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Xiang LY, Chen XY, Lu LM, Kong MH, Ji Q, Xiong Y, Xie MM, Jian XL, Zhu ZR. Mechanisms of Neuronal Reactivation in Memory Consolidation: A Perspective from Pathological Conditions. Neuroscience 2024; 551:196-204. [PMID: 38810690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Memory consolidation refers to a process by which labile newly formed memory traces are progressively strengthened into long term memories and become more resistant to interference. Recent work has revealed that spontaneous hippocampal activity during rest, commonly referred to as "offline" activity, plays a critical role in the process of memory consolidation. Hippocampal reactivation occurs during sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), which are events associated with highly synchronous neural firing in the hippocampus and modulation of neural activity in distributed brain regions. Memory consolidation occurs primarily through a coordinated communication between hippocampus and neocortex. Cortical slow oscillations drive the repeated reactivation of hippocampal memory representations together with SWRs and thalamo-cortical spindles, inducing long-lasting cellular and network modifications responsible for memory stabilization.In this review, we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "reactivation and memory consolidation" research by detailing the physiological mechanisms of neuronal reactivation and firing patterns during SWRs and providing a discussion of more recent key findings. Several mechanistic explanations of neuropsychiatric diseases propose that impaired neural replay may underlie some of the symptoms of the disorders. Abnormalities in neuronal reactivation are a common phenomenon and cause pathological impairment in several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), epilepsy and schizophrenia. However, the specific pathological changes and mechanisms of reactivation in each disease are different. Recent work has also enlightened some of the underlying pathological mechanisms of neuronal reactivation in these diseases. In this review, we further describe how SWRs, ripples and slow oscillations are affected in Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. We then compare the differences of neuronal reactivation and discuss how different reactivation abnormalities cause pathological changes in these diseases. Aberrant neural reactivation provides insights into disease pathogenesis and may even serve as biomarkers for early disease progression and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Ying Xiang
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Li-Ming Lu
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ming-Hui Kong
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qi Ji
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mei-Ming Xie
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xin-Ling Jian
- No. 950 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Yecheng, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ru Zhu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Merino‐Serrais P, Plaza‐Alonso S, Hellal F, Valero‐Freitag S, Kastanauskaite A, Plesnila N, DeFelipe J. Structural changes of CA1 pyramidal neurons after stroke in the contralesional hippocampus. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13222. [PMID: 38012061 PMCID: PMC11007010 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made with regard to understanding how the adult brain responds after a stroke. However, a large number of patients continue to suffer lifelong disabilities without adequate treatment. In the present study, we have analyzed possible microanatomical alterations in the contralesional hippocampus from the ischemic stroke mouse model tMCAo 12-14 weeks after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. After individually injecting Lucifer yellow into pyramidal neurons from the CA1 field of the hippocampus, we performed a detailed three-dimensional analysis of the neuronal complexity, dendritic spine density, and morphology. We found that, in both apical (stratum radiatum) and basal (stratum oriens) arbors, CA1 pyramidal neurons in the contralesional hippocampus of tMCAo mice have a significantly higher neuronal complexity, as well as reduced spine density and alterations in spine volume and spine length. Our results show that when the ipsilateral hippocampus is dramatically damaged, the contralesional hippocampus exhibits several statistically significant selective alterations. However, these alterations are not as significant as expected, which may help to explain the recovery of hippocampal function after stroke. Further anatomical and physiological studies are necessary to better understand the modifications in the "intact" contralesional lesioned brain regions, which are probably fundamental to recover functions after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Merino‐Serrais
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología BiomédicaUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de SistemasInstituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
| | - Sergio Plaza‐Alonso
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología BiomédicaUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de SistemasInstituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
| | - Farida Hellal
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich (LMU)MunichGermany
- iTERM, Helmholtz CenterMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy)MunichGermany
| | - Susana Valero‐Freitag
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich (LMU)MunichGermany
| | - Asta Kastanauskaite
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología BiomédicaUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de SistemasInstituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich (LMU)MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy)MunichGermany
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología BiomédicaUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de SistemasInstituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Kiani MM, Heidari Beni MH, Aghajan H. Aberrations in temporal dynamics of cognitive processing induced by Parkinson's disease and Levodopa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20195. [PMID: 37980451 PMCID: PMC10657430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been shown to significantly improve by Levodopa. However, despite the widespread adoption of Levodopa as a standard pharmaceutical drug for the treatment of PD, cognitive impairments linked to PD do not show visible improvement with Levodopa treatment. Furthermore, the neuronal and network mechanisms behind the PD-induced cognitive impairments are not clearly understood. In this work, we aim to explain these cognitive impairments, as well as the ones exacerbated by Levodopa, through examining the differential dynamic patterns of the phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) during cognitive functions. EEG data recorded in an auditory oddball task performed by a cohort consisting of controls and a group of PD patients during both on and off periods of Levodopa treatment were analyzed to derive the temporal dynamics of the PAC across the brain. We observed distinguishing patterns in the PAC dynamics, as an indicator of information binding, which can explain the slower cognitive processing associated with PD in the form of a latency in the PAC peak time. Thus, considering the high-level connections between the hippocampus, the posterior and prefrontal cortices established through the dorsal and ventral striatum acting as a modulatory system, we posit that the primary issue with cognitive impairments of PD, as well as Levodopa's cognitive deficit side effects, can be attributed to the changes in temporal dynamics of dopamine release influencing the modulatory function of the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Kiani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Aghajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Schöne CG, Mast FW. High-current galvanic vestibular stimulation impairs working memory span, but not other executive functions. Neuropsychologia 2023; 188:108617. [PMID: 37302752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction (PVD) suffer not only from physical problems such as imbalance or vertigo but also from neuropsychological difficulties, including executive deficits. However, it is unclear whether the PVD directly causes executive problems. To examine the causal vestibular influence on executive functions, we induced either high-current (2 mA), low-current (0.8 mA), or sham current (0 mA) galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) in 79 healthy participants. Participants solved three tasks, measuring the core executive components (working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility) before and during GVS. High-current GVS impaired working memory span, but not inhibition and cognitive flexibility performance. Low-current GVS did not influence executive performance. Results indicate a causal vestibular influence on working memory span. Joint cortical areas of vestibular and working memory processing are discussed. Since high-current GVS in healthy participants serves as a model for an artificial vestibular dysfunction, our results could improve the diagnostics and therapy of patients with PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina G Schöne
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Doctoral Program for Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Fred W Mast
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Moyal R, Turker HB, Luh WM, Swallow KM. Auditory Target Detection Enhances Visual Processing and Hippocampal Functional Connectivity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:891682. [PMID: 35769754 PMCID: PMC9234495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.891682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though dividing one's attention between two input streams typically impairs performance, detecting a behaviorally relevant stimulus can sometimes enhance the encoding of unrelated information presented at the same time. Previous research has shown that selection of this kind boosts visual cortical activity and memory for concurrent items. An important unanswered question is whether such effects are reflected in processing quality and functional connectivity in visual regions and in the hippocampus. In this fMRI study, participants were asked to memorize a stream of naturalistic images and press a button only when they heard a predefined target tone (400 or 1,200 Hz, counterbalanced). Images could be presented with a target tone, with a distractor tone, or without a tone. Auditory target detection increased activity throughout the ventral visual cortex but lowered it in the hippocampus. Enhancements in functional connectivity between the ventral visual cortex and the hippocampus were also observed following auditory targets. Multi-voxel pattern classification of image category was more accurate on target tone trials than on distractor and no tone trials in the fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. This effect was stronger in visual cortical clusters whose activity was more correlated with the hippocampus on target tone than on distractor tone trials. In agreement with accounts suggesting that subcortical noradrenergic influences play a role in the attentional boost effect, auditory target detection also caused an increase in locus coeruleus activity and phasic pupil responses. These findings outline a network of cortical and subcortical regions that are involved in the selection and processing of information presented at behaviorally relevant moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moyal
- Cognitive Science Program, Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hamid B. Turker
- Cognitive Science Program, Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Wen-Ming Luh
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Khena M. Swallow
- Cognitive Science Program, Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Fodor Z, Horváth A, Hidasi Z, Gouw AA, Stam CJ, Csukly G. EEG Alpha and Beta Band Functional Connectivity and Network Structure Mark Hub Overload in Mild Cognitive Impairment During Memory Maintenance. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:680200. [PMID: 34690735 PMCID: PMC8529331 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.680200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While decreased alpha and beta-band functional connectivity (FC) and changes in network topology have been reported in Alzheimer’s disease, it is not yet entirely known whether these differences can mark cognitive decline in the early stages of the disease. Our study aimed to analyze electroencephalography (EEG) FC and network differences in the alpha and beta frequency band during visuospatial memory maintenance between Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients and healthy elderly with subjective memory complaints. Methods: Functional connectivity and network structure of 17 MCI patients and 20 control participants were studied with 128-channel EEG during a visuospatial memory task with varying memory load. FC between EEG channels was measured by amplitude envelope correlation with leakage correction (AEC-c), while network analysis was performed by applying the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) approach, which reconstructs the critical backbone of the original network. Results: Memory load (increasing number of to-be-learned items) enhanced the mean AEC-c in the control group in both frequency bands. In contrast to that, after an initial increase, the MCI group showed significantly (p < 0.05) diminished FC in the alpha band in the highest memory load condition, while in the beta band this modulation was absent. Moreover, mean alpha and beta AEC-c correlated significantly with the size of medial temporal lobe structures in the entire sample. The network analysis revealed increased maximum degree, betweenness centrality, and degree divergence, and decreased diameter and eccentricity in the MCI group compared to the control group in both frequency bands independently of the memory load. This suggests a rerouted network in the MCI group with a more centralized topology and a more unequal traffic load distribution. Conclusion: Alpha- and beta-band FC measured by AEC-c correlates with cognitive load-related modulation, with subtle medial temporal lobe atrophy, and with the disruption of hippocampal fiber integrity in the earliest stages of cognitive decline. The more integrated network topology of the MCI group is in line with the “hub overload and failure” framework and might be part of a compensatory mechanism or a consequence of neural disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Fodor
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Horváth
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hidasi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alida A Gouw
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Stam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gábor Csukly
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Memel M, Woolverton CB, Bourassa K, Glisky EL. Working memory predicts subsequent episodic memory decline during healthy cognitive aging: evidence from a cross-lagged panel design. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:711-730. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1521507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Memel
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Kyle Bourassa
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Tamura M, Spellman TJ, Rosen AM, Gogos JA, Gordon JA. Hippocampal-prefrontal theta-gamma coupling during performance of a spatial working memory task. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2182. [PMID: 29259151 PMCID: PMC5736608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-frequency coupling supports the organization of brain rhythms and is present during a range of cognitive functions. However, little is known about whether and how long-range cross-frequency coupling across distant brain regions subserves working memory. Here we report that theta–slow gamma coupling between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is augmented in a genetic mouse model of cognitive dysfunction. This increased cross-frequency coupling is observed specifically when the mice successfully perform a spatial working memory task. In wild-type mice, increasing task difficulty by introducing a long delay or by optogenetically interfering with encoding, also increases theta–gamma coupling during correct trials. Finally, epochs of high hippocampal theta–prefrontal slow gamma coupling are associated with increased synchronization of neurons within the mPFC. These findings suggest that enhancement of theta–slow gamma coupling reflects a compensatory mechanism to maintain spatial working memory performance in the setting of increased difficulty. Theta- and gamma-frequency oscillatory synchrony correlates with spatial working memory performance. Here the authors report increases in theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling as a compensatory mechism associated with better working memory performance in models of cognitive dysfunction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Neuroscience Research Unit, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Timothy J Spellman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrew M Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatry Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Anhydroecgonine Methyl Ester (AEME), a Product of Cocaine Pyrolysis, Impairs Spatial Working Memory and Induces Striatal Oxidative Stress in Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 34:834-847. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Acevedo-Triana CA, Rojas MJ, Cardenas FP. Running wheel training does not change neurogenesis levels or alter working memory tasks in adult rats. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2976. [PMID: 28503368 PMCID: PMC5426350 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise can change cellular structure and connectivity (neurogenesis or synaptogenesis), causing alterations in both behavior and working memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on working memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in adult male Wistar rats using a T-maze test. METHODS An experimental design with two groups was developed: the experimental group (n = 12) was subject to a forced exercise program for five days, whereas the control group (n = 9) stayed in the home cage. Six to eight weeks after training, the rats' working memory was evaluated in a T-maze test and four choice days were analyzed, taking into account alternation as a working memory indicator. Hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry of BrdU positive cells. RESULTS No differences between groups were found in the behavioral variables (alternation, preference index, time of response, time of trial or feeding), or in the levels of BrdU positive cells. DISCUSSION Results suggest that although exercise may have effects on brain structure, a construct such as working memory may require more complex changes in networks or connections to demonstrate a change at behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel J. Rojas
- Animal Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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De Simoni S, Grover PJ, Jenkins PO, Honeyfield L, Quest RA, Ross E, Scott G, Wilson MH, Majewska P, Waldman AD, Patel MC, Sharp DJ. Disconnection between the default mode network and medial temporal lobes in post-traumatic amnesia. Brain 2016; 139:3137-3150. [PMID: 27797805 PMCID: PMC5382939 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
See Bigler (doi:10.1093/aww277) for a scientific commentary on this article. Post-traumatic amnesia is very common immediately after traumatic brain injury. It is characterized by a confused, agitated state and a pronounced inability to encode new memories and sustain attention. Clinically, post-traumatic amnesia is an important predictor of functional outcome. However, despite its prevalence and functional importance, the pathophysiology of post-traumatic amnesia is not understood. Memory processing relies on limbic structures such as the hippocampus, parahippocampus and parts of the cingulate cortex. These structures are connected within an intrinsic connectivity network, the default mode network. Interactions within the default mode network can be assessed using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can be acquired in confused patients unable to perform tasks in the scanner. Here we used this approach to test the hypothesis that the mnemonic symptoms of post-traumatic amnesia are caused by functional disconnection within the default mode network. We assessed whether the hippocampus and parahippocampus showed evidence of transient disconnection from cortical brain regions involved in memory processing. Nineteen patients with traumatic brain injury were classified into post-traumatic amnesia and traumatic brain injury control groups, based on their performance on a paired associates learning task. Cognitive function was also assessed with a detailed neuropsychological test battery. Functional interactions between brain regions were investigated using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Together with impairments in associative memory, patients in post-traumatic amnesia demonstrated impairments in information processing speed and spatial working memory. Patients in post-traumatic amnesia showed abnormal functional connectivity between the parahippocampal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex. The strength of this functional connection correlated with both associative memory and information processing speed and normalized when these functions improved. We have previously shown abnormally high posterior cingulate cortex connectivity in the chronic phase after traumatic brain injury, and this abnormality was also observed in patients with post-traumatic amnesia. Patients with post-traumatic amnesia showed evidence of widespread traumatic axonal injury measured using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. This change was more marked within the cingulum bundle, the tract connecting the parahippocampal gyrus to the posterior cingulate cortex. These findings provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of post-traumatic amnesia and evidence that memory impairment acutely after traumatic brain injury results from altered parahippocampal functional connectivity, perhaps secondary to the effects of axonal injury on white matter tracts connecting limbic structures involved in memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Simoni
- 1 Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Patrick J Grover
- 1 Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter O Jenkins
- 1 Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ewan Ross
- 1 Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gregory Scott
- 1 Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark H Wilson
- 3 Traumatic Brain Injury Centre, Imperial College, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paulina Majewska
- 1 Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam D Waldman
- 2 Department of Imaging, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - David J Sharp
- 1 Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Quach TT, Lerch JK, Honnorat J, Khanna R, Duchemin AM. Neuronal networks in mental diseases and neuropathic pain: Beyond brain derived neurotrophic factor and collapsin response mediator proteins. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:18-30. [PMID: 27014595 PMCID: PMC4804265 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a complex network system that has the capacity to support emotion, thought, action, learning and memory, and is characterized by constant activity, constant structural remodeling, and constant attempt to compensate for this remodeling. The basic insight that emerges from complex network organization is that substantively different networks can share common key organizational principles. Moreover, the interdependence of network organization and behavior has been successfully demonstrated for several specific tasks. From this viewpoint, increasing experimental/clinical observations suggest that mental disorders are neural network disorders. On one hand, single psychiatric disorders arise from multiple, multifactorial molecular and cellular structural/functional alterations spreading throughout local/global circuits leading to multifaceted and heterogeneous clinical symptoms. On the other hand, various mental diseases may share functional deficits across the same neural circuit as reflected in the overlap of symptoms throughout clinical diagnoses. An integrated framework including experimental measures and clinical observations will be necessary to formulate a coherent and comprehensive understanding of how neural connectivity mediates and constraints the phenotypic expression of psychiatric disorders.
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Silver H, Bilker WB. Similar verbal memory impairments in schizophrenia and healthy aging. Implications for understanding of neural mechanisms. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:277-83. [PMID: 25639372 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory is impaired in schizophrenia patients but it is not clear whether this is specific to the illness and whether different types of memory (verbal and nonverbal) or memories in different cognitive domains (executive, object recognition) are similarly affected. To study relationships between memory impairments and schizophrenia we compared memory functions in 77 schizophrenia patients, 58 elderly healthy individuals and 41 young healthy individuals. Tests included verbal associative and logical memory and memory in executive and object recognition domains. We compared relationships of memory functions to each other and to other cognitive functions including psychomotor speed and verbal and spatial working memory. Compared to the young healthy group, schizophrenia patients and elderly healthy individuals showed similar severe impairment in logical memory and in the ability to learn new associations (NAL), and similar but less severe impairment in spatial working memory and executive and object memory. Verbal working memory was significantly more impaired in schizophrenia patients than in the healthy elderly. Verbal episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia may share common mechanisms with similar impairment in healthy aging. Impairment in verbal working memory in contrast may reflect mechanisms specific to schizophrenia. Study of verbal explicit memory impairment tapped by the NAL index may advance understanding of abnormal hippocampus dependent mechanisms common to schizophrenia and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Silver
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Sha׳ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Mobile Post Hefer 37806, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Warren B Bilker
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6021, USA.
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Duan HF, Gan JL, Yang JM, Cheng ZX, Gao CY, Shi ZJ, Zhu XQ, Liang XJ, Zhao LM. A longitudinal study on intrinsic connectivity of hippocampus associated with positive symptom in first-episode schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:78-86. [PMID: 25619684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal pathology has been considered to underlie clinical, functional and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. While longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have demonstrated progressive gray matter reduction of the hippocampus during the early phases of schizophrenia (SCZ), very little is known about whether functional connectivity (FC) between the hippocampus and other brain regions also exhibit progressive changes. In this study, resting state functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine changes in hippocampal connectivity at baseline and follow-up scans comparing 68 patients with first episode SCZ and 62 matched controls. At baseline and follow-up, in the bilateral hippocampal network, SCZ mainly showed decreased FC with bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe, frontal gyrus temporal gyrus, precuneus, and cingulate cortex compared to controls. Furthermore, in the bilateral hippocampus, there was a significant interaction effect of group and time for FC with cerebellum posterior lobe, temporal gyrus, frontal gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex. Interestingly, longitudinal changes of bilateral hippocampal connectivity with right middle frontal gyrus negatively correlated with positive symptom scores in SCZ. These results provide novel evidence for the progressive changes of FC between hippocampus and other brain regions in SCZ. It further suggests that longitudinal changes of bilateral hippocampal connectivity with right middle frontal gyrus can contribute to the formation and emergence of positive symptom of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Feng Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Jing-Li Gan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Jia-Ming Yang
- Center for Medical Imaging, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Cun-You Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Zhen-Juan Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xi-Quan Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Jun Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lan-Min Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute of PLA, PLA 91st Central Hospital, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, PR China
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15
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Galeffi F, Shetty PK, Sadgrove MP, Turner DA. Age-related metabolic fatigue during low glucose conditions in rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:982-92. [PMID: 25443286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have indicated that with aging, intrinsic brain tissue changes in cellular bioenergetics may hamper the brain's ability to cope with metabolic stress. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of age on neuronal sensitivity to glucose deprivation by monitoring changes in field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), tissue Po2, and NADH fluorescence imaging in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices obtained from F344 rats (1-2, 3-6, 12-20, and >22 months). Forty minutes of moderate low glucose (2.5 mM) led to approximately 80% decrease of fEPSP amplitudes and NADH decline in all 4 ages that reversed after reintroduction of 10 mM glucose. However, tissue slices from 12 to 20 months and >22-month-old rats were more vulnerable to low glucose: fEPSPs decreased by 50% on average 8 minutes faster compared with younger slices. Tissue oxygen utilization increased after onset of 2.5 mM glucose in all ages of tissue slices, which persisted for 40 minutes in younger tissue slices. But, in older tissue slices the increased oxygen utilization slowly faded and tissue Po2 levels increased toward baseline values after approximately 25 minutes of glucose deprivation. In addition, with age the ability to regenerate NADH after oxidation was diminished. The NAD(+)/NADH ratio remained relatively oxidized after low glucose, even during recovery. In young slices, glycogen levels were stable throughout the exposure to low glucose. In contrast, with aging utilization of glycogen stores was increased during low glucose, particularly in hippocampal slices from >22 months old rats, indicating both inefficient metabolism and increased demand for glucose. Lactate addition (20 mM) improved oxidative metabolism by directly supplementing the mitochondrial NADH pool and maintained fEPSPs in young as well as aged tissue slices, indicating that inefficient metabolism in the aging tissue can be improved by directly enhancing NADH regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Galeffi
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Research and Surgery Services, Durham VAMC, Durham NC, USA.
| | - Pavan K Shetty
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Research and Surgery Services, Durham VAMC, Durham NC, USA
| | - Matthew P Sadgrove
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Research and Surgery Services, Durham VAMC, Durham NC, USA
| | - Dennis A Turner
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Research and Surgery Services, Durham VAMC, Durham NC, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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16
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Stenfors CUD, Marklund P, Magnusson Hanson LL, Theorell T, Nilsson LG. Subjective cognitive complaints and the role of executive cognitive functioning in the working population: a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83351. [PMID: 24386185 PMCID: PMC3873297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive functioning is important for managing work and life in general. However, subjective cognitive complaints (SCC), involving perceived difficulties with concentration, memory, decision making, and clear thinking are common in the general and working population and can be coupled with both lowered well-being and work ability. However, the relation between SCC and cognitive functioning across the adult age-span, and in the work force, is not clear as few population-based studies have been conducted on non-elderly adults. Thus, the present study aimed to test the relation between SCC and executive cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of employees. Methods Participants were 233 employees with either high (cases) or low (controls) levels of SCC. Group differences in neuropsychological test performance on three common executive cognitive tests were analysed through a set of analyses of covariance tests, including relevant covariates. Results & Conclusions In line with the a priori hypotheses, a high level of SCC was associated with significantly poorer executive cognitive performance on all three executive cognitive tests used, compared to controls with little SCC. Additionally, symptoms of depression, chronic stress and sleeping problems were found to play a role in the relations between SCC and executive cognitive functioning. No significant associations remained after adjusting for all these factors. The current findings contribute to an increased understanding of what characterizes SCC in the work force and may be used at different levels of prevention of- and intervention for SCC and related problems with executive cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia U. D. Stenfors
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Petter Marklund
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Töres Theorell
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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López-Frutos JM, Poch C, García-Morales I, Ruiz-Vargas JM, Campo P. Working memory retrieval differences between medial temporal lobe epilepsy patients and controls: a three memory layer approach. Brain Cogn 2013; 84:90-6. [PMID: 24333830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multi-store models of working memory (WM) have given way to more dynamic approaches that conceive WM as an activated subset of long-term memory (LTM). The resulting framework considers that memory representations are governed by a hierarchy of accessibility. The activated part of LTM holds representations in a heightened state of activation, some of which can reach a state of immediate accessibility according to task demands. Recent neuroimaging studies have studied the neural basis of retrieval information with different states of accessibility. It was found that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) was involved in retrieving information within immediate access store and outside this privileged zone. In the current study we further explored the contribution of MTL to WM retrieval by analyzing the consequences of MTL damage to this process considering the state of accessibility of memory representations. The performance of a group of epilepsy patients with left hippocampal sclerosis in a 12-item recognition task was compared with that of a healthy control group. We adopted an embedded model of WM that distinguishes three components: the activated LTM, the region of direct access, and a single-item focus of attention. Groups did not differ when retrieving information from single-item focus, but patients were less accurate retrieving information outside focal attention, either items from LTM or items expected to be in the WM range. Analyses focused on items held in the direct access buffer showed that consequences of MTL damage were modulated by the level of accessibility of memory representations, producing a reduced capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Poch
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene García-Morales
- University Hospital of San Carlos, Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Ruber Internacional, Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Campo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Longoni G, Rocca MA, Pagani E, Riccitelli GC, Colombo B, Rodegher M, Falini A, Comi G, Filippi M. Deficits in memory and visuospatial learning correlate with regional hippocampal atrophy in MS. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 220:435-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Some patients with disorders affecting the hippocampus have relatively intact memory, but the mechanisms underlying this preservation of function are still debated. In particular, it is unclear whether preserved memory is attributable to significant residual function of unaffected hippocampus or to functional brain reorganization. Here, we investigated brain activation during an associative short-term memory task in two human patient groups matched for extent of postsurgical damage to the right hippocampal formation that differed in two key features, memory performance and preoperative disease course. Patients showed strikingly distinct activation patterns that correlated differentially with behavioral performance, strongly suggesting that intact associative short-term memory with hippocampal dysfunction is indeed related to compensatory brain reorganization. This process appears to depend both on activation of the contralesional hippocampus and on increased engagement of a distributed short-term memory network in neocortex. These data clarify the existence of an efficient hippocampal-neocortical mechanism that compensates for hippocampal dysfunction.
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20
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Koo BB, Oblak AL, Zhao Y, Farris CW, Bowley B, Rosene DL, Killiany RJ. Hippocampal network connections account for differences in memory performance in the middle-aged rhesus monkey. Hippocampus 2013; 23:1179-88. [PMID: 23780752 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the memory decline found with normal aging is not solely due to regional disruptions in the hippocampus, but also is brought about by alterations in the functional coupling between the hippocampus and long-distance neocortical regions. However, the anatomical basis for this functional "dyscoupling" has not been fully revealed. In this study, we applied a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging technique to noninvasively examine the large-scale anatomical and functional hippocampal network of a group of middle aged rhesus monkeys. Using diffusion spectrum imaging, we have found that monkeys with lower memory performance had weaker structural white matter connections between the hippocampus and neocortical association areas. Resting state functional imaging revealed somewhat of an opposite result. Monkeys with low memory performance displayed elevated coupling strengths in the network between the hippocampus and the neocortical areas. Taken together with recent findings, this contradictory pattern may be the result of either underlying physiological burden or abnormal neuronal decoupling due to the structural alterations, which induce a neuronal compensation mechanism for the structural loss or interference on task related neuronal activation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Bon Koo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Brain structural and functional abnormalities in Fahr's disease: a report of two cases. J Neurol 2013; 260:1927-30. [PMID: 23736974 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-6973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Campo P, Garrido MI, Moran RJ, García-Morales I, Poch C, Toledano R, Gil-Nagel A, Dolan RJ, Friston KJ. Network reconfiguration and working memory impairment in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage 2013; 72:48-54. [PMID: 23370058 PMCID: PMC3610031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is the most prevalent form of focal epilepsy, and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is considered the most frequent associated pathological finding. Recent connectivity studies have shown that abnormalities, either structural or functional, are not confined to the affected hippocampus, but can be found in other connected structures within the same hemisphere, or even in the contralesional hemisphere. Despite the role of hippocampus in memory functions, most of these studies have explored network properties at resting state, and in some cases compared connectivity values with neuropsychological memory scores. Here, we measured magnetoencephalographic responses during verbal working memory (WM) encoding in left mTLE patients and controls, and compared their effective connectivity within a frontotemporal network using dynamic causal modelling. Bayesian model comparison indicated that the best model included bilateral, forward and backward connections, linking inferior temporal cortex (ITC), inferior frontal cortex (IFC), and the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Test for differences in effective connectivity revealed that patients exhibited decreased ipsilesional MTL-ITC backward connectivity, and increased bidirectional IFC-MTL connectivity in the contralesional hemisphere. Critically, a negative correlation was observed between these changes in patients, with decreases in ipsilesional coupling among temporal sources associated with increases contralesional frontotemporal interactions. Furthermore, contralesional frontotemporal interactions were inversely related to task performance and level of education. The results demonstrate that unilateral sclerosis induced local and remote changes in the dynamic organization of a distributed network supporting verbal WM. Crucially, pre-(peri) morbid factors (educational level) were reflected in both cognitive performance and (putative) compensatory changes in physiological coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Campo
- Faculty of Psychology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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