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Xerxa Y, Rescorla LA, Shanahan L, Tiemeier H, Copeland WE. Childhood loneliness as a specific risk factor for adult psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 2023; 53:227-235. [PMID: 34120674 PMCID: PMC9874978 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness is a major risk factor for both psychological disturbance and poor health outcomes in adults. This study aimed to assess whether childhood loneliness is associated with a long-term disruption in mental health that extends into adulthood. METHODS This study is based on the longitudinal, community-representative Great Smoky Mountains Study of 1420 participants. Participants were assessed with the structured Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment interview up to eight times in childhood (ages 9-16; 6674 observations; 1993-2000) for childhood loneliness, associated psychiatric comorbidities and childhood adversities. Participants were followed up four times in adulthood (ages 19, 21, 25, and 30; 4556 observations of 1334 participants; 1999-2015) with the structured Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment Interview for psychiatric anxiety, depression, and substance use outcomes. RESULTS Both self and parent-reported childhood loneliness were associated with adult self-reported anxiety and depressive outcomes. The associations remained significant when childhood adversities and psychiatric comorbidities were accounted for. There was no evidence for an association of childhood loneliness with adult substance use disorders. More associations were found between childhood loneliness and adult psychiatric symptoms than with adult diagnostic status. CONCLUSION Childhood loneliness is associated with anxiety and depressive disorders in young adults, suggesting that loneliness - even in childhood - might have long-term costs in terms of mental health. This study underscores the importance of intervening early to prevent loneliness and its sequelae over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yllza Xerxa
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | | | - Lilly Shanahan
- Department of Psychology, Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - William E. Copeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
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Al-Sulami GS, Rice AM, Kidd L, O'Neill A, Richards KC, McPeake J. An Arabic Translation, Reliability, Validity, and Feasibility of the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire for Sleep Quality Assessment in ICU: Prospective- Repeated Assessments. J Nurs Meas 2020; 27:E153-E169. [PMID: 31871294 DOI: 10.1891/1061-3749.27.3.e153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To translate Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) into the Arabic language (RCSQ-A), to assess content validity of the translated tool, to analyze the internal consistency, and to evaluate its feasibility. METHODS A rigorous translation was completed using the process of translation by World Health Organization. Cognitive debriefing interviews were performed. Repeated assessments using RCSQ-A was conducted in critical care patients in Saudi Arabia. RESULT Cronbach's alpha of .89 was seen in the RCSQ-A. The cognitive interviews showed that the RCSQ-A well understood and interpreted correctly and consistently. Fifty-seven participants reported their sleep using RCSQ-A a total of 110 times. CONCLUSION RCSQ-A has adequate translation validity, provided good internal consistency and content validity, making it suitable for use as a measurement tool in practice and research in Arabic-speaking countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaida S Al-Sulami
- Nursing College, Department of Acute and Critical Care,Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.,Nursing & Health Care School, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Marie Rice
- Nursing & Health Care School, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow
| | - Lisa Kidd
- Nursing & Health Care School, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow
| | - Anna O'Neill
- Nursing & Health Care School, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy C Richards
- School of Nursing, University of Texas, Nursing School, Austin, Texas
| | - Joanne McPeake
- Nursing & Health Care School, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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Olsson-Tall M, Hjärthag F, Marklund B, Kylén S, Carlström E, Helldin L. The Impact of Repeated Assessments by Patients and Professionals: A 4-Year Follow-Up of a Population With Schizophrenia. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2019; 25:189-199. [PMID: 29862857 DOI: 10.1177/1078390318777785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The needs of people with schizophrenia are great, and having extensive knowledge of this patient group is crucial for providing the right support. The aim of this study was to investigate, over 4 years, the importance of repeated assessments by patients with schizophrenia and by professionals. Data were collected from evidence-based assessment scales, interviews, and visual self-assessment scales. The data processing used descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses. The results showed that the relationships between several of the patients' self-rating assessments were stronger at the 4-year follow-up than at baseline. In parallel, the concordance rate between patient assessments and case manager assessments increased. The conclusions drawn are that through repeated assessments the patients' ability to assess their own situation improved over time and that case managers became better at understanding their patients' situation. This, in turn, provides a safer basis for assessments and further treatment interventions, which may lead to more patients achieving remission, which can lead to less risk for hospitalization and too early death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maivor Olsson-Tall
- 1 Maivor Olsson-Tall, PhD student, RN, NU-Health Care Hospital, Trollhättan, Sweden; University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Bertil Marklund
- 3 Bertil Marklund, Professor, PhD, MD, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Primary Health Care Research Development and Education Centre, Vänersborg, Sweden
| | - Sven Kylén
- 4 Sven Kylén, PhD, RP, Primary Health Care Research Development and Education Centre, Vänersborg, Sweden; Fyrbodal Health Academy, County Administration of West Sweden, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Carlström
- 5 Eric Carlström, Professor, PhD, RN, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Helldin
- 6 Lars Helldin, Associate Professor, PhD, MD, NU-Health Care Hospital, Trollhättan, Sweden; Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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4
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Bartholow BD, Fleming KA, Wood PK, Cowan N, Saults JS, Altamirano L, Miyake A, Martins J, Sher KJ. Alcohol effects on response inhibition: Variability across tasks and individuals. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 26:251-267. [PMID: 29863383 PMCID: PMC5991490 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research has investigated the acute effects of alcohol on response inhibition, but a number of issues remain unresolved. Given that most studies use only a single laboratory task to assess inhibition, it is often difficult to determine whether alcohol's effects are task specific or generalize across measures of the same construct. Moreover, relatively few studies have directly compared effects of alcohol under ascending and descending blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), and those that have often failed to disentangle BAC limb effects from the effects of repeated testing. This study was intended to provide a test of alcohol's effects on behavioral inhibition using multiple laboratory measures in a relatively large sample and comparing effects under ascending and descending BAC. Young adults (N = 216) completed three commonly used inhibition tasks (Stroop, antisaccade, and stop-signal) at baseline and again 1-3 weeks later under one of three beverage conditions (alcohol, placebo or control) and one of two BAC limb conditions (ascending/descending or descending only). Findings indicated considerable specificity in alcohol's effects. Relative to control and placebo conditions, antisaccade performance suffered under both ascending and descending BAC and stop-signal reaction time (RT) suffered only under descending BAC. The Stroop RT interference effect was not affected by alcohol, though alcohol did impair response accuracy on incongruent Stroop trials. Baseline performance moderated effects of alcohol on both antisaccade accuracy and Stroop interference, suggesting the importance of individual differences. The current findings suggest that more specificity is required in characterizing acute effects of alcohol on inhibitory control. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, St. Louis, MO and Columbia, MO USA
| | - Kimberly A. Fleming
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Phillip K. Wood
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - J. Scott Saults
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Lee Altamirano
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jorge Martins
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Kenneth J. Sher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, St. Louis, MO and Columbia, MO USA
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Sennhenn-Kirchner S, Goerlich Y, Kirchner B, Notbohm M, Schiekirka S, Simmenroth A, Raupach T. The effect of repeated testing vs repeated practice on skills learning in undergraduate dental education. Eur J Dent Educ 2018; 22:e42-e47. [PMID: 28117541 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies in undergraduate medical education have demonstrated the advantage of repeated testing over repeated practice with regard to knowledge and skills retention. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this "testing effect" also applies to skills retention in undergraduate dental education. METHODS In this prospective, randomised controlled trial, fourth-year dental students at Göttingen University Medical Centre participated in a training session on surgical suturing in winter term 2014/2015. Following this, they were either assigned to two sessions of additional skills training (group A) or two sessions of skills assessment with feedback (group B). These sessions were spaced over a period of 4 weeks. Skills retention was assessed in a summative objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) at the end of term, that is 6 months after the initial teaching session. RESULTS A total of 32 students completed the study. With regard to suturing, OSCE performance was significantly better in group B than group A (81.9±13.1% vs 63.0±15.4%; P=0.001; Cohen's d=1.33). There was no significant OSCE performance difference in the two groups with regard to other learning objectives that were addressed in the end-of-term examination. Thus, the group difference was specific to suturing skills. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that in dental education, repeated testing produces more favourable skills retention than repeated practice. Test-enhanced learning might be a viable concept for skills retention in undergraduate dentistry education.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sennhenn-Kirchner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Dental skills lab SINUZ, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Y Goerlich
- Student Training Centre of Clinical Practice and Simulation, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Kirchner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Notbohm
- Study Deanery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Schiekirka
- Student Training Centre of Clinical Practice and Simulation, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Simmenroth
- Student Training Centre of Clinical Practice and Simulation, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T Raupach
- Study Deanery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Lin YH, Ku PW, Chou P. Smoking behavioral changes and subsequent mortality during a 18-year follow-up in Kinmen, Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2017; 80:283-287. [PMID: 28202339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcma.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the changes in smoking behavior over 6 years and to relate these changes to mortality risk during 18 years' follow-up. METHODS We followed a cohort for 6 years (1991-1997) to assess changes in smoking behavior and then for an additional 12 years (1997-2008) to relate these findings to mortality in 4986 Chinese individuals. Participants were classified as never smokers, long-term quitters, new smokers, new quitters, and continuing smokers. Mortality was ascertained by linkage with the nationwide death registry. RESULTS Compared with never smokers, continuing smokers had the highest risk of 1.84 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38, 2.45] for all-cause mortality, new quitters had a risk of 1.49 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.15), new smokers had a risk of 1.26 (95% CI: 0.59, 2.68), and long-term quitters had a risk of 1.11 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.91). There was a significant 19% risk reduction in all-cause mortality for new quitters. CONCLUSION Smoking cessation was associated with a significant reduction in mortality risk within approximately 6 years, while no significantly increased risk was observed for long-term quitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Huai Lin
- Kin-Men Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kin-Men, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Wen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Sports and Health, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pesus Chou
- Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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