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Faizan M, Jahan I, Ishaq M, Alhalmi A, Khan R, Noman OM, Hasson S, Mothana RA. Neuroprotective effects of trigonelline in kainic acid-induced epilepsy: Behavioral, biochemical, and functional insights. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101843. [PMID: 37961069 PMCID: PMC10638067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigonelline, an alkaloid found in the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek), has been recognized for its potential in treating various diseases. Notably, trigonelline has demonstrated a neuroprotective impact by reducing intrasynaptosomal calcium levels, inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and regulating cytokines. Kainic acid, an agonist of kainic acid receptors, is utilized for inducing temporal lobe epilepsy and is a common choice for establishing kainic acid-induced status epilepticus, a widely used epileptic model. The neuroprotective effect of trigonelline in the context of kainic acid-induced epilepsy remains unexplored. This study aimed to induce epilepsy by administering kainic acid (10 mg/kg, single subcutaneous dose) and subsequently evaluate the potential anti-epileptic effect of trigonelline (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration for 14 days). Ethosuccimide (ETX) (187.5 mg/kg) served as the standard drug for comparison. The anti-epileptic effect of trigonelline over a 14-day administration period was examined. Behavioral assessments, such as the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test, Open Field Test (OFT), and Plus Maze tests, were conducted 2 h after kainic acid administration to investigate spatial and non-spatial acquisition abilities in rats. Additionally, biochemical analysis encompassing intrasynaptosomal calcium levels, LDH activity, serotonin levels, oxidative indicators, and inflammatory cytokines associated with inflammation were evaluated. Trigonelline exhibited significant behavioral improvements by reducing anxiety in open field and plus maze tests, along with an amelioration of memory impairment. Notably, trigonelline substantially lowered intrasynaptosomal calcium levels and LDH activity, indicating its neuroprotective effect by mitigating cytotoxicity and neuronal injury within the hippocampus tissue. Moreover, trigonelline demonstrated a remarkable reduction in inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators. In summary, this study underscores the potential of trigonelline as an anti-epileptic agent in the context of kainic acid-induced epilepsy. The compound exhibited beneficial effects on behavior, neuroprotection, and inflammation, shedding light on its therapeutic promise for epilepsy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faizan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Iram Jahan
- Department of Physiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Ishaq
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdulsalam Alhalmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahmuddin Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sidgi Hasson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sandouka S, Singh PK, Saadi A, Taiwo RO, Sheeni Y, Zhang T, Deeb L, Guignet M, White SH, Shekh-Ahmad T. Repurposing dimethyl fumarate as an antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:796. [PMID: 37940957 PMCID: PMC10634153 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy affects over 65 million people worldwide and significantly burdens patients, caregivers, and society. Drug-resistant epilepsy occurs in approximately 30% of patients and growing evidence indicates that oxidative stress contributes to the development of such epilepsies. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which is involved in cellular defense, offers a potential strategy for reducing oxidative stress and epilepsy treatment. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an Nrf2 activator, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat multiple sclerosis. METHODS The expression of Nrf2 and its related genes in vehicle or DMF treated rats were determined via RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Neuronal cell death was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The effects of DMF in preventing the onset of epilepsy and modifying the disease were investigated in the kainic acid-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. The open field, elevated plus maze and T-Maze spontaneous alteration tests were used for behavioral assessments. RESULTS We demonstrate that administration of DMF following status epilepticus increased Nrf2 activity, attenuated status epilepticus-induced neuronal cell death, and decreased seizure frequency and the total number of seizures compared to vehicle-treated animals. Moreover, DMF treatment reversed epilepsy-induced behavioral deficits in the treated rats. Moreover, DMF treatment even when initiated well after the diagnosis of epilepsy, reduced symptomatic seizures long after the drug was eliminated from the body. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that DMF, through the activation of Nrf2, has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for preventing epileptogenesis and modifying epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereen Sandouka
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Prince Kumar Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aseel Saadi
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rhoda Olowe Taiwo
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yara Sheeni
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Taige Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Larin Deeb
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michelle Guignet
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Epilepsy Drug Discovery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steve H White
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Epilepsy Drug Discovery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Xu K, Xie P, Deng J, Tang C, Wang X, Guan Y, Zhou J, Li T, Liang X, Jing B, Gao JH, Luan G. Long-term ANT-DBS effects in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats: A combined 9.4T MRI and histological study. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:916-929. [PMID: 36696411 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) appears to be effective against seizures in animals and humans however, its therapeutic mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to combine 9.4T multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with histology to investigate the longitudinal effects of long-term ANT-DBS in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. Status epilepsy (SE) was induced by LiCl-pilocarpine injection in 11 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Four weeks after SE, chronic epileptic rats underwent either ANT-DBS (n = 6) or sham-DBS (n = 5) surgery. Electroencephalography (EEG) and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) were recorded for 1 week. The T2-weighted image and images from resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) were acquired at three states: before SE, at 4 weeks post-SE, and at 5 weeks post-DBS. Volumes of the hippocampal subregions and hippocampal-related functional connectivity (FC) were compared longitudinally. Finally, antibodies against neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic proteins were used to evaluate neuronal loss and astrogliosis in the hippocampus. Long-term ANT-DBS significantly reduced seizure generalization in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. By analyzing the gray matter volume using T2-weighted images, long-term ANT-DBS displayed morphometric restoration of the hippocampal subregions. Neuronal protection of the hippocampal subregions and inhibition of astrogliosis in the hippocampal subregions were observed in the ANT-DBS group. ANT-DBS caused reversible regulation of FC in the insula-hippocampus and subthalamic nucleus-hippocampus. Long-term ANT-DBS provides comprehensive protection of hippocampal histology, hippocampal morphometrics, and hippocampal-related functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pandeng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohang Liang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institution of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for MRI Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Jing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Beijing City Key Laboratory for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institution of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for MRI Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hong N, Kim HJ, Kang K, Park JO, Mun S, Kim HG, Kang BH, Chung PS, Lee MY, Ahn JC. Photobiomodulation improves the synapses and cognitive function and ameliorates epileptic seizure by inhibiting downregulation of Nlgn3. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 36635704 PMCID: PMC9837965 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) remains one of the most drug-resistant focal epilepsies. Glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation which leads to loss of synaptic proteins and neuronal death appear to represent a pathogen that characterizes the neurobiology of TLE. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a rapidly growing therapy for the attenuation of neuronal degeneration harboring non-invasiveness benefits. However, the detailed effects of PBM on excitotoxicity or neuroinflammation remain unclear. We investigated whether tPBM exerts neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons in epilepsy mouse model by regulating synapse and synapse-related genes. METHODS In an in vitro study, we performed imaging analysis and western blot in primary hippocampal neurons from embryonic (E17) rat pups. In an in vivo study, RNA sequencing was performed to identify the gene regulatory by PBM. Histological stain and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to assess synaptic connections, neuroinflammation and neuronal survival. Behavioral tests were used to evaluate the effects of PBM on cognitive functions. RESULTS PBM was upregulated synaptic connections in an in vitro. In addition, it was confirmed that transcranial PBM reduced synaptic degeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and neuroinflammation in an in vivo. These effects of PBM were supported by RNA sequencing results showing the relation of PBM with gene regulatory networks of neuronal functions. Specifically, Nlgn3 showed increase after PBM and silencing the Nlgn3 reversed the positive effect of PBM in in vitro. Lastly, behavioral alterations including hypoactivity, anxiety and impaired memory were recovered along with the reduction of seizure score in PBM-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that PBM attenuates epileptic excitotoxicity, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline induced by TLE through inhibition of the Nlgn3 gene decrease induced by excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namgue Hong
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ,grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji On Park
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Dankook University, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Mun
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ,grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Gun Kim
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hui Kang
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Neurology, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Sang Chung
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ,grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ,grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ,grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ,grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Ahn
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ,grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ,grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Sandouka S, Saadi A, Singh PK, Olowe R, Shekh-Ahmad T. Nrf2 is predominantly expressed in hippocampal neurons in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:3. [PMID: 36600279 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a particular problem in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, where seizures originate mainly from the hippocampus. Many of these epilepsies are acquired conditions following an insult to the brain such as a prolonged seizure. Such conditions are characterized by pathophysiological mechanisms including massive oxidative stress that synergistically mediate the secondary brain damage, contributing to the development of epilepsy. The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) has emerged in recent years as an attractive therapeutic approach targeting to upregulate the antioxidative defenses in the cell, to ameliorate the oxidative stress-induced damage. Thus, it is important to understand the characteristics of Nrf2 activation during epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Here, we studied the temporal, regional, and cell-type specific expression of Nrf2 in the brain, in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. RESULTS Early after status-epilepticus, Nrf2 is mainly activated in the hippocampus and maintained during the whole period of epileptogenesis. Only transient expression of Nrf2 was observed in the cortex. Nevertheless, the expression of several Nrf2 antioxidant target genes was increased within 24 h after status-epilepticus in both the cortex and the hippocampus. We demonstrated that after status-epilepticus in rats, Nrf2 is predominantly expressed in neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, and only astrocytes in the CA1 increase their Nrf2 expression. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data identify previously unrecognized spatial and cell-type dependent activation of Nrf2 during epilepsy development, highlighting the need for a time-controlled, and cell-type specific activation of the Nrf2 pathway for mediating anti-oxidant response after brain insult, to modify the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereen Sandouka
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aseel Saadi
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Prince Kumar Singh
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rhoda Olowe
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Singh PK, Saadi A, Sheeni Y, Shekh-Ahmad T. Specific inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 modifies chronic epilepsy. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102549. [PMID: 36459714 PMCID: PMC9712695 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work by us and others has implicated NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes as main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following a brain insult such as status epilepticus, contributing to neuronal damage and development of epilepsy. Although several NOX isoforms have been examined in the context of epilepsy, most attention has focused on NOX2. In this present study, we demonstrate the effect of gp91ds-tat, a specific competitive inhibitor of NOX2, in in vitro epileptiform activity model as well as in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) model in rats. We showed that in in vitro seizure model, gp91ds-tat modulated Ca2+ oscillation, prevented epileptiform activity-induced ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, and neuronal death. Administration of gp91ds-tat 1 h after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus significantly decreased the expression of NOX2, as well as the overall NOX activity in the cortex and the hippocampus. Finally, we showed that upon continuous intracerebroventricular administration to epileptic rats, gp91ds-tat significantly reduced the seizure frequency and the total number of seizures post-treatment compared to the scrambled peptide-treated animals. The results of the study suggest that NOX2 may have an important effect on modulation of epileptiform activity and has a critical role in mediating seizure-induced NOX activation, ROS generation and oxidative stress in the brain, and thus significantly contributes to development of epilepsy following a brain insult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Corresponding author. The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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Wang R, Zhu W, Liang G, Xu J, Guo J, Wang L. Animal models for epileptic foci localization, seizure detection, and prediction by electrical impedance tomography. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022; 13:e1619. [PMID: 36093634 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection of lesions and closed-loop suppression are the two main treatment options for patients with refractory epilepsy whose symptoms cannot be managed with medicines. Unfortunately, failures in foci localization and seizure prediction are constraining these treatments. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), sensitive to impedance changes caused by blood flow or cell swelling, is a potential new way to locate epileptic foci and predict seizures. Animal validation is a necessary research process before EIT can be used in clinical practice, but it is unclear which among the many animal epilepsy models is most suited to this task. The selection of an animal model of epilepsy that is similar to human seizures and can be adapted to EIT is important for the accuracy and reliability of EIT research results. This study provides an overview of the animal models of epilepsy that have been used in research on the use of EIT to locate the foci or predict seizures; discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these models regarding inducement by chemical convulsant and electrical stimulation; and finally proposes optimal animal models of epilepsy to obtain more convincing research results for foci localization and seizure prediction by EIT. The ultimate goal of this study is to facilitate the development of new treatments for patients with refractory epilepsy. This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Clinical Neuroscience Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaming Xu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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Kandeda AK, Menvouta S, Mabou ST, Kouamouo J, Dimo T. Aqueous extract of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. (Fabaceae) exerts antiepileptogenic, anti-amnesic, and anxiolytic-like effects in mice via mechanisms involving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995881. [PMID: 36353486 PMCID: PMC9638135 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. (Fabaceae) is a widely distributed tree, used in traditional medicine to treat amebiasis, hookworm infection, ascariasis, asthma, sterility, dental pain, headaches, cardiac disorders, and epilepsy. To date, no study on the effect of an aqueous extract of P. biglobosa on epileptogenesis and associated neuropsychiatric disorders has been undertaken. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate antiepileptogenic-, antiamnesic-, and anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of P. biglobosa using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice. Animals were divided into six groups of eight mice each. Thus, a PTZ group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, per os), a positive control group received sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, p.o.), and three test groups received the aqueous extract of P. biglobosa (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg, p.o.).In addition, a control group of eight mice receiving distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.) was formed. The treatments were administered to mice, 60 min before administration of PTZ (20 mg/kg, i.p.). These co-administrations were performed once daily, for 22 days. The number and duration of seizures (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 of seizures) exhibited by each mouse were assessed for 30 min during the treatment period. Twenty-four hours following the last administration of the treatments and PTZ, novel object recognition and T-maze tests were performed to assess working memory impairment in mice, while the open field test was performed to assess anxiety-like behavior. After these tests, the animals were sacrificed, and the hippocampi were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. During the period of PTZ-kindling, the extract at all doses completely (p < 0.001) protected all mice against stages 3 and 4 of seizures when compared to sodium valproate, a standard antiepileptic drug. The extract also significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated working memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior. In post-mortem brain analyses, the extract significantly (p < 0.001) increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Histological analysis showed that the aqueous extract attenuated neuronal degeneration/necrosis in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the extract is endowed with antiepileptogenic-, anti-amnesic-, and anxiolytic-like effects. These effects seem to be mediated in part by GABAergic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These results suggest the merit of further studies to isolate the bioactive molecules responsible for these potentially therapeutically relevant effects of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- *Correspondence: Antoine Kavaye Kandeda,
| | - Soline Menvouta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | | | - Jonas Kouamouo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Kandeda AK, Nodeina S, Mabou ST. An aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini protects against kainate-induced status epilepticus and amnesia: evidence for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory intervention. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2581-2602. [PMID: 35916986 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common drug-resistant epilepsy. To cure epilepsy, drugs must target the mechanisms at the origin of seizures. Thus, the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antiepileptic- and anti-amnesic-like effects of an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini against kainate-induced status epilepticus in mice, and possible mechanisms of action. Mice were divided into 7 groups and treated as follows: normal group or kainate group received po distilled water (10 mL/kg), four test groups received Syzygium cumini (28.8, 72, 144, and 288 mg/kg, po), and the positive control group treated intraperitoneally (ip) with sodium valproate (300 mg/kg). An extra group of normal mice was treated with piracetam (200 mg/kg, po). Treatments were administered 60 min before the induction of status epilepticus with kainate (15 mg/kg, ip), and continued daily throughout behavioral testing. Twenty-four hours after the induction, T-maze and Morris water maze tasks were successively performed. The animals were then sacrificed and some markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were estimated in the hippocampus. The extract significantly prevented status epilepticus and mortality. In the T-maze, the aqueous extract markedly increased the time spent and the number of entries in the discriminated arm. In the Morris water maze, the extract significantly increased the time spent in the target quadrant during the retention phase. Furthermore, the aqueous extract induced a significant reduction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini has antiepileptic- and anti-amnesic-like effects, likely mediated in part by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Saleh Nodeina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Symphorien Talom Mabou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Chakraborty S, Parayil R, Mishra S, Nongthomba U, Clement JP. Epilepsy Characteristics in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Research from Patient Cohorts and Animal Models Focusing on Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810807. [PMID: 36142719 PMCID: PMC9501968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a heterogeneous group of brain-related diseases, has continued to significantly burden society and families. Epilepsy comorbid with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is believed to occur due to multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms involving disruptions in the excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance impeding widespread functional neuronal circuitry. Although the field has received much attention from the scientific community recently, the research has not yet translated into actionable therapeutics to completely cure epilepsy, particularly those comorbid with NDDs. In this review, we sought to elucidate the basic causes underlying epilepsy as well as those contributing to the association of epilepsy with NDDs. Comprehensive emphasis is put on some key neurodevelopmental genes implicated in epilepsy, such as MeCP2, SYNGAP1, FMR1, SHANK1-3 and TSC1, along with a few others, and the main electrophysiological and behavioral deficits are highlighted. For these genes, the progress made in developing appropriate and valid rodent models to accelerate basic research is also detailed. Further, we discuss the recent development in the therapeutic management of epilepsy and provide a briefing on the challenges and caveats in identifying and testing species-specific epilepsy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Rrejusha Parayil
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Shefali Mishra
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics (MRDG), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics (MRDG), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - James P. Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru 560064, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-08-2208-2613
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11
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Saadi A, Sandouka S, Grad E, Singh PK, Shekh-Ahmad T. Spatial, temporal, and cell-type-specific expression of NADPH Oxidase isoforms following seizure models in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:158-168. [PMID: 35964838 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH Oxidase (NOX) enzymes are key producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consist of seven different isoforms, distributed across the tissues and cell types. The increasing level of ROS induces oxidative stress playing a crucial role in neuronal death and the development of epilepsy. Recently, NOX2 was reported as a primary source of ROS production, activated by NMDA receptor, a crucial marker of epilepsy development. Here, we demonstrate spatial, temporal, and cellular expression of NOX2 and NOX4 complexes in in-vitro and in-vivo seizure models. We showed that the expression of NOX2 and NOX4 was increased in the initial 24 h following a brief seizure induced by pentylenetetrazol. Interestingly, while this elevated level returns to baseline 48 h following seizure in the cortex, in the hippocampus these levels remain elevated up to one week following the seizure. Moreover, we showed that 1- and 2- weeks following status epilepticus (SE), expression of NOX2 and NOX4 remains significantly elevated both in the cortex and the hippocampus. Furthermore, in in-vitro seizure model, NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms were overexpressed in neurons and astrocytes following seizures. These results suggest that NOX2 and NOX4 in the brain have a transient response to seizures, and these responses temporally vary depending on, seizure duration, brain region (cortex or hippocampus), and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Saadi
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Sereen Sandouka
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Etty Grad
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Prince Kumar Singh
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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12
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Paeonol exerts neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects in intrahippocampal kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102121. [PMID: 35718291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is presented the most common form of focal epilepsy with involvement of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as important factors in its development. About one third of epileptic patients are intractable to currently available medications. Paeonol isolated from some herbs with traditional and medicinal uses has shown anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in different models of neurological disorders. In this research, we tried to evaluate the possible protective effect of paeonol in intrahippocampal kainate murine model of TLE. To induce TLE, kainate was microinjected into CA3 area of the hippocampus and paeonol was administered at two doses of 30 or 50mg/kg. The results of this study showed that paeonol at the higher dose significantly reduces incidence of status epilepticus, hippocampal aberrant mossy fiber sprouting and also preserves neuronal density. Beneficial protective effect of paeonol was in parallel with partial reversal of some hippocampal oxidative stress markers (reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde), caspase 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, heme oxygenase 1, DNA fragmentation, and inflammation-associated factors (nuclear factor-kappa B, toll-like receptor 4, and tumor necrosis factor α). Our obtained data indicated anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of paeonol which is somewhat attributed to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation properties besides its attenuation of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and astrocyte activity.
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13
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Wang F, Guo L, Wu Z, Zhang T, Dong D, Wu B. The Clock gene regulates kainic acid-induced seizures through inhibiting ferroptosis in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1640-1650. [PMID: 35704277 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common and intractable form of epilepsy. There is a strong need to better understand molecular events underlying TLE and to find novel therapeutic agents. Here we aimed to investigate the role of Clock and ferroptosis in regulating TLE. METHODS TLE model was established by treating mice with kainic acid (KA). Regulatory effects of the Clock gene on KA-induced seizures and ferroptosis were evaluated using Clock knockout (Clock-/-) mice. mRNA and protein levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Ferroptosis was assessed by measuring the levels of iron, GSH and ROS. Transcriptional regulation was studied using a combination of luciferase reporter, mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. KEY FINDINGS We found that Clock ablation exacerbated KA-induced seizures in mice, accompanied by enhanced ferroptosis in the hippocampus. Clock ablation reduced the hippocampal expression of GPX4 and PPAR-γ, two ferroptosis-inhibitory factors, in mice and in N2a cells. Moreover, Clock regulates diurnal expression of GPX4 and PPAR-γ in mouse hippocampus and rhythmicity in KA-induced seizures. Consistent with this finding, Clock overexpression up-regulated GPX4 and PPAR-γ and protected against ferroptosis in N2a cells. In addition, luciferase reporter, mobility shift and ChIP assays showed that CLOCK trans-activated Gpx4 and Ppar-γ through direct binding to the E-box elements in the gene promoters. CONCLUSION CLOCK protects against KA-induced seizures through increased expression of GPX4 and PPAR-γ and inhibition of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianxia Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Wu
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Dong
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Pazarlar BA, Madsen CA, Oyar EÖ, Eğilmez CB, Mikkelsen JD. Temporal and Spatial Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A) under Kainic Acid Induced Epileptogenesis: An Autoradiographic Study. Epilepsy Res 2022; 183:106926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Tashakori-Miyanroudi M, Ramazi S, Hashemi P, Nazari-Serenjeh M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Exerts Neuroprotective and Anticonvulsant Effect in Kainate Murine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1224-1233. [PMID: 35320462 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most well-known type of focal epilepsy that is resistant to existing treatments is temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), with seizure foci in various structures including temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and subcortex. The most significant processes involved in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are oxidative stress, inflammation, and pyroptosis. There are evidences indicating that acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyroptotic effects. In the present study, rat model of TLE was induced by intrahippocampal kainate and animals received ALC (100 mg/kg, p.o.). ALC properly attenuated intensity of seizures and also incidence of kainate-induced status epilepticus (SE). As well, obtained findings showed that ALC can partially reverse hippocampal levels of MDA, ROS, SOD, TNFa, NF-kB, TLR4, GFAP, and caspase 1. Besides, treatment of kainate group with ALC exerted a protective effect against CA1 neuronal loss and abnormal mossy fiber sprouting (MFS). Conclusively, these results suggest that ALC is capable to attenuate kainate-induced SE which is somewhat mediated through its lowering of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and pyroptosis that are related to its neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Tashakori-Miyanroudi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Ramazi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Thergarajan P, Hudson MR, Carmichael I, Clasadonte J, Dedeurwaerdere S, O'Brien TJ, Jones NC, Ali I. Characterising seizure development, behavioural comorbidities and neuroinflammation in a self-sustained electrical status epilepticus model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in C57BL/6J mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bouilleret V, Dedeurwaerdere S. What value can TSPO PET bring for epilepsy treatment? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:221-233. [PMID: 34120191 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders and affects both the young and adult populations. The question we asked for this review was how positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with translocator protein (TSPO) radioligands can help inform the epilepsy clinic and the development of future treatments targeting neuroinflammatory processes.Even though the first TSPO PET scans in epilepsy patients were performed over 20 years ago, this imaging modality has not seen wide adoption in the clinic. There is vast scientific evidence from preclinical studies in rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy which have shown increased levels of TSPO corresponding to neuroinflammatory processes in the brain. These increases peaked sub-acutely (1-2 weeks) after the epileptogenic insult (e.g. status epilepticus) and remained chronically increased, albeit at lower levels. In addition, these studies have shown a correlation between TSPO levels and seizure outcome, pharmacoresistance and behavioural morbidities. Histological assessment points to a complex interplay between different cellular components such as microglial activation, astrogliosis and cell death changing dynamically over time.In epilepsy patients, a highly sensitive biomarker of neuroinflammation would provide value for the optimization of surgical assessment (particularly for extratemporal lobe epilepsy) and support the clinical development path of anti-inflammatory treatments. Clinical studies have shown a systematic increase in asymmetry indices of TSPO PET binding. However, region-based analysis typically does not yield statistical differences and changes are often not restricted to the epileptogenic zone, limiting the ability of this imaging modality to localise pathology for surgery. In this manuscript, we discuss the biological underpinnings of these findings and review for which applications in epilepsy TSPO PET could bring added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Bouilleret
- Unité de Neurophysiologie et d'Epileptologie (UNCE), Université Paris-Saclay APHP, 78, Rue du Général Leclerc, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
| | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
- Experimental Laboratory of Haematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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18
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Sano T, Masuda Y, Yasuno H, Shinozawa T, Watanabe T, Kakehi M. Blood Neurofilament Light Chain as a Potential Biomarker for Central and Peripheral Nervous Toxicity in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:10-18. [PMID: 34677616 PMCID: PMC8714368 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is a principal concern in nonclinical drug development. However, standardized and universally accepted fluid biomarkers for evaluating neurotoxicity are lacking. Increasing clinical evidence supports the potential use of neurofilament light (NfL) chain as a biomarker of several neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, we investigated changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum levels of NfL in Sprague Dawley rats treated with central nervous system (CNS) toxicants (trimethyltin [TMT, 10 mg/kg po, single dose], kainic acid [KA, 12 mg/kg sc, single dose], MK-801 [1 mg/kg sc, single dose]), and a peripheral nervous system (PNS) toxicant (pyridoxine, 1200 mg/kg/day for 3 days). Animals were euthanized 1 (day 2), 3 (day 4), or 7 days after administration (day 8). Increased serum NfL was observed in TMT- and KA-treated animals, which indicated neuronal cell death in the brain on days 2, 4, and/or 8. MK-801-treated animals exhibited no changes in the serum and CSF levels of NfL and no histopathological changes in the brain at any time point. Pyridoxine-induced chromatolysis of the dorsal root ganglion on day 2 and degeneration of peripheral nerve fiber on day 4; additionally, serum NfL was increased. A strong correlation was observed between the serum and CSF levels of NfL and brain lesions caused by TMT and KA, indicating that NfL could be a useful biomarker for detecting CNS toxicity. Additionally, PNS changes were correlated with serum NfL levels. Therefore, serum NfL could serve as a useful peripheral biomarker for detecting both CNS and PNS toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Sano
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Masuda
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasuno
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Shinozawa
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kakehi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
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Characterization of metabolic activity induced by kainic acid in adult rat whole brain at the early stage: A 18FDG-PET study. Brain Res 2021; 1769:147621. [PMID: 34403661 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain metabolic processes are not fully characterized in the kainic acid (KA)-induced Status Epilepticus (KASE). Thus, we evaluated the usefulness of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) as an experimental strategy to evaluate in vivo, in a non-invasive way, the glucose consumption in several brain regions, in a semi-quantitative study to compare and to correlate with data from electroencephalography and histology studies. METHODS Sixteen male Wistar rats underwent FDG-PET scans at basal state and after KA injection. FDG-PET images were normalized to an MRI-based atlas and segmented to locate regions. Standardized uptake values (SUV) were obtained at several time points. EEGs and cell viability by histological analysis, were also evaluated. RESULTS FDG-PET data showed changes in regions such as: amygdala, hippocampus, accumbens, entorhinal cortex, motor cortex and hypothalamus. Remarkably, hippocampal hypermetabolism was found (mean SUV = 2.66 ± 0.057) 2 h after KA administration, while hypometabolism at 24 h (mean SUV = 1.83 ± 0.056) vs basal values (mean SUV = 2.19 ± 0.057). EEG showed increased spectral power values 2 h post-KA administration. Hippocampal viable-cell counting 24 h after KA was decreased, while Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells were increased, as compared to control rats, coinciding with the hypometabolism detected in the same region by semi-quantitative FDG-PET at 24 h after KASE. CONCLUSIONS PET is suitable to measure metabolic brain changes in the rat model of status epilepticus induced by KA (KASE) at the first 24 h, compared to that of EEG; PET data may also be sensitive to cell viability.
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Lee JW, Chun W, Lee HJ, Kim SM, Min JH, Kim DY, Kim MO, Ryu HW, Lee SU. The Role of Microglia in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101449. [PMID: 34680566 PMCID: PMC8533549 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the maintenance and neuroprotection of the central nervous system (CNS) by removing pathogens, damaged neurons, and plaques. Recent observations emphasize that the promotion and development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are closely related to microglial activation. In this review, we summarize the contribution of microglial activation and its associated mechanisms in NDs, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), based on recent observations. This review also briefly introduces experimental animal models of epilepsy, AD, PD, and HD. Thus, this review provides a better understanding of microglial functions in the development of NDs, suggesting that microglial targeting could be an effective therapeutic strategy for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.C.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.C.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Seong-Man Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jae-Hong Min
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Doo-Young Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
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21
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Singh T, Mishra A, Goel RK. PTZ kindling model for epileptogenesis, refractory epilepsy, and associated comorbidities: relevance and reliability. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1573-1590. [PMID: 34427842 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure is one of the gold standard mouse models for rapid evaluation of novel anticonvulsants. Synchronically, PTZ induced kindling in mice is also a simple and well accepted model of chronic epilepsy. PTZ kindling has been explored for studying epileptogenesis, epilepsy-associated comorbidities, and refractory epilepsy. This review summarizes the potential of PTZ kindling in mice and its modifications for its face, construct, and predictive validity to screen antiepileptogenic drugs, combined or add on novel and safe therapies for treatment of epilepsy-associated depression and cognitive impairment as well as effective interventions for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Guwahati , Changsari, Kamrup , 781101 , Assam , India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
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22
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Christiaen E, Goossens MG, Descamps B, Delbeke J, Wadman W, Vonck K, Boon P, Raedt R, Vanhove C. White Matter Integrity in a Rat Model of Epileptogenesis: Structural Connectomics and Fixel-Based Analysis. Brain Connect 2021; 12:320-333. [PMID: 34155915 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2021.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that large-scale brain networks are affected during the development of epilepsy. These networks can be investigated by using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). The most commonly used model to analyze dMRI is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). However, DTI metrics are not specific to microstructure or pathology and the DTI model does not take into account crossing fibers, which may lead to erroneous results. To overcome these limitations, a more advanced model based on multi-shell multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution was used in this study to perform tractography with more precise fiber orientation estimates and to assess changes in intra-axonal volume by using fixel-based analysis. Methods: dMRI images were acquired before and at several time points after induction of status epilepticus in the intraperitoneal kainic acid (IPKA) rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Tractography was performed, and fixel metrics were calculated in several white matter tracts. The tractogram was analyzed by using the graph theory. Results: Global degree, global and local efficiency were decreased in IPKA animals compared with controls during epileptogenesis. Nodal degree was decreased in the limbic system and default-mode network, mainly during early epileptogenesis. Further, fiber density (FD) and fiber-density-and-cross-section (FDC) were decreased in several white matter tracts. Discussion: These results indicate a decrease in overall structural connectivity, integration, and segregation and decreased structural connectivity in the limbic system and default-mode network. Decreased FD and FDC point to a decrease in intra-axonal volume fraction during epileptogenesis, which may be related to neuronal degeneration and gliosis. Impact statement To the best of our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal multi-shell diffusion magnetic resonance imaging study that combines whole-brain tractography and fixel-based analysis to investigate changes in structural brain connectivity and white matter integrity during epileptogenesis in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Our findings present better insights into how the topology of the structural brain network changes during epileptogenesis and how these changes are related to white matter integrity. This could improve the understanding of the basic mechanisms of epilepsy and aid the rational development of imaging biomarkers and epilepsy therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Christiaen
- MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Benedicte Descamps
- MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Delbeke
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wytse Wadman
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Osuntokun OS, Abdulwahab UF, Akanji NO, Adedokun KI, Adekomi AD, Olayiwola G. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of carbamazepine-levetiracetam adjunctive treatment in convulsive status epilepticus rat model: Inhibition of cholinergic transmission. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136167. [PMID: 34389480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of carbamazepine (CBZ), levetiracetam (LEV), and CBZ + LEV adjunctive treatment in convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) rat model. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n = 5). Groups I and II received 0.2 ml of normal saline intraperitoneally (i.p), while groups III-V received CBZ (25 mg/kg i.p), LEV (50 mg/kg i.p) or combination of sub-therapeutic doses of CBZ (12.5 mg/kg i.p) and LEV (25 mg/kg i.p). Thirty minutes later, seizure was kindled with pilocarpine hydrochloride (350 mg/kg) in group II-V rats. Seizure indices, markers of excitotoxicity, and astroglioses were determined, while the hippocampal morphometry was also evaluated. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while the results were presented as mean ± SEM in graphs or tables, and the level of significance was taken at p < 0.05. The anticonvulsant treatments delayed the inception of seizure indices (p = 0.0006), while the percentage mortality decreased significantly (p = 0.0001) in all the treatment groups. The hippocampal concentrations of acetylcholine, malondialdehyde, and tissue necrotic factor-alpha decreased significantly (p = 0.0077) in all the treated group relative to the positive control. The reactive astrogliosis in the hippocampus (CA 1) increased significantly (p = 0.0001) compared with the control but abrogated in all the treatment groups relative to the positive control. The anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects are in this order: LEV < CBZ + CBZ < CBZ. The drug efficacy is attributable to the inhibition of cholinergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Umar Faruq Abdulwahab
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Nafisat Omolola Akanji
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Kabiru Isola Adedokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy Obafemi, Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Barker‐Haliski M, Knox K, Zierath D, Koneval Z, Metcalf C, Wilcox KS, White HS. Development of an antiepileptogenesis drug screening platform: Effects of everolimus and phenobarbital. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1677-1688. [PMID: 34080183 PMCID: PMC8260451 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE) model in rats is a well-defined model of epileptogenesis. This model closely recapitulates many of the clinical and pathological characteristics of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) that arise following SE or another neurological insult. Spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in TLE can present after a latent period following a neurological insult (traumatic brain injury, SE event, viral infection, etc.). Moreover, this model is suitable for preclinical studies to evaluate the long-term process of epileptogenesis and screen putative disease-modifying/antiepileptogenic agents. The burden of human TLE is highly variable, similar to the post-KA SE rat model. In this regard, this model may have broad translational relevance. This report thus details the pharmacological characterization and methodological refinement of a moderate-throughput drug screening program using the post-KA-induced SE model of epileptogenesis in male Sprague Dawley rats to identify potential agents that may prevent or modify the burden of SRS. Specifically, we sought to demonstrate whether our protocol could prevent the development of SRS or lead to a reduced frequency/severity of SRS. METHODS Rats were administered either everolimus (2-3 mg/kg po) beginning 1, 2, or 24 h after SE onset, or phenobarbital (60 mg/kg ip) beginning 1 h after SE onset. All treatments were administered once/day for 5-7 days. Rats in all studies (n = 12/treatment dose/study) were then monitored intermittently by video-electroencephalography (2 weeks on, 2 weeks off, 2 weeks on epochs) to determine latency to onset of SRS and disease burden. RESULTS Although no adverse side effects were observed in our studies, no treatment significantly modified disease or prevented the presentation of SRS by 6 weeks after SE onset. SIGNIFICANCE Neither phenobarbital nor everolimus administered at several time points after SE onset prevented the development of SRS. Nonetheless, we demonstrate a practical and moderate-throughput screen for potential antiepileptogenic agents in a rat model of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Knox
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Zachery Koneval
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Cameron Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Karen S. Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - H. Steve White
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Bertoglio D, Amhaoul H, Goossens J, Ali I, Jonckers E, Bijnens T, Siano M, Wyffels L, Verhaeghe J, Van der Linden A, Staelens S, Dedeurwaerdere S. TSPO PET upregulation predicts epileptic phenotype at disease onset independently from chronic TSPO expression in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 31:102701. [PMID: 34090124 PMCID: PMC8182303 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key component of epileptogenesis, the process leading to acquired epilepsy. In recent years, with the development of non-invasive in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a marker of neuroinflammation, it has become possible to perform longitudinal studies to characterize neuroinflammation at different disease stages in animal models of epileptogenesis. This study aimed to utilize the prognostic capability of TSPO PET imaging at disease onset (2 weeks post-SE) to categorize epileptic rats with distinct seizure burden based on TSPO levels at disease onset and investigate their association to TSPO expression at the chronic epilepsy stage. Controls (n = 14) and kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (KASE) rats (n = 41) were scanned non-invasively with [18F]PBR111 PET imaging measuring TSPO expression. Animals were monitored using video-electroencephalography (vEEG) up to chronic disease (12 weeks post-SE), at which TSPO levels ([3H]PK11195) as well as other post-mortem abnormalities (namely synaptic density ([3H]UCB-J), neuronal loss (NeuN), and neurodegeneration (FjC)) were investigated. By applying multivariate analysis, TSPO PET imaging at disease onset identified three KASE groups with significantly different spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) burden (defined as rare SRS, sporadic SRS, and frequent SRS) (p = 0.003). Interestingly, TSPO levels were significantly different when comparing the three KASE groups (p < 0.0001), with the frequent SRS group characterized only by a limited focal TSPO increase at disease onset. On the contrary, TSPO measured during chronic epilepsy was found to be the highest in the frequent SRS group and correlated with seizure burden (r = 0.826, p < 0.0001). Importantly, early and chronic TSPO levels did not correlate (r = -0.05). Finally, significant pathological changes in neuronal loss, synaptic density, and neurodegeneration were found not only when compared to control animals (p < 0.01), but also between the three KASE rat categories in the hippocampus (p < 0.05). Early and chronic TSPO upregulation following epileptogenic insult appear to be driven by two superimposed dynamic processes. The former is associated with epileptogenesis as measured at disease onset, while the latter is related to seizure frequency as quantified during chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bertoglio
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Halima Amhaoul
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joery Goossens
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Tom Bijnens
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matteo Siano
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leonie Wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Steven Staelens
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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The Kainic Acid Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0337-20.2021. [PMID: 33658312 PMCID: PMC8174050 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0337-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of epilepsy are useful to identify potential mechanisms of epileptogenesis, seizure genesis, comorbidities, and treatment efficacy. The kainic acid (KA) model is one of the most commonly used. Several modes of administration of KA exist, each producing different effects in a strain-, species-, gender-, and age-dependent manner. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the various forms of KA administration (systemic, intrahippocampal, and intranasal), as well as the histologic, electrophysiological, and behavioral outcomes in different strains and species. We attempt a personal perspective and discuss areas where work is needed. The diversity of KA models and their outcomes offers researchers a rich palette of phenotypes, which may be relevant to specific traits found in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Synaptic Reshaping and Neuronal Outcomes in the Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083860. [PMID: 33917911 PMCID: PMC8068229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common types of focal epilepsy, characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures originating in the temporal lobe(s), with mesial TLE (mTLE) as the worst form of TLE, often associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Abnormal epileptiform discharges are the result, among others, of altered cell-to-cell communication in both chemical and electrical transmissions. Current knowledge about the neurobiology of TLE in human patients emerges from pathological studies of biopsy specimens isolated from the epileptogenic zone or, in a few more recent investigations, from living subjects using positron emission tomography (PET). To overcome limitations related to the use of human tissue, animal models are of great help as they allow the selection of homogeneous samples still presenting a more various scenario of the epileptic syndrome, the presence of a comparable control group, and the availability of a greater amount of tissue for in vitro/ex vivo investigations. This review provides an overview of the structural and functional alterations of synaptic connections in the brain of TLE/mTLE patients and animal models.
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28
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Senik MH, Abu IF, Fadhullah W. Analysis of K ATP Channels Opening Probability of Hippocampus Cells Treated with Kainic Acid. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:15-26. [PMID: 33679216 PMCID: PMC7909348 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures may be a valuable tool in the assessment of anti-epileptic drug efficacy in complex partial seizures. This study investigated the effects of KA on ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels opening probability (NPo), which plays a crucial role in neuronal activities. Methods For the optimisation and validation protocol, β-cells were plated onto 35 mm plastic petri dishes and maintained in RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10 mM glucose, 10% FCS and 25 mM of N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). The treatment effects of 10 mM glucose and 30 μM fluoxetine on KATP channels NPo of β-cells were assessed via cell-attached patch-clamp recordings. For hippocampus cell experiments, hippocampi were harvested from day 17 of maternal Lister-hooded rat foetus, and then transferred to a Ca2+ and Mg2+-free HEPES-buffered Hank's salt solution (HHSS). The dissociated cells were cultured and plated onto a 25 mm round cover glasses coated with poly-d-lysine (0.1 mg/mL) in a petri dish. The KATP channels NPo of hippocampus cells when perfused with 1 mM and 10 mM of KA were determined. Results NPo of β-cells showed significant decreasing patterns (P < 0.001) when treated with 10 mM glucose 0.048 (0.027) as well as 30 μM fluoxetine 0.190 (0.141) as compared to basal counterpart. In hippocampus cell experiment, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in mean NPo 2.148 (0.175) of neurons when applied with 1 mM of KA as compared to basal was observed. Conclusion The two concentrations of KA used in the study exerted contrasting effects toward the mean of NPo. It is hypothesised that KA at lower concentration (1 mM) opens more KATP channels, leading to hyperpolarisation of the neurons, which may prevent neuronal hyper excitability. No effect was shown in 10 mM KA treatment, suggesting that only lower than 10 mM KA produced significant changes in KATP channels. This implies further validation of KA concentration to be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Harizal Senik
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Izuddin Fahmy Abu
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Widad Fadhullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Ashraf O, Huynh T, Purnell BS, Murugan M, Fedele DE, Chitravanshi V, Boison D. Suppression of phrenic nerve activity as a potential predictor of imminent sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Neuropharmacology 2021; 184:108405. [PMID: 33212114 PMCID: PMC8199795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a leading cause of death in patients with refractory epilepsy. Centrally-mediated respiratory dysfunction has been identified as one of the principal mechanisms responsible for SUDEP. Seizures generate a surge in adenosine release. Elevated adenosine levels suppress breathing. Insufficient metabolic clearance of a seizure-induced adenosine surge might be a precipitating factor in SUDEP. In order to deliver targeted therapies to prevent SUDEP, reliable biomarkers must be identified to enable prompt intervention. Because of the integral role of the phrenic nerve in breathing, we hypothesized that suppression of phrenic nerve activity could be utilized as predictive biomarker for imminent SUDEP. We used a rat model of kainic acid-induced seizures in combination with pharmacological suppression of metabolic adenosine clearance to trigger seizure-induced death in tracheostomized rats. Recordings of EEG, blood pressure, and phrenic nerve activity were made concomitant to the seizure. We found suppression of phrenic nerve burst frequency to 58.9% of baseline (p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA) which preceded seizure-induced death; importantly, irregularities of phrenic nerve activity were partly reversible by the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine. Suppression of phrenic nerve activity may be a useful biomarker for imminent SUDEP. The ability to reliably detect the onset of SUDEP may be instrumental in the timely administration of potentially lifesaving interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ashraf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Trong Huynh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Benton S Purnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Denise E Fedele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Vineet Chitravanshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Rutgers Neurosurgery H.O.P.E. Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Marine Excitatory Amino Acids: Structure, Properties, Biosynthesis and Recent Approaches to Their Syntheses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133049. [PMID: 32635311 PMCID: PMC7412112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the results of recent studies on marine excitatory amino acids, including kainic acid, domoic acid, dysiherbaine, and neodysiherbaine A, known as potent agonists of one of subtypes of glutamate receptors, the so-called kainate receptors. Novel information, particularly concerning biosynthesis, environmental roles, biological action, and syntheses of these marine metabolites, obtained mainly in last 10–15 years, is summarized. The goal of the review was not only to discuss recently obtained data, but also to provide a brief introduction to the field of marine excitatory amino acid research.
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31
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Bosco DB, Tian DS, Wu LJ. Neuroimmune interaction in seizures and epilepsy: focusing on monocyte infiltration. FEBS J 2020; 287:4822-4837. [PMID: 32473609 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a major neurological condition that affects millions of people globally. While a number of interventions have been developed to mitigate this condition, a significant number of patients are refractory to these treatments. Consequently, other avenues of research are needed. One such avenue is modulation of the immune system response to this condition, which has mostly focused on microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). However, other immune cells can impact neurological conditions, principally blood-borne monocytes that can infiltrate into brain parenchyma after seizures. As such, this review will first discuss how monocytes can be recruited to the CNS and how they can be distinguished from there immunological cousins, microglia. Then, we will explore what is known about the role monocytes have within seizure pathogenesis and epilepsy. Considering how little is known about monocyte function in seizure- and epilepsy-related pathologies, further studies are warranted that investigate infiltrated blood-borne monocytes as a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Revisiting the Impact of Neurodegenerative Proteins in Epilepsy: Focus on Alpha-Synuclein, Beta-Amyloid, and Tau. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9060122. [PMID: 32545604 PMCID: PMC7344698 DOI: 10.3390/biology9060122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lack of disease-modifying therapy against epileptogenesis reflects the complexity of the disease pathogenesis as well as the high demand to explore novel treatment strategies. In the pursuit of developing new therapeutic strategies against epileptogenesis, neurodegenerative proteins have recently gained increased attention. Owing to the fact that neurodegenerative disease and epileptogenesis possibly share a common underlying mechanism, targeting neurodegenerative proteins against epileptogenesis might represent a promising therapeutic approach. Herein, we review the association of neurodegenerative proteins, such as α-synuclein, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and tau protein, with epilepsy. Providing insight into the α-synuclein, Aβ and tau protein-mediated neurodegeneration mechanisms, and their implication in epileptogenesis will pave the way towards the development of new agents and treatment strategies.
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Casillas‐Espinosa PM, Ali I, O'Brien TJ. Neurodegenerative pathways as targets for acquired epilepsy therapy development. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:138-154. [PMID: 32524040 PMCID: PMC7278567 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of clinical and experimental evidence that neurodegenerative diseases and epileptogenesis after an acquired brain insult may share common etiological mechanisms. Acquired epilepsy commonly develops as a comorbid condition in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, although it is likely much under diagnosed in practice. Progressive neurodegeneration has also been described after traumatic brain injury, stroke, and other forms of brain insults. Moreover, recent evidence has shown that acquired epilepsy is often a progressive disorder that is associated with the development of drug resistance, cognitive decline, and worsening of other neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Therefore, new pharmacological therapies that target neurobiological pathways that underpin neurodegenerative diseases have potential to have both an anti-epileptogenic and disease-modifying effect on the seizures in patients with acquired epilepsy, and also mitigate the progressive neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Here, we review the neurodegenerative pathways that are plausible targets for the development of novel therapies that could prevent the development or modify the progression of acquired epilepsy, and the supporting published experimental and clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M. Casillas‐Espinosa
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of NeurologyThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of NeurologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVic.Australia
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Serrano ME, Bahri MA, Becker G, Seret A, Mievis F, Giacomelli F, Lemaire C, Salmon E, Luxen A, Plenevaux A. Quantification of [ 18F]UCB-H Binding in the Rat Brain: From Kinetic Modelling to Standardised Uptake Value. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:888-897. [PMID: 30460626 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE [18F]UCB-H is a specific positron emission tomography (PET) biomarker for the Synaptic Vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), the binding site of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. With a view to optimising acquisition time and simplifying data analysis with this radiotracer, we compared two parameters: the distribution volume (Vt) obtained from Logan graphical analysis using a Population-Based Input Function, and the Standardised Uptake Value (SUV). PROCEDURES Twelve Sprague Dawley male rats, pre-treated with three different doses of levetiracetam were employed to develop the methodology. Three additional kainic acid (KA) treated rats (temporal lobe epilepsy model) were also used to test the procedure. Image analyses focused on: (i) length of the dynamic acquisition (90 versus 60 min); (ii) correlations between Vt and SUV over 20-min consecutive time-frames; (iii) and (iv) evaluation of differences between groups using the Vt and the SUV; and (v) preliminary evaluation of the methodology in the KA epilepsy model. RESULTS A large correlation between the Vt issued from 60 to 90-min acquisitions was observed. Further analyses highlighted a large correlation (r > 0.8) between the Vt and the SUV. Equivalent differences between groups were detected for both parameters, especially in the 20-40 and 40-60-min time-frames. The same results were also obtained with the epilepsy model. CONCLUSIONS Our results enable the acquisition setting to be changed from a 90-min dynamic to a 20-min static PET acquisition. According to a better image quality, the 20-40-min time-frame appears optimal. Due to its equivalence to the Vt, the SUV parameter can be considered in order to quantify [18F]UCB-H uptake in the rat brain. This work, therefore, establishes a starting point for the simplification of SV2A in vivo quantification with [18F]UCB-H, and represents a step forward to the clinical application of this PET radiotracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Serrano
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Becker
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Seret
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Mievis
- Nucleis, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Giacomelli
- Nucleis, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Lemaire
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - André Luxen
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Plenevaux
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B30, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Kopeikina E, Dukhinova M, Yung AWY, Veremeyko T, Kuznetsova IS, Lau TYB, Levchuk K, Ponomarev ED. Platelets promote epileptic seizures by modulating brain serotonin level, enhancing neuronal electric activity, and contributing to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 188:101783. [PMID: 32142857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The drugs currently available for treating epilepsy are only partially effective in managing this condition. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate new pathways that induce and promote epilepsy development. Previously, we found that platelets interact with neuronal glycolipids and actively secrete pro-inflammatory mediators during central nervous system (CNS) pathological conditions such as neuroinflammation and traumatic brain injury (TBI). These factors increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which may create a predisposition to epileptic seizures. In this study, we demonstrated that platelets substantially enhanced epileptic seizures in a mouse model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) -induced seizures. We found that platelets actively secreted serotonin, contributed to increased BBB permeability, and were present in the CNS parenchyma during epileptic seizures. Furthermore, platelets directly stimulated neuronal electric activity and induced the expression of specific genes related to early neuronal response, neuroinflammation, and oxidative phosphorylation, leading to oxidative stress in neurons. The intracranial injection of physiological numbers of platelets that mimicked TBI-associated bleeding was sufficient to induce severe seizures, which resembled conventional PTZ-induced epileptic activity. These findings highlight a conceptually new role of platelets in the development of epileptic seizures, and indicate a potential new therapeutic approach targeting platelets to prevent and treat epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kopeikina
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Marina Dukhinova
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Amanda W Y Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Tatyana Veremeyko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Inna S Kuznetsova
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Y B Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Kseniia Levchuk
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Eugene D Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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Christiaen E, Goossens MG, Descamps B, Larsen LE, Boon P, Raedt R, Vanhove C. Dynamic functional connectivity and graph theory metrics in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy reveal a preference for brain states with a lower functional connectivity, segregation and integration. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104808. [PMID: 32087287 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. The involvement of abnormal functional brain networks in the development of epilepsy and its comorbidities has been demonstrated by electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies in patients with epilepsy. This longitudinal study investigated changes in dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) and network topology during the development of epilepsy using the intraperitoneal kainic acid (IPKA) rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Resting state functional magnetic resonance images (rsfMRI) of 20 IPKA animals and 7 healthy control animals were acquired before and 1, 3, 6, 10 and 16 weeks after status epilepticus (SE) under medetomidine anaesthesia using a 7 T MRI system. Starting from 17 weeks post-SE, hippocampal EEG was recorded to determine the mean daily seizure frequency of each animal. Dynamic FC was assessed by calculating the correlation matrices between fMRI time series of predefined regions of interest within a sliding window of 50 s using a step length of 2 s. The matrices were classified into 6 FC states, each characterized by a correlation matrix, using k-means clustering. In addition, several time-variable graph theoretical network metrics were calculated from the time-varying correlation matrices and classified into 6 states of functional network topology, each characterized by a combination of network metrics. Our results showed that FC states with a lower mean functional connectivity, lower segregation and integration occurred more often in IPKA animals compared to control animals. Functional connectivity also became less variable during epileptogenesis. In addition, average daily seizure frequency was positively correlated with percentage dwell time (i.e. how often a state occurs) in states with high mean functional connectivity, high segregation and integration, and with the number of transitions between states, while negatively correlated with percentage dwell time in states with a low mean functional connectivity, low segregation and low integration. This indicates that animals that dwell in states of higher functional connectivity, higher segregation and higher integration, and that switch more often between states, have more seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Christiaen
- MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Benedicte Descamps
- MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars E Larsen
- MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; 4Brain Team, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- 4Brain Team, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- 4Brain Team, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- MEDISIP, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Extracellular Vesicles in the Forebrain Display Reduced miR-346 and miR-331-3p in a Rat Model of Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1674-1687. [PMID: 31813125 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An initial precipitating injury in the brain, such as after status epilepticus (SE), evolves into chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We investigated changes in the miRNA composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the forebrain after the establishment of SE-induced chronic TLE. We induced SE in young Fischer 344 rats through graded intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid, which resulted in consistent spontaneous recurrent seizures at ~ 3 months post-SE. We isolated EVs from the entire forebrain of chronically epileptic rats and age-matched naïve control animals through an ultracentrifugation method and performed miRNA-sequencing studies to discern changes in the miRNA composition of forebrain-derived EVs in chronic epilepsy. EVs from both naïve and epileptic forebrains displayed spherical or cup-shaped morphology, a comparable size range, and CD63 expression but lacked the expression of a deep cellular marker GM130. However, miRNA-sequencing studies suggested downregulation of 3 miRNAs (miR-187-5p, miR-346, and miR-331-3p) and upregulation of 4 miRNAs (miR-490-5p, miR-376b-3p, miR-493-5p, and miR-124-5p) in EVs from epileptic forebrains with fold changes ranging from 1.5 to 2.4 (p < 0.0006; FDR < 0.05). By using geNorm and Normfinder software, we identified miR-487 and miR-221 as the best combination of reference genes for measurement of altered miRNAs found in the epileptic forebrain through qRT-PCR studies. The validation revealed that only miR-346 and miR-331-3p were significantly downregulated in EVs from the epileptic forebrain. The enrichment pathway analysis of these miRNAs showed an overrepresentation of signaling pathways that are linked to molecular mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy, including GABA-ergic (miR-346 targets) and mTOR (miR-331-3p targets) systems. Thus, the packaging of two miRNAs into EVs in neural cells is considerably altered in chronic epilepsy. Functional studies on these two miRNAs may uncover their role in the pathophysiology and treatment of TLE.
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Jefferys JGR, Arafat MA, Irazoqui PP, Lovick TA. Brainstem activity, apnea, and death during seizures induced by intrahippocampal kainic acid in anaesthetized rats. Epilepsia 2019; 60:2346-2358. [PMID: 31705531 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. R. Jefferys
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Pharmacology Oxford University Oxford UK
| | - Muhammad A. Arafat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Pedro P. Irazoqui
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Thelma A. Lovick
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Upadhya D, Kodali M, Gitai D, Castro OW, Zanirati G, Upadhya R, Attaluri S, Mitra E, Shuai B, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. A Model of Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Presenting Constantly Rhythmic and Robust Spontaneous Seizures, Co-morbidities and Hippocampal Neuropathology. Aging Dis 2019; 10:915-936. [PMID: 31595192 PMCID: PMC6764729 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal prototypes illustrating the various attributes of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are available. These models have been invaluable for comprehending multiple epileptogenic processes, modifications in electrophysiological properties, neuronal hyperexcitability, neurodegeneration, neural plasticity, and chronic neuroinflammation in TLE. Some models have also uncovered the efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs or biologics for alleviating epileptogenesis, cognitive impairments, or spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Nonetheless, the suitability of these models for testing candidate therapeutics in conditions such as chronic TLE is debatable because of a lower frequency of SRS and an inconsistent pattern of SRS activity over days, weeks or months. An ideal prototype of chronic TLE for investigating novel therapeutics would need to display a large number of SRS with a dependable frequency and severity and related co-morbidities. This study presents a new kainic acid (KA) model of chronic TLE generated through induction of status epilepticus (SE) in 6-8 weeks old male F344 rats. A rigorous characterization in the chronic epilepsy period validated that the animal prototype mimicked the most salient features of robust chronic TLE. Animals displayed a constant frequency and intensity of SRS across weeks and months in the 5th and 6th month after SE, as well as cognitive and mood impairments. Moreover, SRS frequency displayed a rhythmic pattern with 24-hour periodicity and a consistently higher number of SRS in the daylight period. Besides, the model showed many neuropathological features of chronic TLE, which include a partial loss of inhibitory interneurons, reduced neurogenesis with persistent aberrant migration of newly born neurons, chronic neuroinflammation typified by hypertrophied astrocytes and rod-shaped microglia, and a significant aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus. This consistent chronic seizure model is ideal for investigating the efficacy of various antiepileptic drugs and biologics as well as understanding multiple pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Gitai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Olagide W Castro
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eeshika Mitra
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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Alterations in the functional brain network in a rat model of epileptogenesis: A longitudinal resting state fMRI study. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116144. [PMID: 31473355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. Electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies in patients with epilepsy suggest that abnormal functional brain networks play a role in the development of epilepsy, i.e. epileptogenesis, resulting in the generation of spontaneous seizures and cognitive impairment. In this longitudinal study, we investigated changes in functional brain networks during epileptogenesis in the intraperitoneal kainic acid (IPKA) rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and graph theory. Additionally, we investigated whether these changes are related to the frequency of occurrence of spontaneous epileptic seizures in the chronic phase of epilepsy. Using a 7T MRI system, rsfMRI images were acquired under medetomidine anaesthesia before and 1, 3, 6, 10 and 16 weeks after status epilepticus (SE) induction in 20 IPKA animals and 7 healthy control animals. To obtain a functional network, correlation between fMRI time series of 38 regions of interest (ROIs) was calculated. Then, several graph theoretical network measures were calculated to describe and quantify the network changes. At least 17 weeks post-SE, IPKA animals were implanted with electrodes in the left and right dorsal hippocampus, EEG was measured for 7 consecutive days and spontaneous seizures were counted. Our results show that correlation coefficients of fMRI time series shift to lower values during epileptogenesis, indicating weaker whole brain network connections. Segregation and integration in the functional brain network also decrease, indicating a lower local interconnectivity and a lower overall communication efficiency. Secondly, this study demonstrates that the largest decrease in functional connectivity is observed for the retrosplenial cortex. Finally, post-SE changes in functional connectivity, segregation and integration are correlated with seizure frequency in the IPKA rat model.
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Casillas-Espinosa PM, Andrade P, Santana-Gomez C, Paananen T, Smith G, Ali I, Ciszek R, Ndode-Ekane XE, Brady RD, Tohka J, Hudson MR, Perucca P, Braine EL, Immonen R, Puhakka N, Shultz SR, Jones NC, Staba RJ, Pitkänen A, O'Brien TJ. Harmonization of the pipeline for seizure detection to phenotype post-traumatic epilepsy in a preclinical multicenter study on post-traumatic epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Res 2019; 156:106131. [PMID: 31076256 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Epilepsy Bioinformatics Study for Antiepileptogenic Therapy (EpiBioS4Rx) Centre without walls is an NIH funded multicenter consortium. One of EpiBioS4Rx projects is a preclinical post-traumatic epileptogenesis biomarker study that involves three study sites: The University of Eastern Finland, Monash University (Melbourne) and the University of California Los Angeles. Our objective is to create a platform for evaluating biomarkers and testing new antiepileptogenic treatments for post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) using the lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model in rats. As only 30-50% of rats with severe lateral FPI develop PTE by 6 months post-injury, prolonged video-EEG monitoring is crucial to identify animals with PTE. Our objective is to harmonize the surgical and data collection procedures, equipment, and data analysis for chronic EEG recording in order to phenotype PTE in this rat model across the three study sites. METHODS Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was induced using lateral FPI in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 11-12 weeks. Animals were divided into two cohorts: a) the long-term video-EEG follow-up cohort (Specific Aim 1), which was implanted with EEG electrodes within 24 h after the injury; and b) the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up cohort (Specific Aim 2), at 5 months after lateral FPI. Four cortical epidural screw electrodes (2 ipsilateral, 2 contralateral) and three intracerebral bipolar electrodes were implanted (septal CA1 and the dentate gyrus, layers II and VI of the perilesional cortex both anterior and posterior to the injury site). During the 7th post-TBI month, animals underwent 4 weeks of continuous video-EEG recordings to diagnose of PTE. RESULTS All centers harmonized the induction of TBI and surgical procedures for the implantation of EEG recordings, utilizing 4 or more EEG recording channels to cover areas ipsilateral and contralateral to the brain injury, perilesional cortex and the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Ground and reference screw electrodes were implanted. At all sites the minimum sampling rate was 512 Hz, utilizing a finite impulse response (FIR) and impedance below 10 KΩ through the entire recording. As part of the quality control criteria we avoided electrical noise, and monitoring changes in impedance over time and the appearance of noise on the recordings. To reduce electrical noise, we regularly checked the integrity of the cables, stability of the EEG recording cap and the appropriate connection of the electrodes with the cables. Following the pipeline presented in this article and after applying the quality control criteria to our EEG recordings all of the sites were successful to phenotype seizure in chronic EEG recordings of animals after TBI. DISCUSSION Despite differences in video-EEG acquisition equipment used, the three centers were able to consistently phenotype seizures in the lateral fluid-percussion model applying the pipeline presented here. The harmonization of methodology will help to improve the rigor of preclinical research, improving reproducibility of pre-clinical research in the search of biomarkers and therapies to prevent antiepileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pedro Andrade
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cesar Santana-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Tomi Paananen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gregory Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Idrish Ali
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Rhys D Brady
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Piero Perucca
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Emma L Braine
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Riikka Immonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J Staba
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia.
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Ali I, Van Eetveldt A, Van Elzen R, Kalathil Raju T, Van Der Veken P, Lambeir A, Dedeurwaerdere S. Spatiotemporal expression and inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase contradict its involvement in key pathologic mechanisms of kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:92-101. [PMID: 30868119 PMCID: PMC6398098 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neuroinflammatory processes and neuroplasticity and has been suggested as a target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this investigation was to explore the involvement of PREP in the neuropathologic mechanisms relevant to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using a PREP inhibitor in a well-established rat model. METHODS PREP activity and expression was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats 2 and 12 weeks following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (KASE). Continuous video-electroencephalography monitoring was performed for 2 weeks in the 12-week cohort to identify a relationship of PREP expression/activity with epileptic seizures. In addition, the animals included in the 2-week time point were treated with a specific inhibitor of PREP, KYP-2047, or saline continuously, starting immediately after SE. PREP activity and its expression were analyzed in rat brain by using enzyme kinetics and western blot. In addition, markers for microglial activation, astrogliosis, cell loss, and cell proliferation were evaluated. RESULTS Enzymatic activity of PREP was unchanged following induction of SE after 2 and 12 weeks in rats. PREP activity in epileptic rats did not relate to the number of seizures/day at the 12-week time point. Moreover, continuous inhibition of PREP for 2 weeks after KASE did not alter the SE-mediated neuroinflammatory response, cell loss, or cell proliferation in the hippocampal subgranule zone measured at the 2-week time point. SIGNIFICANCE PREP inhibition does not affect key pathologic mechanisms, including activation of glial cells, cell loss, and neural progenitor cell proliferation, in this KASE model of TLE. The results do not support a direct role of PREP in seizure burden during the chronic epilepsy period in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Department of Translational NeurosciencesUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Present address:
Department of MedicineUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Roos Van Elzen
- Laboratory of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Tom Kalathil Raju
- Laboratory of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | | | | | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, VaxinfectioUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Present address:
UCB PharmaBraine‐l'AlleudBelgium
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In vivo measurement of brain network connectivity reflects progression and intrinsic disease severity in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:45-52. [PMID: 30798008 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of brain injury, such as status epilepticus (SE), trauma, or stroke may initiate the process of epileptogenesis and lead to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epileptogenesis is characterized by an initial latent period during which impaired network communication and synaptic circuit alterations are occurring. Ultimately, these modifications result in the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Current knowledge on the functional connectivity network changes during epileptogenesis and how network alterations relate to seizure is very limited. To investigate these underlying network connectivity modifications, we imaged epileptic and control rats by means of resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) during epileptogenesis. A cohort of animals was video-electroencephalography (video-EEG) monitored continuously over 12 weeks to determine disease severity during the course of disease, with the first SRS appearing around 2 weeks post-SE for most of the animals. Epileptic animals displayed a significant wide-spread hyposynchrony at 2 weeks post-SE, followed by a significant increase in network synchronicity from 2 to 4 weeks post-SE. Interestingly, subjects with a delayed epilepsy onset demonstrated significantly lower synchronicity compared to controls and the epileptic group at 4 weeks post-SE. Finally, network connectivity at 4 weeks post-SE was found to correlate with seizure onset (r = 0.858, p < .0001) and disease severity measured over 12 weeks (e.g. cingulate cortex: r = 0.863, p = .002), suggesting a possible network strengthening upon seizure reoccurrence. Our findings indicate that epileptogenesis is characterized by an initial hyposynchrony of brain networks and the disease-associated progression reflects disease severity.
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Excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and oxidant stress as molecular bases of epileptogenesis and epilepsy-derived neurodegeneration: The role of vitamin E. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1098-1112. [PMID: 30703511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress are common underlying events in neurodegeneration. This pathogenic "triad" characterizes the neurobiology of epilepsy, leading to seizure-induced cell death, increased susceptibility to neuronal synchronization and network alterations. Along with other maladaptive changes, these events pave the way to spontaneous recurrent seizures and progressive degeneration of the interested brain areas. In vivo models of epilepsy are available to explore such epileptogenic mechanisms, also assessing the efficacy of chemoprevention and therapy strategies at the pre-clinical level. The kainic acid model of pharmacological excitotoxicity and epileptogenesis is one of the most investigated mimicking the chronicization profile of temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. Its pathogenic cues include inflammatory and neuronal death pathway activation, mitochondrial disturbances and lipid peroxidation of several regions of the brain, the most vulnerable being the hippocampus. The importance of neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation as underlying molecular events of brain damage was demonstrated in this model by the possibility to counteract the related maladaptive morphological and functional changes of this organ with vitamin E, the main fat-soluble cellular antioxidant and "conditional" co-factor of enzymatic pathways involved in polyunsaturated lipid metabolism and inflammatory signaling. The present review paper provides an overview of the literature supporting the potential for a timely intervention with vitamin E therapy in clinical management of seizures and epileptogenic processes associated with excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation, i.e. the pathogenic "triad".
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Loss CM, da Rosa NS, Mestriner RG, Xavier LL, Oliveira DL. Blockade of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors reduces short-term brain damage induced by early-life status epilepticus. Neurotoxicology 2019; 71:138-149. [PMID: 30639357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) during developmental periods can cause short- and long-term consequences to the brain. Brain damage induced by SE is associated to NMDA receptors (NMDAR)-mediated excitotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate whether blockade of GluN2B-containing NMDAR is neuroprotective against SE-induced neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in young rats. Forty-eight Wistar rats (16 days of life) were injected with pilocarpine (60 mg/kg; i.p.) 12-18 h after LiCl (3 mEq/kg; i.p.). Fifteen minutes after pilocarpine administration, animals received i.p. injections of saline solution (0.9% NaCl; SE + SAL group), ketamine (a non-selective and noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist; 25 mg/kg; SE + KET), CI-1041 (a GluN2B-containing NMDAR antagonist; 10 mg/kg; SE + CI group) or CP-101,606 (a NMDAR antagonist with great selectivity for NMDAR composed by GluN1/GluN2B diheteromers; 10 mg/kg; SE + CP group). Seven days after SE, brains were removed for Fluoro-Jade C staining and Iba1/ED1 immunolabeling. GluN2B-containing NMDAR blockade by CI-1041 or CP-101,606 did not terminate LiCl-pilocarpine-induced seizures. SE + SAL group presented intense neurodegeneration and Iba1+/ED1+ double-labeling in hippocampus (CA1 and dentate gyrus; DG) and amygdala (MePV nucleus). Administration of CP-101,606 did not alter this pattern. However, GluN2B-containing NMDAR blockade by CI-1041 reduced neurodegeneration and Iba1+/ED1+ double-labeling in hippocampus and amygdala similar to the reduction observed for SE + KET group. Our results indicate that GluN2B-containing NMDAR are involved in SE-induced neurodegeneration and microglial recruitment and activation, and suggest that stopping epileptic activity is not a condition required to prevent short-term brain damage in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Morais Loss
- Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Natã Sehn da Rosa
- Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diogo Losch Oliveira
- Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Zhu G, Meng D, Chen Y, Du T, Liu Y, Liu D, Shi L, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Zhang J. Anterior nucleus of thalamus stimulation inhibited abnormal mossy fiber sprouting in kainic acid-induced epileptic rats. Brain Res 2018; 1701:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Toffa DH, Kpadonou C, Gams Massi D, Ouedraogo M, Sow AD, Ndiaye M, Samb A. Le magnésium et le calcium réduisent la sévérité des troubles de la mémoire spatiale pour le modèle kaïnique d’épilepsie mésiale temporale chez la souris. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:1132-1144. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dènahin Hinnoutondji Toffa
- Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada
- Neuroépilepsie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Laboratoire de physiologie et physiopathologie humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Carl Kpadonou
- Laboratoire de physiologie et physiopathologie humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Daniel Gams Massi
- Neurologie, Université de Douala - Faculté de Médecine et de Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Douala, Cameroun
- Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire National Fann, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Modeste Ouedraogo
- Laboratoire de physiologie et physiopathologie humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Adjaratou Dieynabou Sow
- Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire National Fann, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Moustapha Ndiaye
- Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire National Fann, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Abdoulaye Samb
- Laboratoire de physiologie et physiopathologie humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
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Ali I, Silva JC, Liu S, Shultz SR, Kwan P, Jones NC, O'Brien TJ. Targeting neurodegeneration to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:100-109. [PMID: 30099094 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the quest for developing new therapeutic targets for post-traumatic epilepsies (PTE), identifying mechanisms relevant to development and progression of disease is critical. A growing body of literature suggests involvement of neurodegenerative mechanisms in the pathophysiology of acquired epilepsies, including following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we discuss the potential of some of these mechanisms to be targets for the development of a therapy against PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Lee JM, Hong J, Moon GJ, Jung UJ, Won SY, Kim SR. Morin Prevents Granule Cell Dispersion and Neurotoxicity via Suppression of mTORC1 in a Kainic Acid-induced Seizure Model. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:226-237. [PMID: 30022874 PMCID: PMC6050420 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An abnormal reorganization of the dentate gyrus and neurotoxic events are important phenotypes in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The effects of morin, a bioflavonoid constituent of many herbs and fruits, on epileptic seizures have not yet been elucidated, though its beneficial effects, such as its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, are well-described in various neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we investigated whether treatment with morin hydrate (MH) can reduce the susceptibility to seizures, granule cell dispersion (GCD), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity, and the increases in the levels of apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in the kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure mouse model. Our results showed that oral administration of MH could reduce susceptibility to seizures and lead to the inhibition of GCD and mTORC1 activity in the KA-treated hippocampus. Moreover, treatment with MH significantly reduced the increased levels of apoptotic signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory mediators in the KA-treated hippocampus compared with control mice, suggesting a neuroprotective role. Therefore, these results suggest that morin has a therapeutic potential against epilepsy through its abilities to inhibit GCD and neurotoxic events in the in vivo hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jungwan Hong
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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Bertoglio D, Kosten L, Verhaeghe J, Thomae D, Wyffels L, Stroobants S, Wityak J, Dominguez C, Mrzljak L, Staelens S. Longitudinal Characterization of mGluR5 Using 11C-ABP688 PET Imaging in the Q175 Mouse Model of Huntington Disease. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1722-1727. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.210658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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