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Edmiston EK, Chase HW, Jones N, Nhan TJ, Phillips ML, Fournier JC. Differential role of fusiform gyrus coupling in depressive and anxiety symptoms during emotion perception. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae009. [PMID: 38334745 PMCID: PMC10908550 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression co-occur; the neural substrates of shared and unique components of these symptoms are not understood. Given emotional alterations in internalizing disorders, we hypothesized that function of regions associated with emotion processing/regulation, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala and fusiform gyrus (FG), would differentiate these symptoms. Forty-three adults with depression completed an emotional functional magnetic resonance imaging task and the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales. We transformed these scales to examine two orthogonal components, one representing internalizing symptom severity and the other the type of internalizing symptoms (anxiety vs depression). We extracted blood oxygen level dependent signal from FG subregions, ACC, and amygdala and performed generalized psychophysiological interaction analyses to assess relationships between symptoms and brain function. Type of internalizing symptoms was associated with FG3-FG1 coupling (F = 8.14, P = 0.007). More coupling was associated with a higher concentration of depression, demonstrating that intra-fusiform coupling is differentially associated with internalizing symptom type (anxiety vs depression). We found an interaction between task condition and internalizing symptoms and dorsal (F = 4.51, P = 0.014) and rostral ACC activity (F = 4.27, P = 0.012). Post hoc comparisons revealed that less activity was associated with greater symptom severity during emotional regulation. Functional coupling differences during emotional processing are associated with depressive relative to anxiety symptoms and internalizing symptom severity. These findings could inform future treatments for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Kale Edmiston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Henry W Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Neil Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Tiffany J Nhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jay C Fournier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Matsui T, Taki M, Pham TQ, Chikazoe J, Jimura K. Counterfactual Explanation of Brain Activity Classifiers Using Image-To-Image Transfer by Generative Adversarial Network. Front Neuroinform 2022; 15:802938. [PMID: 35369003 PMCID: PMC8966478 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2021.802938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep neural networks (DNNs) can accurately decode task-related information from brain activations. However, because of the non-linearity of DNNs, it is generally difficult to explain how and why they assign certain behavioral tasks to given brain activations, either correctly or incorrectly. One of the promising approaches for explaining such a black-box system is counterfactual explanation. In this framework, the behavior of a black-box system is explained by comparing real data and realistic synthetic data that are specifically generated such that the black-box system outputs an unreal outcome. The explanation of the system's decision can be explained by directly comparing the real and synthetic data. Recently, by taking advantage of advances in DNN-based image-to-image translation, several studies successfully applied counterfactual explanation to image domains. In principle, the same approach could be used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Because fMRI datasets often contain multiple classes (e.g., multiple behavioral tasks), the image-to-image transformation applicable to counterfactual explanation needs to learn mapping among multiple classes simultaneously. Recently, a new generative neural network (StarGAN) that enables image-to-image transformation among multiple classes has been developed. By adapting StarGAN with some modifications, here, we introduce a novel generative DNN (counterfactual activation generator, CAG) that can provide counterfactual explanations for DNN-based classifiers of brain activations. Importantly, CAG can simultaneously handle image transformation among all the seven classes in a publicly available fMRI dataset. Thus, CAG could provide a counterfactual explanation of DNN-based multiclass classifiers of brain activations. Furthermore, iterative applications of CAG were able to enhance and extract subtle spatial brain activity patterns that affected the classifier's decisions. Together, these results demonstrate that the counterfactual explanation based on image-to-image transformation would be a promising approach to understand and extend the current application of DNNs in fMRI analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Matsui
- Department of Biology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Taki
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence and Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Trung Quang Pham
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Junichi Chikazoe
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Araya Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Jimura
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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Thornton LC, Penner EA, Nolan ZT, Adalio CJ, Sinclair S, Meffert H, Hwang S, Blair RJR, White SF. The processing of animacy information is disrupted as a function of callous-unemotional traits in youth with disruptive behavior disorders. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:498-506. [PMID: 28971003 PMCID: PMC5609860 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical amygdala responses to emotional stimuli have been consistently reported in youth with Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs; Conduct Disorder/Oppositional Defiant Disorder). However, responding to animacy stimuli has not been systematically investigated. Yet, the amygdala is known to be responsive to animacy stimuli and impairment in responsiveness to animacy information may have implications for social cognitive development. Twenty-nine youth with DBDs and 20 typically developing youth, matched for IQ, age (Mage = 14.45, SD = 2.05) and gender, completed a dot probe task during fMRI. Stimuli consisted of negative/faces, negative/objects, neutral/faces and neutral/objects images. Youth with DBDs, relative to typically developing youth, showed: i) reduced amygdala and lateral temporal cortex responses to faces relative to objects. Moreover, within the group of youth with DBDs, increasing callous-unemotional traits were associated with lesser amygdala responses to faces relative to objects. These data suggest that youth with DBDs, particularly those with high levels of CU traits exhibit dysfunction in animacy processing in the amygdala. This dysfunction may underpin the asociality reported in these youth. Animacy processing within the amygdala is a critical component of social cognition. Youth with DBDs had reduced responses to faces compared to objects in amygdala. CU traits were associated with reduced amygdala responses to faces. Youth with DBDs, particularly those with CU exhibit problems in animacy processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Thornton
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | | | - Zachary T Nolan
- Pennsylvania State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Stephen Sinclair
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Harma Meffert
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Soonjo Hwang
- Univeristy of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - R James R Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States.,National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stuart F White
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the amygdala is more involved in processing animate categories, such as humans and animals, than inanimate objects, but little is known regarding whether this animate advantage applies to auditory stimuli. To address this issue, we performed a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study with emotion and category as factors, in which subjects heard sounds from different categories (i.e., humans, animals, and objects) in negative and neutral dimensions. Emotional levels and semantic familiarity were matched across categories. The results showed that the amygdala responded more to human vocalization than to animal vocalization and sounds of inanimate objects in both negative and neutral valences, and more to animal sounds than to objects in neural condition. In addition, the amygdala, together with the insula and the right superior temporal sulcus, further distinguished human voices from animal sounds. These data indicated that the amygdala is prepared to respond to animate sources, especially human vocalizations in auditory modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhao
- a School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health , Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Qing Sun
- a School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health , Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Gang Chen
- b Scientific and Statistical Computing Core , National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Jiongjiong Yang
- a School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health , Peking University , Beijing , China
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Buchheim A, Erk S, George C, Kächele H, Martius P, Pokorny D, Spitzer M, Walter H. Neural Response during the Activation of the Attachment System in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: An fMRI Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:389. [PMID: 27531977 PMCID: PMC4969290 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are characterized by emotional instability, impaired emotion regulation and unresolved attachment patterns associated with abusive childhood experiences. We investigated the neural response during the activation of the attachment system in BPD patients compared to healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eleven female patients with BPD without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 17 healthy female controls matched for age and education were telling stories in the scanner in response to the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP), an eight-picture set assessment of adult attachment. The picture set includes theoretically-derived attachment scenes, such as separation, death, threat and potential abuse. The picture presentation order is designed to gradually increase the activation of the attachment system. Each picture stimulus was presented for 2 min. Analyses examine group differences in attachment classifications and neural activation patterns over the course of the task. Unresolved attachment was associated with increasing amygdala activation over the course of the attachment task in patients as well as controls. Unresolved controls, but not patients, showed activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the rostral cingulate zone (RCZ). We interpret this as a neural signature of BPD patients’ inability to exert top-down control under conditions of attachment distress. These findings point to possible neural mechanisms for underlying affective dysregulation in BPD in the context of attachment trauma and fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buchheim
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Mind and Brain Research, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
| | - Carol George
- Department of Psychology, Mills College Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Horst Kächele
- International Psychoanalytic University Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dan Pokorny
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry III, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Mind and Brain Research, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
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