similar to the stereotypical mammalian gait. These results suggest that maintaining a near-constant limb length, with distributed contacts, are more important mechanisms of economy than either transduction of potential-kinetic energy or COM collision mitigation for quadrupedal walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyle T. Polet
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Delyle T. Polet,
| | - John E. A. Bertram
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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27
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Lomas JD, Lin A, Dikker S, Forster D, Lupetti ML, Huisman G, Habekost J, Beardow C, Pandey P, Ahmad N, Miyapuram K, Mullen T, Cooper P, van der Maden W, Cross ES. Resonance as a Design Strategy for AI and Social Robots. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:850489. [PMID: 35574227 PMCID: PMC9097027 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.850489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonance, a powerful and pervasive phenomenon, appears to play a major role in human interactions. This article investigates the relationship between the physical mechanism of resonance and the human experience of resonance, and considers possibilities for enhancing the experience of resonance within human-robot interactions. We first introduce resonance as a widespread cultural and scientific metaphor. Then, we review the nature of "sympathetic resonance" as a physical mechanism. Following this introduction, the remainder of the article is organized in two parts. In part one, we review the role of resonance (including synchronization and rhythmic entrainment) in human cognition and social interactions. Then, in part two, we review resonance-related phenomena in robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). These two reviews serve as ground for the introduction of a design strategy and combinatorial design space for shaping resonant interactions with robots and AI. We conclude by posing hypotheses and research questions for future empirical studies and discuss a range of ethical and aesthetic issues associated with resonance in human-robot interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Derek Lomas
- Department of Human Centered Design, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Albert Lin
- Center for Human Frontiers, Qualcomm Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Suzanne Dikker
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Deborah Forster
- Center for Human Frontiers, Qualcomm Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Maria Luce Lupetti
- Department of Human Centered Design, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gijs Huisman
- Department of Human Centered Design, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Julika Habekost
- The Design Lab, California Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Caiseal Beardow
- Department of Human Centered Design, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Nashra Ahmad
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Krishna Miyapuram
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Tim Mullen
- Intheon Labs, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Cooper
- Department of Physics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Willem van der Maden
- Department of Human Centered Design, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Emily S. Cross
- Social Robotics, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- SOBA Lab, School of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Potter HD, Mitchell KJ. Naturalising Agent Causation. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24040472. [PMID: 35455135 PMCID: PMC9030586 DOI: 10.3390/e24040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The idea of agent causation—that a system such as a living organism can be a cause of things in the world—is often seen as mysterious and deemed to be at odds with the physicalist thesis that is now commonly embraced in science and philosophy. Instead, the causal power of organisms is attributed to mechanistic components within the system or derived from the causal activity at the lowest level of physical description. In either case, the ‘agent’ itself (i.e., the system as a whole) is left out of the picture entirely, and agent causation is explained away. We argue that this is not the right way to think about causation in biology or in systems more generally. We present a framework of eight criteria that we argue, collectively, describe a system that overcomes the challenges concerning agent causality in an entirely naturalistic and non-mysterious way. They are: (1) thermodynamic autonomy, (2) persistence, (3) endogenous activity, (4) holistic integration, (5) low-level indeterminacy, (6) multiple realisability, (7) historicity, (8) agent-level normativity. Each criterion is taken to be dimensional rather than categorical, and thus we conclude with a short discussion on how researchers working on quantifying agency may use this multidimensional framework to situate and guide their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D. Potter
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland;
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin J. Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland;
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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29
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Singh Y, Vashista V. Gait Classification with Gait Inherent Attribute Identification from Ankle's Kinematics. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:833-842. [PMID: 35324446 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3162035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The human ankle joint interacts with the environment during ambulation to provide mobility and maintain stability. This association changes depending on the different gait patterns of day-to-day life. In this study, we investigated this interaction and extracted kinematic information to classify human walking mode into upstairs, downstairs, treadmill, overground and stationary in real-time using a single-DoF IMU axis. The proposed algorithm's uniqueness is twofold - it encompasses components of the ankle's biomechanics and subject-specificity through the extraction of inherent walking attributes and user calibration. The performance analysis with forty healthy participants (mean age: 26.8 ± 5.6 years yielded an accuracy of 89.57% and 87.55% in the left and right sensors, respectively. The study, also, portrays the implementation of heuristics to combine predictions from sensors at both feet to yield a single conclusive decision with better performance measures. The simplicity yet reliability of the algorithm in healthy participants and the observation of inherent multimodal walking features, similar to young adults, in elderly participants through a case study, demonstrate our proposed algorithm's potential as a high-level automatic switching framework in robotic gait interventions for multimodal walking.
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30
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Ali F, Benarroch E. What Is the Brainstem Control of Locomotion? Neurology 2022; 98:446-451. [PMID: 35288473 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farwa Ali
- From the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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31
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Lee J, Huber ME, Hogan N. Gait Entrainment to Torque Pulses from a Hip Exoskeleton Robot. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:656-667. [PMID: 35286261 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3155770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Robot-aided locomotor rehabilitation has proven challenging. To facilitate progress, it is important to first understand the neuro-mechanical dynamics and control of unimpaired human locomotion. Our previous studies found that human gait entrained to periodic torque pulses at the ankle when the pulse period was close to preferred stride duration. Moreover, synchronized gait exhibited constant phase relation with the pulses so that the robot provided mechanical assistance. To test the generality of mechanical gait entrainment, this study characterized unimpaired human subjects' responses to periodic torque pulses during overground walking. The intervention was applied by a hip exoskeleton robot, Samsung GEMS-H. Gait entrainment was assessed based on the time-course of the phase at which torque pulses occurred within each stride. Experiments were conducted for two consecutive days to evaluate whether the second day elicited more entrainment. Whether entrainment was affected by the difference between pulse period and preferred stride duration was also assessed. Results indicated that the intervention evoked gait entrainment that occurred more often when the period of perturbation was closer to subjects' preferred stride duration, but the difference between consecutive days was insignificant. Entrainment was accompanied by convergence of pulse phase to a similar value across all conditions, where the robot maximized mechanical assistance. Clear evidence of motor adaptation indicated the potential of the intervention for rehabilitation. This study quantified important aspects of the nonlinear neuro-mechanical dynamics underlying unimpaired human walking, which will inform the development of effective approaches to robot-aided locomotor rehabilitation, exploiting natural dynamics in a minimally-encumbering way.
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32
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Clark DJ, Hawkins KA, Winesett SP, Cox BA, Pesquera S, Miles JW, Fuller DD, Fox EJ. Enhancing Locomotor Learning With Transcutaneous Spinal Electrical Stimulation and Somatosensory Augmentation: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:837467. [PMID: 35309891 PMCID: PMC8924500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.837467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated locomotor learning of a complex terrain walking task in older adults, when combined with two adjuvant interventions: transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) to increase lumbar spinal cord excitability, and textured shoe insoles to increase somatosensory feedback to the spinal cord. The spinal cord has a crucial contribution to control of walking, and is a novel therapeutic target for rehabilitation of older adults. The complex terrain task involved walking a 10-meter course consisting of nine obstacles and three sections of compliant (soft) walking surface. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: sham tsDCS and smooth insoles (sham/smooth; control group), sham tsDCS and textured insoles (sham/textured), active tsDCS and smooth insoles (active/smooth), and active tsDCS and textured insoles (active/textured). The first objective was to assess the feasibility, tolerability, and safety of the interventions. The second objective was to assess preliminary efficacy for increasing locomotor learning, as defined by retention of gains in walking speed between a baseline visit of task practice, and a subsequent follow-up visit. Variability of the center of mass while walking over the course was also evaluated. The change in executive control of walking (prefrontal cortical activity) between the baseline and follow-up visits was measured with functional near infrared spectroscopy. The study results demonstrated feasibility based on enrollment and retention of participants, tolerability based on self-report, and safety based on absence of adverse events. Preliminary efficacy was supported based on trends showing larger gains in walking speed and more pronounced reductions in mediolateral center of mass variability at the follow-up visit in the groups randomized to active tsDCS or textured insoles. These data justify future larger studies to further assess dosing and efficacy of these intervention approaches. In conclusion, rehabilitation interventions that target spinal control of walking present a potential opportunity for enhancing walking function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Clark
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: David J. Clark,
| | - Kelly A. Hawkins
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Steven P. Winesett
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brigette A. Cox
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Pesquera
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jon W. Miles
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David D. Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Emily J. Fox
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Brooks Rehabilitation, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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33
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Tang X, Xu M, Zhao J, Shi J, Zi Y, Wu J, Xu J, Yu Y, Yao L, Ou J, Li Y, Yao S, Lv H, Lu L, Xu N, Wang L. Effect of Electro-Acupuncture on Lateralization of the Human Swallowing Motor Cortex Excitability by Navigation-Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electromyography. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:808789. [PMID: 35283740 PMCID: PMC8911038 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.808789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electromyography for the functional evaluation of the cerebral cortex in both clinical and non-clinical populations is becoming increasingly common. Numerous studies have shown that electro-acupuncture (EA) can regulate cerebral cortical excitability. However, the effect of EA on the lateralization of the human swallowing motor cortex excitability is not yet fully understood. Objective The aim of this study was to assess whether lateralization is present in the swallowing motor cortex of healthy subjects, and to investigate the impact of EA at Lianquan (CV23) and Fengfu (GV16) on lateralization. Methods Forty subjects were randomized 1:1 into the EA group and the sham-EA group. The bilateral swallowing motor cortices was located by a neuroimaging navigation system. Then, the resting motor threshold (RMT) and motor evoked potential (MEP) of the mylohyoid of healthy subjects were recorded while applying combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electromyography before and after EA or sham-EA. Results First, the RMT and MEP latency of the contralateral mylohyoid innervated by the right swallowing cortex (71.50 ± 1.67%, 8.30 ± 0.06 ms) were lower than those innervated by the left (79.38 ± 1.27%, 8.40 ± 0.06 ms). Second, EA at CV23 and GV16 reduced the bilateral RMT and enhanced the bilateral MEP latency and amplitude (P = 0.005, P < 0.001; P = 0.002, P = 0.001; P = 0.002, P = 0.009), while sham-EA did not (P > 0.05). Third, EA had an effect on the RMT and MEP latency in terms of lateralization changes, but this was not significant (P = 0.067, P = 0.156). Conclusion The right swallowing motor cortex of healthy subjects is more excitable than that of the left at resting state. Thus, we found that lateralization is present in the swallowing motor cortex of healthy people, which might indicate a hemispheric dominance of swallowing predominates in the right swallowing motor cortex. In addition, EA at CV23 and GV16 can instantly promote the excitability of the bilateral swallowing motor cortices. But there was no significant difference in EA stimulation in terms of lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mindong Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Shi
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyu Zi
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlu Wu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - LuLu Yao
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Ou
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitong Li
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuqi Yao
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Lv
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liming Lu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Liming Lu,
| | - Nenggui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,Nenggui Xu,
| | - Lin Wang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,Lin Wang,
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Scano A, Mira RM, Gabbrielli G, Molteni F, Terekhov V. Whole-Body Adaptive Functional Electrical Stimulation Kinesitherapy Can Promote the Restoring of Physiological Muscle Synergies for Neurological Patients. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041443. [PMID: 35214345 PMCID: PMC8877830 DOI: 10.3390/s22041443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: Neurological diseases and traumas are major factors that may reduce motor functionality. Functional electrical stimulation is a technique that helps regain motor function, assisting patients in daily life activities and in rehabilitation practices. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a treatment based on whole-body Adaptive Functional Electrical Stimulation Kinesitherapy (AFESK™) with the use of muscle synergies, a well-established method for evaluation of motor coordination. The evaluation is performed on retrospectively gathered data of neurological patients executing whole-body movements before and after AFESK-based treatments. Methods: Twenty-four chronic neurologic patients and 9 healthy subjects were recruited in this study. The patient group was further subdivided in 3 subgroups: hemiplegic, tetraplegic and paraplegic. All patients underwent two acquisition sessions: before treatment and after a FES based rehabilitation treatment at the VIKTOR Physio Lab. Patients followed whole-body exercise protocols tailored to their needs. The control group of healthy subjects performed all movements in a single session and provided reference data for evaluating patients’ performance. sEMG was recorded on relevant muscles and muscle synergies were extracted for each patient’s EMG data and then compared to the ones extracted from the healthy volunteers. To evaluate the effect of the treatment, the motricity index was measured and patients’ extracted synergies were compared to the control group before and after treatment. Results: After the treatment, patients’ motricity index increased for many of the screened body segments. Muscle synergies were more similar to those of healthy people. Globally, the normalized synergy similarity in respect to the control group was 0.50 before the treatment and 0.60 after (p < 0.001), with improvements for each subgroup of patients. Conclusions: AFESK treatment induced favorable changes in muscle activation patterns in chronic neurologic patients, partially restoring muscular patterns similar to healthy people. The evaluation of the synergic relationships of muscle activity when performing test exercises allows to assess the results of rehabilitation measures in patients with impaired locomotor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Scano
- UOS STIIMA Lecco—Human-Centered, Smart & Safe, Living Environment, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Previati 1/E, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Robert Mihai Mira
- UOS STIIMA Lecco—Human-Centered, Smart & Safe, Living Environment, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Previati 1/E, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
| | | | - Franco Molteni
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Ospedale Valduce, Via N. Sauro 17, 23845 Costa Masnaga, Italy;
| | - Viktor Terekhov
- VIKTOR S.r.l.—Via Pasubio, 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (V.T.)
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Chalif JI, de Lourdes Martínez-Silva M, Pagiazitis JG, Murray AJ, Mentis GZ. Control of mammalian locomotion by ventral spinocerebellar tract neurons. Cell 2022; 185:328-344.e26. [PMID: 35063074 PMCID: PMC8852337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Locomotion is a complex behavior required for animal survival. Vertebrate locomotion depends on spinal interneurons termed the central pattern generator (CPG), which generates activity responsible for the alternation of flexor and extensor muscles and the left and right side of the body. It is unknown whether multiple or a single neuronal type is responsible for the control of mammalian locomotion. Here, we show that ventral spinocerebellar tract neurons (VSCTs) drive generation and maintenance of locomotor behavior in neonatal and adult mice. Using mouse genetics, physiological, anatomical, and behavioral assays, we demonstrate that VSCTs exhibit rhythmogenic properties and neuronal circuit connectivity consistent with their essential role in the locomotor CPG. Importantly, optogenetic activation and chemogenetic silencing reveals that VSCTs are necessary and sufficient for locomotion. These findings identify VSCTs as critical components for mammalian locomotion and provide a paradigm shift in our understanding of neural control of complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Chalif
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - María de Lourdes Martínez-Silva
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John G. Pagiazitis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - George Z. Mentis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Corresponding author & Lead contact: Tel: +1-212-305-9846,
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Terheyden-Keighley D, Leibinger M, Fischer D. Transneuronal delivery of designer cytokines: perspectives for spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:338-340. [PMID: 34269207 PMCID: PMC8464008 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Leibinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Schmidt A, Feldotto B, Gumpert T, Seidel D, Albu-Schäffer A, Stratmann P. Adapting Highly-Dynamic Compliant Movements to Changing Environments: A Benchmark Comparison of Reflex- vs. CPG-Based Control Strategies. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:762431. [PMID: 34955801 PMCID: PMC8709475 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.762431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To control highly-dynamic compliant motions such as running or hopping, vertebrates rely on reflexes and Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) as core strategies. However, decoding how much each strategy contributes to the control and how they are adjusted under different conditions is still a major challenge. To help solve this question, the present paper provides a comprehensive comparison of reflexes, CPGs and a commonly used combination of the two applied to a biomimetic robot. It leverages recent findings indicating that in mammals both control principles act within a low-dimensional control submanifold. This substantially reduces the search space of parameters and enables the quantifiable comparison of the different control strategies. The chosen metrics are motion stability and energy efficiency, both key aspects for the evolution of the central nervous system. We find that neither for stability nor energy efficiency it is favorable to apply the state-of-the-art approach of a continuously feedback-adapted CPG. In both aspects, a pure reflex is more effective, but the pure CPG allows easy signal alteration when needed. Additionally, the hardware experiments clearly show that the shape of a control signal has a strong influence on energy efficiency, while previous research usually only focused on frequency alignment. Both findings suggest that currently used methods to combine the advantages of reflexes and CPGs can be improved. In future research, possible combinations of the control strategies should be reconsidered, specifically including the modulation of the control signal's shape. For this endeavor, the presented setup provides a valuable benchmark framework to enable the quantitative comparison of different bioinspired control principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Schmidt
- Sensor Based Robotic Systems and Intelligent Assistance Systems, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Weßling, Germany
| | - Benedikt Feldotto
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Gumpert
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Weßling, Germany
| | - Daniel Seidel
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Weßling, Germany
| | - Alin Albu-Schäffer
- Sensor Based Robotic Systems and Intelligent Assistance Systems, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Weßling, Germany
| | - Philipp Stratmann
- Sensor Based Robotic Systems and Intelligent Assistance Systems, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Weßling, Germany
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Longatelli V, Pedrocchi A, Guanziroli E, Molteni F, Gandolla M. Robotic Exoskeleton Gait Training in Stroke: An Electromyography-Based Evaluation. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:733738. [PMID: 34899227 PMCID: PMC8663633 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.733738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of symmetric and efficient walking is one of the key goals of a rehabilitation program in patients with stroke. The use of overground exoskeletons alongside conventional gait training might help foster rhythmic muscle activation in the gait cycle toward a more efficient gait. About twenty-nine patients with subacute stroke have been recruited and underwent either conventional gait training or experimental training, including overground gait training using a wearable powered exoskeleton alongside conventional therapy. Before and after the rehabilitation treatment, we assessed: (i) gait functionality by means of clinical scales combined to obtain a Capacity Score, and (ii) gait neuromuscular lower limbs pattern using superficial EMG signals. Both groups improved their ability to walk in terms of functional gait, as detected by the Capacity Score. However, only the group treated with the robotic exoskeleton regained a controlled rhythmic neuromuscular pattern in the proximal lower limb muscles, as observed by the muscular activation analysis. Coherence analysis suggested that the control group (CG) improvement was mediated mainly by spinal cord control, while experimental group improvements were mediated by cortical-driven control. In subacute stroke patients, we hypothesize that exoskeleton multijoint powered fine control overground gait training, alongside conventional care, may lead to a more fine-tuned and efficient gait pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Longatelli
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Franco Molteni
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Costa Masnaga, Italy
| | - Marta Gandolla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Task effects on functional connectivity measures after stroke. Exp Brain Res 2021; 240:575-590. [PMID: 34860257 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of task compared to rest on detecting stroke-related network abnormalities will inform efforts to optimize detection of such abnormalities. The goal of this work was to determine whether connectivity measures obtained during an overt task are more effective than connectivity obtained during a "resting" state for detecting stroke-related changes in network function of the brain. This study examined working memory, discrete pedaling, continuous pedaling and language tasks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine regional and inter-regional brain network function in 14 stroke and 16 control participants. Independent component analysis was used to identify 149 regions of interest (ROI). Using the inter-regional connectivity measurements, the weighted sum was calculated across only regions associated with a given task. Both inter-regional connectivity and regional connectivity were greater during each of the tasks as compared to the resting state. The working memory and discrete pedaling tasks allowed for detection of stroke-related decreases in inter-regional connectivity, while the continuous pedaling and language tasks allowed for detection of stroke-related enhancements in regional connectivity. These observations illustrate that task-based functional connectivity allows for detection of stroke-related changes not seen during resting states. In addition, this work provides evidence that tasks emphasizing different cognitive domains reveal different aspects of stroke-related reorganization. We also illustrate that within the motor domain, different tasks can reveal inter-regional or regional stroke-related changes, in this case suggesting that discrete pedaling required more central drive than continuous pedaling.
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40
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Hachmann JT, Yousak A, Wallner JJ, Gad PN, Edgerton VR, Gorgey AS. Epidural spinal cord stimulation as an intervention for motor recovery after motor complete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1843-1859. [PMID: 34669485 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00020.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) commonly results in permanent loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function. Recent clinical studies have shown that epidural spinal cord stimulation may provide a beneficial adjunct for restoring lower extremity and other neurological functions. Herein, we review the recent clinical advances of lumbosacral epidural stimulation for restoration of sensorimotor function in individuals with motor complete SCI and we discuss the putative neural pathways involved in this promising neurorehabilitative approach. We focus on three main sections: review recent clinical results for locomotor restoration in complete SCI; discuss the contemporary understanding of electrical neuromodulation and signal transduction pathways involved in spinal locomotor networks; and review current challenges of motor system modulation and future directions toward integrative neurorestoration. The current understanding is that initial depolarization occurs at the level of large diameter dorsal root proprioceptive afferents that when integrated with interneuronal and latent residual supraspinal translesional connections can recruit locomotor centers and augment downstream motor units. Spinal epidural stimulation can initiate excitability changes in spinal networks and supraspinal networks. Different stimulation parameters can facilitate standing or stepping, and it may also have potential for augmenting myriad other sensorimotor and autonomic functions. More comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms that mediate the transformation of dysfunctional spinal networks to higher functional states with a greater focus on integrated systems-based control system may reveal the key mechanisms underlying neurological augmentation and motor restoration after severe paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Hachmann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Andrew Yousak
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Josephine J Wallner
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Parag N Gad
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Fundación Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashraf S Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Xue W, Shi W, Kong Y, Kuss M, Duan B. Anisotropic scaffolds for peripheral nerve and spinal cord regeneration. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4141-4160. [PMID: 33997498 PMCID: PMC8099454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of long-gap (>10 mm) peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a continuous challenge due to limited native tissue regeneration capabilities. The current clinical strategy of using autografts for PNI suffers from a source shortage, while the pharmacological treatment for SCI presents dissatisfactory results. Tissue engineering, as an alternative, is a promising approach for regenerating peripheral nerves and spinal cords. Through providing a beneficial environment, a scaffold is the primary element in tissue engineering. In particular, scaffolds with anisotropic structures resembling the native extracellular matrix (ECM) can effectively guide neural outgrowth and reconnection. In this review, the anatomy of peripheral nerves and spinal cords, as well as current clinical treatments for PNI and SCI, is first summarized. An overview of the critical components in peripheral nerve and spinal cord tissue engineering and the current status of regeneration approaches are also discussed. Recent advances in the fabrication of anisotropic surface patterns, aligned fibrous substrates, and 3D hydrogel scaffolds, as well as their in vitro and in vivo effects are highlighted. Finally, we summarize potential mechanisms underlying the anisotropic architectures in orienting axonal and glial cell growth, along with their challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xue
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yunfan Kong
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mitchell Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Escamilla-Nunez R, Sivasambu H, Andrysek J. Exploration of Vibrotactile Biofeedback Strategies to Induce Stance Time Asymmetries. CANADIAN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS JOURNAL 2021; 5:36744. [PMID: 37614481 PMCID: PMC10443477 DOI: 10.33137/cpoj.v5i1.36744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait symmetry is the degree of equality of biomechanical parameters between limbs within a gait cycle. Human gait is highly symmetrical; however, in the presence of pathology, gait often lacks symmetry. Biofeedback (BFB) systems have demonstrated the potential to reduce gait asymmetry, improve gait function, and benefit overall long-term musculoskeletal health. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a BFB system and evaluate three unique BFB strategies, including bidirectional control - constant vibration (BC), bidirectional control - variable vibration (BV), and unidirectional control - variable vibration (UV) relevant to gait symmetry. The assessed feedback strategies were a combination of vibration frequency/amplitude levels, vibration thresholds, and vibrotactile stimuli from one and two vibrating motors (tactors). Learning effect and short-term retention were also assessed. METHODOLOGY Testing was performed using a custom BFB system that induces stance time asymmetries to modulate temporal gait symmetry. The BFB system continuously monitors specific gait events (heel-strike and toe-off) and calculates the symmetry ratio, based on the stance time of both limbs to provide real-time biomechanical information via the vibrating motors. Overall walking performance of ten (n=10) able-bodied individuals (age 24.8 ± 4.4 years) was assessed via metrics of symmetry ratio, symmetry ratio error, walking speed, and motor's vibration percentages. FINDINGS All participants utilized BFB somatosensory information to modulate their symmetry ratio. UV feedback produced a greater change in symmetry ratio, and it came closer to the targeted symmetry ratio. Learning or short-term retention effects were minimal. Walking speeds were reduced with feedback compared to no feedback; however, UV walking speeds were significantly faster compared to BV and BC. CONCLUSION The outcomes of this study provide new insights into the development and implementation of feedback strategies for gait retraining BFB systems that may ultimately benefit individuals with pathological gait. Future work should assess longer-term use and long-term learning and retention effects of BFB systems in the populations of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Escamilla-Nunez
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - H Sivasambu
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Andrysek
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Martins Â, Gouveia D, Cardoso A, Carvalho C, Coelho T, Silva C, Viegas I, Gamboa Ó, Ferreira A. A Controlled Clinical Study of Intensive Neurorehabilitation in Post-Surgical Dogs with Severe Acute Intervertebral Disc Extrusion. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113034. [PMID: 34827767 PMCID: PMC8614363 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study explores the potential intensive neurorehabilitation plasticity effects in post-surgical paraplegic dogs with severe acute intervertebral disc extrusion aiming to achieve ambulatory status. The intensive neurorehabilitation protocol translated in 99.4% (167/168) of recovery in deep pain perception-positive dogs and 58.5% (55/94) in deep pain perception-negative dogs. There was 37.3% (22/59) spinal reflex locomotion, obtained within a maximum period of 3 months. Thus, intensive neurorehabilitation may be a useful approach for this population of dogs, avoiding future euthanasia and promoting an estimated time window of 3 months to recover. Abstract This retrospective controlled clinical study aimed to verify if intensive neurorehabilitation (INR) could improve ambulation faster than spontaneous recovery or conventional physiotherapy and provide a possible therapeutic approach in post-surgical paraplegic deep pain perception-positive (DPP+) (with absent/decreased flexor reflex) and DPP-negative (DDP−) dogs, with acute intervertebral disc extrusion. A large cohort of T10-L3 Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) dogs (n = 367) were divided into a study group (SG) (n = 262) and a control group (CG) (n = 105). The SG was based on prospective clinical cases, and the CG was created by retrospective medical records. All SG dogs performed an INR protocol by the hospitalization regime based on locomotor training, electrical stimulation, and, for DPP−, a combination with pharmacological management. All were monitored throughout the process, and measuring the outcome for DPP+ was performed by OFS and, for the DPP−, by the new Functional Neurorehabilitation Scale (FNRS-DPP−). In the SG, DPP+ dogs had an ambulation rate of 99.4% (n = 167) and, in DPP−, of 58.5% (n = 55). Moreover, in DPP+, there was a strong statistically significant difference between groups regarding ambulation (p < 0.001). The same significant difference was verified in the DPP– dogs (p = 0.007). Furthermore, a tendency toward a significant statistical difference (p = 0.058) regarding DPP recovery was demonstrated between groups. Of the 59 dogs that did not recover DPP, 22 dogs achieved spinal reflex locomotion (SRL), 37.2% within a maximum of 3 months. The progressive myelomalacia cases were 14.9% (14/94). Therefore, although it is difficult to assess the contribution of INR for recovery, the results suggested that ambulation success may be improved, mainly regarding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Martins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Campo Grande, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Animal Rehabilitation Center, Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Azeitão, 2925-583 Setúbal, Portugal; (D.G.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (C.S.); (I.V.)
- CIISA—Centro Interdisciplinar-Investigação em Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Campo Grande, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Débora Gouveia
- Animal Rehabilitation Center, Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Azeitão, 2925-583 Setúbal, Portugal; (D.G.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (C.S.); (I.V.)
- Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Campo Grande, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Cardoso
- Animal Rehabilitation Center, Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Azeitão, 2925-583 Setúbal, Portugal; (D.G.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (C.S.); (I.V.)
| | - Carla Carvalho
- Animal Rehabilitation Center, Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Azeitão, 2925-583 Setúbal, Portugal; (D.G.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (C.S.); (I.V.)
| | - Tiago Coelho
- Animal Rehabilitation Center, Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Azeitão, 2925-583 Setúbal, Portugal; (D.G.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (C.S.); (I.V.)
| | - Cátia Silva
- Animal Rehabilitation Center, Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Azeitão, 2925-583 Setúbal, Portugal; (D.G.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (C.S.); (I.V.)
| | - Inês Viegas
- Animal Rehabilitation Center, Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Azeitão, 2925-583 Setúbal, Portugal; (D.G.); (A.C.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (C.S.); (I.V.)
| | - Óscar Gamboa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - António Ferreira
- CIISA—Centro Interdisciplinar-Investigação em Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
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From Neural Command to Robotic Use: The Role of Symmetry/Asymmetry in Postural and Locomotor Activities. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article deepens a reflection on why and how symmetry/asymmetry affects the motor and postural behavior from the neural source, uterine development, child maturation, and how the notion of symmetry/asymmetry has been applied to walking robot design and control. The concepts of morphology and tensegrity are also presented to illustrate how the biological structures have been used in both sciences and arts. The development of the brain and the neuro-fascia-musculoskeletal system seems to be quite symmetric from the beginning of life through to complete maturity. The neural sources of movements (i.e., central pattern generators) are able to produce both symmetric or asymmetric responses to accommodate to environmental constraints and task requirements. Despite the fact that the human development is mainly symmetric, asymmetries already regulate neurological and physiological development. Laterality and sports training could affect natural musculoskeletal symmetry. The plasticity and flexibility of the nervous system allows the abilities to adapt and compensate for environmental constraints and musculoskeletal asymmetries in order to optimize the postural and movement control. For designing humanoid walking robots, symmetry approaches have been mainly used to reduce the complexity of the online calculation. Applications in neurological retraining and rehabilitation should also be considered.
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Krasavina DA, Chemeris AV, Orlova OR, Ivanov YI. [Botulinum therapy of spastic forms of cerebral palsy in various locomotor patterns]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:119-123. [PMID: 34283541 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) is the main impediment to normal locomotion. The function of the Central Pattern Generator (CPG), i.e. a group of neural chains in the spinal cord, stands at the core of any rhythmical movement. CPG can generate locomotion patterns without supraspinal control, which can have both positive and negative impact on the ability to move. Performing the motor tasks such as walking, running and swimming, creates the consistent rhythmical movement of legs and arms through interaction between CPGs of upper and lower extremities. This interaction can cause the activation of pathological movement patterns in lower extremities in response to upper limb spasticity. Thus, neural chains in the spinal cord become the generator of pathologically increased excitation which has developed as a result of a focal lesion in the CNS. All the statements described above show the importance of introducing the upper limb injections of bFotulinum toxin A in the protocol in order to develop normal locomotion. The PUL study approved the optimal level of efficacy and favourable safety profile of botulinum toxin A in children with CP and upper limb muscle spasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Krasavina
- Saint-Petersburg Institute for Advanced Training of Medical Experts, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Chemeris
- Kazakhstan Medical University of Continuing Education, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - O R Orlova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y I Ivanov
- Saint-Petersburg Institute for Advanced Training of Medical Experts, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Day-Night Variations in the Concentration of Neurotransmitters in the Rat Lumbar Spinal Cord. J Circadian Rhythms 2021; 19:9. [PMID: 34326881 PMCID: PMC8300578 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the light-dark variations in the concentrations of several neurotransmitters in the lumbar spinal cord of rats. Six groups of male Wistar rats were exposed to a 12 h light-12 h dark cycle for 70 days. At different time points of the experimental day (8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 4 h), one of the groups of rats was randomly selected to be sacrificed, and the spinal cords were removed. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (GLU), dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) levels in each extracted spinal cord were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-EQ and HPLC-fluorescence systems. Our results indicate that the spinal concentrations of GABA and GLU showed sinusoidal variation in a 24 h cycle, with the highest peak in the dark period (~20 h). Dopamine and serotonin also fluctuated in concentration but peaked in the light period (between 8 and 12 h), while E and NE concentrations showed no significant fluctuations. The possible relationship between neurotransmitter spinal concentration and sensitivity to pain and locomotor activity is discussed. It was concluded that most of the neurotransmitter levels in the lumbar spinal cord showed circadian fluctuations coupled to a light-dark cycle.
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Garcia-Ramirez DL, Ha NT, Bibu S, Stachowski NJ, Dougherty KJ. Spinal Cord Injury Alters Spinal Shox2 Interneurons by Enhancing Excitatory Synaptic Input and Serotonergic Modulation While Maintaining Intrinsic Properties in Mouse. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5833-5848. [PMID: 34006587 PMCID: PMC8265802 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1576-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuitry generating locomotor rhythm and pattern is located in the spinal cord. Most spinal cord injuries (SCIs) occur above the level of spinal locomotor neurons; therefore, these circuits are a target for improving motor function after SCI. Despite being relatively intact below the injury, locomotor circuitry undergoes substantial plasticity with the loss of descending control. Information regarding cell type-specific plasticity within locomotor circuits is limited. Shox2 interneurons (INs) have been linked to locomotor rhythm generation and patterning, making them a potential therapeutic target for the restoration of locomotion after SCI. The goal of the present study was to identify SCI-induced plasticity at the level of Shox2 INs in a complete thoracic transection model in adult male and female mice. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of Shox2 INs revealed minimal changes in intrinsic excitability properties after SCI. However, afferent stimulation resulted in mixed excitatory and inhibitory input to Shox2 INs in uninjured mice which became predominantly excitatory after SCI. Shox2 INs were differentially modulated by serotonin (5-HT) in a concentration-dependent manner in uninjured conditions but following SCI, 5-HT predominantly depolarized Shox2 INs. 5-HT7 receptors mediated excitatory effects on Shox2 INs from both uninjured and SCI mice, but activation of 5-HT2B/2C receptors enhanced excitability of Shox2 INs only after SCI. Overall, SCI alters sensory afferent input pathways to Shox2 INs and 5-HT modulation of Shox2 INs to enhance excitatory responses. Our findings provide relevant information regarding the locomotor circuitry response to SCI that could benefit strategies to improve locomotion after SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Current therapies to gain locomotor control after spinal cord injury (SCI) target spinal locomotor circuitry. Improvements in therapeutic strategies will require a better understanding of the SCI-induced plasticity within specific locomotor elements and their controllers, including sensory afferents and serotonergic modulation. Here, we demonstrate that excitability and intrinsic properties of Shox2 interneurons, which contribute to the generation of the locomotor rhythm and pattering, remain intact after SCI. However, SCI induces plasticity in both sensory afferent pathways and serotonergic modulation, enhancing the activation and excitation of Shox2 interneurons. Our findings will impact future strategies looking to harness these changes with the ultimate goal of restoring functional locomotion after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leonardo Garcia-Ramirez
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Ngoc T Ha
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Steve Bibu
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Nicholas J Stachowski
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Kimberly J Dougherty
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
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Hunter I, Coulson B, Zarin AA, Baines RA. The Drosophila Larval Locomotor Circuit Provides a Model to Understand Neural Circuit Development and Function. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:684969. [PMID: 34276315 PMCID: PMC8282269 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.684969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to answer important questions in neuroscience, such as: "how do neural circuits generate behaviour?," because research is limited by the complexity and inaccessibility of the mammalian nervous system. Invertebrate model organisms offer simpler networks that are easier to manipulate. As a result, much of what we know about the development of neural circuits is derived from work in crustaceans, nematode worms and arguably most of all, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This review aims to demonstrate the utility of the Drosophila larval locomotor network as a model circuit, to those who do not usually use the fly in their work. This utility is explored first by discussion of the relatively complete connectome associated with one identified interneuron of the locomotor circuit, A27h, and relating it to similar circuits in mammals. Next, it is developed by examining its application to study two important areas of neuroscience research: critical periods of development and interindividual variability in neural circuits. In summary, this article highlights the potential to use the larval locomotor network as a "generic" model circuit, to provide insight into mammalian circuit development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Hunter
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bramwell Coulson
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aref Arzan Zarin
- Department of Biology, The Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Richard A Baines
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Comas V, Borde M. Glutamatergic control of a pattern-generating central nucleus in a gymnotiform fish. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2339-2355. [PMID: 33978492 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00584.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of central pattern-generating networks (CPGs) may change under the control exerted by various neurotransmitters and modulators to adapt its behavioral outputs to different environmental demands. Although the mechanisms underlying this control have been well established in invertebrates, most of their synaptic and cellular bases are not yet well understood in vertebrates. Gymnotus omarorum, a pulse-type gymnotiform electric fish, provides a well-suited vertebrate model to investigate these mechanisms. G. omarorum emits rhythmic and stereotyped electric organ discharges (EODs), which function in both perception and communication, under the command of an electromotor CPG. This nucleus is composed of electrotonically coupled intrinsic pacemaker cells, which pace the rhythm, and bulbospinal projecting relay cells that contribute to organize the pattern of the muscle-derived effector activation that produce the EOD. Descending influences target CPG neurons to produce adaptive behavioral electromotor responses to different environmental challenges. We used electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques in brainstem slices of G. omarorum to investigate the underpinnings of the fast transmitter control of its electromotor CPG. We demonstrate that pacemaker, but not relay cells, are endowed with ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. We also show that glutamatergic control of the CPG likely involves two types of synapses contacting pacemaker cells, one type containing both α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the other one only-NMDA receptor. Fast neurotransmitter control of vertebrate CPGs seems to exploit the kinetics of the involved postsynaptic receptors to command different behavioral outputs. The prospect of common neural designs to control CPG activity in vertebrates is discussed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Underpinnings of neuromodulation of central pattern-generating networks (CPG) have been well characterized in many species. The effects of fast neurotransmitter systems remain, however, poorly understood. This research uses in vitro electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques to show that the neurotransmitter control of a vertebrate CPG in gymnotiform fish involves the convergence of only-NMDA and AMPA-NMDA glutamatergic synapses onto neurons that pace the rhythm. These inputs may organize different behavioral outputs according to their distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Comas
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular y Sináptica, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michel Borde
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular y Sináptica, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Syczewska M, Szczerbik E, Kalinowska M, Swiecicka A, Graff G. Are Gait and Balance Problems in Neurological Patients Interdependent? Enhanced Analysis Using Gait Indices, Cyclograms, Balance Parameters and Entropy. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23030359. [PMID: 33802894 PMCID: PMC8002740 DOI: 10.3390/e23030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Balance and locomotion are two main complex functions, which require intact and efficient neuromuscular and sensory systems, and their proper integration. In many studies the assumption of their dependence is present, and some rehabilitation approaches are based on it. Other papers undermine this assumption. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the possible dependence between gait and balance in patients with neurological or sensory integration problems, which affected their balance. Methods: 75 patients (52 with neurological diseases, 23 with sensory integration problems) participated in the study. They underwent balance assessment on Kistler force plate in two conditions, six tests on a Balance Biodex System and instrumented gait analysis with VICON. The gait and balances parameters and indices, together with entropy and cyclograms were used for the analysis. Spearman correlation, multiple regression, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis were used as analytical tools. Results: The analysis divided patients into 2 groups with 100% correctly classified cases. Some balance and gait measures are better in the first group, but some others in the second. Conclusions: This finding confirms the hypothesis that there is no direct link between gait and balance deficits.
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