16
|
Quinlan EB, Cattrell A, Jia T, Artiges E, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Brühl R, Conrod PJ, Desrivieres S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Glennon JC, Buitelaar JK, Happé F, Loth E, Barker ED, Schumann G. Psychosocial Stress and Brain Function in Adolescent Psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:785-794. [PMID: 28618856 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to explore how conduct, hyperactivity/inattention, and emotional symptoms are associated with neural reactivity to social-emotional stimuli, and the extent to which psychosocial stress modulates these relationships. METHOD Participants were community adolescents recruited as part of the European IMAGEN study. Bilateral amygdala regions of interest were used to assess the relationship between the three symptom domains and functional MRI neural reactivity during passive viewing of dynamic angry and neutral facial expressions. Exploratory functional connectivity and whole brain multiple regression approaches were used to analyze how the symptoms and psychosocial stress relate to other brain regions. RESULTS In response to the social-emotional stimuli, adolescents with high levels of conduct or hyperactivity/inattention symptoms who had also experienced a greater number of stressful life events showed hyperactivity of the amygdala and several regions across the brain. This effect was not observed with emotional symptoms. A cluster in the midcingulate was found to be common to both conduct problems and hyperactivity symptoms. Exploratory functional connectivity analyses suggested that amygdala-precuneus connectivity is associated with hyperactivity/inattention symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The results link hyperactive amygdala responses and regions critical for top-down emotional processing with high levels of psychosocial stress in individuals with greater conduct and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms. This work highlights the importance of studying how psychosocial stress affects functional brain responses to social-emotional stimuli, particularly in adolescents with externalizing symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burke Quinlan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tianye Jia
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Artiges
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gareth Barker
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Büchel
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Penny Gowland
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Paus
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luise Poustka
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nora C Vetter
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Whelan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Happé
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Loth
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Edward D Barker
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | -
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|