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Yamashiro K, Sato T, Nito C, Ueno Y, Kawano H, Chiba T, Nishihira T, Mizuno T, Ishizuka K, Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Kitagawa K, Koga M, Hirano T, Kameda T, Takekawa H, Urabe T, Taneichi A, Fujiwara H, Fujimoto S, Hattori N, Tanaka R. Stroke in Patients With Common Noncancerous Gynecologic Diseases: A Multicenter Study in Japan. Neurol Clin Pract 2023; 13:e200165. [PMID: 37124460 PMCID: PMC10140918 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Gynecologic diseases such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and adenomyosis are common in women of reproductive age. Case reports and small case series have reported ischemic stroke in women with such common noncancerous gynecologic diseases, and their cause of stroke is frequently attributed to cryptogenic stroke or unconventional mechanisms related to hypercoagulability. However, stroke etiology and prognosis are not well known. We assessed the prevalence of and stroke mechanisms related to common noncancerous gynecologic diseases using hospital-based clinical data. Methods We retrospectively identified consecutive female patients with common noncancerous gynecologic diseases (uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and adenomyosis) diagnosed with ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) between the ages of 20 and 59 years admitted to 10 stroke centers in Japan by reviewing prospectively collected data between 2017 and 2019. The clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging features were evaluated and compared between patients with conventional stroke mechanisms (CSMs) (large artery atherosclerosis, small vessel occlusion, cardioembolism, and other determined etiology) and non-CSMs (cryptogenic stroke and causes related to hypercoagulability such as nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and paradoxical embolism) according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Results Of the 470 female patients with ischemic stroke/TIA, 39 (8%) (37 ischemic stroke and 2 TIA) had common noncancerous gynecologic diseases. The most common gynecologic diseases were uterine fibroids in 24 (62%) patients, followed by endometriosis in 9 (23%) and adenomyosis in 6 (15%). Twenty patients (51%) were assigned to the non-CSMs group, and 19 patients (49%) were assigned to the CSMs group. Adenomyosis and endometriosis were more frequent in the non-CSMs group than in the CSMs group. CA125 and D-dimer levels were higher in the non-CSMs group than in the CSMs group. Multiple vascular territory infarcts were frequent in patients with adenomyosis (60%) and endometriosis (43%) in the non-CSMs group. No stroke recurrence or death was observed within 3 months after discharge in both the CSMs and non-CSMs groups. Outcomes at 3 months after discharge were similar in both groups. Discussion In patients with common noncancerous gynecologic diseases, hypercoagulopathy may play a role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke/TIA without CSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamashiro
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chikako Nito
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueno
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawano
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Chiba
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takahito Nishihira
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mizuno
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ishizuka
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Iguchi
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Hirano
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kameda
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Takekawa
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akiyo Taneichi
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fujimoto
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Neurology (KY, YU, NH, RT), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (KY, TU), Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba; Department of Neurology (TS, YI), Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (CN, Kazumi Kimura), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (YU), University of Yamanashi; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine (HK, TH), Kyorin University, Tokyo; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (TC, MK), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita; Stroke Center (TN, HT), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi; Department of Neurology (TM, KI, Kazuo Kitagawa), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (TK), Shin-Oyama City Hospital, Tochigi; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AT, HF), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi; and Division of Neurology (SF, RT), Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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