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LoTemplio S, Silcox J, Murdock R, Strayer DL, Payne BR. To err is human- to understand error-processing is divine: Contributions of working memory and anxiety to error-related brain and pupil responses. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14392. [PMID: 37496438 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Both anxiety and working memory capacity appear to predict increased (more negative) error-related negativity (ERN) amplitudes, despite being inversely related to one another. Until the interactive effects of these variables on the ERN are clarified, there may be challenges posed to our ability to use the ERN as an endophenotype for anxiety, as some have suggested. The compensatory error monitoring hypothesis suggests that high trait-anxiety individuals have larger ERN amplitudes because they must employ extra, compensatory efforts to override the working memory demands of their anxiety. Yet, to our knowledge, no ERN study has employed direct manipulation of working memory demands in conjunction with direct manipulations of induced (state) anxiety. Furthermore, little is known about how these manipulations affect other measures of error processing, such as the error-related pupil dilation response and post-error behavioral adjustments. Therefore, we manipulate working memory load and anxiety in a 2 × 2 within-subjects design to examine the interactive effects of working memory load and anxiety on ERN amplitude, error-related pupil dilation response amplitude, and post-error behavior. There were no effects of our manipulations on ERN amplitude, suggesting a strong interpretation of compensatory error-processing theory. However, our worry manipulation affected post-error behavior, such that worry caused a reduction in post-error accuracy. Additionally, our working memory manipulation affected error-related PDR magnitude and the amplitude of the error-related positivity (Pe), such that increased working memory load decreased the amplitude of these responses. Implications of these results within the context of the compensatory error processing framework are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Silcox
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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2
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Meyer A. On the relationship between the error-related negativity and anxiety in children and adolescents: From a neural marker to a novel target for intervention. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14050. [PMID: 35324015 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current review focuses on our work on the relationship between the error-related negativity (i.e., ERN) and anxiety in children and adolescents. The ERN is an event-related potential (ERP) that appears as a negative deflection in the ERP waveform when individuals make errors and has been found to be increased in anxious individuals. We, and others, have extended this work into developmental populations, finding that the ERN can be measured reliably in children and that the ERN is increased among clinically anxious youth. Furthermore, we have found that the ERN predicts risk for increases in anxiety across development, among healthy and clinically anxious children. We have done work to elucidate what psychological phenomena the increased ERN among anxious children may reflect by creating a self-report measure of error sensitivity (i.e., the Child Error Sensitivity Index) that relates to the ERN. Moreover, we review our work on parenting and the ERN, which suggests that harsh or critical parenting styles may potentiate the ERN in offspring. And, building on these findings, we discuss our recent work to develop novel, computerized intervention strategies to reduce the ERN and thereby risk for anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Frömer R, Shenhav A. Filling the gaps: Cognitive control as a critical lens for understanding mechanisms of value-based decision-making. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104483. [PMID: 34902441 PMCID: PMC8844247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While often seeming to investigate rather different problems, research into value-based decision making and cognitive control have historically offered parallel insights into how people select thoughts and actions. While the former studies how people weigh costs and benefits to make a decision, the latter studies how they adjust information processing to achieve their goals. Recent work has highlighted ways in which decision-making research can inform our understanding of cognitive control. Here, we provide the complementary perspective: how cognitive control research has informed understanding of decision-making. We highlight three particular areas of research where this critical interchange has occurred: (1) how different types of goals shape the evaluation of choice options, (2) how people use control to adjust the ways they make their decisions, and (3) how people monitor decisions to inform adjustments to control at multiple levels and timescales. We show how adopting this alternate viewpoint offers new insight into the determinants of both decisions and control; provides alternative interpretations for common neuroeconomic findings; and generates fruitful directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frömer
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - A Shenhav
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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Meyer A, Hajcak G. A review examining the relationship between individual differences in the error-related negativity and cognitive control. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 144:7-13. [PMID: 31362030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, USA
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Barker TV, Troller-Renfree SV, Bowman LC, Pine DS, Fox NA. Social influences of error monitoring in adolescent girls. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13089. [PMID: 29682751 PMCID: PMC6113062 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by increased social motivation and a heightened concern of peer evaluation. However, little research has examined social influences on neural functioning in adolescence. One psychophysiological measure of motivation, the error-related negativity (ERN), is an ERP following an error. In adults, the ERN is enhanced by contextual factors that influence motivation, such as social observation and evaluation. The current study examined relations among age and neural responses in social contexts in adolescence. Seventy-six adolescent girls (9-17 years old) completed a flanker task under two different conditions. In the social condition, adolescent girls were informed that two other adolescents would be observing and providing feedback about their performance. In the nonsocial condition, adolescent girls completed a flanker task alone and were told feedback was computer generated. Results revealed that younger adolescents exhibited a larger ERN in social contexts than nonsocial contexts. In contrast, there were no differences in the ERN between contexts among older adolescents. In addition, enhancements of the ERN in social contexts among younger adolescents diminished the relation between the ERN and age. These findings suggest that the ERN is sensitive to social contexts in early adolescence, and developmental changes in the ERN may be partially explained by contextual factors that influence motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson V. Barker
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Sonya V. Troller-Renfree
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Lindsay C. Bowman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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Associations between Disorder-Specific Symptoms of Anxiety and Error-Monitoring Brain Activity in Young Children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 45:1439-1448. [PMID: 27995359 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the earliest emerging disorders and most common mental health problem across the lifespan. A common characteristic of individuals with anxiety is poor attentional and cognitive control. Therefore, researchers are interested in how cognitive functioning relates to anxiety in young children. In particular, research has demonstrated associations between anxiety and electrophysiological markers of cognitive control skills such as the error-related negativity (ERN). The nature of the anxiety-ERN relationship is not well understood, however. The purpose of the present study was to examine: 1) the association between the ERN and diagnostically-defined symptoms of different anxiety disorders; and 2) the extent to which disorder-specific symptoms of anxiety moderated the association between ERN and behavioral performance on a Go/No-Go task in a sample of 139 children 5-8 years of age (70 females and 69 males). Results suggest that more separation anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms are associated with a smaller ΔERN, even after controlling for other anxiety disorder symptoms. Children with more SAD symptoms showed higher error rates and failed to exhibit the expected association between ΔERN and behavioral performance, suggesting ineffective error-monitoring in young children with SAD problems.
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Lo SL. A meta-analytic review of the event-related potentials (ERN and N2) in childhood and adolescence: Providing a developmental perspective on the conflict monitoring theory. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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White LK, Moore TM, Calkins ME, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Gur RC, Gur RE. An Evaluation of the Specificity of Executive Function Impairment in Developmental Psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:975-982.e3. [PMID: 29096780 PMCID: PMC5815390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits in executive function (EF) are common in neuropsychiatric disorders, but the specificity of these deficits remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the pattern of EF impairment across psychopathologies in children and adolescents. Associations among components of EF with dimensions of psychopathology, including an overall psychopathology factor, were assessed. METHOD Participants (8-21 years) were from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N = 9,498). Data from a structured clinical screening interview were reduced to 5 dimensional domains using factor analyses: overall psychopathology, anxious-misery, fear, externalizing, and psychosis. EF components of attentional vigilance, response inhibition, conceptual flexibility, and working memory were assessed. Associations of clinical dimensions with general EF ability and with specific EF components were examined. RESULTS EF ability showed common and domain-specific associations with clinical symptoms. General EF was directly associated with the general psychopathology, anxious-misery, and psychosis domains but not with the fear or externalizing domains. For the EF subcomponents, differences emerged in the magnitude and direction of the association between components and clinical domains. Poorer EF was typically associated with increased symptoms across clinical domains; however, in some instances, better EF ability was associated with greater symptom burden, particularly in the fear domain. CONCLUSION EF has widespread associations with psychopathology in youth. Findings showed some overlap in the type of EF impairment across clinical phenotypes, as indicated by similar patterns of associations between some clinical symptoms and EF. However, findings also showed domain-specific associations with EF that differed across EF components and clinical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K White
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Tyler M Moore
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Monica E Calkins
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- National Institute of Mental Health, Emotion and Development Branch, Rockville, MD
| | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health, Emotion and Development Branch, Rockville, MD
| | - Ruben C Gur
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E Gur
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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Moser JS. The Nature of the Relationship Between Anxiety and the Error-Related Negativity Across Development. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2017; 4:309-321. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-017-0132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Schroder HS, Glazer JE, Bennett KP, Moran TP, Moser JS. Suppression of error-preceding brain activity explains exaggerated error monitoring in females with worry. Biol Psychol 2017; 122:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Baldwin SA. Improving the rigor of psychophysiology research. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 111:5-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Error monitoring is related to processing internal affective states. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:1050-1062. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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The Moderating Role of Attention Biases in understanding the link between Behavioral Inhibition and Anxiety. J Exp Psychopathol 2016; 7:451-465. [PMID: 30498566 DOI: 10.5127/jep.052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to extend the results of White et al. (2015) by examining the moderating role of attention biases at age 5 on the relations between Behavioral Inhibition (BI) during toddlerhood and anxiety symptoms at age 10. Children's BI at 2 and 3 years of age was measured using laboratory assessments, and attention bias towards threat was assessed using a dot-probe task at age 5. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify the probability for children's membership in an anxiety class, which reflected primary anxiety at age 10 that was not comorbid with symptoms of inattention. Maternal and self-report measures of children's mental health, collected via questionnaires and semi-structured diagnostic interviews, were used as indicators for the LCA. The results revealed that threat-related attention biases moderated the relation between BI and anxiety, such that BI positively predicted the probability of being in the anxiety class only when children had an attention bias towards threat. BI was unrelated to anxiety when children had no attention bias or an attention bias away from threat. These results indicated that attention biases during preschool may differentiate between inhibited children who are at heightened risk for anxiety later in childhood from those who are not. The results are discussed in a framework detailing the role of attention biases in increasing the sensitivity for anxiety-related problems in children who display high levels of BI during early childhood.
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Lo SL, Schroder HS, Moran TP, Durbin CE, Moser JS. Neurophysiological evidence of an association between cognitive control and defensive reactivity processes in young children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 15:35-47. [PMID: 26386550 PMCID: PMC4704697 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ERN, Pe, startle reflex, and parietal asymmetry were measured in young children. Reduced ERN was related to a larger startle and greater right parietal activity. Age predicted smaller startle, larger ERN, and better behavioral performance. Age did not moderate the association between ERN and startle. Age did not moderate the association between ERN and parietal asymmetry.
Interactions between cognitive control and affective processes, such as defensive reactivity, are intimately involved in healthy and unhealthy human development. However, cognitive control and defensive reactivity processes are often studied in isolation and rarely examined in early childhood. To address these gaps, we examined the relationships between multiple neurophysiological measures of cognitive control and defensive reactivity in young children. Specifically, we assessed two event-related potentials thought to index cognitive control processes – the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) – measured across two tasks, and two markers of defensive reactivity processes – startle reflex and resting parietal asymmetry – in a sample of 3- to 7-year old children. Results revealed that measures of cognitive control and defensive reactivity were related such that evidence of poor cognitive control (smaller ERN) was associated with high defensive reactivity (larger startle and greater right relative to left parietal activity). The strength of associations between the ERN and measures of defensive reactivity did not vary by age, providing evidence that poor cognitive control relates to greater defensive reactivity across early childhood years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Lo
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology, United States.
| | - Hans S Schroder
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Tim P Moran
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology, United States; Georgia Tech University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - C Emily Durbin
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Jason S Moser
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology, United States
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Stahl J, Acharki M, Kresimon M, Völler F, Gibbons H. Perfect error processing: Perfectionism-related variations in action monitoring and error processing mechanisms. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 97:153-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Moran TP, Bernat EM, Aviyente S, Schroder HS, Moser JS. Sending mixed signals: worry is associated with enhanced initial error processing but reduced call for subsequent cognitive control. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1548-56. [PMID: 25925270 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worry is reliably associated with overactive action-monitoring processes as measured by the error-related negativity (ERN). However, worry is not associated with error-related behavioral adjustments which are typically used to infer increased cognitive control following errors. We hypothesized that this disconnect between overactive action monitoring and unimproved post-error adjustments in worriers is the result of reduced functional integration between medial and lateral prefrontal regions during generation of the ERN, understood to have an important role in mediating controlled processing. To test this, we examined ERN amplitude and interchannel phase synchrony extracted from scalp-recorded electroencephalographic data during error processing in 77 undergraduates who performed a Flankers task. Correlational and path analytic results demonstrated that worry was related to both an enlarged ERN and reduced phase synchrony. Although not directly related to post-error behavioral adjustments, results also revealed that worry was indirectly related to poor post-error adjustments through its association with reduced phase synchrony. Therefore, worry seems to affect multiple components of the action-monitoring system. It is related not just with the initial response to the error, but also with the transmission of information between networks involved in cognitive control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Moran
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ed M Bernat
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MA, USA, and
| | - Selin Aviyente
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hans S Schroder
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jason S Moser
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,
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Weinberg A, Dieterich R, Riesel A. Error-related brain activity in the age of RDoC: A review of the literature. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:276-299. [PMID: 25746725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and respond to errors is critical to successful adaptation to a changing environment. The error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential (ERP) component, is a well-validated neural response to errors and reflects the error monitoring activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Additionally, the ERN is implicated in several processes key to adaptive functioning. Abnormalities in error-related brain activity have been linked to multiple forms of psychopathology and individual differences. As such, the component is likely to be useful in NIMH's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative to establish biologically-meaningful dimensions of psychological dysfunction, and currently appears as a unit of measurement in three RDoC domains: Positive Valence Systems, Negative Valence Systems, and Cognitive Systems. In this review paper, we introduce the ERN and discuss evidence related to its psychometric properties, as well as important task differences. Following this, we discuss evidence linking the ERN to clinically diverse forms of psychopathology, as well as the implications of one unit of measurement appearing in multiple RDoC dimensions. And finally, we discuss important future directions, as well as research pathways by which the ERN might be leveraged to track the ways in which dysfunctions in multiple neural systems interact to influence psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States.
| | - Raoul Dieterich
- Clinical Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Riesel
- Clinical Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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Differential contributions of worry, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive symptoms to ERN amplitudes in response monitoring and reinforcement learning tasks. Neuropsychologia 2014; 61:197-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Schroder HS, Moser JS. Improving the study of error monitoring with consideration of behavioral performance measures. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:178. [PMID: 24723878 PMCID: PMC3972447 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Schroder
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jason S Moser
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
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