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Whitney P, Kurinec CA, Hinson JM. Temporary amnesia from sleep loss: A framework for understanding consequences of sleep deprivation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1134757. [PMID: 37065907 PMCID: PMC10098076 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1134757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout its modern history, sleep research has been concerned with both the benefits of sleep and the deleterious impact of sleep disruption for cognition, behavior, and performance. When more specifically examining the impact of sleep on memory and learning, however, research has overwhelmingly focused on how sleep following learning facilitates memory, with less attention paid to how lack of sleep prior to learning can disrupt subsequent memory. Although this imbalance in research emphasis is being more frequently addressed by current investigators, there is a need for a more organized approach to examining the effect of sleep deprivation before learning. The present review briefly describes the generally accepted approach to analyzing effects of sleep deprivation on subsequent memory and learning by means of its effects on encoding. Then, we suggest an alternative framework with which to understand sleep loss and memory in terms of temporary amnesia from sleep loss (TASL). The review covers the well-characterized properties of amnesia arising from medial temporal lobe lesions and shows how the pattern of preserved and impaired aspects of memory in amnesia may also be appearing during sleep loss. The view of the TASL framework is that amnesia and the amnesia-like deficits observed during sleep deprivation not only affect memory processes but will also be apparent in cognitive processes that rely on those memory processes, such as decision-making. Adoption of the TASL framework encourages movement away from traditional explanations based on narrowly defined domains of memory functioning, such as encoding, and taking instead a more expansive view of how brain structures that support memory, such as the hippocampus, interact with higher structures, such as the prefrontal cortex, to produce complex cognition and behavioral performance, and how this interaction may be compromised by sleep disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Whitney
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Paul Whitney,
| | - Courtney A. Kurinec
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - John M. Hinson
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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2
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Wu Z, Buckley MJ. Prefrontal and Medial Temporal Lobe Cortical Contributions to Visual Short-Term Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 35:27-43. [PMID: 36306260 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have indicated that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) plays a critical role in working memory (WM) and perception, but these results have been highly controversial given the traditional association of MTL with long-term memory. We review the research and highlight important factors that need to be considered in determining the role of MTL in WM including set-size of used stimuli and feature complexity and/or feature conjunctions/bindings embedded in those stimuli. These factors relate to hierarchical and, accordingly, domain-specific theories of functional organization within the temporal lobe. In addition, one must consider process-specific theories too, because two key processes commonly understood to contribute recognition memory, namely, recollection and familiarity, also have robust support from neurophysiological and neuroimaging research as to their functional dissociations within MTL. PFC has long been heavily implicated in WM; however, relatively less is known about how the PFC contributes to recollection and familiarity, although dynamic prefrontal coding models in WM may help to explain their neural mechanisms. The MTL and PFC are heavily interconnected and do not operate independently in underlying WM. We propose that investigation of the interactions between these two regions in WM, particularly their coordinated neural activities, and the modeling of such interactions, will be crucial for the advancing understanding of the neural mechanisms of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemeng Wu
- University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Zhang X, Naya Y. Retrospective memory trace sustained by the human hippocampus during working memory task. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:107-120. [PMID: 34841619 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is a subcategory of short-term memory that voluntarily maintains behaviourally relevant information to prepare for a subsequent action. An established theory is that working memory is supported by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) for executive control, while the hippocampus (HPC) is largely involved in long-term episodic memory. Recent studies suggest that the HPC is also involved in perception and short-term storage. However, it remains unclear whether the HPC supports active maintenance of short-term memory as working memory. To address this question, we devised a new delayed matching-to-sample task in which two visual items were presented at different locations one by one as samples. The sequential presentations of sample stimuli allowed us to dissociate the contents of working memory (i.e., identities and locations of two samples) from the constituent perceived information of single samples. By applying representational similarity analysis (RSA) to the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals of human participants, we investigated the delay activity after the two sample presentations. The results of the RSA showed that the right HPC signalled only the second sample as a conjunctional representation of its item identity and location. In contrast, the right PFC, including both lateral and medial parts, represented the conjunctional information of both samples. These results suggested that the HPC may support short-term memory for retrospective coding to retain information of the last event rather than for prospective coding coupled with working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuji Naya
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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Sarkar T, Patro N, Patro IK. Neuronal changes and cognitive deficits in a multi-hit rat model following cumulative impact of early life stressors. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio054130. [PMID: 32878878 PMCID: PMC7522020 DOI: 10.1242/bio.054130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal protein malnourishment (LP) is a leading cause for mental and physical retardation in children from poor socioeconomic conditions. Such malnourished children are vulnerable to additional stressors that may synergistically act to cause neurological disorders in adulthood. In this study, the above mentioned condition was mimicked via a multi-hit rat model in which pups born to LP mothers were co-injected with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C; viral mimetic) at postnatal day (PND) 3 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; bacterial mimetic) at PND 9. Individual exposure of Poly I:C and LPS was also given to LP pups to correlate chronicity of stress. Similar treatments were also given to control pups. Hippocampal cellular apoptosis, β III tubulin catastrophe, altered neuronal profiling and spatial memory impairments were assessed at PND 180, using specific immunohistochemical markers (active caspase 3, β III tubulin, doublecortin), golgi studies and cognitive mazes (Morris water maze and T maze). Increase in cellular apoptosis, loss of dendritic arborization and spatial memory impairments were higher in the multi-hit group, than the single-hit groups. Such impairments observed due to multi-hit stress mimicked conditions similar to many neurological disorders and hence, it is hypothesized that later life neurological disorders might be an outcome of multiple early life hits.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyasha Sarkar
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Ishan Kumar Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
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5
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Sadeh T, Pertzov Y. Scale-invariant Characteristics of Forgetting: Toward a Unifying Account of Hippocampal Forgetting across Short and Long Timescales. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 32:386-402. [PMID: 31659923 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
After over 100 years of relative silence in the cognitive literature, recent advances in the study of the neural underpinnings of memory-specifically, the hippocampus-have led to a resurgence of interest in the topic of forgetting. This review draws a theoretically driven picture of the effects of time on forgetting of hippocampus-dependent memories. We review evidence indicating that time-dependent forgetting across short and long timescales is reflected in progressive degradation of hippocampal-dependent relational information. This evidence provides an important extension to a growing body of research accumulated in recent years, showing that-in contrast to the once prevailing view that the hippocampus is exclusively involved in memory and forgetting over long timescales-the role of the hippocampus also extends to memory and forgetting over short timescales. Thus, we maintain that similar rules govern not only remembering but also forgetting of hippocampus-dependent information over short and long timescales.
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6
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Visual working memory impairments for single items following medial temporal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia 2019; 134:107227. [PMID: 31614154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research indicates that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is essential not only for long-term episodic memory but also for visual working memory (VWM). In particular, recent work has shown that the MTL is especially important for VWM when complex, high-resolution binding is required. However, all of these studies tested VWM for multiple items which invites the possibility that working memory capacity was exceeded and patient impairments instead reflected deficits in long-term memory. Thus, the precise conditions under which the MTL is critical for VWM and the type of working memory processes that are affected by MTL damage are not yet clear. To address these issues, we examined the effects of MTL damage on VWM for a single item (i.e., a square that contained color, location, and orientation information) using confidence-based receiver operating characteristic methods to assess VWM discriminability and to separate perceiving- and sensing-based memory judgments. This approach was motivated by dual-process theories of cognition that posit distinct subprocesses underlie performance across perception, working memory, and long-term memory. The results indicated that MTL patients were significantly impaired in VWM for a single item. Interestingly, the patients were not impaired at making accurate high-confidence judgments that a change had occurred (i.e., perceiving), rather they were impaired at making low-confidence judgments that they sensed whether or not there had been a change in the absence of identifying the exact change. These results demonstrate that the MTL is critical in supporting working memory even for a single item, and that it contributes selectively to sensing-based discriminations.
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7
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Schafer M, Schiller D. Navigating Social Space. Neuron 2018; 100:476-489. [PMID: 30359610 PMCID: PMC6226014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive maps are encoded in the hippocampal formation and related regions and range from the spatial to the purely conceptual. Neural mechanisms that encode information into relational structures, up to an arbitrary level of abstraction, may explain such a broad range of representation. Research now indicates that social life can also be mapped by these mechanisms: others' spatial locations, social memory, and even a two-dimensional social space framed by social power and affiliation. The systematic mapping of social life onto a relational social space facilitates adaptive social decision making, akin to social navigation. This emerging line of research has implications for cognitive mapping research, clinical disorders that feature hippocampal dysfunction, and the field of social cognitive neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Schafer
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Schiller
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Rifkin-Graboi A, Quan J, Richmond J, Goh SKY, Sim LW, Chong YS, Bureau JF, Chen H, Qiu A. Greater caregiving risk, better infant memory performance? Hippocampus 2018; 28:497-511. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR; Singapore 117609 Singapore
| | - Jeffry Quan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR; Singapore 117609 Singapore
- School of Psychology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Jenny Richmond
- Department of Psychology; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Shaun Kok Yew Goh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Lit Wee Sim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR; Singapore 117609 Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR; Singapore 117609 Singapore
- National University Hospital Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Helen Chen
- Department of Psychological Medicine; KK Women and Children's Hospital; Singapore Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR; Singapore 117609 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University Singapore; Singapore Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
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9
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Wuethrich S, Hannula DE, Mast FW, Henke K. Subliminal encoding and flexible retrieval of objects in scenes. Hippocampus 2018; 28:633-643. [PMID: 29704287 PMCID: PMC6282531 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our episodic memory stores what happened when and where in life. Episodic memory requires the rapid formation and flexible retrieval of where things are located in space. Consciousness of the encoding scene is considered crucial for episodic memory formation. Here, we question the necessity of consciousness and hypothesize that humans can form unconscious episodic memories. Participants were presented with subliminal scenes, that is, scenes invisible to the conscious mind. The scenes displayed objects at certain locations for participants to form unconscious object-in-space memories. Later, the same scenes were presented supraliminally, that is, visibly, for retrieval testing. Scenes were presented absent the objects and rotated by 90°-270° in perspective to assess the representational flexibility of unconsciously formed memories. During the test phase, participants performed a forced-choice task that required them to place an object in one of two highlighted scene locations and their eye movements were recorded. Evaluation of the eye tracking data revealed that participants remembered object locations unconsciously, irrespective of changes in viewing perspective. This effect of gaze was related to correct placements of objects in scenes, and an intuitive decision style was necessary for unconscious memories to influence intentional behavior to a significant degree. We conclude that conscious perception is not mandatory for spatial episodic memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Wuethrich
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, Bern 3012, Switzerland.,Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Deborah E Hannula
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 224 Garland Hall, 2441 Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Fred W Mast
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, Bern 3012, Switzerland.,Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Henke
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, Bern 3012, Switzerland.,Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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10
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Dundon NM, Katshu MZUH, Harry B, Roberts D, Leek EC, Downing P, Sapir A, Roberts C, d’Avossa G. Human Parahippocampal Cortex Supports Spatial Binding in Visual Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:3589-3599. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Michael Dundon
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bronson Harry
- Bankstown Campus, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Roberts
- Faculty of Science, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - E Charles Leek
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Downing
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Ayelet Sapir
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Craig Roberts
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, North Wales Brain Injury Service, Colwyn Bay, Conwy, UK
| | - Giovanni d’Avossa
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, North Wales Brain Injury Service, Colwyn Bay, Conwy, UK
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11
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Decker AL, Szulc KU, Bouffet E, Laughlin S, Chakravarty MM, Skocic J, de Medeiros CB, Mabbott DJ. Smaller hippocampal subfield volumes predict verbal associative memory in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1140-1154. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Decker
- Neurosciences and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Kamila U. Szulc
- Neurosciences and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Department of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Suzanne Laughlin
- Diagnositic Imaging; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute; Montreal Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Jovanka Skocic
- Neurosciences and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | | | - Donald J. Mabbott
- Neurosciences and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Department of Psychology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
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12
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Squire LR. Memory for relations in the short term and the long term after medial temporal lobe damage. Hippocampus 2017; 27:608-612. [PMID: 28188665 PMCID: PMC5889104 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A central idea about the organization of declarative memory and the function of the hippocampus is that the hippocampus provides for the coding of relationships between items. A question arises whether this idea refers to the process of forming long-term memory or whether, as some studies have suggested, memory for relations might depend on the hippocampus even at short retention intervals and even when the task falls within the province of short-term (working) memory. The latter formulation appears to place the operation of relational memory into conflict with the idea that working memory is independent of medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. In this report, the concepts of relational memory and working memory are discussed in the light of a simple demonstration experiment. Patients with MTL lesions successfully learned and recalled two word pairs when tested directly after learning but failed altogether when tested after a delay. The results do not contradict the idea that the hippocampus has a fundamental role in relational memory. However, there is a need for further elaboration and specification of the idea in order to explain why patients with MTL lesions can establish relational memory in the short term but not in long-term memory. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R. Squire
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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13
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Campoy G. The special role of item-context associations in the direct-access region of working memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:982-989. [PMID: 27456955 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The three-embedded-component model of working memory (WM) distinguishes three representational states corresponding to three WM regions: activated long-term memory, direct-access region (DAR), and focus of attention. Recent neuroimaging research has revealed that access to the DAR is associated with enhanced hippocampal activity. Because the hippocampus mediates the encoding and retrieval of item-context associations, it has been suggested that this hippocampal activation is a consequence of the fact that item-context associations are particularly strong and accessible in the DAR. This study provides behavioral evidence for this view using an item-recognition task to assess the effect of non-intentional encoding and maintenance of item-location associations across WM regions. Five pictures of human faces were sequentially presented in different screen locations followed by a recognition probe. Visual cues immediately preceding the probe indicated the location thereof. When probe stimuli appeared in the same location that they had been presented within the memory set, the presentation of the cue was expected to elicit the activation of the corresponding WM representation through the just-established item-location association, resulting in faster recognition. Results showed this same-location effect, but only for items that, according to their serial position within the memory set, were held in the DAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Campoy
- Universidad de Murcia, Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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14
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McAndrews MP, Girard TA, Wilkins LK, McCormick C. Semantic congruence affects hippocampal response to repetition of visual associations. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:235-42. [PMID: 27449709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown complementary engagement of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in encoding and retrieving associations based on pre-existing or experimentally-induced schemas, such that the latter supports schema-congruent information whereas the former is more engaged for incongruent or novel associations. Here, we attempted to explore some of the boundary conditions in the relative involvement of those structures in short-term memory for visual associations. The current literature is based primarily on intentional evaluation of schema-target congruence and on study-test paradigms with relatively long delays between learning and retrieval. We used a continuous recognition paradigm to investigate hippocampal and mPFC activation to first and second presentations of scene-object pairs as a function of semantic congruence between the elements (e.g., beach-seashell versus schoolyard-lamp). All items were identical at first and second presentation and the context scene, which was presented 500ms prior to the appearance of the target object, was incidental to the task which required a recognition response to the central target only. Very short lags 2-8 intervening stimuli occurred between presentations. Encoding the targets with congruent contexts was associated with increased activation in visual cortical regions at initial presentation and faster response time at repetition, but we did not find enhanced activation in mPFC relative to incongruent stimuli at either presentation. We did observe enhanced activation in the right anterior hippocampus, as well as regions in visual and lateral temporal and frontal cortical regions, for the repetition of incongruent scene-object pairs. This pattern demonstrates rapid and incidental effects of schema processing in hippocampal, but not mPFC, engagement during continuous recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Pat McAndrews
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada.
| | - Todd A Girard
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Canada
| | | | - Cornelia McCormick
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; University College London, United Kingdom
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15
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Goodrich RI, Yonelinas AP. The medial temporal lobe supports sensing-based visual working memory. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:485-494. [PMID: 27417038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus, is essential for long-term memory. In addition, recent studies suggest that the MTL may also support visual working memory (VWM), but the conditions under which the MTL plays a critical role are not yet clear. To address this issue, we used a color change detection paradigm to examine the effects of MTL damage on VWM by analyzing the receiver operating characteristics of patients with MTL damage and healthy age- and education-matched controls. Compared to controls, patients with MTL damage demonstrated significant reductions in VWM accuracy. Importantly, the patients were not impaired at making accurate high-confidence judgments that a change had occurred; however, they were impaired when making low-confidence responses indicating that they sensed whether or not there had been a visual change. Moreover, these impairments were observed under conditions that emphasized the retrieval of complex bindings or the retrieval of high-resolution bindings. That is, patients with MTL damage exhibited VWM impairments when they were required to remember either a larger number of low-resolution bindings (i.e., set size of 5 and obvious color changes) or a smaller number of high-resolution bindings (i.e., set size of 3 and subtle color changes). The results indicate that only some VWM processes are dependent on the MTL, and are consistent with the proposal that the MTL plays a critical role in forming complex, high-resolution bindings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin I Goodrich
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Andrew P Yonelinas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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16
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Das SR, Mancuso L, Olson IR, Arnold SE, Wolk DA. Short-Term Memory Depends on Dissociable Medial Temporal Lobe Regions in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2006-17. [PMID: 25725042 PMCID: PMC4830285 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term memory (STM) has generally been thought to be independent of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in contrast to long-term memory (LTM). Prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a condition in which the MTL is a major early focus of pathology and LTM is thought disproportionately affected relative to STM. However, recent studies have suggested a role for the MTL in STM, particularly hippocampus, when binding of different elements is required. Other work has suggested involvement of extrahippocampal MTL structures, particularly in STM tasks that involve item-level memory. We examined STM for individual objects, locations, and object-location conjunctions in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), often associated with prodromal AD. Relative to age-matched, cognitively normal controls, MCI patients not only displayed impairment on object-location conjunctions but were similarly impaired for non-bound objects and locations. Moreover, across all participants, these conditions displayed dissociable correlations of cortical thinning along the long axis of the MTL and associated cortical nodes of anterior and posterior MTL networks. These findings support the role of the MTL in visual STM tasks and the division of labor of MTL in support of different types of memory representations, overlapping with findings in LTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhitsu R. Das
- Department of Radiology
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory
| | | | - Ingrid R. Olson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Department of Neurology
- Penn Memory Center
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Stollery B, Christian L. Glucose improves object-location binding in visual-spatial working memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:529-47. [PMID: 26576942 PMCID: PMC4710657 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is evidence that glucose temporarily enhances cognition and that processes dependent on the hippocampus may be particularly sensitive. As the hippocampus plays a key role in binding processes, we examined the influence of glucose on memory for object-location bindings. OBJECTIVE This study aims to study how glucose modifies performance on an object-location memory task, a task that draws heavily on hippocampal function. METHODS Thirty-one participants received 30 g glucose or placebo in a single 1-h session. After seeing between 3 and 10 objects (words or shapes) at different locations in a 9 × 9 matrix, participants attempted to immediately reproduce the display on a blank 9 × 9 matrix. Blood glucose was measured before drink ingestion, mid-way through the session, and at the end of the session. RESULTS Glucose significantly improves object-location binding (d = 1.08) and location memory (d = 0.83), but not object memory (d = 0.51). Increasing working memory load impairs object memory and object-location binding, and word-location binding is more successful than shape-location binding, but the glucose improvement is robust across all difficulty manipulations. Within the glucose group, higher levels of circulating glucose are correlated with better binding memory and remembering the locations of successfully recalled objects. CONCLUSIONS The glucose improvements identified are consistent with a facilitative impact on hippocampal function. The findings are discussed in the context of the relationship between cognitive processes, hippocampal function, and the implications for glucose's mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Stollery
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK.
| | - Leonie Christian
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU UK
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18
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Monti JM, Cooke GE, Watson PD, Voss MW, Kramer AF, Cohen NJ. Relating hippocampus to relational memory processing across domains and delays. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:234-45. [PMID: 25203273 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus has been implicated in a diverse set of cognitive domains and paradigms, including cognitive mapping, long-term memory, and relational memory, at long or short study-test intervals. Despite the diversity of these areas, their association with the hippocampus may rely on an underlying commonality of relational memory processing shared among them. Most studies assess hippocampal memory within just one of these domains, making it difficult to know whether these paradigms all assess a similar underlying cognitive construct tied to the hippocampus. Here we directly tested the commonality among disparate tasks linked to the hippocampus by using PCA on performance from a battery of 12 cognitive tasks that included two traditional, long-delay neuropsychological tests of memory and two laboratory tests of relational memory (one of spatial and one of visual object associations) that imposed only short delays between study and test. Also included were different tests of memory, executive function, and processing speed. Structural MRI scans from a subset of participants were used to quantify the volume of the hippocampus and other subcortical regions. Results revealed that the 12 tasks clustered into four components; critically, the two neuropsychological tasks of long-term verbal memory and the two laboratory tests of relational memory loaded onto one component. Moreover, bilateral hippocampal volume was strongly tied to performance on this component. Taken together, these data emphasize the important contribution the hippocampus makes to relational memory processing across a broad range of tasks that span multiple domains.
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19
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Öztekin I, Cowan N. Editorial: Representational states in memory: where do we stand? Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:453. [PMID: 26347637 PMCID: PMC4539515 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Öztekin
- Department of Psychology, Koç University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri at Columbia Columbia, MO, USA
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20
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Rosen ML, Stern CE, Michalka SW, Devaney KJ, Somers DC. Cognitive Control Network Contributions to Memory-Guided Visual Attention. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2059-2073. [PMID: 25750253 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual attentional capacity is severely limited, but humans excel in familiar visual contexts, in part because long-term memories guide efficient deployment of attention. To investigate the neural substrates that support memory-guided visual attention, we performed a set of functional MRI experiments that contrast long-term, memory-guided visuospatial attention with stimulus-guided visuospatial attention in a change detection task. Whereas the dorsal attention network was activated for both forms of attention, the cognitive control network(CCN) was preferentially activated during memory-guided attention. Three posterior nodes in the CCN, posterior precuneus, posterior callosal sulcus/mid-cingulate, and lateral intraparietal sulcus exhibited the greatest specificity for memory-guided attention. These 3 regions exhibit functional connectivity at rest, and we propose that they form a subnetwork within the broader CCN. Based on the task activation patterns, we conclude that the nodes of this subnetwork are preferentially recruited for long-term memory guidance of visuospatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences.,Center for Memory and Brain.,Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - David C Somers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences.,Center for Memory and Brain.,Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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21
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Squire LR, Dede AJO. Conscious and unconscious memory systems. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a021667. [PMID: 25731765 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea that memory is not a single mental faculty has a long and interesting history but became a topic of experimental and biologic inquiry only in the mid-20th century. It is now clear that there are different kinds of memory, which are supported by different brain systems. One major distinction can be drawn between working memory and long-term memory. Long-term memory can be separated into declarative (explicit) memory and a collection of nondeclarative (implicit) forms of memory that include habits, skills, priming, and simple forms of conditioning. These memory systems depend variously on the hippocampus and related structures in the parahippocampal gyrus, as well as on the amygdala, the striatum, cerebellum, and the neocortex. This work recounts the discovery of declarative and nondeclarative memory and then describes the nature of declarative memory, working memory, nondeclarative memory, and the relationship between memory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Squire
- Veterans Affairs, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161 Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Adam J O Dede
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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22
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Medial temporal lobe coding of item and spatial information during relational binding in working memory. J Neurosci 2015; 34:14233-42. [PMID: 25339737 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0655-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several models have proposed that different medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions represent different kinds of information in the service of long-term memory. For instance, it has been proposed that perirhinal cortex (PRC), parahippocampal cortex (PHC), and hippocampus differentially support long-term memory for item information, spatial context, and item-context relations present during an event, respectively. Recent evidence has indicated that, in addition to long-term memory, MTL subregions may similarly contribute to processes that support the retention of complex spatial arrangements of objects across short delays. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivoxel pattern similarity analysis to investigate the extent to which human MTL regions independently code for object and spatial information, as well as the conjunction of this information, during working memory encoding and active maintenance. Voxel activity patterns in PRC, temporopolar cortex, and amygdala carried information about individual objects, whereas activity patterns in the PHC and posterior hippocampus carried information about the configuration of spatial locations that was to be remembered. Additionally, the integrity of multivoxel patterns in the right anterior hippocampus across encoding and delay periods was predictive of accurate short-term memory for object-location relationships. These results are consistent with parallel processing of item and spatial context information by PRC and PHC, respectively, and the binding of item and context by the hippocampus.
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Banta Lavenex PA, Colombo F, Ribordy Lambert F, Lavenex P. The human hippocampus beyond the cognitive map: evidence from a densely amnesic patient. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:711. [PMID: 25309387 PMCID: PMC4164002 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested a densely amnesic patient (P9), with bilateral hippocampal damage resulting from an autoimmune disorder, and 12 age- and sex-matched controls on a series of memory tasks designed to characterize allocentric spatial learning and memory abilities. We compared P9's ability to perform spatial memory tasks with her ability to perform non-spatial, color memory tasks. First, P9's performance was impaired as compared to controls even in the simplest versions of an allocentric spatial memory task, in which she had to find repeatedly over 10 trials the same location(s) of one, two or three illuminating foot pad(s) among 23 pads distributed in an open-field arena. In contrast, she performed as well as controls when she had to find repeatedly over 10 trials the same one, two or three pad(s) marked by color cue(s), whose locations varied between trials. Second, P9's performance was severely impaired in working memory tasks, when she had to learn on a trial-unique basis and remember the location(s) or the color(s) of one, two or three pad(s), while performing an interfering task during the 1-min interval separating encoding and retrieval. Without interference during the retention interval of the trial-unique tasks, P9's performance was partially preserved in the color tasks, whereas it remained severely impaired in the allocentric spatial tasks. Detailed behavioral analyses indicate that P9's memory representations are more limited than those of controls both in their precision (metric coding) and in the number of items that can be maintained in memory (capacity). These findings are consistent with the theory that the hippocampus contributes to the integration or binding of multiple items, in order to produce high-resolution/high-capacity representations of spatial and non-spatial information in the service of short-term/working and long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Banta Lavenex
- Laboratory for Experimental Research on Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Colombo
- Unit of Neuropsychology and Aphasiology, Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Farfalla Ribordy Lambert
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine and Fribourg Center for Cognition, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Lavenex
- Laboratory for Experimental Research on Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine and Fribourg Center for Cognition, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
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Hannula DE, Tranel D, Allen JS, Kirchhoff BA, Nickel AE, Cohen NJ. Memory for items and relationships among items embedded in realistic scenes: disproportionate relational memory impairments in amnesia. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:126-38. [PMID: 25068665 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the dependence of item memory and relational memory on medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. Patients with amnesia, who either had extensive MTL damage or damage that was relatively restricted to the hippocampus, were tested, as was a matched comparison group. Disproportionate relational memory impairments were predicted for both patient groups, and those with extensive MTL damage were also expected to have impaired item memory. METHOD Participants studied scenes, and were tested with interleaved 2-alternative forced-choice probe trials. Probe trials were either presented immediately after the corresponding study trial (Lag 1), 5 trials later (Lag 5), or 9 trials later (Lag 9) and consisted of the studied scene along with a manipulated version of that scene in which 1 item was replaced with a different exemplar (item memory test) or was moved to a new location (relational memory test). Participants were to identify the exact match of the studied scene. RESULTS As predicted, patients were disproportionately impaired on the test of relational memory. Item memory performance was marginally poorer among patients with extensive MTL damage, but both groups were impaired relative to matched comparison participants. Impaired performance was evident at all lags, including the shortest possible lag (Lag 1). CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the proposed role of the hippocampus in relational memory binding and representation, even at short delays, and suggest that the hippocampus may also contribute to successful item memory when items are embedded in complex scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John S Allen
- Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center and Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California
| | | | | | - Neal J Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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