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Thomas P, Leclerc M, Evitts K, Brown C, Miller W, Hanson AJ, Banks WA, Gibbons L, Domoto‐Reilly K, Jayadev S, Li G, Peskind E, Young JE, Calon F, Rhea EM. Cerebrospinal fluid soluble insulin receptor levels in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12603. [PMID: 38800123 PMCID: PMC11127683 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain insulin resistance and deficiency is a consistent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin resistance can be mediated by the surface expression of the insulin receptor (IR). Cleavage of the IR generates the soluble IR (sIR). METHODS We measured the levels of sIR present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals along the AD diagnostic spectrum from two cohorts: Seattle (n = 58) and the Consortium for the Early Identification of Alzheimer's Disease-Quebec (CIMA-Q; n = 61). We further investigated the brain cellular contribution for sIR using human cell lines. RESULTS CSF sIR levels were not statistically different in AD. CSF sIR and amyloid beta (Aβ)42 and Aβ40 levels significantly correlated as well as CSF sIR and cognition in the CIMA-Q cohort. Human neurons expressing the amyloid precursor protein "Swedish" mutation generated significantly greater sIR and human astrocytes were also able to release sIR in response to both an inflammatory and insulin stimulus. DISCUSSION These data support further investigation into the generation and role of sIR in AD. Highlights Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble insulin receptor (sIR) levels positively correlate with amyloid beta (Aβ)42 and Aβ40.CSF sIR levels negatively correlate with cognitive performance (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score).CSF sIR levels in humans remain similar across Alzheimer's disease diagnostic groups.Neurons derived from humans with the "Swedish" mutation in which Aβ42 is increased generate increased levels of sIR.Human astrocytes can also produce sIR and generation is stimulated by tumor necrosis factor α and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculty of PharmacyLaval UniversityQuebecQuebecCanada
- Neuroscience AxisCHU de Québec Research Center − Laval UniversityQuebecQuebecCanada
| | - Kira Evitts
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Caitlin Brown
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Wyatt Miller
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Angela J. Hanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Laura Gibbons
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Ge Li
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Elaine Peskind
- Veterans Affairs Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Frederic Calon
- Faculty of PharmacyLaval UniversityQuebecQuebecCanada
- Neuroscience AxisCHU de Québec Research Center − Laval UniversityQuebecQuebecCanada
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Davis SE, Cirincione AB, Jimenez-Torres AC, Zhu J. The Impact of Neurotransmitters on the Neurobiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15340. [PMID: 37895020 PMCID: PMC10607327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Neurodegenerative diseases result from progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain or peripheral nervous system connections that are essential for cognition, coordination, strength, sensation, and mobility. Dysfunction of these brain and nerve functions is associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and motor neuron disease. In addition to these, 50% of people living with HIV develop a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and/or mood problems collectively referred to as HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) despite the widespread use of a combination of antiretroviral therapies. Neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter systems have a pathological correlation and play a critical role in developing neurodegenerative diseases. Each of these diseases has a unique pattern of dysregulation of the neurotransmitter system, which has been attributed to different forms of cell-specific neuronal loss. In this review, we will focus on a discussion of the regulation of dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, which are more commonly disturbed in neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, we will provide evidence for the hypothesis that disturbances in neurotransmission contribute to the neuronal loss observed in neurodegenerative disorders. Further, we will highlight the critical role of dopamine as a mediator of neuronal injury and loss in the context of NeuroHIV. This review will highlight the need to further investigate neurotransmission systems for their role in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (S.E.D.); (A.B.C.); (A.C.J.-T.)
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Boucher T, Liang S, Brown AM. Advancing basic and translational research to deepen understanding of the molecular immune-mediated mechanisms regulating long-term persistence of HIV-1 in microglia in the adult human brain. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1223-1231. [PMID: 35612272 PMCID: PMC9613482 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0422-620r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the diversity microglia (MG) type and function in the rodent and human brain has advanced significantly in the last few years. Nevertheless, we have known for 40 years that MG, monocytes, and macrophages in the brain play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of the HIV-1 in all tissues. HIV enters and spreads in the brain early, long before the initiation of antiviral therapy. As a result, many people with HIV continue to experience neurologic and neuropsychiatric comorbid conditions collectively known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HIV pathogenic sequelae in the CNS pose a challenge for cure strategies. Detailed understanding at a mechanistic level of how low-level and latent HIV-1 infection in MG negatively impacts neuroglial function has remained somewhat elusive. Direct rigorous in vivo experimental validation that the virus can integrate into MG and assume a latent but reactivatable state has remained constrained. However, there is much excitement that human in vitro models for MG can now help close the gap. This review will provide a brief background to place the role of MG in the ongoing neurologic complications of HIV infection of the CNS, then focus on the use and refinement of human postmitotic monocyte-derived MG-like cells and how they are being applied to advance research on HIV persistence and proinflammatory signaling in the CNS. Critically, an understanding of myeloid plasticity and heterogeneity and rigorous attention to all aspects of cell handling is essential for reproducibility. Summary Sentence: This review focuses on human postmitotic monocyte-derived microglia-like cells as tools to advance research on HIV persistence and neuroinflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boucher
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Shijun Liang
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Strauss MJ, Porter KD, Quizon PM, Davis SE, Lin S, Yuan Y, Martinez-Muniz GA, Sun WL, Zhan CG, Zhu J. Mutations of tyrosine 467 in the human norepinephrine transporter attenuate HIV-1 Tat-induced inhibition of dopamine transport while retaining physiological function. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275182. [PMID: 36170295 PMCID: PMC9518868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of dopaminergic transmission induced by the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) has been implicated as a central factor in the development of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We have demonstrated that the tyrosine470 residue of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) plays a critical role in Tat-hDAT interaction. Based on the computational modeling predictions, the present study sought to examine the mutational effects of the tyrosine467 residue of the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET), a corresponding residue of the hDAT tyrosine470, on Tat-induced inhibition of reuptake of dopamine through the hNET. Mutations of the hNET tyrosine467 to a histidine (Y467H) or a phenylalanine (Y467F) displayed similar kinetic properties of reuptake of [3H]dopamine and [3H]norepinephrine in PC12 cells expressing wild-type hNET and its mutants. Compared to wild-type hNET, neither of Y467H or Y467F altered Bmax and Kd values of [3H]WIN35,428 binding, whereas Y467H but not Y467F decreased the Bmax of [3H]nisoxetine binding without changes in Kd. Y467H also increased the affinity of nisoxetine for inhibiting [3H]dopamine uptake relative to wild-type hNET. Recombinant Tat1-86 (140 nM) induced a significant reduction of [3H]dopamine uptake in wild-type hNET, which was attenuated in both Y467H and Y467F. Compared to wild-type hNET, neither Y467H or Y467F altered [3H]dopamine efflux in CHO cells expressing WT hNET and mutants, whereas Y467F but not Y467H decreased [3H]MPP+ efflux. These results demonstrate tyrosine467 as a functional recognition residue in the hNET for Tat-induced inhibition of dopamine transport and provide a novel insight into the molecular basis for developing selective compounds that target Tat-NET interactions in the context of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Strauss
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Katherine D. Porter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Pamela M. Quizon
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Davis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Steven Lin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Yaxia Yuan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Gustavo A. Martinez-Muniz
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Wei-Lun Sun
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, United States of America
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
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Cantres-Rosario YM, Wojna V, Ruiz R, Diaz B, Matos M, Rodriguez-Benitez RJ, Rodriguez E, Skolasky RL, Gerena Y. Soluble Insulin Receptor Levels in Plasma, Exosomes, and Urine and Its Association With HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:809956. [PMID: 35720083 PMCID: PMC9202317 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.809956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are one of the HIV-associated comorbidities affecting 20-50% of the people with HIV (PWH) infection. We found that the soluble insulin receptor (sIR) levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were significantly higher in HIV-infected women. The mechanism of sIR release into the plasma remains unknown, but the detection of the sIR in exosomes may uncover novel mechanisms of sIR secretion from HIV-infected cells and its contribution to HIV disease progression and HAND development. Quantification of sIR in urine may represent a less invasive and more accessible diagnostic tool. Our objective was to quantify sIR levels in plasma, plasma-derived exosomes, and urine, and evaluate their association with HAND and renal function. Methods We measured full-length sIR in the plasma and urine of 38 controls and 76 HIV-infected women by ELISA, and sIR, HIV-1 Tat, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exosomes by flow cytometry. Results Plasma and exosomes with sIR were significantly higher in HIV-infected women when compared with controls and HAND. Exosomal sIR positively correlated with exosomal ROS and exosomal HIV-1 Tat in HIV-infected women. Exosomal ROS was significantly higher in HIV-infected women with more symptomatic cognitive impairment. Plasma-derived exosomes exhibited significantly higher levels of astrocyte (GFAP) and neuronal (L1CAM) markers in HIV-infected women, confirming the presence of circulating CNS-derived exosomes in the blood of HIV-infected women. Urine sIR positively correlated with eGFR in controls, but not in HIV-infected women, regardless there was no significant difference in renal function as determined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, p = 0.762). In HIV-infected women, higher plasma sIR correlated with lower urine sIR that could suggest sIR retention in blood or decreased renal filtration. Discussion Higher plasma sIR levels and their correlation with ROS in plasma-derived exosomes with HAND suggest a combined role of metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress, exosome release, and cognitive decline. Communication between CNS and periphery is compromised in PWH, thus plasma-derived exosomes may shed light on disrupted cellular mechanisms in the brain of PWH. High plasma and low urine sIR levels could suggest sIR retention in blood or decreased renal filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisel M. Cantres-Rosario
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Valerie Wojna
- Division of Neurology, Internal Medicine Department and NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Rafael Ruiz
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Bexaida Diaz
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Miriam Matos
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | | | - Elaine Rodriguez
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Richard L. Skolasky
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yamil Gerena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, NeuroHIV Research Program, Pharmacology Department, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
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van Heuvel Y, Schatz S, Rosengarten JF, Stitz J. Infectious RNA: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Biology, Therapeutic Intervention, and the Quest for a Vaccine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020138. [PMID: 35202165 PMCID: PMC8876946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms mediate the toxicity of RNA. Genomic retroviral mRNA hijacks infected host cell factors to enable virus replication. The viral genomic RNA of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encompasses nine genes encoding in less than 10 kb all proteins needed for replication in susceptible host cells. To do so, the genomic RNA undergoes complex alternative splicing to facilitate the synthesis of the structural, accessory, and regulatory proteins. However, HIV strongly relies on the host cell machinery recruiting cellular factors to complete its replication cycle. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) targets different steps in the cycle, preventing disease progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The comprehension of the host immune system interaction with the virus has fostered the development of a variety of vaccine platforms. Despite encouraging provisional results in vaccine trials, no effective vaccine has been developed, yet. However, novel promising vaccine platforms are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin van Heuvel
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schatz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jamila Franca Rosengarten
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörn Stitz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Salahuddin MF, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Moss E, Akins NS, Li J, Le HV, Paris JJ. Allopregnanolone and neuroHIV: Potential benefits of neuroendocrine modulation in the era of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13047. [PMID: 34651359 PMCID: PMC8866218 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forty years into the HIV pandemic, approximately 50% of infected individuals still suffer from a constellation of neurological disorders collectively known as 'neuroHIV.' Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been a tremendous success, in its present form, it cannot eradicate HIV. Reservoirs of virus reside within the central nervous system, serving as sources of HIV virotoxins that damage mitochondria and promote neurotoxicity. Although understudied, there is evidence that HIV or the HIV regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), can dysregulate neurosteroid formation potentially contributing to endocrine dysfunction. People living with HIV commonly suffer from endocrine disorders, including hypercortisolemia accompanied by paradoxical adrenal insufficiency upon stress. Age-related comorbidities often onset sooner and with greater magnitude among people living with HIV and are commonly accompanied by hypogonadism. In the post-cART era, these derangements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes are secondary (i.e., relegated to the brain) and indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction. We review the clinical and preclinical evidence for neuroendocrine dysfunction in HIV, the capacity for hormone therapeutics to play an ameliorative role and the future steroid-based therapeutics that may have efficacy as novel adjunctives to cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Alaa N. Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Emaya Moss
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Nicholas S. Akins
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
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Faia C, Plaisance-Bonstaff K, Peruzzi F. In vitro models of HIV-1 infection of the Central Nervous System. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. DISEASE MODELS 2020; 32:5-11. [PMID: 33692833 PMCID: PMC7938360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV-1 infection affect more than half of persons living with HIV (PLWH) under retroviral therapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and the complex cellular network communication underlying neurological dysfunction is critical for the development of an effective therapy. As with other neurological disorders, challenges to studying HIV infection of the brain include limited access to clinical samples and proper reproducibility of the complexity of brain networks in cellular and animal models. This review focuses on cellular models used to investigate various aspects of neurological dysfunction associated with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Faia
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and S Stanley Scott Cancer Center
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology
| | | | - Francesca Peruzzi
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and S Stanley Scott Cancer Center
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology
- Department of Medicine
- Corresponding author: Francesca Peruzzi, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, Tel: (504) 210-2978,
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