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Xue R, Tang X, Tang J, Zhang S, Liao X, Chen X, Li L, Li X. Climbing Fiber Activation Induced by Footshock in the Cerebellar Vermis Lobule IV/V of Freely Moving Mice. Physiol Res 2024; 73:449-459. [PMID: 39027961 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Parallel fibers (PFs) in the cerebellar cortex are involved in a series of coordinated responses in the fear conditioning paradigm induced by footshock. However, whether footshock can activate cerebellar climbing fibers (CFs) remains unclear. In this study, we recorded calcium (Ca2+) activity in CFs by optical fiber photometry in the cerebellar vermis lobule IV/V of freely moving mice with footshock stimulation. We found that the activation of CFs in the lobule IV/V was highly correlated with footshock stimulation but not with the sound stimulation used as a control. This result suggests that afferent information from CFs might be associated with the motor initiation of fear-related behaviors or fear emotion itself. Thus, our results suggest that a characteristic CF signal in the cerebellar cortex might be related to fear processing or footshock-related behaviors (such as startle responses or pain sensation).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xue
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China. or
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Yang C, Liu G, Chen X, Le W. Cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases: an emerging research frontier. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e638. [PMID: 39006764 PMCID: PMC11245631 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is crucial for both motor and nonmotor functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD), alongside other dementias such as vascular dementia (VaD), Lewy body dementia (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), as well as other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), are characterized by specific and non-specific neurodegenerations in central nervous system. Previously, the cerebellum's significance in these conditions was underestimated. However, advancing research has elevated its profile as a critical node in disease pathology. We comprehensively review the existing evidence to elucidate the relationship between cerebellum and the aforementioned diseases. Our findings reveal a growing body of research unequivocally establishing a link between the cerebellum and AD, other forms of dementia, and other NDs, supported by clinical evidence, pathological and biochemical profiles, structural and functional neuroimaging data, and electrophysiological findings. By contrasting cerebellar observations with those from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, we highlight the cerebellum's distinct role in the disease processes. Furthermore, we also explore the emerging therapeutic potential of targeting cerebellum for the treatment of these diseases. This review underscores the importance of the cerebellum in these diseases, offering new insights into the disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- Institute of Neurology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Guangdong Liu
- Institute of Neurology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
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Marcelli V, Giannoni B, Volpe G, Faralli M, Fetoni AR, Pettorossi VE. Downbeat nystagmus: a clinical and pathophysiological review. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1394859. [PMID: 38854962 PMCID: PMC11157062 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1394859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) is a neuro-otological finding frequently encountered by clinicians dealing with patients with vertigo. Since DBN is a finding that should be understood because of central vestibular dysfunction, it is necessary to know how to frame it promptly to suggest the correct diagnostic-therapeutic pathway to the patient. As knowledge of its pathophysiology has progressed, the importance of this clinical sign has been increasingly understood. At the same time, clinical diagnostic knowledge has increased, and it has been recognized that this sign may occur sporadically or in association with others within defined clinical syndromes. Thus, in many cases, different therapeutic solutions have become possible. In our work, we have attempted to systematize current knowledge about the origin of this finding, the clinical presentation and current treatment options, to provide an overview that can be used at different levels, from the general practitioner to the specialist neurologist or neurotologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Marcelli
- Audiology and Vestibology Unit, Department of ENT, Ospedale del Mare, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, Section of Audiology, University of Naples ‘’Federico II’’, Napoli, Italy
| | - Beatrice Giannoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug’s Area and Child’s Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giampiero Volpe
- Department of Neurology, Ospedale San Luca di Vallo della Lucania, ASL Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Faralli
- Department of ENT, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Fetoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, Section of Audiology, University of Naples ‘’Federico II’’, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vito E. Pettorossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Li ZH, Li B, Zhang XY, Zhu JN. Neuropeptides and Their Roles in the Cerebellum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2332. [PMID: 38397008 PMCID: PMC10889816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although more than 30 different types of neuropeptides have been identified in various cell types and circuits of the cerebellum, their unique functions in the cerebellum remain poorly understood. Given the nature of their diffuse distribution, peptidergic systems are generally assumed to exert a modulatory effect on the cerebellum via adaptively tuning neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity within cerebellar circuits. Moreover, cerebellar neuropeptides have also been revealed to be involved in the neurogenetic and developmental regulation of the developing cerebellum, including survival, migration, differentiation, and maturation of the Purkinje cells and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex. On the other hand, cerebellar neuropeptides hold a critical position in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of many cerebellar-related motor and psychiatric disorders, such as cerebellar ataxias and autism. Over the past two decades, a growing body of evidence has indicated neuropeptides as potential therapeutic targets to ameliorate these diseases effectively. Therefore, this review focuses on eight cerebellar neuropeptides that have attracted more attention in recent years and have significant potential for clinical application associated with neurodegenerative and/or neuropsychiatric disorders, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, corticotropin-releasing factor, angiotensin II, neuropeptide Y, orexin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, and secretin, which may provide novel insights and a framework for our understanding of cerebellar-related disorders and have implications for novel treatments targeting neuropeptide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.-H.L.); (J.-N.Z.)
| | - Bin Li
- Women and Children’s Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.-H.L.); (J.-N.Z.)
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.-H.L.); (J.-N.Z.)
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Cullen KE. Internal models of self-motion: neural computations by the vestibular cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:986-1002. [PMID: 37739815 PMCID: PMC10591839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The vestibular cerebellum plays an essential role in maintaining our balance and ensuring perceptual stability during activities of daily living. Here I examine three key regions of the vestibular cerebellum: the floccular lobe, anterior vermis (lobules I-V), and nodulus and ventral uvula (lobules X-IX of the posterior vermis). These cerebellar regions encode vestibular information and combine it with extravestibular signals to create internal models of eye, head, and body movements, as well as their spatial orientation with respect to gravity. To account for changes in the external environment and/or biomechanics during self-motion, the neural mechanisms underlying these computations are continually updated to ensure accurate motor behavior. To date, studies on the vestibular cerebellum have predominately focused on passive vestibular stimulation, whereas in actuality most stimulation is the result of voluntary movement. Accordingly, I also consider recent research exploring these computations during active self-motion and emerging evidence establishing the cerebellum's role in building predictive models of self-generated movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Guo L, Zhao Z, Yang X, Shi W, Wang P, Qin D, Wang J, Yin Y. Alterations of dynamic and static brain functional activities and integration in stroke patients. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1228645. [PMID: 37965216 PMCID: PMC10641467 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1228645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to investigate the comprehensive characteristics of brain functional activity and integration in patients with subcortical stroke using dynamic and static analysis methods and to examine whether alterations in brain functional activity and integration were associated with clinical symptoms of patients. Methods Dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF), static amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (sALFF), dynamic degree centrality (dDC), and static degree centrality (sDC) were calculated for 19 patients with right subcortical stroke, 16 patients with left subcortical stroke, and 25 healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between changes in brain functional measurements of patients and clinical variables. Results Group comparison results showed that significantly decreased dALFF in the left angular (ANG_L) and right inferior parietal gyrus (IPG_R), decreased sALFF in the left precuneus (PCUN_L), and decreased sDC in the left crus II of cerebellar hemisphere (CERCRU2_L) and IPG_R, while significantly increased sDC in the right lobule X of cerebellar hemisphere (CER10_R) were detected in patients with right subcortical stroke relative to HC. Patients with left subcortical stroke showed significantly decreased sALFF in the left precuneus (PCUN_L) but increased sDC in the right hippocampus (HIP_R) compared with HC. Additionally, the altered sDC values in the CER10_R of patients with right subcortical stroke and in the HIP_R of patients with left subcortical stroke were associated with the severity of stroke and lower extremities motor function. A correlation was also found between the altered sALFF values in the PCUN_L of patients with left subcortical stroke and lower extremities motor function. Conclusion These findings suggest that time-varying brain activity analysis may supply complementary information for static brain activity analysis. Dynamic and static brain functional activity and integration analysis may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying neuropathology of dysfunction in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Graduate School of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Graduate School of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiyang Shi
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaojian Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Sozzi S, Ghai S, Schieppati M. The 'Postural Rhythm' of the Ground Reaction Force during Upright Stance and Its Conversion to Body Sway-The Effect of Vision, Support Surface and Adaptation to Repeated Trials. Brain Sci 2023; 13:978. [PMID: 37508910 PMCID: PMC10377030 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ground reaction force (GRF) recorded by a platform when a person stands upright lies at the interface between the neural networks controlling stance and the body sway deduced from centre of pressure (CoP) displacement. It can be decomposed into vertical (VGRF) and horizontal (HGRF) vectors. Few studies have addressed the modulation of the GRFs by the sensory conditions and their relationship with body sway. We reconsidered the features of the GRFs oscillations in healthy young subjects (n = 24) standing for 90 s, with the aim of characterising the possible effects of vision, support surface and adaptation to repeated trials, and the correspondence between HGRF and CoP time-series. We compared the frequency spectra of these variables with eyes open or closed on solid support surface (EOS, ECS) and on foam (EOF, ECF). All stance trials were repeated in a sequence of eight. Conditions were randomised across different days. The oscillations of the VGRF, HGRF and CoP differed between each other, as per the dominant frequency of their spectra (around 4 Hz, 0.8 Hz and <0.4 Hz, respectively) featuring a low-pass filter effect from VGRF to HGRF to CoP. GRF frequencies hardly changed as a function of the experimental conditions, including adaptation. CoP frequencies diminished to <0.2 Hz when vision was available on hard support surface. Amplitudes of both GRFs and CoP oscillations decreased in the order ECF > EOF > ECS ≈ EOS. Adaptation had no effect except in ECF condition. Specific rhythms of the GRFs do not transfer to the CoP frequency, whereas the magnitude of the forces acting on the ground ultimately determines body sway. The discrepancies in the time-series of the HGRF and CoP oscillations confirm that the body's oscillation mode cannot be dictated by the inverted pendulum model in any experimental conditions. The findings emphasise the robustness of the VGRF "postural rhythm" and its correspondence with the cortical theta rhythm, shed new insight on current principles of balance control and on understanding of upright stance in healthy and elderly people as well as on injury prevention and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashank Ghai
- Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
- Centre for Societal Risk Research, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
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Brain Macro-Structural Alterations in Aging Rats: A Longitudinal Lifetime Approach. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030432. [PMID: 36766774 PMCID: PMC9914014 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by macro-structural alterations in the brain that may relate to age-associated cognitive decline. Animal studies could allow us to study this relationship, but so far it remains unclear whether their structural aging patterns correspond to those in humans. Therefore, by applying magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and deformation-based morphometry (DBM), we longitudinally screened the brains of male RccHan:WIST rats for structural changes across their average lifespan. By combining dedicated region of interest (ROI) and voxel-wise approaches, we observed an increase in their global brain volume that was superimposed by divergent local morphologic alterations, with the largest aging effects in early and middle life. We detected a modality-dependent vulnerability to shrinkage across the visual, auditory, and somato-sensory cortical areas, whereas the piriform cortex showed partial resistance. Furthermore, shrinkage emerged in the amygdala, subiculum, and flocculus as well as in frontal, parietal, and motor cortical areas. Strikingly, we noticed the preservation of ectorhinal, entorhinal, retrosplenial, and cingulate cortical regions, which all represent higher-order brain areas and extraordinarily grew with increasing age. We think that the findings of this study will further advance aging research and may contribute to the establishment of interventional approaches to preserve cognitive health in advanced age.
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Maruta J. Lasting alteration of spatial orientation induced by passive motion in rabbits and its possible relevance to mal de débarquement syndrome. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1110298. [PMID: 36908625 PMCID: PMC9994528 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mal de débarquement syndrome (MdDS) is a chronic disorder of spatial orientation with a persistent false sensation of self-motion, whose onset typically follows prolonged exposure to passive motion of a transport vehicle. Development of similar but transient after-sensations mimicking the exposed motion and associated postural instability, indicative of central vestibular adaptation, are common. The cause of MdDS is thought to be a subsequent failure to readapt to a stationary environment. However, vestibular plasticity pertinent to this illness has not been studied sufficiently. Because the rabbit's eye movement is sensitive to three-dimensional spatial orientation, characterizing maladaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) induced in the animal may open an approach to understanding MdDS. Methods Three rabbits underwent a series of 2-h conditioning with an unnatural repetitive motion that involved a complex combination of roll, pitch, and yaw movements in a head-based reference frame, consisting of periodic rolling in darkness in a frame of reference that rotated about an earth-vertical axis. Eye movement in three dimensions was sampled during the conditioning stimulus as well as during test stimuli before and up to several days after conditioning. Results During roll-while-rotating conditioning, the roll component of the VOR was compensatory to the oscillation about the corresponding axis, but the pitch component was not, initially prominently phase-leading the head pitch motion but subsequently becoming patently phase-delayed. Unidirectional yaw nystagmus, weak but directionally compensatory to the earth-vertical axis rotation, was seen throughout the period of conditioning. After conditioning, simple side-to-side rolling induced an abnormal yaw ocular drift in the direction that opposed the nystagmus seen during conditioning, indicating a maladaptive change in spatial orientation. The impact of conditioning appeared to be partially retained even after 1 week and could be partially reversed or cumulated depending on the rotation direction in the subsequent conditioning. Conclusion The observed reversible long-term maladaptation of spatial orientation as well as the depth of knowledge available in relation to the vestibular cerebellar circuits in this species support the potential utility of a rabbit model in MdDS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Maruta
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Fontani V, Rinaldi A, Rinaldi C, Araldi L, Azzarà A, Carta AM, Casale N, Castagna A, Del Medico M, Di Stasio M, Facchini M, Greco M, LaMarca S, Loro G, Marrone A, Palattella A, Pellegata G, Ruini D, Schmitt C, Vianini F, Maioli M, Ventura C, Caltabiano F, Bueno AJ, Fugino Matuoka A, Massahiro Nabechima E, Bechelli FA, da Silveira Bossi F, Nitschke Fontana GC, Finkielsztejn J, Coelho Pereira JA, Nunes Callegaro J, Vasconcelos Pinheiro K, Ferreira Alves LR, Kodja Daguer M, Marins Martins MC, Bezerra Uliana M, Knop Zisman N, Cezar Schütz P, Fochesato PR, Celso Felipe de Castro P, Tanaka Nabechima RM, Randon RB, Rinaldi S. Long-Lasting Efficacy of Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer Neuromodulation Treatment on Functional Dysmetria, an Adaptive Motor Behavior. Cureus 2022; 14:e25768. [PMID: 35706441 PMCID: PMC9187162 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is widely defined as the deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry and is considered an epigenetic measure of environmental stress. Rinaldi and Fontani hypothesized that the FA morpho-functional changes originate from an adaptive motor behavior determined by functional alterations in the cerebellum and neural circuits, not caused by a lesion, but induced by environmental stress. They called this phenomenon functional dysmetria (FD). On this premise, they developed the radio electric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) technology, a neuromodulation technology aimed at optimizing the best neuro-psycho-motor strategies in relation to environmental interaction. Aims Previous studies showed that specific REAC neuro postural optimization (NPO) treatment can induce stable FD recovery. This study aimed to verify the duration of the NPO effect in inducing the stable FD recovery over time. Materials and methods Data were retrospectively collected from a population of 29,794 subjects who underwent a specific semiological FD assessment and received the NPO treatment, regardless of the pathology referred. Results The analysis of the data collected by the various participants in the study led us to ascertain the disappearance of FD in 100% of the cases treated, with a stability of the result detected up to 18 years after the single administration of the REAC NPO treatment. Conclusions The REAC NPO neurobiological modulation treatment consisting of a single administration surprisingly maintains a very long efficacy in the correction of FD. This effect can be explained as the long-lasting capacity of the NPO treatment to induce greater functional efficiency of the brain dynamics as proven in previous studies.
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The clinical application of head-shaking test combined with head-shaking tilt suppression test in distinguishing between peripheral and central vertigo at bedside vs. examination room. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 88 Suppl 3:S177-S184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sozzi S, Schieppati M. Balance Adaptation While Standing on a Compliant Base Depends on the Current Sensory Condition in Healthy Young Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:839799. [PMID: 35399363 PMCID: PMC8989851 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.839799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several investigations have addressed the process of balance adaptation to external perturbations. The adaptation during unperturbed stance has received little attention. Further, whether the current sensory conditions affect the adaptation rate has not been established. We have addressed the role of vision and haptic feedback on adaptation while standing on foam. Methods In 22 young subjects, the analysis of geometric (path length and sway area) and spectral variables (median frequency and mean level of both total spectrum and selected frequency windows) of the oscillation of the centre of feet pressure (CoP) identified the effects of vision, light-touch (LT) or both in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) direction over 8 consecutive 90 s standing trials. Results Adaptation was obvious without vision (eyes closed; EC) and tenuous with vision (eyes open; EO). With trial repetition, path length and median frequency diminished with EC (p < 0.001) while sway area and mean level of the spectrum increased (p < 0.001). The low- and high-frequency range of the spectrum increased and decreased in AP and ML directions, respectively. Touch compared to no-touch enhanced the rate of increase of the low-frequency power (p < 0.05). Spectral differences in distinct sensory conditions persisted after adaptation. Conclusion Balance adaptation occurs during standing on foam. Adaptation leads to a progressive increase in the amplitude of the lowest frequencies of the spectrum and a concurrent decrease in the high-frequency range. Within this common behaviour, touch adds to its stabilising action a modest effect on the adaptation rate. Stabilisation is improved by favouring slow oscillations at the expense of sway minimisation. These findings are preliminary to investigations of balance problems in persons with sensory deficits, ageing, and peripheral or central nervous lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sozzi
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie (CSAM), Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SB (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
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Panichi R, Dieni CV, Sullivan JA, Biscarini A, Contemori S, Faralli M, Pettorossi VE. Inhibition of androgenic pathway impairs encoding of cerebellar‐dependent motor learning in male rats. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2014-2032. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.25318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Panichi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Cristina V. Dieni
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | | | - Andrea Biscarini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Samuele Contemori
- Center for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Mario Faralli
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Specialization, Otolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery Division University of Perugia Perugia Italy
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14
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Elliott KL, Kersigo J, Lee JH, Yamoah EN, Fritzsch B. Sustained Loss of Bdnf Affects Peripheral but Not Central Vestibular Targets. Front Neurol 2021; 12:768456. [PMID: 34975728 PMCID: PMC8716794 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.768456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system is vital for proper balance perception, and its dysfunction contributes significantly to fall-related injuries, especially in the elderly. Vestibular ganglion neurons innervate vestibular hair cells at the periphery and vestibular nuclei and the uvula and nodule of the cerebellum centrally. During aging, these vestibular ganglion neurons degenerate, impairing vestibular function. A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in neurosensory cell survival in the vestibular system is unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is specifically required for the survival of vestibular ganglion neurons, as its loss leads to early neuronal death. Bdnf null mice die within 3 weeks of birth, preventing the study of the long-term effects on target cells. We use Pax2-cre to conditionally knock out Bdnf, allowing mice survival to approximately 6 months of age. We show that a long-term loss of Bdnf leads to a significant reduction in the number of vestibular ganglion neurons and a reduction in the number of vestibular hair cells. There was no significant decrease in the central targets lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) or the cerebellum at 6 months. This suggests that the connectivity between central target cells and other neurons suffices to prevent their loss despite vestibular hair cell and ganglion neuron loss. Whether the central neurons would undergo eventual degeneration in the absence of Bdnf remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jennifer Kersigo
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeong Han Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Ebenezer N. Yamoah
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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