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Wang D, Yin Y, Yuan W, Li B, Wang H, Hu J, Chen M, Gong Y, Yuan TF, Yu T. Post-error slowing predicts for relapse in individuals with alcohol use disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 161:441-448. [PMID: 37059028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse characterizes addiction. The cognitive phenotype underlying relapse in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) remain unelucidated. Here we aimed to investigate the potential changes in behavioral adjustment in AUD, and the association with relapse. METHOD Forty-seven subjects with AUD at Shandong Mental Health Center completed the stop-signal task, the PACS, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait anxiety questionnaires. Thirty age-matched male healthy subjects served as the control group (HC). In the follow-up, twenty-one subjects remained abstinent, while twenty-six subjects relapsed. Independent sample t-test was applied to measure differences between two groups and logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the potential predictors on relapse. RESULTS The results showed that there were significant differences in stop signal reaction time (SSRT) and trigger failure between the AUD and HC groups. Relapsed group showed longer post-error slowing (PES) when compared to the non-relapsed group. The PES could predict relapse in alcohol use disorder. CONCLUSION Individuals with AUD showed impaired inhibitory control, which may predict relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanwei Wang
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- School of Mental Healthy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Sciences, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuandong Gong
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Tiangui Yu
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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2
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Ghin F, Beste C, Stock AK. Neurobiological mechanisms of control in alcohol use disorder - moving towards mechanism-based non-invasive brain stimulation treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104508. [PMID: 34942268 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by excessive habitual drinking and loss of control over alcohol intake despite negative consequences. Both of these aspects foster uncontrolled drinking and high relapse rates in AUD patients. Yet, common interventions mostly focus on the phenomenological level, and prioritize the reduction of craving and withdrawal symptoms. Our review provides a mechanistic understanding of AUD and suggests alternative therapeutic approaches targeting the mechanisms underlying dysfunctional alcohol-related behaviours. Specifically, we explain how repeated drinking fosters the development of rigid drinking habits and is associated with diminished cognitive control. These behavioural and cognitive effects are then functionally related to the neurobiochemical effects of alcohol abuse. We further explain how alterations in fronto-striatal network activity may constitute the neurobiological correlates of these alcohol-related dysfunctions. Finally, we discuss limitations in current pharmacological AUD therapies and suggest non-invasive brain stimulation (like TMS and tDCS interventions) as a potential addition/alternative for modulating the activation of both cortical and subcortical areas to help re-establish the functional balance between controlled and automatic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ghin
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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3
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Varriale V, De Pascalis V, van der Molen MW. Post-error slowing is associated with intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Ma SS, Li CSR, Zhang S, Worhunsky PD, Zhou N, Zhang JT, Liu L, Yao YW, Fang XY. Altered functional network activities for behavioral adjustments and Bayesian learning in young men with Internet gaming disorder. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:112-122. [PMID: 33704083 PMCID: PMC8969861 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Deficits in cognitive control represent a core feature of addiction. Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) offers an ideal model to study the mechanisms underlying cognitive control deficits in addiction, eliminating the confounding effects of substance use. Studies have reported behavioral and neural deficits in reactive control in IGD, but it remains unclear whether individuals with IGD are compromised in proactive control or behavioral adjustment by learning from the changing contexts. METHODS Here, fMRI data of 21 male young adults with IGD and 21 matched healthy controls (HC) were collected during a stop-signal task. We employed group independent component analysis to investigate group differences in temporally coherent, large-scale functional network activities during post-error slowing, the typical type of behavioral adjustments. We also employed a Bayesian belief model to quantify the trial-by-trial learning of the likelihood of stop signal - P(Stop) - a broader process underlying behavioral adjustment, and identified the alterations in functional network responses to P(Stop). RESULTS The results showed diminished engagement of the fronto-parietal network during post-error slowing, and weaker activity in the ventral attention and anterior default mode network in response to P(Stop) in IGD relative to HC. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results add to the literatures by suggesting deficits in updating and anticipating conflicts as well as in behavioral adjustment according to contextual information in individuals with IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Ma
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick D. Worhunsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nan Zhou
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Lab of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Corresponding authors. E-mail: (J.-T. Zhang) (X.-Y. Fang)
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Yuan-Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiao-Yi Fang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Corresponding authors. E-mail: (J.-T. Zhang) (X.-Y. Fang)
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5
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Galindo MN, Navarro JF, Cavas M. The Influence of Placebo Effect on Craving and Cognitive Performance in Alcohol, Caffeine, or Nicotine Consumers: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:849. [PMID: 33005155 PMCID: PMC7479236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present systematic review aims to analyze the evidence about the influence of placebo effect on craving and cognitive performance in alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine consumers. METHODS Relevant studies were identified via Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (up to March 2020). Only those papers published between 2009 and 2019 were searched. RESULTS Of the 115 preliminary papers, 8 studies of database search and 9 of the manual search were finally included in this review. Findings showed that while alcohol expectancies increased craving, caffeine and nicotine expectancies tend to decrease it. Alcohol expectancies caused similar or slower reaction time when alcohol was not consumed, impairments on inhibitory control (especially after alcohol consumption) and similar post-error slowing. The effect of caffeine and nicotine on reaction time has not been elucidated yet, however, caffeine expectancies have been shown to improve accuracy and the attentional filtering of distracting stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine expectancies play an important role on craving. Although expectancies produce an effect on cognitive performance, caffeine and nicotine beliefs show an ambiguous impact on reaction time. Only the influence of alcohol expectancies on reaction time has been clarified. Furthermore, caffeine beliefs enhance accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Nerea Galindo
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - María Cavas
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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6
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Sullivan RM, Perlman G, Moeller SJ. Meta-analysis of aberrant post-error slowing in substance use disorder: implications for behavioral adaptation and self-control. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2467-2476. [PMID: 30383336 PMCID: PMC6494729 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individual with substance use disorders have well-recognized impairments in cognitive control, including in behavioral adaptation after mistakes. One way in which this impairment manifests is via diminished post-error slowing, the increase in reaction time following a task-related error that is posited to reflect cautionary or corrective behavior. Yet, in the substance use disorder literature, findings with regard to post-error slowing have been inconsistent, and thus could benefit from quantitative integration. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of case-control studies examining post-error slowing in addiction. Twelve studies with 15 unique comparisons were identified, comprising 567 substance users and 384 healthy controls across three broad types of inhibitory control paradigms (go-no/go, conflict resolution, and stop signal tasks, respectively). Results of the random-effects meta-analysis revealed a moderate group difference across all studies (Cohen's d = 0.31), such that the individuals with substance use disorder had diminished post-error slowing compared with controls. Despite this omnibus effect, there was also large variability in the magnitude of the effects, explained in part by differences between studies in task complexity. These findings suggest that post-error slowing may serve as a promising and easy-to-implement measure of cognitive control impairment in substance use disorder, with potential links to aberrant brain function in cognitive control areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of
Medicine
- Department of Psychology, University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee
| | - Greg Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of
Medicine
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of
Medicine
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7
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Bartholow BD, Fleming KA, Wood PK, Cowan N, Saults JS, Altamirano L, Miyake A, Martins J, Sher KJ. Alcohol effects on response inhibition: Variability across tasks and individuals. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 26:251-267. [PMID: 29863383 PMCID: PMC5991490 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research has investigated the acute effects of alcohol on response inhibition, but a number of issues remain unresolved. Given that most studies use only a single laboratory task to assess inhibition, it is often difficult to determine whether alcohol's effects are task specific or generalize across measures of the same construct. Moreover, relatively few studies have directly compared effects of alcohol under ascending and descending blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), and those that have often failed to disentangle BAC limb effects from the effects of repeated testing. This study was intended to provide a test of alcohol's effects on behavioral inhibition using multiple laboratory measures in a relatively large sample and comparing effects under ascending and descending BAC. Young adults (N = 216) completed three commonly used inhibition tasks (Stroop, antisaccade, and stop-signal) at baseline and again 1-3 weeks later under one of three beverage conditions (alcohol, placebo or control) and one of two BAC limb conditions (ascending/descending or descending only). Findings indicated considerable specificity in alcohol's effects. Relative to control and placebo conditions, antisaccade performance suffered under both ascending and descending BAC and stop-signal reaction time (RT) suffered only under descending BAC. The Stroop RT interference effect was not affected by alcohol, though alcohol did impair response accuracy on incongruent Stroop trials. Baseline performance moderated effects of alcohol on both antisaccade accuracy and Stroop interference, suggesting the importance of individual differences. The current findings suggest that more specificity is required in characterizing acute effects of alcohol on inhibitory control. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, St. Louis, MO and Columbia, MO USA
| | - Kimberly A. Fleming
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Phillip K. Wood
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - J. Scott Saults
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Lee Altamirano
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jorge Martins
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Kenneth J. Sher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, St. Louis, MO and Columbia, MO USA
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8
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Renner F, Kersbergen I, Field M, Werthmann J. Dutch courage? Effects of acute alcohol consumption on self-ratings and observer ratings of foreign language skills. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:116-122. [PMID: 29043911 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117735687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A popular belief is that alcohol improves the ability to speak in a foreign language. The effect of acute alcohol consumption on perceived foreign language performance and actual foreign language performance in foreign language learners has not been investigated. The aim of the current study was to test the effects of acute alcohol consumption on self-rated and observer-rated verbal foreign language performance in participants who have recently learned this language. METHODS Fifty native German speakers who had recently learned Dutch were randomized to receive either a low dose of alcohol or a control beverage that contained no alcohol. Following the experimental manipulation, participants took part in a standardized discussion in Dutch with a blinded experimenter. The discussion was audio-recorded and foreign language skills were subsequently rated by two native Dutch speakers who were blind to the experimental condition (observer-rating). Participants also rated their own individual Dutch language skills during the discussion (self-rating). RESULTS Participants who consumed alcohol had significantly better observer-ratings for their Dutch language, specifically better pronunciation, compared with those who did not consume alcohol. However, alcohol had no effect on self-ratings of Dutch language skills. CONCLUSIONS Acute alcohol consumption may have beneficial effects on the pronunciation of a foreign language in people who have recently learned that language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Renner
- 1 Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inge Kersbergen
- 3 Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,4 UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt Field
- 3 Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,4 UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Werthmann
- 5 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,6 Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Wessel JR. An adaptive orienting theory of error processing. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [PMID: 29226960 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and correct action errors is paramount to safe and efficient goal-directed behaviors. Existing work on the neural underpinnings of error processing and post-error behavioral adaptations has led to the development of several mechanistic theories of error processing. These theories can be roughly grouped into adaptive and maladaptive theories. While adaptive theories propose that errors trigger a cascade of processes that will result in improved behavior after error commission, maladaptive theories hold that error commission momentarily impairs behavior. Neither group of theories can account for all available data, as different empirical studies find both impaired and improved post-error behavior. This article attempts a synthesis between the predictions made by prominent adaptive and maladaptive theories. Specifically, it is proposed that errors invoke a nonspecific cascade of processing that will rapidly interrupt and inhibit ongoing behavior and cognition, as well as orient attention toward the source of the error. It is proposed that this cascade follows all unexpected action outcomes, not just errors. In the case of errors, this cascade is followed by error-specific, controlled processing, which is specifically aimed at (re)tuning the existing task set. This theory combines existing predictions from maladaptive orienting and bottleneck theories with specific neural mechanisms from the wider field of cognitive control, including from error-specific theories of adaptive post-error processing. The article aims to describe the proposed framework and its implications for post-error slowing and post-error accuracy, propose mechanistic neural circuitry for post-error processing, and derive specific hypotheses for future empirical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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10
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Abstract
Conflict monitoring theory (CMT; Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, & Cohen Psychological Review, 108, 624-652, 2001) states that response conflict, the simultaneous activation of two competing responses, increases task focus and reduces interference from irrelevant information. CMT also defines errors as conflict, and reduced interference effects have consistently been reported following errors (Ridderinkhof Psychological Research, 66, 312-323, 2002). However, previous computations of this posterror reduction of interference (PERI) have overlooked the congruency of the previous trial. This is problematic, because most errors are made on incongruent trials, creating a confound between (previous) accuracy and (previous) congruency. Therefore, it is likely that reduced interference following errors is in fact the congruency sequence effect (i.e., reduced interference following incongruent, relative to congruent, trials). Our results corroborate this idea by demonstrating that participants indeed showed significant PERI following a congruent trial, but inverse PERI following an incongruent trial. These findings are discussed in light of the adaptation-by-binding account (Verguts & Notebaert Psychological Review, 115, 518-525, 2008, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 252-257, 2009).
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11
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Van der Borght L, Schevernels H, Burle B, Notebaert W. Errors Disrupt Subsequent Early Attentional Processes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151843. [PMID: 27050303 PMCID: PMC4822836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that target detection is impaired following an error in an unrelated flanker task. These findings support the idea that the occurrence or processing of unexpected error-like events interfere with subsequent information processing. In the present study, we investigated the effect of errors on early visual ERP components. We therefore combined a flanker task and a visual discrimination task. Additionally, the intertrial interval between both tasks was manipulated in order to investigate the duration of these negative after-effects. The results of the visual discrimination task indicated that the amplitude of the N1 component, which is related to endogenous attention, was significantly decreased following an error, irrespective of the intertrial interval. Additionally, P3 amplitude was attenuated after an erroneous trial, but only in the long-interval condition. These results indicate that low-level attentional processes are impaired after errors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Schevernels
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boris Burle
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR7291, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Wim Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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12
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Ide JS, Hu S, Zhang S, Yu AJ, Li CSR. Impaired Bayesian learning for cognitive control in cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 151:220-7. [PMID: 25869543 PMCID: PMC4447553 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine dependence is associated with cognitive control deficits. Here, we apply a Bayesian model of stop-signal task (SST) performance to further characterize these deficits in a theory-driven framework. METHODS A "sequential effect" is commonly observed in SST: encounters with a stop trial tend to prolong reaction time (RT) on subsequent go trials. The Bayesian model accounts for this by assuming that each stop/go trial increases/decreases the subject's belief about the likelihood of encountering a subsequent stop trial, P(stop), and that P(stop) strategically modulates RT accordingly. Parameters of the model were individually fit, and compared between cocaine-dependent (CD, n = 51) and healthy control (HC, n = 57) groups, matched in age and gender and both demonstrating a significant sequential effect (p < 0.05). Model-free measures of sequential effect, post-error slowing (PES) and post-stop slowing (PSS), were also compared across groups. RESULTS By comparing individually fit Bayesian model parameters, CD were found to utilize a smaller time window of past experiences to anticipate P(stop) (p < 0.003), as well as showing less behavioral adjustment in response to P(stop) (p < 0.015). PES (p = 0.19) and PSS (p = 0.14) did not show group differences and were less correlated with the Bayesian account of sequential effect in CD than in HC. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine dependence is associated with the utilization of less contextual information to anticipate future events and decreased behavioral adaptation in response to changes in such anticipation. These findings constitute a novel contribution by providing a computationally more refined and statistically more sensitive account of altered cognitive control in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Angela J Yu
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chiang-shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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13
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Schroder HS, Moran TP, Donnellan MB, Moser JS. Mindset induction effects on cognitive control: A neurobehavioral investigation. Biol Psychol 2014; 103:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Regev S, Meiran N. Post-error slowing is influenced by cognitive control demand. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 152:10-8. [PMID: 25089881 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-error slowing (PES) has been shown to reflect a control failure due to automatic attentional capture by the error. Here we aimed to assess whether PES also involves an increase in cognitive control. Using a cued-task-switching paradigm (Experiment 1) and a Stroop task (Experiment 2), the demand for top down control was manipulated. In Experiment 1, one group received dimension cues indicating the relevant stimulus dimension (e.g., "number") without specifying the response-category-to-key mapping, hence requiring considerable top down control. Another group was shown mapping cues providing information regarding both the relevant task identity and its category-to-key mapping (e.g., "one three"), requiring less top down control, and the last group received both types of cues, intermixed. In Experiment 2, one group performed a pure incongruent Stroop condition (name ink color of incongruent color names, high control demand), and another group received a pure neutral Stroop condition (name color patches, low control demand). In Experiment 2a, participants received the two conditions, intermixed. A larger PES was observed with dimension cues as compared with mapping cues, and with incongruent Stroop stimuli as compared to neutral stimuli, but not when the conditions were intermixed. These findings reveal that PES is influenced by the control demands that characterize the given block-wide experimental context and show that proactive cognitive control is involved in PES.
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