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Dell’Osso L, Nardi B, Massoni L, Battaglini S, De Felice C, Bonelli C, Pini S, Cremone IM, Carpita B. Video Gaming in Older People: What Are the Implications for Cognitive Functions? Brain Sci 2024; 14:731. [PMID: 39061471 PMCID: PMC11274634 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment impacts a sizable segment of the older population, and often evolves into dementia within a few years. At this stage, subjects may benefit from non-pharmacological therapies that can delay or stop the progression of the mild cognitive impairment into dementia and are crucial for improvement in the subject's quality of life, while also being easily accessible and safe for use. Many research studies have shown that a variety of exercises, including cognitive training, have the potential to enhance or optimize cognitive function and general well-being. Recently, many authors have suggested video games as a promising approach for cognitive training and neurorehabilitation in older people, thanks to their increasing motivation and training effects through immersion in stimulating environments. Under this premise, our narrative review's objective is to discuss and summarize the body of existing material on the role of video games in improving cognitive performance, daily life activities, and depression symptoms in older individuals with different levels of cognitive decline. From the papers reviewed, it emerged that older subjects trained with video games showed a significant improvement in cognitive functions, sleep quality, and psychiatric symptoms, positioning video games as an intriguing and useful tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedetta Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.D.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (C.D.F.); (C.B.); (S.P.); (B.C.)
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2
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Ishibashi GA, Santos GD, Moreira APB, Verga CER, Silva GAD, Ordonez TN, Moraes LCD, Lessa PP, Brucki SMD, Silva TBLD. Effects of cognitive interventions with video games on cognition in healthy elderly people: a systematic review. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2023; 81:484-491. [PMID: 37257469 PMCID: PMC10232025 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, studies using video games as an intervention to improve cognitive functions in the elderly are on the rise. OBJECTIVE To investigate and evaluate the effects of cognitive interventions using video games on cognition in healthy elderly people published in the last ten years. METHODS A systematic review involving a qualitative analysis carried out between July and September 2021on the SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE databases.. RESULTS A total of 262 articles were identified in the initial search. After exclusion of duplicates, analysis of titles/abstracts and of the full text, a final total of 9 studies were included in the review. The objectives of the studies included investigating the effects on cognition of cognitive training (CT) programs using video games compared to programs using entertainment games or to low-intensity CT games. Despite the growing number of studies, many of them were focused on cognitive rehabilitation in elderly people with some degree of cognitive impairment, and few involved training among healthy elderly people. CONCLUSION According to the studies analyzed, the interventions involving CT with video games promoted significant improvements in processing speed and working memory, but no improvements in executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Akina Ishibashi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Departamento de Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Instituto Supera de Educação, São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Departamento de Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bagli Moreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Cássia Elisa Rossetto Verga
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Departamento de Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Alves da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Departamento de Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Nascimento Ordonez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Departamento de Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Moraes
- Instituto Supera de Educação, São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Prata Lessa
- Instituto Supera de Educação, São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Grupo de Neurologia Cognitiva e Comportamental, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Bento Lima da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Departamento de Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Grupo de Estudos de Treinamento Cognitivo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Grupo de Neurologia Cognitiva e Comportamental, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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3
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Peeters G, Black IL, Gomersall SR, Fritschi J, Sweeney A, Guedes de Oliveira Y, Panizzutti R, McEvoy CT, Lampit A. Behaviour Change Techniques in Computerized Cognitive Training for Cognitively Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2023; 33:238-254. [PMID: 35157209 PMCID: PMC9998598 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to describe behaviour change techniques (BCT) used in trials evaluating computerised cognitive training (CCT) in cognitively healthy older adults, and explore whether BCTs are associated with improved adherence and efficacy. The 90 papers included in a recent meta-analysis were reviewed for information about adherence and use of BCTs in accordance with the Behaviour Change Taxonomy. Studies using a specific BCT were compared with studies not using that BCT on efficacy (difference in Hedges' g [Δg]) using three level meta-regression models and on median adherence using the Wilcoxon test. The median number of BCTs per study was 3 (interquartile range [IQR] = 2-5). 'Feedback on behaviour' (if provided by a person; Δg = -0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.31;-0.07) and 'non-specific reward' (Δg = -0.19, CI = -0.34;-0.05) were associated with lower efficacy. Certain BCTs that involve personal contact may be beneficial, although none were statistically significantly associated with greater efficacy. The median percentage of adherence was 90% (IQR = 81-95). Adherence was higher in studies using the BCT 'self-monitoring of behaviour' and lower in studies using the BCT 'graded tasks' than studies not using these BCTs (p < 0.001). These findings provide first evidence that BCTs can influence both adherence to and efficacy of CCT programs in cognitively healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeske Peeters
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Institute of Health Science, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Irene L Black
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, CHI Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sjaan R Gomersall
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Aoife Sweeney
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Rogerio Panizzutti
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claire T McEvoy
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Amit Lampit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Bonnechère B, Klass M. Cognitive Computerized Training for Older Adults and Patients with Neurological Disorders: Do the Amount and Training Modality Count? An Umbrella Meta-Regression Analysis. Games Health J 2023; 12:100-117. [PMID: 36920851 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2022.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous applications have been created to train cognition and challenge the brain, a process known as computerized cognitive training (CCT). Despite potential positive results, important questions remain unresolved: the appropriate training duration, the efficacy of CCT depending on its type (commercial or developed in-house for the rehabilitation of specific patients) and delivery mode (at-home or on-site), and the patients most likely to benefit such intervention. This study aims to perform an umbrella meta-analysis and meta-regression to determine if the type of CCT, the delivery mode, the amount of training, and participants' age at inclusion influence the improvement of the cognitive function. To do so, we performed a umbrella meta-analysis. One hundred studies were included in this analysis representing 6407 participants. Statistical improvements were found for the different conditions after the training. We do not find statistical difference between the type of intervention or the delivery mode. No dose-response relationship between the total amount of training and the improvement of cognitive functions was found. CCT is effective in improving cognitive function in patients suffering from neurological conditions and in healthy aging. There is therefore an urgent need for health care systems to recognize its therapeutic potential and to evaluate at a larger scale their integration into the clinical pipeline as preventive and rehabilitation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonnechère
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Technology-Supported and Data-Driven Rehabilitation, Data Sciences Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata Klass
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Lima-Silva TB, Ordonez TN, Santos GD, Moreira APB, Verga CER, Ishibashi GA, Silva GAD, Prata PL, Moraes LCD, Brucki SMD. Effects of working memory training on cognition in healthy older adults: A systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2021-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT. The working memory (WM) training in older adults can benefit their cognition. However, there is a dearth of literature reviews on the subject. Objective: This study aimed to investigate and evaluate the effects of WM training on the cognition of healthy older adults, in individual and group interventions reported in the literature. Methods: This is a systematic review involving a qualitative analysis of publications on the SciELO, LILACS, and MEDLINE databases carried out between March and June 2021. Results: A total of 47 studies were identified and analyzed, comprising 40 in older adults only and 7 comparing older and younger adults, investigating individual or group WM training or other types of intervention focused on WM effects. Conclusions: Both individual and group intervention contributed to the maintenance and/or improvement of cognition in older adults exploiting brain plasticity to promote mental health and prevent cognitive problems that can negatively impact quality of life of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Bento Lima-Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Bowman CR, Ashby SR, Zeithamova D. Age effects on category learning, categorical perception, and generalization. Memory 2022; 30:230-247. [PMID: 34762020 PMCID: PMC9091050 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.2003818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Age deficits in memory for individual episodes are well established. Less is known about how age affects another key memory function: the ability to form new conceptual knowledge. Here we studied age differences in concept formation in a category-learning paradigm with face-blend stimuli, using several metrics: direct learning of category members presented during training, generalisation of category labels to new examples, and shifts in perceived similarity between category members that often follow category learning. We found that older adults were impaired in direct learning of training examples, but that there was no significant age deficit in generalisation once we accounted for the deficit in direct learning. We also found that category learning affected the perceived similarity between members of the same versus opposing categories, and age did not significantly moderate this effect. Lastly, we compared traditional category learning to categorisation after a learning task in which a category label (shared last name) was presented alongside stimulus-specific information (unique first names that individuated category members). We found that simultaneously learning stimulus-specific and category information resulted in decreased category learning, and that this decrement was apparent in both age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R. Bowman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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7
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Yang C, Han X, Jin M, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhang Y, Jin E, Piao C. The Effect of Video Game-Based Interventions on Performance and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Bayesian Network Meta-analysis. JMIR Serious Games 2021; 9:e27058. [PMID: 34967759 PMCID: PMC8759017 DOI: 10.2196/27058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The decline in performance of older people includes balance function, physical function, and fear of falling and depression. General cognitive function decline is described in terms of processing speed, working memory, attention, and executive functioning, and video game interventions may be effective. Objective This study evaluates the effect of video game interventions on performance and cognitive function in older participants in terms of 6 indicators: balance function, executive function, general cognitive function, physical function, processing speed, and fear of falling and depression. Methods Electronic databases were searched for studies from inception to June 30, 2020. Randomized controlled trials and case-controlled trials comparing video game interventions versus nonvideo game control in terms of performance and cognitive function outcomes were incorporated into a Bayesian network meta-analysis. All data were continuous variables. Results In total, 47 studies (3244 participants) were included. In pairwise meta-analysis, compared with nonvideo game control, video game interventions improved processing speed, general cognitive function, and depression scores. In the Bayesian network meta-analysis, interventions with video games improved balance function time (standardized mean difference [SMD] –3.34, 95% credible interval [CrI] –5.54 to –2.56), the cognitive function score (SMD 1.23, 95% CrI 0.82-1.86), processing speed time (SMD –0.29, 95% CrI –0.49 to –0.08), and processing speed number (SMD 0.72, 95% CrI 0.36-1.09), similar to the pairwise meta-analysis. Interventions with video games with strong visual senses and good interactivity ranked first, and these might be more beneficial for the elderly. Conclusions Our comprehensive Bayesian network meta-analysis provides evidence that video game interventions could be considered for the elderly for improving performance and cognitive function, especially general cognitive scores and processing speed. Games with better interactivity and visual stimulation have better curative effects. Based on the available evidence, we recommend video game interventions for the elderly. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42020197158; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=197158
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Ethnic Culture and Vocational Education, Liaoning National Normal College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolei Han
- Department of Ethnic Culture and Vocational Education, Liaoning National Normal College, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingxue Jin
- Department of Ethnic Culture and Vocational Education, Liaoning National Normal College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Department of Ethnic Culture and Vocational Education, Liaoning National Normal College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiren Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Yingshi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Enshi Jin
- Department of Ethnic Culture and Vocational Education, Liaoning National Normal College, Shenyang, China.,Information Construction Department, Liaoning National Normal College, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengzhe Piao
- Department of Ethnic Culture and Vocational Education, Liaoning National Normal College, Shenyang, China.,Information Construction Department, Liaoning National Normal College, Shenyang, China
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8
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Pallavicini F, Pepe A, Mantovani F. Commercial Off-The-Shelf Video Games for Reducing Stress and Anxiety: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e28150. [PMID: 34398795 PMCID: PMC8406113 DOI: 10.2196/28150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using commercial off-the-shelf video games rather than custom-made computer games could have several advantages for reducing stress and anxiety, including their low cost, advanced graphics, and the possibility to reach millions of individuals worldwide. However, it is important to emphasize that not all commercial video games are equal, and their effects strongly depend on specific characteristics of the games. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to describe the literature on the use of commercial off-the-shelf video games for diminishing stress and anxiety, examining the research outcomes along with critical variables related to computer game characteristics (ie, genre, platform, time of play). METHODS A systematic search of the literature was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. The search databases were PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, IEEExplore, and the Cochrane Library. The search string was: [("video game*") OR ("computer game*")] AND [("stress") OR ("anxiety") OR ("relaxation")] AND [("study") OR ("trial") OR ("training")]. RESULTS A total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria for the publication period 2006-2021. The findings demonstrate the benefit of commercial off-the-shelf video games for reducing stress in children, adults, and older adults. The majority of the retrieved studies recruited young adults, and fewer studies have involved children, middle-aged adults, and older adults. In addition to exergames and casual video games, other genres of commercial off-the-shelf games helped to reduce stress and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Efficacy in reducing stress and anxiety has been demonstrated not only for exergames and casual video games but also for other genres such as action games, action-adventure games, and augmented reality games. Various gaming platforms, including consoles, PCs, smartphones, mobile consoles, and virtual reality systems, have been used with positive results. Finally, even single and short sessions of play had benefits in reducing stress and anxiety. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols INPLASY202130081; https://inplasy.com/?s=INPLASY202130081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pallavicini
- Department of Human Sciences for Education "Riccardo Massa", University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pepe
- Department of Human Sciences for Education "Riccardo Massa", University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Mantovani
- Department of Human Sciences for Education "Riccardo Massa", University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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9
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Spontaneous Eye Blinks Predict Executive Functioning in Seniors. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-021-00217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAs the world’s population is aging rapidly, cognitive training is an extensively used approach to attempt improvement of age-related cognitive functioning. With increasing numbers of older adults required to remain in the workforce, it is important to be able to reliably predict future functional decline, as well as the individual advantages of cognitive training. Given the correlation between age-related decline and striatal dopaminergic function, we investigated whether eye blink rate (EBR), a non-invasive, indirect indicator of dopaminergic activity, could predict executive functioning (response inhibition, switching and working memory updating) as well as trainability of executive functioning in older adults. EBR was collected before and after a cognitive flexibility training, cognitive training without flexibility, or a mock training. EBR predicted working memory updating performance on two measures of updating, as well as trainability of working memory updating, whereas performance and trainability in inhibition and switching tasks could not be predicted by EBR. Our findings tentatively indicate that EBR permits prediction of working memory performance in older adults. To fully interpret the relationship with executive functioning, we suggest future research should assess both EBR and dopamine receptor availability among seniors.
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10
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Ryoo H, Bae S, Kim SM, Min KJ, Han DH. Association Between Adolescent Internet Gaming and Adult Problematic Web-Based Board Gaming. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:591716. [PMID: 33935821 PMCID: PMC8079622 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.591716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The results of studies comparing the characteristics of Internet gaming with those of Internet gambling have been controversial. We hypothesized that problematic web-based board gaming behaviors are associated with psychological and social interaction factors. We also hypothesized that non-problematic adolescent Internet gaming is a protective factor against problematic web-based board gaming and that problematic Internet gaming is a predictive factor for problematic web-based board gaming. Methods: We recruited 104 adults who reported engaging in web-based gaming. All participants were asked to complete the Problematic Web Board Gameplay Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (K-AADHD), Family Environmental Scale (FES), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), and questionnaires on their web-based board gaming patterns and Internet gaming history. Results: Problematic web-based board gamers showed a lower history of adolescent Internet gaming but a greater rate of problematic Internet gaming compared with healthy web-based board gamers. Moreover, problematic web-based board gamers showed an increase in CES-D, STAI, K-AADHD, and SADS scores but decreased FES scores compared with healthy web-based board gamers. Joblessness; less experience as an Internet gamer; a history of problematic Internet gaming; higher CES-D, STAI, and K-AADHD scores; and lower FES scores were significant predictors of problematic web-based board gaming. Discussion: Psychological, social, and environmental factors can positively influence problematic Web-based board gaming. Healthy Internet gaming during adolescence may play a preventive role in adult problematic web-based board gaming. However, because adolescent problematic Internet gaming tends to lead to problematic web-based board gaming, measures should be taken to prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanil Ryoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujin Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Joon Min
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Fong MCM, Hui NY, Fung ESW, Ma MKH, Law TST, Wang X, Wang WS. Which cognitive functions subserve clustering and switching in category fluency? Generalisations from an extended set of semantic categories using linear mixed-effects modelling. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:2132-2147. [PMID: 32972306 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820957135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clustering and switching are hypothesised to reflect the automatic and controlled components in category fluency, respectively, but how they are associated with cognitive functions has not been fully elucidated, due to several uncertainties. (1) The conventional scoring method that segregates responses by semantic categories could not optimally dissociate the automatic and controlled components. (2) The temporal structure of individual responses, as characterised by mean retrieval time (MRT) and mean switching time (MST), has seldom been analysed alongside the more well-studied variables, cluster size (CS) and number of switches (NS). (3) Most studies examined only one to a few semantic categories, raising concerns of generalisability. This study built upon a distance-based automatic clustering procedure, referred to as temporal-semantic distance procedure, to thoroughly characterise the category fluency performance. Linear mixed-effects (LME) modelling was applied to re-examine the differential associations of clustering and switching with cognitive functions with a sample of 80 university students. Our results revealed that although lexical retrieval speed (LRS) is clearly the determining factor for effective clustering and switching, matrix reasoning and processing speed also have significant roles to play, possibly in the processes of identifying and validating the semantic relationships. Interestingly, total fluency score was accurately predicted by the four clustering/switching indices alone; including the cognitive variables did not significantly improve the prediction. These findings underline the importance of the clustering and switching indices in explaining the category fluency performance and the cognitive demands in category fluency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manson Cheuk-Man Fong
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Nga Yan Hui
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Edith Sze-Wan Fung
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew King-Hang Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tammy Sheung-Ting Law
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - William Shiyuan Wang
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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12
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Wang G, Zhao M, Yang F, Cheng LJ, Lau Y. Game-based brain training for improving cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-regression. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 92:104260. [PMID: 32980574 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that increasing aging is associated with a natural decline in cognitive function, identifying effective interventions that can help to prevent cognitive decline in older adults is a research priority. OBJECTIVE To synthesize the best evidence to assess the effectiveness of game-based brain training in improving cognitive function and to evaluate the preferred design features of the intervention. METHODS Twelve databases, trial registries, and gray literature resources were systematically searched for in randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis and random-effects meta-regression were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software 3.0. Overall effect was measured using Hedges's g and determined using Z-statistics. Cochran's Q test and I2 were used to investigate heterogeneity. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system was used to assess overall quality of evidence. RESULTS Fifteen trials among 759 older adults were conducted. Meta-analysis revealed that game-based brain training significantly improved processing speed (g = 0.23), selective attention (g = 0.40), and short-term memory (g = 0.35) versus a control group. Our subgroup analyses emphasized that non-time pressure games, multiplayer, computer platform, provider support, sessions ≤ 3 times per week for ≤ 60 min. each comprised a preferable design. Meta-regression identified game design (β = 0.211, p = 0.008) that had statistically significant effects on processing speed. Egger's regression asymmetry test (p = 0.293) suggested no publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Game-based brain training can be considered a supplementary intervention for improving cognitive functions in community-dwelling older adults. Future trials should use well-designed trials with large sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Menglu Zhao
- Bachelor of Science, School of Nursing, Qingdao University, China.
| | - Fuguo Yang
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, China.
| | - Ling Jie Cheng
- Nursing Research Unit, Department of Nursing, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Yishun Health Campus, National Healthcare Group, Singapore.
| | - Ying Lau
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Sanjuán M, Navarro E, Calero MD. Effectiveness of Cognitive Interventions in Older Adults: A Review. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:876-898. [PMID: 34542517 PMCID: PMC8314287 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: With older adults, cognitive intervention programs are most often used for preventing or reversing a decline in cognitive functions, but it has been recently noted that there are insufficient high-quality research studies that report the effects of cognitive intervention on the cognitive functioning of older adults. (2) Objective: To analyze the available evidence concerning the effect of cognitive interventions for improving or maintaining the general cognitive status of older adults who present different cognitive levels. (3) Method: a review of studies published between 2010 and 2019 using the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Google Scholar, ProQuest and Medline. (4) Results: We selected 13 systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses. The results showed that the cognitive intervention programs improved general cognitive functioning and specific cognitive functions regardless of the initial cognitive level; that cognitive decline was slowed in older persons with dementia; and there was improvement in activities of daily living. Regarding duration of the results, benefits were maintained for periods of 2 months to 5 years. (5) Conclusion: Cognitive interventions have proven effective for maintaining and/or improving cognitive functioning in older adults regardless of their initial cognitive status. Even so, there are few studies that follow up these results to see whether they are maintained in the long term and whether there is transfer to other skills of daily life. However, we were able to observe in the present review how the participants' cognitive level varied according to sociodemographic differences, and to identify which components of cognitive programs make them more effective. Based on the results found, we highlight the importance of designing cognitive intervention programs that meet these effectiveness criteria, in order to maximize the positive effects of such programs when working with a population of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sanjuán
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Elena Navarro
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Research Center on Mind, Brain and Behavior (CIMCYC), Campus de Cartuja s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - M. Dolores Calero
- Research Center on Mind, Brain and Behavior (CIMCYC), Campus de Cartuja s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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Yhnell E, Furby H, Lowe RS, Brookes-Howell LC, Drew CJG, Playle R, Watson G, Metzler-Baddeley C, Rosser AE, Busse ME. A randomised feasibility study of computerised cognitive training as a therapeutic intervention for people with Huntington's disease (CogTrainHD). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2020; 6:88. [PMID: 32577299 PMCID: PMC7304172 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is associated with a range of cognitive deficits including problems with executive function. In the absence of a disease modifying treatment, cognitive training has been proposed as a means of slowing cognitive decline; however, the impact of cognitive training in HD patient populations remains unclear. The CogTrainHD study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of home-based computerised executive function training, for people impacted by HD. METHODS Thirty HD gene carriers were recruited and randomised to either executive function training or non-intervention control groups. Participants allocated to the intervention group were asked to complete executive function training three times a week for 30 min for 12 weeks in their own homes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants and friends, family or carers, to determine their views on the study. RESULTS 26 out of 30 participants completed the baseline assessments and were subsequently randomised: 13 to the control group and 13 to the intervention group. 23 of the 30 participants were retained until study completion: 10/13 in the intervention group and 13/13 in the control group. 4/10 participants fully adhered to the executive function training. All participants in the control group 13/13 completed the study as intended. Interview data suggested several key facilitators including participant determination, motivation, incorporation of the intervention into routine and support from friends and family members. Practical limitations, including lack of time, difficulty and frustration in completing the intervention, were identified as barriers to study completion. CONCLUSIONS The CogTrainHD feasibility study provides important evidence regarding the feasibility and acceptability of a home-based cognitive training intervention for people with HD. Variable adherence to the cognitive training implies that the intervention is not feasible to all participants in its current form. The study has highlighted important aspects in relation to both the study and intervention design that require consideration, and these include the design of games in the executive function training software, logistical considerations such as lack of time, the limited time participants had to complete the intervention and the number of study visits required. Further studies are necessary before computerised executive function training can be recommended routinely for people with HD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, Registry number NCT02990676.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Yhnell
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University (NMHRI), 3rd Floor, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- Cardiff University School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX UK
| | - Hannah Furby
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Maindy Road, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Rachel S. Lowe
- Centre for Trials Research (CTR), Cardiff University, Neuadd Meironnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Lucy C. Brookes-Howell
- Centre for Trials Research (CTR), Cardiff University, Neuadd Meironnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Cheney J. G. Drew
- Centre for Trials Research (CTR), Cardiff University, Neuadd Meironnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Rebecca Playle
- Centre for Trials Research (CTR), Cardiff University, Neuadd Meironnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Gareth Watson
- Centre for Trials Research (CTR), Cardiff University, Neuadd Meironnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Claudia Metzler-Baddeley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Maindy Road, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Anne E. Rosser
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University (NMHRI), 3rd Floor, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Life Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX UK
| | - Monica E. Busse
- Centre for Trials Research (CTR), Cardiff University, Neuadd Meironnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
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15
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Mansor NS, Chow CM, Halaki M. Cognitive effects of video games in older adults and their moderators: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Aging Ment Health 2020; 24:841-856. [PMID: 30784296 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1574710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in preserving cognition through video games in the ageing population is evidenced by its wealth of literature. However, there has been a lack of consensus on video games efficacy and even limited understanding on the factors moderating its effectiveness. The present review sought to evaluate video game effects, relative to no-game control condition, on cognitive functions in older adults. The functions included processing speed, attention, delayed memory, reasoning, and executive functions (inhibition, shifting and updating memory). Personal and methodological moderators were explored to explain the variability in cognitive effects using meta-regression. Through a systematic literature search of online databases, 27 intervention studies were eligible, with a total of 1126 participants, for analysis. Using random-effect models, small but significant training effects were found on updating memory but none were detected in other cognitive functions. The heterogeneity across studies was in general high for all cognitive functions and was partially accounted for, in all cognitive functions except for inhibition and updating, by different moderators such as the proportion of females, outcome measure parameters, training intensity, and game type. The findings highlight limited effects of video games on cognitive functions that were largely influenced by factors related to study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Shuhada Mansor
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Institut Perubatan dan Pergigian Termaju, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Chin Moi Chow
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Halaki
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Basak C, Qin S, O'Connell MA. Differential effects of cognitive training modules in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment: A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Aging 2020; 35:220-249. [PMID: 32011155 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was designed to compare the effectiveness of 2 cognitive training modules, single-component training, which targets 1 specific cognitive ability, versus multicomponent training, which trains multiple cognitive abilities, on both trained abilities (near transfer) and untrained abilities (far transfer) in older adults. The meta-analysis also assessed whether individual differences in mental status interacted with the extent of transfer. Eligible randomized controlled trials (215 training studies) examined the immediate effects of cognitive training in either healthy aging (HA) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Results yielded an overall net-gain effect size (g) for the cognitive training of 0.28 (p < .001). These effects were similar across mental status and training modules, and were significant for both near (g = 0.37) and far (g = 0.22) transfer. Although all training modules yielded significant near transfer, only a few yielded significant far transfer. Single-component training of executive functions was most effective on near and far transfer, with processing speed training improving everyday functioning. All modules of multicomponent training (specific and nonspecific) yielded significant near and far transfer, including everyday functioning. Training effects on cognition were moderated by educational attainment and number of cognitive outcomes, but only in HA. These findings suggest that, in older adults, all modules of multicomponent training are more effective in engendering near and far transfer, including everyday functioning, when compared with single-component training modules. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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17
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Coco-Martin MB, Valenzuela PL, Maldonado-López MJ, Santos-Lozano A, Molina-Martín A, Piñero DP. Potential of video games for the promotion of neuroadaptation to multifocal intraocular lenses: a narrative review. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1782-1787. [PMID: 31741869 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.11.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) are currently usually implanted for the treatment of cataracts because they have been proved to be superior to monofocal IOLs with respect to spectacle independence. In turn, they are associated with a higher prevalence of dysphotopsia symptoms that is one of the most common causes of patient dissatisfaction. Neuroadaptation seems to play a major role in the optimal adaptation to multifocal IOLs. In this context, the development of strategies that facilitate the neuroadaptation process to multifocality might be an effective strategy to reduce patients' dissatisfaction. Video games have been proved to be effective for the improvement of visual acuity and for the promotion of neuroplasticity in elderly subjects and other populations with cortical-related visual impairment. This narrative review highlights the physiological potential of video games as a perceptual strategy to improve visual acuity and promote neuroplasticity in patients using multifocal IOLs, although research is still needed to confirm these benefits in this specific population, with only one comparative study to this date providing evidence of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Begoña Coco-Martin
- Research Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid. ICSCYL, Valladolid 47003, Spain.,Grupo de Cirugía Refractiva y Rehabilitación Visual. Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid 28801, Spain
| | - Miguel J Maldonado-López
- Grupo de Cirugía Refractiva y Rehabilitación Visual. Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Grupo de Investigación i+Health, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid 47012, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Molina-Martín
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology (IMQO-Oftalmar), Vithas Medimar International Hospital, Alicante 03016, Spain
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18
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Simmonite M, Polk TA. Independent Components of Neural Activation Associated with 100 Days of Cognitive Training. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:808-820. [PMID: 30883287 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Some cognitive training studies have reported working memory benefits that generalize beyond the trained tasks, whereas others have only found task-specific training effects. What brain networks are associated with general training effects, rather than task-specific effects? We investigated this question in the context of working memory training using the COGITO data set, a longitudinal project including behavioral assessments before and after 100 days of cognitive training in 101 younger (20-31 years) and 103 older (65-80 years) adults. Pre- and postassessments included verbal, numerical, and spatial measures of working memory. It was therefore possible to assess training effects on working memory at a general latent ability level. Previous analyses of these data found training-related improvements on this latent working memory factor in both young and old participants. fMRI data were collected from a subsample of participants (24 young and 15 old) during pre- and post-training sessions. We used independent component analysis to identify networks involved in a perceptual decision-making task performed in the scanner. We identified five task-positive components that were task-related: two frontal networks, a ventral visual network, a motor network, and a cerebellar network. Pre-training activity of the motor network predicted latent working memory performance before training. Additionally, activity in the motor network predicted training-related changes in working memory ability. These findings suggest activity in the motor network plays a role in task-independent working memory improvements and have implications for our understanding of working memory training and for the design and implementation of future training interventions.
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19
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The effect of adaptive difficulty adjustment on the effectiveness of a game to develop executive function skills for learners of different ages. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Pallavicini F, Ferrari A, Mantovani F. Video Games for Well-Being: A Systematic Review on the Application of Computer Games for Cognitive and Emotional Training in the Adult Population. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2127. [PMID: 30464753 PMCID: PMC6234876 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although several excellent reviews and meta-analyses have investigated the effect of video game trainings as tools to enhance well-being, most of them specifically focused on the effects of digital games on brain plasticity or cognitive decline in children and seniors. On the contrary, only one meta-analysis results to be focused on the adult population, and it is restricted to examining the effects of training with a particular genre of games (action video games) on cognitive skills of healthy adults. Objectives: This systematic review was aimed to identify research evidences about the impact on cognitive [i.e., processing and reaction times (RTs), memory, task-switching/multitasking, and mental spatial rotation] and emotional skills of video games training in the healthy adult population. Methods: A multi-component analysis of variables related to the study, the video games, and the outcomes of the training was made on the basis of important previous works. Databases used in the search were PsycINFO, Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), PubMed, and Scopus. The search string was: [(“Video Games” OR “Computer Games” OR “Interactive Gaming”)] AND [(“Cognition”) OR (“Cognitive”) OR (“Emotion”) OR (“Emotion Regulation”)] AND [“Training”]. Results: Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and were further classified into the different analysis' variables. The majority of the retrieved studies used commercial video games, and action games in particular, which resulted to be the most commonly used, closely followed by puzzle games. Effect sizes for training with video games on cognitive skills in general ranged from 0.06 to 3.43: from 0.141 to 3.43 for processing and RTs, 0.06 to 1.82 for memory, 0.54 to 1.91 for task switching/multitasking, and 0.3 to 3.2 for mental spatial rotation; regarding video games for the training of emotional skills, effect sizes ranged from 0.201 to 3.01. Conclusion: Overall, findings give evidences of benefits of video games training on cognitive and emotional skills in relation to the healthy adult population, especially on young adults. Efficacy has been demonstrated not only for non-commercial video games or commercial brain-training programs, but for commercial video games as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pallavicini
- Riccardo Massa Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Ferrari
- Riccardo Massa Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Mantovani
- Riccardo Massa Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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21
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Amjad I, Toor H, Niazi IK, Pervaiz S, Jochumsen M, Shafique M, Haavik H, Ahmed T. Xbox 360 Kinect Cognitive Games Improve Slowness, Complexity of EEG, and Cognitive Functions in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Control Trial. Games Health J 2018; 8:144-152. [PMID: 30239213 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2018.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity and cognitive training are effective to enhance cognition in older patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games are a combination of physical activity and cognitive training. The objective of this study was to determine the short- and long-term effects of Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games on slowness and complexity of electroencephalography (EEG) and cognitive functions in older subjects with MCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS A clinical trial was conducted on 44 MCI subjects. Both males and females were randomized into experimental group (participated in Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games) and control group (range of motion exercises only and no Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games). Subjects were assessed before and after one session of game intervention for short-term effects and after 6 weeks for long-term effects. The outcome measures were the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA), trail making test (TMT) A and B, and slowness and complexity of EEG. RESULTS After one session of game intervention, delta (0.704 ± 0.025; P = 0.013), theta (0.128 ± 0.009; P = 0.00127) waves, and complexity of EEG (0.642 ± 0.042; P = 0.008) significantly improved, in eyes closed state. Whereas after 6 weeks intervention of games, delta (0.673 ± 0.029; P = 0.013), theta (0.129 ± 0.013; P = 0.002), beta2 waves (0.044 ± 0.009; P = 0.046), complexity of EEG (0.051 ± 0.042; P = 0.016), MMSE (26.25 ± 0.347 vs. 23.722 ± 0.731; P = 0.003), MoCA (25.65 ± 0.310 vs. 22.00 ± 0.504; P = 0.0001), TMT-A (1.429 ± 0.234 vs. 2.225 ± 0.259; P = 0.028), and TMT-B (2.393 ± 0.201 vs. 3.780 ± 0.195; P = 0.0001) improved significantly. These changes were not observed in the control group. CONCLUSION Xbox 360 Kinect games showed beneficial effects after short- and long-term intervention on MCI subjects. These games can serve as potential therapeutic candidates for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Amjad
- 1 Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur- Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.,2 Department of Physical Therapy, Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Toor
- 3 Biomedical Engineering Department, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan Niazi
- 4 Center of Chiropractic Research New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland, New Zealand.,5 SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,6 Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sanna Pervaiz
- 2 Department of Physical Therapy, Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mads Jochumsen
- 5 SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Muhammad Shafique
- 3 Biomedical Engineering Department, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Heidi Haavik
- 4 Center of Chiropractic Research New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- 1 Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur- Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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22
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Anderson-Hanley C, Barcelos NM, Zimmerman EA, Gillen RW, Dunnam M, Cohen BD, Yerokhin V, Miller KE, Hayes DJ, Arciero PJ, Maloney M, Kramer AF. The Aerobic and Cognitive Exercise Study (ACES) for Community-Dwelling Older Adults With or At-Risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): Neuropsychological, Neurobiological and Neuroimaging Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:76. [PMID: 29780318 PMCID: PMC5945889 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has found that cognitive benefits of physical exercise and brain health in older adults may be enhanced when mental exercise is interactive simultaneously, as in exergaming. It is unclear whether the cognitive benefit can be maximized by increasing the degree of mental challenge during exercise. This randomized clinical trial (RCT), the Aerobic and Cognitive Exercise Study (ACES) sought to replicate and extend prior findings of added cognitive benefit from exergaming to those with or at risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). ACES compares the effects of 6 months of an exer-tour (virtual reality bike rides) with the effects of a more effortful exer-score (pedaling through a videogame to score points). Fourteen community-dwelling older adults meeting screening criteria for MCI (sMCI) were adherent to their assigned exercise for 6 months. The primary outcome was executive function, while secondary outcomes included memory and everyday cognitive function. Exer-tour and exer-score yielded significant moderate effects on executive function (Stroop A/C; d's = 0.51 and 0.47); there was no significant interaction effect. However, after 3 months the exer-tour revealed a significant and moderate effect, while exer-score showed little impact, as did a game-only condition. Both exer-tour and exer-score conditions also resulted in significant improvements in verbal memory. Effects appear to generalize to self-reported everyday cognitive function. Pilot data, including salivary biomarkers and structural MRI, were gathered at baseline and 6 months; exercise dose was associated with increased BDNF as well as increased gray matter volume in the PFC and ACC. Improvement in memory was associated with an increase in the DLPFC. Improved executive function was associated with increased expression of exosomal miRNA-9. Interactive physical and cognitive exercise (both high and low mental challenge) yielded similarly significant cognitive benefit for adherent sMCI exercisers over 6 months. A larger RCT is needed to confirm these findings. Further innovation and clinical trial data are needed to develop accessible, yet engaging and effective interventions to combat cognitive decline for the growing MCI population. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02237560
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Affiliation(s)
- Cay Anderson-Hanley
- The Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Nicole M Barcelos
- The Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Earl A Zimmerman
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Robert W Gillen
- Sunnyview Rehabilitation Hospital, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Mina Dunnam
- Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Brian D Cohen
- Department of Biology, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Vadim Yerokhin
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Kenneth E Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - David J Hayes
- The Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Department of Health & Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Molly Maloney
- The Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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Bae S, Han DH, Jung J, Nam KC, Renshaw PF. Comparison of brain connectivity between Internet gambling disorder and Internet gaming disorder: A preliminary study. J Behav Addict 2017; 6:505-515. [PMID: 29039224 PMCID: PMC6034957 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Given the similarities in clinical symptoms, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is thought to be diagnostically similar to Internet-based gambling disorder (ibGD). However, cognitive enhancement and educational use of Internet gaming suggest that the two disorders derive from different neurobiological mechanisms. The goal of this study was to compare subjects with ibGD to those with IGD. Methods Fifteen patients with IGD, 14 patients with ibGD, and 15 healthy control subjects were included in this study. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data for all participants were acquired using a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner (Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Seed-based analyses, the three brain networks of default mode, cognitive control, and reward circuitry, were performed. Results Both IGD and ibGD groups demonstrated decreased functional connectivity (FC) within the default-mode network (DMN) (family-wise error p < .001) compared with healthy control subjects. However, the IGD group demonstrated increased FC within the cognitive network compared with both the ibGD (p < .01) and healthy control groups (p < .01). In contrast, the ibGD group demonstrated increased FC within the reward circuitry compared with both IGD (p < .01) and healthy control subjects (p < .01). Discussion and conclusions The IGD and ibGD groups shared the characteristic of decreased FC in the DMN. However, the IGD group demonstrated increased FC within the cognitive network compared with both ibGD and healthy comparison groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Bae
- Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea,Corresponding author: Doug Hyun Han, MD, PhD; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea; Phone: +82 2 6299 3132; Fax: +82 2 6298 1508; E-mail:
| | - Jaebum Jung
- Ntelligentgames Inc., Seoul, South Korea,Wisdom Science Center, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Chun Nam
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Commercial Brain Game Training with Working-Memory Tasks. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Buitenweg JIV, van de Ven RM, Prinssen S, Murre JMJ, Ridderinkhof KR. Cognitive Flexibility Training: A Large-Scale Multimodal Adaptive Active-Control Intervention Study in Healthy Older Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:529. [PMID: 29209183 PMCID: PMC5701641 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As aging is associated with cognitive decline, particularly in the executive functions, it is essential to effectively improve cognition in older adults. Online cognitive training is currently a popular, though controversial method. Although some changes seem possible in older adults through training, far transfer, and longitudinal maintenance are rarely seen. Based on previous literature we created a unique, state-of-the-art intervention study by incorporating frequent sessions and flexible, novel, adaptive training tasks, along with an active control group. We created a program called TAPASS (Training Project Amsterdam Seniors and Stroke), a randomized controlled trial. Healthy older adults (60–80 y.o.) were assigned to a frequent- (FS) or infrequent switching (IS) experimental condition or to the active control group and performed 58 half-hour sessions over the course of 12 weeks. Effects on executive functioning, processing- and psychomotor speed, planning, verbal long term memory, verbal fluency, and reasoning were measured on four time points before, during and after the training. Additionally, we examined the explorative question which individual aspects added to training benefit. Besides improvements on the training, we found significant time effects on multiple transfer tasks in all three groups that likely reflected retest effects. No training-specific improvements were detected, and we did not find evidence of additional benefits of individual characteristics. Judging from these results, the therapeutic value of using commercially available training games to train the aging brain is modest, though any apparent effects should be ascribed more to expectancy and motivation than to the elements in our training protocol. Our results emphasize the importance of using parallel tests as outcome measures for transfer and including both active and passive control conditions. Further investigation into different training methods is advised, including stimulating social interaction and the use of more variable, novel, group-based yet individual-adjusted exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam Prinssen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J Murre
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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26
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Lu MH, Lin W, Yueh HP. Development and Evaluation of a Cognitive Training Game for Older People: A Design-based Approach. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 29089914 PMCID: PMC5651036 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the research field of cognitive aging, games have gained attention as training interventions to remediate age-related deficits. Cognitive training games on computer, video and mobile platforms have shown ample and positive support. However, the generalized effects are not agreed upon unanimously, and the game tasks are usually simple and decontextualized due to the limitations of measurements. This study adopted a qualitative approach of design-based research (DBR) to systematically review and pragmatically examine the regime, presentation and feedback design of a cognitive training game for older adults. An overview of the literature of cognitive aging and training games was conducted to form the theoretical conjectures of the design, and an iterative cycle and process were employed to develop a mobile game for older adults who are homebound or receiving care in a nursing home. Stakeholders, i.e., elderly users and institutional administrators, were invited to participate in the design process. Using two cycles of design and evaluation, a working prototype of an iPad-based app that accounted for the needs of elderly adults in terms of form, appearance and working function was developed and tested in the actual contexts of the participants' homes and an assisted living facility. The results showed that the cognitive training game developed in this study was accepted by the participants, and a high degree of satisfaction was noted. Moreover, the elements of the interface, including its size, layout and control flow, were tested and found to be suitable for use. This study contributes to the literature by providing design suggestions for such games, including the designs of the cognitive training structure, interface, interaction, instructions and feedback, based on empirical evidence collected in natural settings. This study further suggests that the effectiveness of cognitive training in mobile games be evaluated through field and physical testing on a larger scale in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsin Lu
- Department of Bio-Industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weijane Lin
- Department of Library and Information Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ping Yueh
- Department of Bio-Industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Filmer HL, Lyons M, Mattingley JB, Dux PE. Anodal tDCS applied during multitasking training leads to transferable performance gains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12988. [PMID: 29021526 PMCID: PMC5636876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive training can lead to performance improvements that are specific to the tasks trained. Recent research has suggested that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied during training of a simple response-selection paradigm can broaden performance benefits to an untrained task. Here we assessed the impact of combined tDCS and training on multitasking, stimulus-response mapping specificity, response-inhibition, and spatial attention performance in a cohort of healthy adults. Participants trained over four days with concurrent tDCS - anodal, cathodal, or sham - applied to the left prefrontal cortex. Immediately prior to, 1 day after, and 2 weeks after training, performance was assessed on the trained multitasking paradigm, an untrained multitasking paradigm, a go/no-go inhibition task, and a visual search task. Training combined with anodal tDCS, compared with training plus cathodal or sham stimulation, enhanced performance for the untrained multitasking paradigm and visual search tasks. By contrast, there were no training benefits for the go/no-go task. Our findings demonstrate that anodal tDCS combined with multitasking training can extend to untrained multitasking paradigms as well as spatial attention, but with no extension to the domain of response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Filmer
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Australia.
| | - Maxwell Lyons
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Paul E Dux
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Australia
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28
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Cognitive Interventions for Cognitively Healthy, Mildly Impaired, and Mixed Samples of Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials. Neuropsychol Rev 2017; 27:403-439. [PMID: 28726168 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive interventions may improve cognition, delay age-related cognitive declines, and improve quality of life for older adults. The current meta-analysis was conducted to update and expand previous work on the efficacy of cognitive interventions for older adults and to examine the impact of key demographic and methodological variables. EBSCOhost and Embase online databases and reference lists were searched to identify relevant randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) of cognitive interventions for cognitively healthy or mildly impaired (MCI) older adults (60+ years). Interventions trained a single cognitive domain (e.g., memory) or were multi-domain training, and outcomes were assessed immediately post-intervention using standard neuropsychological tests. In total, 279 effects from 97 studies were pooled based on a random-effects model and expressed as Hedges' g (unbiased). Overall, results indicated that cognitive interventions produce a small, but significant, improvement in the cognitive functioning of older adults, relative to active and passive control groups (g = 0.298, p < .001, 95% CI = 0.248-0.347). These results were confirmed using multi-level analyses adjusting for nesting of effect sizes within studies (g = 0.362, p < .001, 95% CI = 0.275, 0.449). Age, education, and cognitive status (healthy vs. MCI) were not significant moderators. Working memory interventions proved most effective (g = 0.479), though memory, processing speed, and multi-domain interventions also significantly improved cognition. Effects were larger for directly trained outcomes but were also significant for non-trained outcomes (i.e., "transfer effects"). Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. This project was pre-registered with PROSPERO (#42016038386).
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29
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Pereira-Morales AJ, Cruz-Salinas AF, Aponte J, Pereira-Manrique F. Efficacy of a computer-based cognitive training program in older people with subjective memory complaints: a randomized study. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:1-9. [PMID: 28316267 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1308930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of computer-assisted cognitive training in healthy older adults with subjective memory complaints. METHODS Forty older adults, mean age (standard deviation) = 66.4 (5.6) with subjective memory complaints, were included in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to an integrated psychostimulation program (IPP) (N = 17), a computerized cognitive training (CCT) (N = 12) or a control group (N = 11). The training was applied for 8 weeks (90 min/d, 4 d/week for IPP, and 60 min/d, 4 d/week for CCT). Effectiveness was evaluated with a neuropsychological assessment battery, used before and after the implementation of the cognitive training. RESULTS According to the data analysis, with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), we found a statistically significant change in the majority of the cognitive variables measured before and after the experimental conditions compared with the control group. Although, according to a paired t-test, the IPP was more effective in the improvement of cognitive functioning in the participants. Additionally, a decrease in anxiety symptoms was observed after the cognitive intervention in IPP and CCT conditions. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that cognitive training of moderate intensity, supported by a web platform, could lead to significant improvements in cognitive and psychological well-being in older people with subjective memory complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Pereira-Morales
- a Institute of Neurosciences, Universidad El Bosque , Bogotá , Colombia.,c Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, School of Medicine , Universidad Antonio Nariño , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Andres F Cruz-Salinas
- b Department of Systems and Computing Engineering, MindLab Research Group , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Jairo Aponte
- b Department of Systems and Computing Engineering, MindLab Research Group , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá , Colombia
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Kühn S, Lorenz RC, Weichenberger M, Becker M, Haesner M, O'Sullivan J, Steinert A, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Brandhorst S, Bremer T, Gallinat J. Taking control! Structural and behavioural plasticity in response to game-based inhibition training in older adults. Neuroimage 2017; 156:199-206. [PMID: 28527788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While previous attempts to train self-control in humans have frequently failed, we set out to train response inhibition using computer-game elements. We trained older adults with a newly developed game-based inhibition training on a tablet for two months and compared them to an active and passive control group. Behavioural effects reflected in shorter stop signal response times that were observed only in the inhibition-training group. This was accompanied by structural growth in cortical thickness of right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) triangularis, a brain region that has been associated with response inhibition. The structural plasticity effect was positively associated with time spent on the training-task and predicted the final percentage of successful inhibition trials in the stop task. The data provide evidence for successful trainability of inhibition when game-based training is employed. The results extend our knowledge on game-based cognitive training effects in older age and may foster treatment research in psychiatric diseases related to impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany; University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Robert C Lorenz
- Charité University Medicine, St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Große Hamburger Straße 5-11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Weichenberger
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxi Becker
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marten Haesner
- Charité University Medicine, Geriatrics Research Group, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julie O'Sullivan
- Charité University Medicine, Geriatrics Research Group, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Steinert
- Charité University Medicine, Geriatrics Research Group, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Brandhorst
- University of Applied Sciences, Department of Game Design, Wilhelminenhofstraße 75, 12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Bremer
- University of Applied Sciences, Department of Game Design, Wilhelminenhofstraße 75, 12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Clare L, Wu YT, Teale JC, MacLeod C, Matthews F, Brayne C, Woods B. Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 2017. [PMID: 28323829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002259dsa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors may influence cognitive health in later life and offer potential to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The concept of cognitive reserve has been proposed as a mechanism to explain individual differences in rates of cognitive decline, but its potential role as a mediating pathway has seldom been explored using data from large epidemiological studies. We explored the mediating effect of cognitive reserve on the cross-sectional association between lifestyle factors and cognitive function in later life using data from a population-based cohort of healthy older people. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analysed data from 2,315 cognitively healthy participants aged 65 y and over in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Wales (CFAS-Wales) cohort collected in 2011-2013. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the overall associations between five lifestyle factors-cognitive and social activity, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking-and cognition, adjusting for demographic factors and chronic conditions. Mediation analysis tested for indirect effects of the lifestyle factors on cognition via cognitive reserve. After controlling for age, gender, and the presence of chronic conditions, cognitive and social activity, physical activity, healthy diet, and light-to-moderate alcohol consumption were positively associated with cognitive function, together accounting for 20% (95% CI 17%-23%) of variance in cognitive test scores. Cognitive reserve was an important mediator of this association, with indirect effects via cognitive reserve contributing 21% (95% CI 15%-27%) of the overall effect on cognition. The main limitations of the study derive from the cross-sectional nature of the data and the challenges of accurately measuring the latent construct of cognitive reserve. CONCLUSIONS Cross-sectional associations support the view that enhancing cognitive reserve may benefit cognition, and maintenance of cognitive health may be supported by a healthy and active lifestyle, in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Clare
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health (REACH), School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- PenCLAHRC, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Centre for Research Excellence in Promoting Cognitive Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yu-Tzu Wu
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health (REACH), School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- PenCLAHRC, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Julia C Teale
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health (REACH), School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- PenCLAHRC, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine MacLeod
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Matthews
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Woods
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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32
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Clare L, Wu YT, Teale JC, MacLeod C, Matthews F, Brayne C, Woods B. Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002259. [PMID: 28323829 PMCID: PMC5360216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors may influence cognitive health in later life and offer potential to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The concept of cognitive reserve has been proposed as a mechanism to explain individual differences in rates of cognitive decline, but its potential role as a mediating pathway has seldom been explored using data from large epidemiological studies. We explored the mediating effect of cognitive reserve on the cross-sectional association between lifestyle factors and cognitive function in later life using data from a population-based cohort of healthy older people. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analysed data from 2,315 cognitively healthy participants aged 65 y and over in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Wales (CFAS-Wales) cohort collected in 2011-2013. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the overall associations between five lifestyle factors-cognitive and social activity, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking-and cognition, adjusting for demographic factors and chronic conditions. Mediation analysis tested for indirect effects of the lifestyle factors on cognition via cognitive reserve. After controlling for age, gender, and the presence of chronic conditions, cognitive and social activity, physical activity, healthy diet, and light-to-moderate alcohol consumption were positively associated with cognitive function, together accounting for 20% (95% CI 17%-23%) of variance in cognitive test scores. Cognitive reserve was an important mediator of this association, with indirect effects via cognitive reserve contributing 21% (95% CI 15%-27%) of the overall effect on cognition. The main limitations of the study derive from the cross-sectional nature of the data and the challenges of accurately measuring the latent construct of cognitive reserve. CONCLUSIONS Cross-sectional associations support the view that enhancing cognitive reserve may benefit cognition, and maintenance of cognitive health may be supported by a healthy and active lifestyle, in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Clare
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health (REACH), School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- PenCLAHRC, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Centre for Research Excellence in Promoting Cognitive Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu-Tzu Wu
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health (REACH), School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- PenCLAHRC, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Julia C. Teale
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health (REACH), School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- PenCLAHRC, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine MacLeod
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Matthews
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Woods
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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Bureš V, Čech P, Mikulecká J, Ponce D, Kuca K. The effect of cognitive training on the subjective perception of well-being in older adults. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2785. [PMID: 28028465 PMCID: PMC5180580 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing number of studies indicating the major consequences of the subjective perception of well-being on mental health and healthcare use. However, most of the cognitive training research focuses more on the preservation of cognitive function than on the implications of the state of well-being. This secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial investigated the effects of individualised television-based cognitive training on self-rated well-being using the WHO-5 index while considering gender and education as influencing factors. The effects of cognitive training were compared with leisure activities that the elderly could be engaged in to pass time. Methods Cognitively healthy participants aged 60 years or above screened using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Major Depression Inventory (MDI) were randomly allocated to a cognitive training group or to an active control group in a single-blind controlled two-group design and underwent 24 training sessions. Data acquired from the WHO-5 questionnaire administered before and after intervention were statistically analysed using a mixed design model for repeated measures. The effect of individualised cognitive training was compared with leisure activities while the impact of gender and education was explored using estimated marginal means. Results A total of 81 participants aged 67.9 ± 5.59 [60–84] without cognitive impairments and absent of depression symptoms underwent the study. Participants with leisure time activities declared significantly higher scores compared to participants with cognitive training M = 73.48 ± 2.88, 95% CI [67.74–79.22] vs M = 64.13 ± 3.034, 95% CI [58.09–70.17] WHO-5 score. Gender and education were found to moderate the effect of cognitive training on well-being when compared to leisure activities. Females engaged in leisure activities in the control group reported higher by M = 9.77 ± 5.4, 95% CI [−0.99–20.54] WHO-5 scores than females with the cognitive training regimen. Participants with high school education declared leisure activities to increase WHO-5 scores by M = 14.59 ± 5.39, 95% CI [3.85–25.34] compared to individualised cognitive training. Discussion The findings revealed that individualised cognitive training was not directly associated with improvements in well-being. Changes in the control group indicated that involvement in leisure time activities, in which participants were partly free to choose from, represented more favourable stimulation to a self-perceived sense of well-being than individualised cognitive training. Results also supported the fact that gender and education moderated the effect of cognitive training on well-being. Females and participants with high school education were found to be negatively impacted in well-being when performance connected with cognitive training was expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Bureš
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čech
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Mikulecká
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ponce
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Zokaei N, MacKellar C, Čepukaitytė G, Patai EZ, Nobre AC. Cognitive Training in the Elderly: Bottlenecks and New Avenues. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:1473-1482. [PMID: 27897677 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of measures to preserve cognitive function or even reverse cognitive decline in the ever-growing elderly population is the focus of many research and commercial efforts. One such measure gaining in popularity is the development of computer-based interventions that "exercise" cognitive functions. Computer-based cognitive training has the potential to be specific and flexible, accommodates feedback, and is highly accessible. As in most budding fields, there are still considerable inconsistencies across methodologies and results, as well as a lack of consensus on a comprehensive assessment protocol. We propose that the success of training-based therapeutics will rely on targeting specific cognitive functions, informed by comprehensive and sensitive batteries that can provide a "fingerprint" of an individual's abilities. Instead of expecting a panacea from training regimens, focused and personalized training interventions that accommodate individual differences should be developed to redress specific patterns of deficits in cognitive rehabilitation, both in healthy aging and in disease.
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Cujzek M, Vranic A. Computerized tabletop games as a form of a video game training for old-old. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2016; 24:631-648. [PMID: 27775485 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2016.1246649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed at investigating the utility of a computerized version of a cognitively stimulating activity as a video game intervention for elderly. The study focused on the effect of a 6-week extensive practice intervention on aspects of cognitive functioning (vigilance, working memory (WM), inhibition, reasoning) of old-old participants (N = 29), randomly assigned to trained or active control group. The difference between groups was in the content of the extended video game practice - cognitively complex card game for trained and computerized version of a simple dice-game of chance for control participants. A pretest, posttest and a 4-month follow-up measurement was conducted. Results revealed improvements in both groups, except for improved reasoning found only in trained participants. These results suggest that: (1) improvements are dependent on the complexity of the program, (2) cognitively stimulating activity are a valid training procedure for old-old, (3) novelty of computer use is an important factor in determining training efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cujzek
- a Department of Psychology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Andrea Vranic
- a Department of Psychology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Melby-Lervåg M, Redick TS, Hulme C. Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of "Far Transfer": Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016; 11:512-34. [PMID: 27474138 PMCID: PMC4968033 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616635612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been claimed that working memory training programs produce diverse beneficial effects. This article presents a meta-analysis of working memory training studies (with a pretest-posttest design and a control group) that have examined transfer to other measures (nonverbal ability, verbal ability, word decoding, reading comprehension, or arithmetic; 87 publications with 145 experimental comparisons). Immediately following training there were reliable improvements on measures of intermediate transfer (verbal and visuospatial working memory). For measures of far transfer (nonverbal ability, verbal ability, word decoding, reading comprehension, arithmetic) there was no convincing evidence of any reliable improvements when working memory training was compared with a treated control condition. Furthermore, mediation analyses indicated that across studies, the degree of improvement on working memory measures was not related to the magnitude of far-transfer effects found. Finally, analysis of publication bias shows that there is no evidential value from the studies of working memory training using treated controls. The authors conclude that working memory training programs appear to produce short-term, specific training effects that do not generalize to measures of "real-world" cognitive skills. These results seriously question the practical and theoretical importance of current computerized working memory programs as methods of training working memory skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Hulme
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, and Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo
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Wentink MM, Berger MAM, de Kloet AJ, Meesters J, Band GPH, Wolterbeek R, Goossens PH, Vliet Vlieland TPM. The effects of an 8-week computer-based brain training programme on cognitive functioning, QoL and self-efficacy after stroke. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2016; 26:847-65. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1162175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ichihara-Takeda S, Takeda K, Ikeda N, Matsuyama K, Funahashi S. Neuropsychological Assessment of a New Computerized Cognitive Task that Was Developed to Train Several Cognitive Functions Simultaneously. Front Psychol 2016; 7:497. [PMID: 27148110 PMCID: PMC4828453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that computerized cognitive training is effective as therapy for reducing the cognitive decline with aging and the dysfunction associated with neuropsychiatric illness. Although cognitive trainings that targets a specific function and multi-domain cognitive training have both been shown to have significant effects, we need one simple behavioral training paradigm to improve multiple domains of cognitive functions easily and simultaneously. We had developed a new computerized task that seeks to engage the cognitive functions of planning, mental calculation, and divergent thinking based on a working memory task in a single task. The purpose of this study was to assess the cognitive features of our new task by comparing the scores of seven known neuropsychological batteries in healthy elderly subjects. The relationships between performance in our task and the scores obtained by the neuropsychological batteries were examined. The percentage of correct performance on our task was correlated with the scores on the category fluency test, the digit span backward task, and the Trail making test B. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that the scores on the category fluency test and the Trail making test B showed significant positive correlations with the percentage of correct performance on our task. Although the present study did not show high correlations between the percentage of correct performance on our task and working memory functions as a primary target, we observed mid-level correlations between the percentage of correct performance on our task and functions for divided attention and word fluency. Our new task requires not only working memory, but also attention and divergent thinking. Thus, this task might be a useful tool for training multiple cognitive functions simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoe Ichihara-Takeda
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ikeda
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiyoji Matsuyama
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University Sapporo, Japan
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Toril P, Reales JM, Mayas J, Ballesteros S. Video Game Training Enhances Visuospatial Working Memory and Episodic Memory in Older Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:206. [PMID: 27199723 PMCID: PMC4859063 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this longitudinal intervention study with experimental and control groups, we investigated the effects of video game training on the visuospatial working memory (WM) and episodic memory of healthy older adults. Participants were 19 volunteer older adults, who received 15 1-h video game training sessions with a series of video games selected from a commercial package (Lumosity), and a control group of 20 healthy older adults. The results showed that the performance of the trainees improved significantly in all the practiced video games. Most importantly, we found significant enhancements after training in the trained group and no change in the control group in two computerized tasks designed to assess visuospatial WM, namely the Corsi blocks task and the Jigsaw puzzle task. The episodic memory and short-term memory of the trainees also improved. Gains in some WM and episodic memory tasks were maintained during a 3-month follow-up period. These results suggest that the aging brain still retains some degree of plasticity, and that video game training might be an effective intervention tool to improve WM and other cognitive functions in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Toril
- Studies of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Psychology II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Reales
- Studies of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Madrid, Spain; Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Mayas
- Studies of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Psychology II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Ballesteros
- Studies of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Psychology II, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Madrid, Spain
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Moussard A, Bermudez P, Alain C, Tays W, Moreno S. Life-long music practice and executive control in older adults: An event-related potential study. Brain Res 2016; 1642:146-153. [PMID: 27021953 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has indicated that music practice can influence cognitive processing across the lifespan. Although extensive musical experience may have a mitigating effect on cognitive decline in older adults, the nature of changes to brain functions underlying performance benefits remains underexplored. The present study was designed to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms that may support apparent beneficial effects of life-long musical practice on cognition. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in older musicians (N=17; average age=69.2) and non-musicians (N=17; average age=69.9), matched for age and education, while they completed an executive control task (visual go/no-go). Whereas both groups showed similar response speed and accuracy on go trials, older musicians showed fewer no-go errors. ERP recordings revealed the typical N2/P3 complex, but the nature of these responses differed between groups in that (1) older musicians showed larger N2 and P3 effects ('no-go minus go' amplitude), with the N2 amplitude being correlated with behavioral accuracy for no-go trials and (2) the topography of the P3 response was more anterior in musicians. Moreover, P3 amplitude was correlated with measures of musical experience in musicians. In our discussion of these results, we propose that music practice may have conferred an executive control advantage for musicians in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Moussard
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Patrick Bermudez
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Claude Alain
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - William Tays
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sylvain Moreno
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, Canada
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Baniqued PL, Allen CM, Kranz MB, Johnson K, Sipolins A, Dickens C, Ward N, Geyer A, Kramer AF. Working Memory, Reasoning, and Task Switching Training: Transfer Effects, Limitations, and Great Expectations? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142169. [PMID: 26555341 PMCID: PMC4640538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some studies have shown that cognitive training can produce improvements to untrained cognitive domains (far transfer), many others fail to show these effects, especially when it comes to improving fluid intelligence. The current study was designed to overcome several limitations of previous training studies by incorporating training expectancy assessments, an active control group, and "Mind Frontiers," a video game-based mobile program comprised of six adaptive, cognitively demanding training tasks that have been found to lead to increased scores in fluid intelligence (Gf) tests. We hypothesize that such integrated training may lead to broad improvements in cognitive abilities by targeting aspects of working memory, executive function, reasoning, and problem solving. Ninety participants completed 20 hour-and-a-half long training sessions over four to five weeks, 45 of whom played Mind Frontiers and 45 of whom completed visual search and change detection tasks (active control). After training, the Mind Frontiers group improved in working memory n-back tests, a composite measure of perceptual speed, and a composite measure of reaction time in reasoning tests. No training-related improvements were found in reasoning accuracy or other working memory tests, nor in composite measures of episodic memory, selective attention, divided attention, and multi-tasking. Perceived self-improvement in the tested abilities did not differ between groups. A general expectancy difference in problem-solving was observed between groups, but this perceived benefit did not correlate with training-related improvement. In summary, although these findings provide modest evidence regarding the efficacy of an integrated cognitive training program, more research is needed to determine the utility of Mind Frontiers as a cognitive training tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L. Baniqued
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Courtney M. Allen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Kranz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Johnson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aldis Sipolins
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Charles Dickens
- Aptima, Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathan Ward
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Geyer
- Aptima, Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Maintaining older brain functionality: A targeted review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:453-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Internet-based brain training games, citizen scientists, and big data: ethical issues in unprecedented virtual territories. Neuron 2015; 86:356-9. [PMID: 25905809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Internet brain training programs, where consumers serve as both subjects and funders of the research, represent the closest engagement many individuals have with neuroscience. Safeguards are needed to protect participants' privacy and the evolving scientific enterprise of big data.
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Abstract
Embodiment is revolutionizing the way we consider cognition by incorporating the influence of our body and of the current context within cognitive processing. A growing number of studies which support this view of cognition in young adults stands in stark contrast with the lack of evidence in favor of this view in the field of normal aging and neurocognitive disorders. Nonetheless, the validation of embodiment assumptions on the whole spectrum of cognition is a mandatory step in order for embodied cognition theories to become theories of human cognition. More pragmatically, aging populations represent a perfect target to test embodied cognition theories due to concomitant changes in sensory, motor and cognitive functioning that occur in aging, since these theories predict direct interactions between them. Finally, the new perspectives on cognition provided by these theories might also open new research avenues and new clinical applications in the field of aging. The present article aims at showing the value and interest to explore embodiment in normal and abnormal aging as well as introducing some potential theoretical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume T. Vallet
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
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Jones KT, Stephens JA, Alam M, Bikson M, Berryhill ME. Longitudinal neurostimulation in older adults improves working memory. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121904. [PMID: 25849358 PMCID: PMC4388845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing concern affecting a growing aging population is working memory (WM) decline. Consequently, there is great interest in improving or stabilizing WM, which drives expanded use of brain training exercises. Such regimens generally result in temporary WM benefits to the trained tasks but minimal transfer of benefit to untrained tasks. Pairing training with neurostimulation may stabilize or improve WM performance by enhancing plasticity and strengthening WM-related cortical networks. We tested this possibility in healthy older adults. Participants received 10 sessions of sham (control) or active (anodal, 1.5 mA) tDCS to the right prefrontal, parietal, or prefrontal/parietal (alternating) cortices. After ten minutes of sham or active tDCS, participants performed verbal and visual WM training tasks. On the first, tenth, and follow-up sessions, participants performed transfer WM tasks including the spatial 2-back, Stroop, and digit span tasks. The results demonstrated that all groups benefited from WM training, as expected. However, at follow-up 1-month after training ended, only the participants in the active tDCS groups maintained significant improvement. Importantly, this pattern was observed for both trained and transfer tasks. These results demonstrate that tDCS-linked WM training can provide long-term benefits in maintaining cognitive training benefits and extending them to untrained tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Jones
- Memory and Brain Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Cognitive Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jaclyn A. Stephens
- Memory and Brain Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Mahtab Alam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marian E. Berryhill
- Memory and Brain Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lemus-Zúñiga LG, Navarro-Pardo E, Moret-Tatay C, Pocinho R. Serious games for elderly continuous monitoring. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1246:259-267. [PMID: 25417091 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1985-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Information technology (IT) and serious games allow older population to remain independent for longer. Hence, when designing technology for this population, developmental changes, such as attention and/or perception, should be considered. For instance, a crucial developmental change has been related to cognitive speed in terms of reaction time (RT). However, this variable presents a skewed distribution that difficult data analysis. An alternative strategy is to characterize the data to an ex-Gaussian function. Furthermore, this procedure provides different parameters that have been related to underlying cognitive processes in the literature. Another issue to be considered is the optimal data recording, storing and processing. For that purpose mobile devices (smart phones and tablets) are a good option for targeting serious games where valuable information can be stored (time spent in the application, reaction time, frequency of use, and a long etcetera). The data stored inside the smartphones and tablets can be sent to a central computer (cloud storage) in order to store the data collected to not only fill the distribution of reaction times to mathematical functions, but also to estimate parameters which may reflect cognitive processes underlying language, aging, and decisional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin-G Lemus-Zúñiga
- Instituto ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València , Universitat Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Edificio 8G, Camino de Vera, S/N, 46022, València, Spain,
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Lampit A, Hallock H, Valenzuela M. Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001756. [PMID: 25405755 PMCID: PMC4236015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New effective interventions to attenuate age-related cognitive decline are a global priority. Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is believed to be safe and can be inexpensive, but neither its efficacy in enhancing cognitive performance in healthy older adults nor the impact of design factors on such efficacy has been systematically analyzed. Our aim therefore was to quantitatively assess whether CCT programs can enhance cognition in healthy older adults, discriminate responsive from nonresponsive cognitive domains, and identify the most salient design factors. METHODS AND FINDINGS We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO for relevant studies from the databases' inception to 9 July 2014. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of ≥ 4 h of CCT on performance in neuropsychological tests in older adults without dementia or other cognitive impairment. Fifty-two studies encompassing 4,885 participants were eligible. Intervention designs varied considerably, but after removal of one outlier, heterogeneity across studies was small (I(2) = 29.92%). There was no systematic evidence of publication bias. The overall effect size (Hedges' g, random effects model) for CCT versus control was small and statistically significant, g = 0.22 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.29). Small to moderate effect sizes were found for nonverbal memory, g = 0.24 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.38); verbal memory, g = 0.08 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.15); working memory (WM), g = 0.22 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.35); processing speed, g = 0.31 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.50); and visuospatial skills, g = 0.30 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.54). No significant effects were found for executive functions and attention. Moderator analyses revealed that home-based administration was ineffective compared to group-based training, and that more than three training sessions per week was ineffective versus three or fewer. There was no evidence for the effectiveness of WM training, and only weak evidence for sessions less than 30 min. These results are limited to healthy older adults, and do not address the durability of training effects. CONCLUSIONS CCT is modestly effective at improving cognitive performance in healthy older adults, but efficacy varies across cognitive domains and is largely determined by design choices. Unsupervised at-home training and training more than three times per week are specifically ineffective. Further research is required to enhance efficacy of the intervention. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Lampit
- Regenerative Neuroscience Group, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Harry Hallock
- Regenerative Neuroscience Group, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Valenzuela
- Regenerative Neuroscience Group, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Karbach J. Game-based cognitive training for the aging brain. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1100. [PMID: 25324807 PMCID: PMC4178381 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Karbach
- Department of Educational Science, Saarland University Saarbruecken, Germany
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Kelly ME, Loughrey D, Lawlor BA, Robertson IH, Walsh C, Brennan S. The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:28-43. [PMID: 24607830 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the impact of cognitive training and general mental stimulation on the cognitive and everyday functioning of older adults without known cognitive impairment. We examine transfer and maintenance of intervention effects, and the impact of training in group versus individual settings. Thirty-one randomised controlled trials were included, with 1806 participants in cognitive training groups and 386 in general mental stimulation groups. Meta-analysis results revealed that compared to active controls, cognitive training improved performance on measures of executive function (working memory, p=0.04; processing speed, p<0.0001) and composite measures of cognitive function (p=0.001). Compared to no intervention, cognitive training improved performance on measures of memory (face-name recall, p=0.02; immediate recall, p=0.02; paired associates, p=0.001) and subjective cognitive function (p=0.01). The impact of cognitive training on everyday functioning is largely under investigated. More research is required to determine if general mental stimulation can benefit cognitive and everyday functioning. Transfer and maintenance of intervention effects are most commonly reported when training is adaptive, with at least ten intervention sessions and a long-term follow-up. Memory and subjective cognitive performance might be improved by training in group versus individual settings.
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Abstract
Many cognitive abilities, including working memory and reasoning ability, decline with progressing age. In this study, we investigated whether four weeks of intensive working memory training would enhance working memory and reasoning performance in an age-comparative setting. Groups of 34 young (19-36 years) and 27 older (62-77 years) adults practiced tasks representing the three functional categories in the facet model of working memory capacity: storage and processing, relational integration, and supervision. The data were compared to those of a young and an old active control group who practiced tasks with low working memory demands. A cognitive test battery measuring near and far transfer was administered before and after training. Both age groups showed increased working memory performance in the trained tasks and in one structurally similar, but nontrained, task. Young adults also improved in a task measuring word-position binding in working memory. However, we found no far transfer to reasoning in either age group. The results provide evidence that working memory performance can be improved throughout the life span. However, in contrast to a previous study in which each facet of working memory capacity was trained separately, the present study showed that training multiple functional categories simultaneously induces less transfer.
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