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Xie C, Xiang S, Shen C, Peng X, Kang J, Li Y, Cheng W, He S, Bobou M, Broulidakis MJ, van Noort BM, Zhang Z, Robinson L, Vaidya N, Winterer J, Zhang Y, King S, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lemaître H, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Schmidt U, Sinclair J, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Walter H, Whelan R, Desrivières S, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Schumann G, Jia T, Feng J. Author Correction: A shared neural basis underlying psychiatric comorbidity. Nat Med 2023; 29:2375. [PMID: 37558759 PMCID: PMC10504065 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shitong Xiang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Shen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuerui Peng
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jujiao Kang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhu Li
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqi He
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marina Bobou
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M John Broulidakis
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zuo Zhang
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren Robinson
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Section for Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeanne Winterer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Psychology Department, B44 University Rd, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sinead King
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Medicine, Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, C.E.A., Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- NeuroSpin, C.E.A., Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 992 INSERM, CEA, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 'Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie', Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 'Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie', Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Section for Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julia Sinclair
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Division of Psychiatry and Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- PONS Centre, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Xie C, Xiang S, Shen C, Peng X, Kang J, Li Y, Cheng W, He S, Bobou M, Broulidakis MJ, van Noort BM, Zhang Z, Robinson L, Vaidya N, Winterer J, Zhang Y, King S, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lemaître H, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Schmidt U, Sinclair J, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Walter H, Whelan R, Desrivières S, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Schumann G, Jia T, Feng J. A shared neural basis underlying psychiatric comorbidity. Nat Med 2023; 29:1232-1242. [PMID: 37095248 PMCID: PMC10202801 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies proposed a general psychopathology factor underlying common comorbidities among psychiatric disorders. However, its neurobiological mechanisms and generalizability remain elusive. In this study, we used a large longitudinal neuroimaging cohort from adolescence to young adulthood (IMAGEN) to define a neuropsychopathological (NP) factor across externalizing and internalizing symptoms using multitask connectomes. We demonstrate that this NP factor might represent a unified, genetically determined, delayed development of the prefrontal cortex that further leads to poor executive function. We also show this NP factor to be reproducible in multiple developmental periods, from preadolescence to early adulthood, and generalizable to the resting-state connectome and clinical samples (the ADHD-200 Sample and the Stratify Project). In conclusion, we identify a reproducible and general neural basis underlying symptoms of multiple mental health disorders, bridging multidimensional evidence from behavioral, neuroimaging and genetic substrates. These findings may help to develop new therapeutic interventions for psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shitong Xiang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Shen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuerui Peng
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jujiao Kang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhu Li
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqi He
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marina Bobou
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M John Broulidakis
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Zuo Zhang
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren Robinson
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Section for Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeanne Winterer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sinead King
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Medicine, Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, C.E.A., Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 'Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie', Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 'Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie', Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Section for Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julia Sinclair
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Division of Psychiatry and Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- PONS Centre, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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3
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Guldner S, Sarvasmaa AS, Lemaître H, Massicotte J, Vulser H, Miranda R, Bezivin-Frère P, Filippi I, Penttilä J, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Artiges E, Martinot MLP, Martinot JL. Longitudinal associations between adolescent catch-up sleep, white-matter maturation and internalizing problems. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 59:101193. [PMID: 36610292 PMCID: PMC9841167 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an important contributor for neural maturation and emotion regulation during adolescence, with long-term effects on a range of white matter tracts implicated in affective processing in at-risk populations. We investigated the effects of adolescent sleep patterns on longitudinal changes in white matter development and whether this is related to the emergence of emotional (internalizing) problems. Sleep patterns and internalizing problems were assessed using self-report questionnaires in adolescents recruited in the general population followed up from age 14-19 years (N = 111 White matter structure was measured using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and estimated using fractional anisotropy (FA). We found that longitudinal increases in time in bed (TIB) on weekends and increases in TIB-variability between weekdays to weekend, were associated with an increase in FA in various interhemispheric and cortico-striatal tracts. Extracted FA values from left superior longitudinal fasciculus mediated the relationship between increases in TIB on weekends and a decrease in internalizing problems. These results imply that while insufficient sleep might have potentially harmful effects on long-term white matter development and internalizing problems, longer sleep duration on weekends (catch-up sleep) might be a natural counteractive and protective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Guldner
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna S Sarvasmaa
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Student Health Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Massicotte
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Vulser
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pauline Bezivin-Frère
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Irina Filippi
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun Lw Bokde
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Saclay, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai; and Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Artiges
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; EPS Barthelemy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; AP-HP. Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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4
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Chen D, Jia T, Cheng W, Cao M, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, Schumann G, Feng J. Brain Signatures During Reward Anticipation Predict Persistent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:1050-1061. [PMID: 34954028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children experiencing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms may retain symptoms into adulthood, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. METHOD To identify biomarkers of persistent ADHD symptom development, we carried out whole-brain analyses of neuroimaging data during the anticipation phase of the Monetary-Incentive-Delay (MID) task in 1,368 adolescents recruited by the IMAGEN Consortium at age 14 years, whose behavioral measurements were followed up longitudinally at age 16. In particular, we focused on comparing individuals with persistent high ADHD symptoms at both ages 14 and 16 years to unaffected control individuals, but also exploring which individuals demonstrating symptom remission (with high ADHD symptoms at age 14 but much reduced at age 16). RESULTS We identified reduced activations in the medial frontal cortex and the thalamus during reward anticipation as neuro-biomarkers for persistent ADHD symptoms across time. The genetic relevance of the above findings was further supported by the associations of the polygenic risk scores of ADHD with both the persistent and control status and the activations of both brain regions. Furthermore, in an exploratory analysis, the thalamic activation might also help to distinguish persons with persistent ADHD from those remitted in both an exploratory sample (odds ratio = 9.43, p < .001) and an independent generalization sample (odds ratio = 4.64, p = .003). CONCLUSION Using a well-established and widely applied functional magnetic resonance imaging task, we have identified neural biomarkers that could discriminate ADHD symptoms that persist throughout adolescence from controls and potentially those likely to remit during adolescent development as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China
| | | | - Gareth J Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and the Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and the Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte -Justine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - T W Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China; University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
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5
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Ivanov I, Parvaz MA, Velthorst E, Shaik RB, Sandin S, Gan G, Spechler P, Albaugh MD, Chaarani B, Mackey S, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Lemaitre H, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H. Substance Use Initiation, Particularly Alcohol, in Drug-Naive Adolescents: Possible Predictors and Consequences From a Large Cohort Naturalistic Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:623-636. [PMID: 33011213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether deviations in brain and behavioral development, which may underpin elevated substance use during adolescence, are predispositions for or consequences of substance use initiation. Here, we examine behavioral and neuroimaging indices at early and mid-adolescence in drug-naive youths to identify possible predisposing factors for substance use initiation and its possible consequences. METHOD Among 304 drug-naive adolescents at baseline (age 14 years) from the IMAGEN dataset, 83 stayed drug-naive, 133 used alcohol on 1 to 9 occasions, 42 on 10 to 19 occasions, 27 on 20 to 39 occasions, and 19 on >40 occasions at follow-up (age 16 years). Baseline measures included brain activation during the Monetary Incentive Delay task. Data at both baseline and follow-up included measures of trait impulsivity and delay discounting. RESULTS From baseline to follow-up, impulsivity decreased in the 0 and 1- to 9-occasions groups (p < .004), did not change in the 10- to 19-occasions and 20- to 29-occasions groups (p > .294), and uncharacteristically increased in the >40-occasions group (p = .046). Furthermore, blunted medial orbitofrontal cortex activation during reward outcome at baseline significantly predicted higher alcohol use frequency at follow-up, above and beyond behavioral and clinical variables (p = .008). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the transition from no use to frequent drinking in early to mid-adolescence may disrupt normative developmental changes in behavioral control. In addition, blunted activity of the medial orbitofrontal cortex during reward outcome may underscore a predisposition toward the development of more severe alcohol use in adolescents. This distinction is clinically important, as it informs early intervention efforts in preventing the onset of substance use disorder in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Riaz B Shaik
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Sven Sandin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Gan
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- 12Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- University of Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; and the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Henrik Walter
- 12Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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6
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O'Connor DA, Janet R, Guigon V, Belle A, Vincent BT, Bromberg U, Peters J, Corgnet B, Dreher JC. Rewards that are near increase impulsive action. iScience 2021; 24:102292. [PMID: 33889815 PMCID: PMC8050375 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern society, the natural drive to behave impulsively in order to obtain rewards must often be curbed. A continued failure to do so is associated with a range of outcomes including drug abuse, pathological gambling, and obesity. Here, we used virtual reality technology to investigate whether spatial proximity to rewards has the power to exacerbate the drive to behave impulsively toward them. We embedded two behavioral tasks measuring distinct forms of impulsive behavior, impulsive action, and impulsive choice, within an environment rendered in virtual reality. Participants responded to three-dimensional cues representing food rewards located in either near or far space. Bayesian analyses revealed that participants were significantly less able to stop motor actions when rewarding cues were near compared with when they were far. Since factors normally associated with proximity were controlled for, these results suggest that proximity plays a distinctive role in driving impulsive actions for rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A O'Connor
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-making Team, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Remi Janet
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-making Team, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Valentin Guigon
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-making Team, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Anael Belle
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team (ImpAct), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (CRNL), Lyon, France
| | | | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Psychology Department, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brice Corgnet
- Emlyon Business School, GATE UMR 5824, Ecully, France
| | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision-making Team, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron, France
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7
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Barker ED, Ing A, Biondo F, Jia T, Pingault JB, Du Rietz E, Zhang Y, Ruggeri B, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Sounga-Barke E, Bowling AB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Asherson P, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G. Do ADHD-impulsivity and BMI have shared polygenic and neural correlates? Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1019-1028. [PMID: 31227801 PMCID: PMC7910212 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is an extensive body of literature linking ADHD to overweight and obesity. Research indicates that impulsivity features of ADHD account for a degree of this overlap. The neural and polygenic correlates of this association have not been thoroughly examined. In participants of the IMAGEN study, we found that impulsivity symptoms and body mass index (BMI) were associated (r = 0.10, n = 874, p = 0.014 FWE corrected), as were their respective polygenic risk scores (PRS) (r = 0.17, n = 874, p = 6.5 × 10-6 FWE corrected). We then examined whether the phenotypes of impulsivity and BMI, and the PRS scores of ADHD and BMI, shared common associations with whole-brain grey matter and the Monetary Incentive Delay fMRI task, which associates with reward-related impulsivity. A sparse partial least squared analysis (sPLS) revealed a shared neural substrate that associated with both the phenotypes and PRS scores. In a last step, we conducted a bias corrected bootstrapped mediation analysis with the neural substrate score from the sPLS as the mediator. The ADHD PRS associated with impulsivity symptoms (b = 0.006, 90% CIs = 0.001, 0.019) and BMI (b = 0.009, 90% CIs = 0.001, 0.025) via the neuroimaging substrate. The BMI PRS associated with BMI (b = 0.014, 95% CIs = 0.003, 0.033) and impulsivity symptoms (b = 0.009, 90% CIs = 0.001, 0.025) via the neuroimaging substrate. A common neural substrate may (in part) underpin shared genetic liability for ADHD and BMI and the manifestation of their (observable) phenotypic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK.
| | - Alex Ing
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Francesca Biondo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ebba Du Rietz
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Edmund Sounga-Barke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - April B Bowling
- School of Health Science, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street North Andover, North Andover, MA, 01845, USA
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip Asherson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Université; and AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
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8
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Lapidaire W, Urrila AS, Artiges E, Miranda R, Vulser H, Bézivin-Frere P, Lemaître H, Penttilä J, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Martinot MLP, Martinot JL. Irregular sleep habits, regional grey matter volumes, and psychological functioning in adolescents. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243720. [PMID: 33566829 PMCID: PMC7875363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing sleep rhythms in adolescents often lead to sleep deficits and a delay in sleep timing between weekdays and weekends. The adolescent brain, and in particular the rapidly developing structures involved in emotional control, are vulnerable to external and internal factors. In our previous study in adolescents at age 14, we observed a strong relationship between weekend sleep schedules and regional medial prefrontal cortex grey matter volumes. Here, we aimed to assess whether this relationship remained in this group of adolescents of the general population at the age of 16 (n = 101; mean age 16.8 years; 55% girls). We further examined grey matter volumes in the hippocampi and the amygdalae, calculated with voxel-based morphometry. In addition, we investigated the relationships between sleep habits, assessed with self-reports, and regional grey matter volumes, and psychological functioning, assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and tests on working memory and impulsivity. Later weekend wake-up times were associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdalae, and greater weekend delays in wake-up time were associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the right hippocampus and amygdala. The medial prefrontal cortex region mediated the correlation between weekend wake up time and externalising symptoms. Paying attention to regular sleep habits during adolescence could act as a protective factor against the emergence of psychopathology via enabling favourable brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winok Lapidaire
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anna S. Urrila
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Health, Unit of Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry / Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Artiges
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthelemy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Vulser
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pauline Bézivin-Frere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical School, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commission for Atomic and Alternative Energy, Saclay, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, 6436 UHC, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Centre of Neuroimaging Research, CENIR at ICM Institute, Paris Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Chaarani B, Kan KJ, Mackey S, Spechler PA, Potter A, Banaschewski T, Millenet S, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Stringaris A, Higgins ST, Schumann G, Garavan H, Althoff RR. Neural Correlates of Adolescent Irritability and Its Comorbidity With Psychiatric Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:1371-1379. [PMID: 32860907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irritable mood, a common and impairing symptom in psychopathology, has been proposed to underlie the developmental link between oppositional problems in youth and depression in adulthood. We examined the neural correlates of adolescent irritability in IMAGEN, a sample of 2,024 14-year-old adolescents from 5 European countries. METHOD The Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) was used to assess attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Three items from the DAWBA, selected as close matches to the Affective Reactivity Index, were used to assess irritability. Structural magnetic resonance imaging was examined using whole-brain voxel-based morphometry analysis, and functional magnetic resonance imaging was examined during a stop signal task of inhibitory control. Imaging data were included in structural equation models to examine the direct and indirect associations between irritable mood and comorbid DSM diagnoses. RESULTS Whole-brain voxelwise analysis showed that adolescent irritable mood was associated with less gray matter volume and less neural activation underlying inhibitory control in frontal and temporal cortical areas (cluster-correction at p < .05). Structural equation models suggested that part of the observed smaller gray matter volume was exclusively driven by irritability separate from direct relationships between generalized anxiety disorder (or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, or oppositional defiant disorder) and gray matter volume. CONCLUSION This study identifies adolescent irritability as an independent construct and points to a neurobiological correlate to irritability that is an important contributing feature to many psychopathological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Chaarani
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington.
| | - Kees-Jan Kan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Scott Mackey
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Alexandra Potter
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Henrik Walter
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Argyris Stringaris
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | | | - Hugh Garavan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | -
- Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada
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10
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Mascarell Maričić L, Walter H, Rosenthal A, Ripke S, Quinlan EB, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Itterman B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Smolka MN, Fröhner JH, Whelan R, Kaminski J, Schumann G, Heinz A. The IMAGEN study: a decade of imaging genetics in adolescents. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2648-2671. [PMID: 32601453 PMCID: PMC7577859 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Imaging genetics offers the possibility of detecting associations between genotype and brain structure as well as function, with effect sizes potentially exceeding correlations between genotype and behavior. However, study results are often limited due to small sample sizes and methodological differences, thus reducing the reliability of findings. The IMAGEN cohort with 2000 young adolescents assessed from the age of 14 onwards tries to eliminate some of these limitations by offering a longitudinal approach and sufficient sample size for analyzing gene-environment interactions on brain structure and function. Here, we give a systematic review of IMAGEN publications since the start of the consortium. We then focus on the specific phenotype 'drug use' to illustrate the potential of the IMAGEN approach. We describe findings with respect to frontocortical, limbic and striatal brain volume, functional activation elicited by reward anticipation, behavioral inhibition, and affective faces, and their respective associations with drug intake. In addition to describing its strengths, we also discuss limitations of the IMAGEN study. Because of the longitudinal design and related attrition, analyses are underpowered for (epi-) genome-wide approaches due to the limited sample size. Estimating the generalizability of results requires replications in independent samples. However, such densely phenotyped longitudinal studies are still rare and alternative internal cross-validation methods (e.g., leave-one out, split-half) are also warranted. In conclusion, the IMAGEN cohort is a unique, very well characterized longitudinal sample, which helped to elucidate neurobiological mechanisms involved in complex behavior and offers the possibility to further disentangle genotype × phenotype interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Mascarell Maričić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Department of Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Department of Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Bernd Itterman
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging& Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Université, and AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, TechnischeUniversität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, TechnischeUniversität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jakob Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Department of Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Luo Q, Zhang L, Huang CC, Zheng Y, Kanen JW, Zhao Q, Yao Y, Quinlan EB, Jia T, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Sahakian BJ, Schumann G, Li F, Feng J, Desrivières S, Robbins TW. Association between childhood trauma and risk for obesity: a putative neurocognitive developmental pathway. BMC Med 2020; 18:278. [PMID: 33054810 PMCID: PMC7559717 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma increases the risk for adult obesity through multiple complex pathways, and the neural substrates are yet to be determined. METHODS Participants from three population-based neuroimaging cohorts, including the IMAGEN cohort, the UK Biobank (UKB), and the Human Connectome Project (HCP), were recruited. Voxel-based morphometry analysis of both childhood trauma and body mass index (BMI) was performed in the longitudinal IMAGEN cohort; validation of the findings was performed in the UKB. White-matter connectivity analysis was conducted to study the structural connectivity between the identified brain region and subdivisions of the hypothalamus in the HCP. RESULTS In IMAGEN, a smaller frontopolar cortex (FPC) was associated with both childhood abuse (CA) (β = - .568, 95%CI - .942 to - .194; p = .003) and higher BMI (β = - .086, 95%CI - .128 to - .043; p < .001) in male participants, and these findings were validated in UKB. Across seven data collection sites, a stronger negative CA-FPC association was correlated with a higher positive CA-BMI association (β = - 1.033, 95%CI - 1.762 to - .305; p = .015). Using 7-T diffusion tensor imaging data (n = 156), we found that FPC was the third most connected cortical area with the hypothalamus, especially the lateral hypothalamus. A smaller FPC at age 14 contributed to higher BMI at age 19 in those male participants with a history of CA, and the CA-FPC interaction enabled a model at age 14 to account for some future weight gain during a 5-year follow-up (variance explained 5.8%). CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight that a malfunctioning, top-down cognitive or behavioral control system, independent of genetic predisposition, putatively contributes to excessive weight gain in a particularly vulnerable population, and may inform treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Chung Huang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jonathan W Kanen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Qi Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Erin B Quinlan
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
- Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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12
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Albaugh MD, Ivanova M, Chaarani B, Orr C, Allgaier N, Althoff RR, D' Alberto N, Hudson K, Mackey S, Spechler PA, Banaschewski T, Brühl R, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Goodman R, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Paus T, Smolka MN, Struve M, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Potter AS. Ventromedial Prefrontal Volume in Adolescence Predicts Hyperactive/Inattentive Symptoms in Adulthood. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1866-1874. [PMID: 29912404 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology often exhibit residual inattention and/or hyperactivity in adulthood; however, this is not true for all individuals. We recently reported that dimensional, multi-informant ratings of hyperactive/inattentive symptoms are associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) structure. Herein, we investigate the degree to which vmPFC structure during adolescence predicts hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology at 5-year follow-up. Structural equation modeling was used to test the extent to which adolescent vmPFC volume predicts hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology 5 years later in early adulthood. 1104 participants (M = 14.52 years, standard deviation = 0.42; 583 females) possessed hyperactive/inattentive symptom data at 5-year follow-up, as well as quality controlled neuroimaging data and complete psychometric data at baseline. Self-reports of hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology were obtained during adolescence and at 5-year follow-up using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). At baseline and 5-year follow-up, a hyperactive/inattentive latent variable was derived from items on the SDQ. Baseline vmPFC volume predicted adult hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology (standardized coefficient = -0.274, P < 0.001) while controlling for baseline hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology. These results are the first to reveal relations between adolescent brain structure and adult hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology, and suggest that early structural development of the vmPFC may be consequential for the subsequent expression of hyperactive/inattentive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Masha Ivanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas D' Alberto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelsey Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [PTB], Abbestr. 2-12, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité.,Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra S Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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13
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Yu T, Jia T, Zhu L, Desrivières S, Macare C, Bi Y, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Liu C, Ji L, Banaschewski T, Ren D, Du L, Hou B, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Luo Q, Chu C, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Mennigen E, Lei C, Walter H, Fröhner JH, Whelan R, He G, He L, Schumann G, Robert G, Artiges E, Schneider S, Bach C, Paus T, Barbot A, Barker G, Bokde A, Vetter N, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Constant P, Gowland P, Crombag H, Czech K, Dalley J, Decideur B, Spranger T, Ripley T, Heym N, Flor H, Sommer W, Fuchs B, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Spanagel R, Kaviani M, Heinrichs B, Heinz A, Subramaniam N, Jia T, Ihlenfeld A, Delosis JI, Ittermann B, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Jones J, Klaassen A, Lalanne C, Lanzerath D, Lawrence C, Lemaitre H, Desrivieres S, Mallik C, Mann K, Mar A, Martinez-Medina L, Martinot JL, Mennigen E, de Carvahlo FM, Schwartz Y, Bruehl R, Müller K, Nees F, Nymberg C, Lathrop M, Robbins T, Pausova Z, Pentilla J, Biondo F, Poline JB, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Millenet S, Smolka M, Fröhner J, Struve M, Williams S, Hübner T, Bromberg U, Aydin S, Rogers J, Romanowski A, Schmäl C, Schmidt D, Ripke S, Arroyo M, Schubert F, Pena-Oliver Y, Fauth-Bühler M, Mignon X, Whelan R, Speiser C, Fadai T, Stephens D, Ströhle A, Paillere ML, Strache N, Theobald D, Jurk S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Yacubilin J, Frouin V, Genauck A, Parchetka C, Gemmeke I, Kruschwitz J, WeiB K, Walter H, Feng J, Papadopoulos D, Filippi I, Ing A, Ruggeri B, Xu B, Macare C, Chu C, Hanratty E, Quinlan EB, Robert G, Schumann G, Yu T, Ziesch V, Stedman A. Cannabis-Associated Psychotic-like Experiences Are Mediated by Developmental Changes in the Parahippocampal Gyrus. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:642-649. [PMID: 31326579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis consumption during adolescence has been reported as a risk factor for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and schizophrenia. However, brain developmental processes associated with cannabis-related PLEs are still poorly described. METHOD A total of 706 adolescents from the general population who were recruited by the IMAGEN consortium had structural magnetic resonance imaging scans at both 14 and 19 years of age. We used deformation-based morphometry to map voxelwise brain changes between the two time points, using the pairwise algorithm in SPM12b. We used an a priori region-of-interest approach focusing on the hippocampus/parahippocampus to perform voxelwise linear regressions. Lifetime cannabis consumption was assessed using the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), and PLEs were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment Psychotic-like experiences (CAPE) tool. We first tested whether hippocampus/parahippocampus development was associated with PLEs. Then we formulated and tested an a priori simple mediation model in which uncus development mediates the association between lifetime cannabis consumption and PLEs. RESULTS We found that PLEs were associated with reduced expansion within a specific region of the right hippocampus/parahippocampus formation, the uncus (p = .002 at the cluster level, p = .018 at the peak level). The partial simple mediation model revealed a significant total effect from lifetime cannabis consumption to PLEs (b = 0.069, 95% CI = 0.04-0.1, p =2 × 10-16), as well as a small yet significant, indirect effect of right uncus development (0.004; 95% CI = 0.0004-0.01, p = .026). CONCLUSION We show here that the uncus development is involved in the cerebral basis of PLEs in a population-based sample of healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China; Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Yan Bi
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lei Ji
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Decheng Ren
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Du
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China
| | - Binyin Hou
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congying Chu
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cai Lei
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China; Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China. IMAGEN consortium authors, affiliations, and acknowledgement are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Behavior and Basal Ganglia Unit, Medical University of Rennes, France.
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Galinowski A, Miranda R, Lemaitre H, Artiges E, Paillère Martinot M, Filippi I, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Noort BM, Stringaris A, Becker A, Isensee C, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Goodman R, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Fröhner JH, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Hohmann S, Jurk S, Millenet S, Nees F, Papadopoulos‐Orfanos D, Poustka L, Quinlan EB, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Martinot J. Heavy drinking in adolescents is associated with change in brainstem microstructure and reward sensitivity. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12781. [PMID: 31328396 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinker adolescents: altered brainstem microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Galinowski
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Psychiatry and AddictologyPaul Brousse Hospital Villejuif France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR)Brain & Spine Institute Paris France
- Psychiatry Department 91G16Orsay Hospital Orsay France
| | - Marie‐Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Irina Filippi
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health CarePsychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Lahti Finland
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Betteke M. Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Corinna Isensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeurosciencesTrinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch‐Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 ‐ 12 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of PsychiatryMontreal University, CHU Ste Justine Hospital 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5 Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA‐Saclay Center Paris France
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont Burlington Vermont
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Vermont Burlington Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Sarah Jurk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of PsychologyUniversity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Jean‐Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR)Brain & Spine Institute Paris France
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15
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Jia T, Ing A, Quinlan EB, Tay N, Luo Q, Francesca B, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Desrivières S, Feng J, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G. Neurobehavioural characterisation and stratification of reinforcement-related behaviour. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:544-558. [PMID: 32313235 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcement-related cognitive processes, such as reward processing, inhibitory control and social-emotional regulation are critical components of externalising and internalising behaviours. It is unclear to what extent the deficit in each of these processes contributes to individual behavioural symptoms, how their neural substrates give rise to distinct behavioural outcomes and whether neural activation profiles across different reinforcement-related processes might differentiate individual behaviours. We created a statistical framework that enabled us to directly compare functional brain activation during reward anticipation, motor inhibition and viewing emotional faces in the European IMAGEN cohort of 2,000 14-year-old adolescents. We observe significant correlations and modulation of reward anticipation and motor inhibition networks in hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattentive behaviour and conduct symptoms, and we describe neural signatures across cognitive tasks that differentiate these behaviours. We thus characterise shared and distinct functional brain activation patterns underling different externalising symptoms and identify neural stratification markers, while accounting for clinically observed comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK. .,MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Alex Ing
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Qiang Luo
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK.,MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biondo Francesca
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK.,Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK. .,PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Robert GH, Luo Q, Yu T, Chu C, Ing A, Jia T, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Burke-Quinlan E, Desrivières S, Ruggeri B, Spechler P, Chaarani B, Tay N, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Flor H, Frouin V, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Conrod P, Barker T, Garavan H, Schumann G. Association of Gray Matter and Personality Development With Increased Drunkenness Frequency During Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:409-419. [PMID: 31851304 PMCID: PMC6990803 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alcohol abuse correlates with gray matter development in adolescents, but the directionality of this association remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the directionality of the association between gray matter development and increase in frequency of drunkenness among adolescents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study analyzed participants of IMAGEN, a multicenter brain imaging study of healthy adolescents in 8 European sites in Germany (Mannheim, Dresden, Berlin, and Hamburg), the United Kingdom (London and Nottingham), Ireland (Dublin), and France (Paris). Data from the second follow-up used in the present study were acquired from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2016, and these data were analyzed from January 1, 2016, to March 31, 2018. Analyses were controlled for sex, site, socioeconomic status, family history of alcohol dependency, puberty score, negative life events, personality, cognition, and polygenic risk scores. Personality and frequency of drunkenness were assessed at age 14 years (baseline), 16 years (first follow-up), and 19 years (second follow-up). Structural brain imaging scans were acquired at baseline and second follow-up time points. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Increases in drunkenness frequency were measured by latent growth modeling, a voxelwise hierarchical linear model was used to observe gray matter volume, and tensor-based morphometry was used for gray matter development. The hypotheses were formulated before the data analyses. RESULTS A total of 726 adolescents (mean [SD] age at baseline, 14.4 [0.38] years; 418 [58%] female) were included. The increase in drunkenness frequency was associated with accelerated gray matter atrophy in the left posterior temporal cortex (peak: t1,710 = -5.8; familywise error (FWE)-corrected P = 7.2 × 10-5; cluster: 6297 voxels; P = 2.7 × 10-5), right posterior temporal cortex (cluster: 2070 voxels; FWE-corrected P = .01), and left prefrontal cortex (peak: t1,710 = -5.2; FWE-corrected P = 2 × 10-3; cluster: 10 624 voxels; P = 1.9 × 10-7). According to causal bayesian network analyses, 73% of the networks showed directionality from gray matter development to drunkenness increase as confirmed by accelerated gray matter atrophy in late bingers compared with sober controls (n = 20 vs 60; β = 1.25; 95% CI, -2.15 to -0.46; t1,70 = 0.3; P = .004), the association of drunkenness increase with gray matter volume at age 14 years (β = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.01-0.46; t1,584 = 2; P = .04), the association between gray matter atrophy and alcohol drinking units (β = -0.0033; 95% CI, -6 × 10-3 to -5 × 10-4; t1,509 = -2.4; P = .02) and drunkenness frequency at age 23 years (β = -0.16; 95% CI, -0.28 to -0.03; t1,533 = -2.5; P = .01), and the linear exposure-response curve stratified by gray matter atrophy and not by increase in frequency of drunkenness. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that gray matter development and impulsivity were associated with increased frequency of drunkenness by sex. These results suggest that neurotoxicity-related gray matter atrophy should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H. Robert
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Behavior and Basal Ganglia Unit (EA-4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France,Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Rennes, France,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,U1228, Empenn, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale & Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, Paris, France
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Institute of Mental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congying Chu
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Ing
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erin Burke-Quinlan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Spechler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Nicole Tay
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, Université Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Citél, Paris, France,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C. Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Research Division of Mind and Brain Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Medical Faculty, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ted Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Frere PB, Vetter NC, Artiges E, Filippi I, Miranda R, Vulser H, Paillère-Martinot ML, Ziesch V, Conrod P, Cattrell A, Walter H, Gallinat J, Bromberg U, Jurk S, Menningen E, Frouin V, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Stringaris A, Penttilä J, van Noort B, Grimmer Y, Schumann G, Smolka MN, Martinot JL, Lemaître H. Sex effects on structural maturation of the limbic system and outcomes on emotional regulation during adolescence. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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18
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Burke Quinlan E, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Smolka MN, Fröhner JH, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G. Identifying biological markers for improved precision medicine in psychiatry. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:243-253. [PMID: 31676814 PMCID: PMC6978138 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mental disorders represent an increasing personal and financial burden and yet treatment development has stagnated in recent decades. Current disease classifications do not reflect psychobiological mechanisms of psychopathology, nor the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, likely contributing to this stagnation. Ten years ago, the longitudinal IMAGEN study was designed to comprehensively incorporate neuroimaging, genetics, and environmental factors to investigate the neural basis of reinforcement-related behavior in normal adolescent development and psychopathology. In this article, we describe how insights into the psychobiological mechanisms of clinically relevant symptoms obtained by innovative integrative methodologies applied in IMAGEN have informed our current and future research aims. These aims include the identification of symptom groups that are based on shared psychobiological mechanisms and the development of markers that predict disease course and treatment response in clinical groups. These improvements in precision medicine will be achieved, in part, by employing novel methodological tools that refine the biological systems we target. We will also implement our approach in low- and medium-income countries to understand how distinct environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions influence the development of psychopathology. Together, IMAGEN and related initiatives strive to reduce the burden of mental disorders by developing precision medicine approaches globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J. Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [or depending on journal requirements can be: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud – Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIGITEO labs, Gif sur Yvette; France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud – Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; and AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany,University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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19
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Ing A, Sämann PG, Chu C, Tay N, Biondo F, Robert G, Jia T, Wolfers T, Desrivières S, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod P, Fadai T, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Spechler PA, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Millenet S, Nees F, van Noort B, Orfanos DP, Martinot MLP, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Quinlan EB, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Struve M, Veer IM, Walter H, Whelan R, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Lemaitre H, Barker ED, Ashburner J, Binder E, Buitelaar J, Marquand A, Robbins TW, Schumann G. Identification of neurobehavioural symptom groups based on shared brain mechanisms. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:1306-1318. [PMID: 31591521 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most psychopathological disorders develop in adolescence. The biological basis for this development is poorly understood. To enhance diagnostic characterization and develop improved targeted interventions, it is critical to identify behavioural symptom groups that share neural substrates. We ran analyses to find relationships between behavioural symptoms and neuroimaging measures of brain structure and function in adolescence. We found two symptom groups, consisting of anxiety/depression and executive dysfunction symptoms, respectively, that correlated with distinct sets of brain regions and inter-regional connections, measured by structural and functional neuroimaging modalities. We found that the neural correlates of these symptom groups were present before behavioural symptoms had developed. These neural correlates showed case-control differences in corresponding psychiatric disorders, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in independent clinical samples. By characterizing behavioural symptom groups based on shared neural mechanisms, our results provide a framework for developing a classification system for psychiatric illness that is based on quantitative neurobehavioural measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ing
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Biondo
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Behaviour and Basal Ganglia Research Unit, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Betteke van Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Mood Brain and Development Unit, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 992 INSERM, CEA, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edward D Barker
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Ashburner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Binder
- Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
- PONS Research Group, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- PONS Research Group, Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
- PONS Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Spechler PA, Chaarani B, Orr C, Mackey S, Higgins ST, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Althoff RR. Neuroimaging Evidence for Right Orbitofrontal Cortex Differences in Adolescents With Emotional and Behavioral Dysregulation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:1092-1103. [PMID: 31004740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the structural and functional neurobiology of a large group of adolescents exhibiting a behaviorally and emotionally dysregulated phenotype. METHOD Adolescents aged 14 years from the IMAGEN study were investigated. Latent class analysis (LCA) on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to identify a class of individuals with elevated behavioral and emotional difficulties ("dysregulated"; n = 233) who were compared to a matched sample from a low symptom class (controls, n = 233). Whole-brain gray matter volume (GMV) images were compared using a general linear model with 10,000 random label permutations. Regional GMV findings were then probed for functional differences from three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tasks. Significant brain features then informed mediation path models linking the likelihood of psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV) with dysregulation. RESULTS Whole-brain differences were found in the right orbitofrontal cortex (R.OFC; p < .05; k = 48), with dysregulated individuals exhibiting lower GMV. The dysregulated group also exhibited higher activity in this region during successful inhibitory control (F1,429 = 7.53, p < .05). Path analyses indicated significant direct effects between the likelihood of psychopathologies and dysregulation. Modeling the R.OFC as a mediator returned modest partial effects, suggesting that the path linking the likelihood of an anxiety or conduct disorder diagnoses to dysregulation is partially explained by this anatomical feature. CONCLUSION A large sample of dysregulated adolescents exhibited lower GMV in the R.OFC relative to controls. Dysregulated individuals also exhibited higher regional activations when exercising inhibitory control at performance levels comparable to those of controls. These findings suggest a neurobiological marker of dysregulation and highlight the role of the R.OFC in impaired emotional and behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Spechler
- University of Vermont, Burlington; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington.
| | - Bader Chaarani
- University of Vermont, Burlington; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | | | | | - Stephen T Higgins
- University of Vermont, Burlington; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - University Paris Saclay, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany, and the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Henrik Walter
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Hugh Garavan
- University of Vermont, Burlington; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Robert R Althoff
- University of Vermont, Burlington; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington
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21
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Albaugh MD, Hudziak JJ, Ing A, Chaarani B, Barker E, Jia T, Lemaitre H, Watts R, Orr C, Spechler PA, Lepage C, Fonov V, Collins L, Rioux P, Evans AC, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Potter A. White matter microstructure is associated with hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology and polygenic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adolescents. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1597-1603. [PMID: 30952157 PMCID: PMC6784993 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the link between putative biomarkers of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology and genetic risk for ADHD. To address this, we investigate the degree to which ADHD symptomatology is associated with white matter microstructure and cerebral cortical thickness in a large population-based sample of adolescents. Critically, we then test the extent to which multimodal correlates of ADHD symptomatology are related to ADHD polygenic risk score (PRS). Neuroimaging, genetic, and behavioral data were obtained from the IMAGEN study. A dimensional ADHD composite score was derived from multi-informant ratings of ADHD symptomatology. Using tract-based spatial statistics, whole brain voxel-wise regressions between fractional anisotropy (FA) and ADHD composite score were calculated. Local cortical thickness was regressed on ADHD composite score. ADHD PRS was based on a very recent genome-wide association study, and calculated using PRSice. ADHD composite score was negatively associated with FA in several white matter pathways, including bilateral superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi (p < 0.05, corrected). ADHD composite score was negatively associated with orbitofrontal cortical thickness (p < 0.05, corrected). The ADHD composite score was correlated with ADHD PRS (p < 0.001). FA correlates of ADHD symptomatology were significantly associated with ADHD PRS, whereas cortical thickness correlates of ADHD symptomatology were unrelated to ADHD PRS. Variation in hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology was associated with white matter microstructure, which, in turn, was related to ADHD PRS. Results suggest that genetic risk for ADHD symptomatology may be tied to biological processes affecting white matter microstructure.
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Grants
- L40 MH108486 NIMH NIH HHS
- MR/R00465X/1 Medical Research Council
- MRF_MRF-058-0004-RG-DESRI MRF
- This work received support from the following sources: the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant ‘STRATIFY’ (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), ERANID (Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways) (PR-ST-0416-10004), BRIDGET (JPND: BRain Imaging, cognition Dementia and next generation GEnomics) (MR/N027558/1), the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND(602450; IMAging GEnetics for MENtal Disorders) and MATRICS (603016), the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Grant ‘c-VEDA’ (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, the Bundesministeriumfür Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-2, SFB 940/2), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical research council (grant MR/R00465X/1). Further support was provided by grants from: ANR (project AF12-NEUR0008-01 - WM2NA, and ANR-12-SAMA-0004), the Fondation de France, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence.
- Drs. Garavan and Potter are supported P20GM103644 (PI: Stephen T. Higgins), Agency: NIGMS Vermont Center on Behavior and Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - James J Hudziak
- Department of Psychiatry, Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alex Ing
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 992 INSERM, CEA, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Richard Watts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Claude Lepage
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vladimir Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Rioux
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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22
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Kühn S, Mascharek A, Banaschewski T, Bodke A, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivieres S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Lindenberger U, Gallinat J. Predicting development of adolescent drinking behaviour from whole brain structure at 14 years of age. eLife 2019; 8:e44056. [PMID: 31262402 PMCID: PMC6606021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a common time for initiation of alcohol use and development of alcohol use disorders. The present study investigates neuroanatomical predictors for trajectories of future alcohol use based on a novel voxel-wise whole-brain structural equation modeling framework. In 1814 healthy adolescents of the IMAGEN sample, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) was acquired at three measurement occasions across five years. Based on a two-part latent growth curve model, we conducted whole-brain analyses on structural MRI data at age 14, predicting change in alcohol use score over time. Higher grey-matter volumes in the caudate nucleus and the left cerebellum at age 14 years were predictive of stronger increase in alcohol use score over 5 years. The study is the first to demonstrate the feasibility of running separate voxel-wise structural equation models thereby opening new avenues for data analysis in brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Center for Lifespan PsychologyMax Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
| | - Anna Mascharek
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Arun Bodke
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social SciencesUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEAUniversité Paris-SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University ParisSud, University Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social SciencesUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | | | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research InstituteHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation HospitalTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Neuroimaging Center,Department of PsychiatryTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Neuroimaging Center,Department of PsychiatryTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Global Brain Health Institute,School of PsychologyTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan PsychologyMax Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - IMAGEN Consortium
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Center for Lifespan PsychologyMax Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social SciencesUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
- NeuroSpin, CEAUniversité Paris-SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)BerlinGermany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University ParisSud, University Paris DescartesParisFrance
- Bloorview Research InstituteHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation HospitalTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Neuroimaging Center,Department of PsychiatryTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Global Brain Health Institute,School of PsychologyTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
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23
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Seo S, Beck A, Matthis C, Genauck A, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Ittermann B, Martinot J, Paillère Martinot M, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Desrivières S, Heinz A, Schumann G, Obermayer K. Risk profiles for heavy drinking in adolescence: differential effects of gender. Addict Biol 2019; 24:787-801. [PMID: 29847018 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities across different domains of neuropsychological functioning may constitute a risk factor for heavy drinking during adolescence and for developing alcohol use disorders later in life. However, the exact nature of such multi-domain risk profiles is unclear, and it is further unclear whether these risk profiles differ between genders. We combined longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses on the large IMAGEN sample (N ≈ 1000) to predict heavy drinking at age 19 from gray matter volume as well as from psychosocial data at age 14 and 19-for males and females separately. Heavy drinking was associated with reduced gray matter volume in 19-year-olds' bilateral ACC, MPFC, thalamus, middle, medial and superior OFC as well as left amygdala and anterior insula and right inferior OFC. Notably, this lower gray matter volume associated with heavy drinking was stronger in females than in males. In both genders, we observed that impulsivity and facets of novelty seeking at the age of 14 and 19, as well as hopelessness at the age of 14, are risk factors for heavy drinking at the age of 19. Stressful life events with internal (but not external) locus of control were associated with heavy drinking only at age 19. Personality and stress assessment in adolescents may help to better target counseling and prevention programs. This might reduce heavy drinking in adolescents and hence reduce the risk of early brain atrophy, especially in females. In turn, this could additionally reduce the risk of developing alcohol use disorders later in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambu Seo
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Computer Science and Electrical EngineeringTechnische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Germany
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte Germany
| | - Caroline Matthis
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Computer Science and Electrical EngineeringTechnische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Germany
| | - Alexander Genauck
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College London UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social SciencesUniversity of Mannheim Germany
| | | | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and PsychologyUniversity of Vermont USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Nottingham, University Park UK
| | | | - Jean‐Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 ‘Neuroimaging and Psychiatry’University Paris Sud—Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay and Maison de Solenn France
| | - Marie‐Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 ‘Neuroimaging and Psychiatry’University Paris Sud—Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes and AP‐HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health InstituteTrinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College London UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College London UK
| | - Klaus Obermayer
- Neural Information Processing Group, Department of Computer Science and Electrical EngineeringTechnische Universität Berlin, and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Germany
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24
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Bartholdy S, O'Daly OG, Campbell IC, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Schmidt U, Artiges E, Schneider S, Bach C, Paus T, Barbot A, Gareth Barker, Bokde A, Vetter N, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Constant P, Gowland P, Crombag H, Czech K, Dalley J, Decideur B, Spranger T, Ripley T, Heym N, Flor H, Sommer W, Fuchs B, Gallinat J, Spanagel R, Kaviani M, Heinrichs B, Andreas Heinz, Subramaniam N, Jia T, Ihlenfeld A, Ireland J, Ittermann B, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Jones J, Klaassen A, Lalanne C, Lanzerath D, Lawrence C, Lemaitre H, Desrivieres S, Mallik C, Karl Mann, Mar A, Martinez-Medina L, Jean-Luc Martinot, Mennigen E, Mesquita de Carvahlo F, Schwartz Y, Bruehl R, Müller K, Nees F, Nymberg C, Lathrop M, Trevor Robbins, Pausova Z, Jani Pentilla, Biondo F, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Millenet S, Michael Smolka, Fröhner J, Struve M, Steve Williams, Hübner T, Bromberg U, Aydin S, Rogers J, Romanowski A, Schmäl C, Schmidt D, Ripke S, Arroyo M, Schubert F, Pena-Oliver Y, Fauth-Bühler M, Mignon X, Whelan R, Speiser C, Fadai T, Dai Stephens, Ströhle A, Paillere ML, Strache N, Theobald D, Jurk S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Yacubian J, Frouin V, Genauck A, Parchetka C, Gemmeke I, Kruschwitz J, Weiß K, Walter H, Feng J, Papadopoulos D, Filippi I, Ing A, Ruggeri B, Xu B, Macare C, Chu C, Hanratty E, Burke Quinlan E, Robert G, Schumann G, Yu T, Ziesch V, Stedman A. Neural Correlates of Failed Inhibitory Control as an Early Marker of Disordered Eating in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:956-965. [PMID: 31122340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating and other forms of disordered eating behavior (DEB) are associated with failed inhibitory control. This study investigated the neural correlates of failed inhibitory control as a potential biomarker for DEB. METHODS The study used prospective longitudinal data from the European IMAGEN study adolescent cohort. Participants completed baseline assessments (questionnaires and a brain scan [functional magnetic resonance imaging]) at 14 years of age and a follow-up assessment (questionnaires) at 16 years of age. Self-reported binge eating and/or purging were used to indicate presence of DEB. Neural correlates of failed inhibition were assessed using the stop signal task. Participants were categorized as healthy control subjects (reported no DEB at both time points), maintainers (reported DEB at both time points), recoverers (reported DEB at baseline only), and developers (reported DEB at follow-up only). Forty-three individuals per group with complete scanning data were matched on gender, age, puberty, and intelligence (N = 172). RESULTS At baseline, despite similar task performance, incorrectly responding to stop signals (failed inhibitory control) was associated with greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in the developers compared with healthy control subjects and recoverers. CONCLUSIONS Greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions during failed inhibition accords with abnormal evaluation of errors contributing to DEB development. As this precedes symptom onset and is evident despite normal task performance, neural responses during failed inhibition may be a useful biomarker of vulnerability for DEB. This study highlights the potential value of prospective neuroimaging studies for identifying markers of illness before the emergence of behavior changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Owen G O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom; South London & Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Albaugh MD, Hudziak JJ, Orr C, Spechler PA, Chaarani B, Mackey S, Lepage C, Fonov V, Rioux P, Evans AC, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Potter AS, Garavan H. Amygdalar reactivity is associated with prefrontal cortical thickness in a large population-based sample of adolescents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216152. [PMID: 31048888 PMCID: PMC6497259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In structural neuroimaging studies, reduced cerebral cortical thickness in orbital and ventromedial prefrontal regions is frequently interpreted as reflecting an impaired ability to downregulate neuronal activity in the amygdalae. Unfortunately, little research has been conducted in order to test this conjecture. We examine the extent to which amygdalar reactivity is associated with cortical thickness in a population-based sample of adolescents. Data were obtained from the IMAGEN study, which includes 2,223 adolescents. While undergoing functional neuroimaging, participants passively viewed video clips of a face that started from a neutral expression and progressively turned angry, or, instead, turned to a second neutral expression. Left and right amygdala ROIs were used to extract mean BOLD signal change for the angry minus neutral face contrast for all subjects. T1-weighted images were processed through the CIVET pipeline (version 2.1.0). In variable-centered analyses, local cortical thickness was regressed against amygdalar reactivity using first and second-order linear models. In a follow-up person-centered analysis, we defined a “high reactive” group of participants based on mean amygdalar BOLD signal change for the angry minus neutral face contrast. Between-group differences in cortical thickness were examined (“high reactive” versus all other participants). A significant association was revealed between the continuous measure of amygdalar reactivity and bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortical thickness in a second-order linear model (p < 0.05, corrected). The “high reactive” group, in comparison to all other participants, possessed reduced cortical thickness in bilateral orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, bilateral anterior temporal cortices, left caudal middle temporal gyrus, and the left inferior and middle frontal gyri (p < 0.05, corrected). Results are consistent with non-human primate studies, and provide empirical support for an association between reduced prefrontal cortical thickness and amygdalar reactivity. Future research will likely benefit from investigating the degree to which psychopathology qualifies relations between prefrontal cortical structure and amygdalar reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Albaugh
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James. J. Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Claude Lepage
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vladimir Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Rioux
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan C. Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [or depending on journal requirements can be: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes—Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”; University Paris Sud; University Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Universités; and AP-HP, Department of Child and AdolescentPsychiatryPitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra S. Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States of America
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26
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Müller CP, Chu C, Qin L, Liu C, Xu B, Gao H, Ruggeri B, Hieber S, Schneider J, Jia T, Tay N, Akira S, Satoh T, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Lemaitre H, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Bakalkin G, Liu Y, Desrivières S, Elliott P, Eulenburg V, Levy D, Crews F, Schumann G. The Cortical Neuroimmune Regulator TANK Affects Emotional Processing and Enhances Alcohol Drinking: A Translational Study. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1736-1751. [PMID: 30721969 PMCID: PMC6430980 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a major public health problem worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control regular drinking may help to reduce hazards of alcohol consumption. While immunological mechanisms have been related to alcohol drinking, most studies reported changes in immune function that are secondary to alcohol use. In this report, we analyse how the gene "TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator" (TANK) affects alcohol drinking behavior. Based on our recent discovery in a large GWAS dataset that suggested an association of TANK, SNP rs197273, with alcohol drinking, we report that SNP rs197273 in TANK is associated both with gene expression (P = 1.16 × 10-19) and regional methylation (P = 5.90 × 10-25). A tank knock out mouse model suggests a role of TANK in alcohol drinking, anxiety-related behavior, as well as alcohol exposure induced activation of insular cortex NF-κB. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies among up to 1896 adolescents reveal that TANK is involved in the control of brain activity in areas of aversive interoceptive processing, including the insular cortex, but not in areas related to reinforcement, reward processing or impulsiveness. Our findings suggest that the cortical neuroimmune regulator TANK is associated with enhanced aversive emotional processing that better protects from the establishment of alcohol drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- The Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt Wayte Ave, Framingham MA, USA
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston MA, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - He Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Saskia Hieber
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontiern Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontiern Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [ Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2—12, Berlin, Germany]
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Rue Noetzlin, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; and AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette; and Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris-Sud Medical School, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Aras an Phiarsaigh Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biosciences, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt Wayte Ave, Framingham MA, USA
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Fulton Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
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27
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Baker TE, Castellanos-Ryan N, Schumann G, Cattrell A, Flor H, Nees F, Banaschewski T, Bokde A, Whelan R, Buechel C, Bromberg U, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Walter H, Brühl R, Gowland P, Paus T, Poustka L, Martinot JL, Lemaitre H, Artiges E, Paillère Martinot ML, Smolka MN, Conrod P. Modulation of orbitofrontal-striatal reward activity by dopaminergic functional polymorphisms contributes to a predisposition to alcohol misuse in early adolescence. Psychol Med 2019; 49:801-810. [PMID: 29909784 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in reward circuit function are considered a core feature of addiction. Yet, it is still largely unknown whether these abnormalities stem from chronic drug use, a genetic predisposition, or both. METHODS In the present study, we investigated this issue using a large sample of adolescent children by applying structural equation modeling to examine the effects of several dopaminergic polymorphisms of the D1 and D2 receptor type on the reward function of the ventral striatum (VS) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC), and whether this relationship predicted the propensity to engage in early alcohol misuse behaviors at 14 years of age and again at 16 years of age. RESULTS The results demonstrated a regional specificity with which the functional polymorphism rs686 of the D1 dopamine receptor (DRD1) gene and Taq1A of the ANKK1 gene influenced medial and lateral OFC activation during reward anticipation, respectively. Importantly, our path model revealed a significant indirect relationship between the rs686 of the DRD1 gene and early onset of alcohol misuse through a medial OFC × VS interaction. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the role of D1 and D2 in adjusting reward-related activations within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry, as well as in the susceptibility to early onset of alcohol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Baker
- Department of Psychiatry,Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital,Montreal,Canada
| | | | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London,London,UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Square J5, Mannheim,Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Square J5, Mannheim,Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Central Institute of Mental Health,Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Square J5, 68159 Mannheim,Germany
| | - Arun Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry,School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College,Dublin,Ireland
| | - Rob Whelan
- Discipline of Psychiatry,School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College,Dublin,Ireland
| | - Christian Buechel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf,Haus S10, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg,Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf,Haus S10, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg,Germany
| | | | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,Universitätsmedizin Berlin,Charitéplatz 1, Berlin,Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology,University of Vermont,05405 Burlington, Vermont,USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,Universitätsmedizin Berlin,Charitéplatz 1, Berlin,Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,Universitätsmedizin Berlin,Charitéplatz 1, Berlin,Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt,Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin,Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park,Nottingham,UK
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto,Toronto,Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Central Institute of Mental Health,Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Square J5, 68159 Mannheim,Germany
| | | | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEAUnit1000, Imaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Sud,91400 Orsay,France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Department of Psychiatry,Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital,Montreal,Canada
| | | | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,Technische Universität Dresden,Dresden,Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry,Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital,Montreal,Canada
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28
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Ruan H, Zhou Y, Luo Q, Robert GH, Desrivières S, Quinlan EB, Liu Z, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Li F, Schumann G, Feng J. Adolescent binge drinking disrupts normal trajectories of brain functional organization and personality maturation. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101804. [PMID: 30991616 PMCID: PMC6451196 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent binge drinking has been associated with higher risks for the development of many health problems throughout the lifespan. Adolescents undergo multiple changes that involve the co-development processes of brain, personality and behavior; therefore, certain behavior, such as alcohol consumption, can have disruptive effects on both brain development and personality maturation. However, these effects remain unclear due to the scarcity of longitudinal studies. In the current study, we used multivariate approaches to explore discriminative features in brain functional architecture, personality traits, and genetic variants in 19-year-old individuals (n = 212). Taking advantage of a longitudinal design, we selected features that were more drastically altered in drinkers with an earlier onset of binge drinking. With the selected features, we trained a hierarchical model of support vector machines using a training sample (n = 139). Using an independent sample (n = 73), we tested the model and achieved a classification accuracy of 71.2%. We demonstrated longitudinally that after the onset of binge drinking the developmental trajectory of improvement in impulsivity slowed down. This study identified the disrupting effects of adolescent binge drinking on the developmental trajectories of both brain and personality. History of binge drinking could be identified by multivariate features at age 19. Adolescent binge drinking disrupted frontal connectivity maturation in the brain. Impulsivity improvement slowed down after the onset of adolescent binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ruan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Yunyi Zhou
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Department of Psychology and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, PR China.
| | - Gabriel H Robert
- EA 4712 "Behavior and Basal Ganglia", Rennes University 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - ZhaoWen Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Université; and AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, MOE-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated To Shang Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, PR China
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29
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Chaarani B, Kan KJ, Mackey S, Spechler PA, Potter A, Orr C, D'Alberto N, Hudson KE, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Higgins ST, Schumann G, Althoff RR, Stein EA, Garavan H. Low Smoking Exposure, the Adolescent Brain, and the Modulating Role of CHRNA5 Polymorphisms. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2019; 4:672-679. [PMID: 31072760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying the neural consequences of tobacco smoking during adolescence, including those associated with early light use, may help expose the mechanisms that underlie the transition from initial use to nicotine dependence in adulthood. However, only a few studies in adolescents exist, and they include small samples. In addition, the neural mechanism, if one exists, that links nicotinic receptor genes to smoking behavior in adolescents is still unknown. METHODS Structural and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from a large sample of 14-year-old adolescents who completed an extensive battery of neuropsychological, clinical, personality, and drug-use assessments. Additional assessments were conducted at 16 years of age. RESULTS Exposure to smoking in adolescents, even at low doses, is linked to volume changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and to altered neuronal connectivity in the corpus callosum. The longitudinal analyses strongly suggest that these effects are not preexisting conditions in those who progress to smoking. There was a genetic contribution wherein the volume reduction effects were magnified in smokers who were carriers of the high-risk genotype of the alpha 5 nicotinic receptor subunit gene, rs16969968. CONCLUSIONS These findings give insight into a mechanism involving genes, brain structure, and connectivity underlying why some adolescents find nicotine especially addictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Chaarani
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
| | - Kees-Jan Kan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Scott Mackey
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Alexandra Potter
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Catherine Orr
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nicholas D'Alberto
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Kelsey E Hudson
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Elliot A Stein
- The National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
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- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
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30
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Ernst M, Benson B, Artiges E, Gorka AX, Lemaitre H, Lago T, Miranda R, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Fadai T, Flor H, Grigis A, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Kappel V, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Struve M, van Noort BM, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Grillon C, Martinot MLP, Martinot JL. Pubertal maturation and sex effects on the default-mode network connectivity implicated in mood dysregulation. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:103. [PMID: 30804326 PMCID: PMC6389927 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effects of puberty and sex on the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of brain networks, with a focus on the default-mode network (DMN). Consistently implicated in depressive disorders, the DMN's function may interact with puberty and sex in the development of these disorders, whose onsets peak in adolescence, and which show strong sex disproportionality (females > males). The main question concerns how the DMN evolves with puberty as a function of sex. These effects are expected to involve within- and between-network iFC, particularly, the salience and the central-executive networks, consistent with the Triple-Network Model. Resting-state scans of an adolescent community sample (n = 304, male/female: 157/147; mean/std age: 14.6/0.41 years), from the IMAGEN database, were analyzed using the AFNI software suite and a data reduction strategy for the effects of puberty and sex. Three midline regions (medial prefrontal, pregenual anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate), within the DMN and consistently implicated in mood disorders, were selected as seeds. Within- and between-network clusters of the DMN iFC changed with pubertal maturation differently in boys and girls (puberty-X-sex). Specifically, pubertal maturation predicted weaker iFC in girls and stronger iFC in boys. Finally, iFC was stronger in boys than girls independently of puberty. Brain-behavior associations indicated that lower connectivity of the anterior cingulate seed predicted higher internalizing symptoms at 2-year follow-up. In conclusion, weaker iFC of the anterior DMN may signal disconnections among circuits supporting mood regulation, conferring risk for internalizing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR), Brain & Spine Institute, Paris, France
- Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Herve Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Saclay, France
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, University of Tampere, Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Betteke M van Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR), Brain & Spine Institute, Paris, France
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Tay N, Macare C, Liu Y, Ruggeri B, Jia T, Chu C, Biondo F, Ing A, Luo Q, Sarkysian D, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Frieling H, Bleich S, Barker ED, Syvänen AC, Rüegg J, Ekström TJ, Bakalkin G, Schumann G. Allele-Specific Methylation of SPDEF: A Novel Moderator of Psychosocial Stress and Substance Abuse. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:146-155. [PMID: 30525907 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial stress is a key risk factor for substance abuse among adolescents. Recently, epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation have emerged as potential mechanisms that could mediate this relationship. The authors conducted a genome-wide methylation analysis to investigate whether differentially methylated regions are associated with psychosocial stress in an adolescent population. METHODS A methylome-wide analysis of differentially methylated regions was used to examine a sample of 1,287 14-year-old adolescents (50.7% of them female) from the European IMAGEN study. The Illumina 450k array was used to assess DNA methylation, pyrosequencing was used for technical replication, and linear regression analyses were used to identify associations with psychosocial stress and substance use (alcohol and tobacco). Findings were replicated by pyrosequencing a test sample of 413 participants from the IMAGEN study. RESULTS Hypermethylation in the sterile alpha motif/pointed domain containing the ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) gene locus was associated with a greater number of stressful life events in an allele-dependent way. Among individuals with the minor G-allele, SPDEF methylation moderated the association between psychosocial stress and substance abuse. SPDEF methylation interacted with lifetime stress in gray matter volume in the right cuneus, which in turn was associated with the frequency of alcohol and tobacco use. SPDEF was involved in the regulation of trans-genes linked to substance use. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the study findings describe a novel epigenetic mechanism that helps explain how psychosocial stress exposure influences adolescent substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tay
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Christine Macare
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Yun Liu
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Tianye Jia
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Congying Chu
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Francesca Biondo
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Alex Ing
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Qiang Luo
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Daniil Sarkysian
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Gareth J Barker
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Uli Bromberg
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Christian Büchel
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Herta Flor
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Vincent Frouin
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Hugh Garavan
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Penny Gowland
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Andreas Heinz
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Eric Artiges
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Frauke Nees
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Tomáš Paus
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Luise Poustka
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Michael N Smolka
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Henrik Walter
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Robert Whelan
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Helge Frieling
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Stefan Bleich
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Edward D Barker
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Tomas J Ekström
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Gunter Schumann
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
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- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
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Vulser H, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Miranda R, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, van Noort BM, Stringaris A, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Goodman R, Tzavara E, Massaad C, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Rodehacke S, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Martinot JL, Lemaitre H. Early Variations in White Matter Microstructure and Depression Outcome in Adolescents With Subthreshold Depression. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:1255-1264. [PMID: 30111185 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White matter microstructure alterations have recently been associated with depressive episodes during adolescence, but it is unknown whether they predate depression. The authors investigated whether subthreshold depression in adolescence is associated with white matter microstructure variations and whether they relate to depression outcome. METHOD Adolescents with subthreshold depression (N=96) and healthy control subjects (N=336) drawn from a community-based cohort were compared using diffusion tensor imaging and whole brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) at age 14 to assess white matter microstructure. They were followed up at age 16 to assess depression. Probabilistic tractography was used to reconstruct white matter streamlines spreading from the regions identified in the TBSS analysis and along bundles implicated in emotion regulation, the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulum. The authors searched for mediating effects of white matter microstructure on the relationship between baseline subthreshold depression and depression at follow-up, and then explored the specificity of the findings. RESULTS Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher radial diffusivity were found in the anterior corpus callosum in the adolescents with subthreshold depression. Tractography analysis showed that they also had lower FA in the right cingulum streamlines, along with lower FA and higher mean diffusivity in tracts connecting the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex. The relation between subthreshold depression at baseline and depression at follow-up was mediated by FA values in the latter tracts, and lower FA values in those tracts distinctively predicted higher individual risk for depression. CONCLUSIONS Early FA variations in tracts projecting from the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex may denote a higher risk of transition to depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Vulser
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Eric Artiges
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Ruben Miranda
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Jani Penttilä
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Betteke M van Noort
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Maren Struve
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Viola Kappel
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Robert Goodman
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Eleni Tzavara
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Charbel Massaad
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Gareth J Barker
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Christian Büchel
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Patricia Conrod
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Herta Flor
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Penny Gowland
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Frauke Nees
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tomas Paus
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Luise Poustka
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Sarah Rodehacke
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Henrik Walter
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Robert Whelan
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
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- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
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Spechler PA, Allgaier N, Chaarani B, Whelan R, Watts R, Orr C, Albaugh MD, D'Alberto N, Higgins ST, Hudson KE, Mackey S, Potter A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Schumann G, Althoff RR, Garavan H. The initiation of cannabis use in adolescence is predicted by sex-specific psychosocial and neurobiological features. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2346-2356. [PMID: 29889330 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use initiated during adolescence might precipitate negative consequences in adulthood. Thus, predicting adolescent cannabis use prior to any exposure will inform the aetiology of substance abuse by disentangling predictors from consequences of use. In this prediction study, data were drawn from the IMAGEN sample, a longitudinal study of adolescence. All selected participants (n = 1,581) were cannabis-naïve at age 14. Those reporting any cannabis use (out of six ordinal use levels) by age 16 were included in the outcome group (N = 365, males n = 207). Cannabis-naïve participants at age 14 and 16 were included in the comparison group (N = 1,216, males n = 538). Psychosocial, brain and genetic features were measured at age 14 prior to any exposure. Cross-validated regularized logistic regressions for each use level by sex were used to perform feature selection and obtain prediction error statistics on independent observations. Predictors were probed for sex- and drug-specificity using post-hoc logistic regressions. Models reliably predicted use as indicated by satisfactory prediction error statistics, and contained psychosocial features common to both sexes. However, males and females exhibited distinct brain predictors that failed to predict use in the opposite sex or predict binge drinking in independent samples of same-sex participants. Collapsed across sex, genetic variation on catecholamine and opioid receptors marginally predicted use. Using machine learning techniques applied to a large multimodal dataset, we identified a risk profile containing psychosocial and sex-specific brain prognostic markers, which were likely to precede and influence cannabis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Spechler
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Watts
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelsey E Hudson
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- DIGITEO Labs, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - University Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, AP-HP, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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34
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Papanastasiou E, Mouchlianitis E, Joyce DW, McGuire P, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Spechler P, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Shergill S. Examination of the Neural Basis of Psychoticlike Experiences in Adolescence During Reward Processing. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:1043-1051. [PMID: 30073329 PMCID: PMC6233806 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Psychoticlike experiences (PLEs) are subclinical manifestations of psychotic symptoms and may reflect an increased vulnerability to psychotic disorders. Contemporary models of psychosis propose that dysfunctional reward processing is involved in the cause of these clinical illnesses. OBJECTIVE To examine the neuroimaging profile of healthy adolescents at 14 and 19 years old points with PLEs, using a reward task. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A community-based cohort study, using both a cross-sectional and longitudinal design, was conducted in academic centers in London, Nottingham, United Kingdom, and Dublin, Ireland; Paris, France; and Berlin, Hamburg, Mannheim, and Dresden, Germany. A group of 1434 healthy adolescent volunteers was evaluated, and 2 subgroups were assessed at ages 14 and 19 years. Those who scored as either high or low PLE (based on the upper and lower deciles) on the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences Questionnaire (CAPE-42) at age 19 years were included in the analysis. The study was conducted from January 1, 2016, to January 1, 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Participants were assessed at age 14 and 19 year points using functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a monetary incentive delay reward task. A first-level model focused on 2 predefined contrasts of anticipation and feedback of a win. The second-level analysis examined activation within the reward network using an a priori-defined region of interest approach. The main effects of group, time, and their interaction on brain activation were examined. RESULTS Of the 1434 adolescents, 2 groups (n = 149 each) (high PLEs, n = 149, 50 [33.6%] male; low PLEs, n = 149, 84 [56.4%] male) were compared at ages 14 and 19 years. Two regions within the left and right middle frontal gyri showed a main effect of time on brain activation (F1, 93 = 5.559; P = .02; F1, 93 = 5.009; P = .03, respectively); there was no main effect of group. One region within the right middle frontal gyrus demonstrated a significant time × group interaction (F1, 93 = 7.448; P = .01). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE The findings are consistent with evidence implicating alterations in prefrontal and striatal function during reward processing in the etiology of psychosis. Given the nature of this nonclinical sample this may reflect a combination of aberrant salience yielding abnormal experiences and a compensatory cognitive control mechanism necessary to contextualize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Papanastasiou
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Mouchlianitis
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan W. Joyce
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington,Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Philip Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington,Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Sud – Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France,Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhwinder Shergill
- Cognition Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Macare C, Ducci F, Zhang Y, Ruggeri B, Jia T, Kaakinen M, Kalsi G, Charoen P, Casoni F, Peters J, Bromberg U, Hill M, Buxton J, Blakemore A, Veijola J, Büchel C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Conrod P, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lathrop M, Martinot JL, Paus T, Desrivières S, Munafò M, Järvelin MR, Schumann G. A neurobiological pathway to smoking in adolescence: TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and reward response. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1103-1114. [PMID: 30104163 PMCID: PMC6525784 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-cluster has been implicated in adult smoking. Here, we investigated the contribution of individual genes in the TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 cluster in smoking and their association with smoking-associated reward processing in adolescence. A meta-analysis of TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and self-reported smoking behaviours was performed in four European adolescent cohorts (N = 14,084). The minor G-allele of rs2236709, mapping TTC12, was associated with self-reported smoking (p = 5.0 × 10-4) and higher plasma cotinine levels (p = 7.0 × 10-5). This risk allele was linked to an increased ventral-striatal blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during reward anticipation (n = 1,263) and with higher DRD2 gene expression in the striatum (p = 0.013), but not with TTC12 or ANKK gene expression. These data suggest a role for the TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-cluster in adolescent smoking behaviours, provide evidence for the involvement of DRD2 in the early stages of addiction and support the notion that genetically-driven inter-individual differences in dopaminergic transmission mediate reward sensitivity and risk to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ducci
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gursharan Kalsi
- Clinical Physics, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; One Small Step Gait Laboratory, Guy׳s and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy׳s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pimphen Charoen
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College, London, UK
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Jan Peters
- Intelligent Autonomous Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Hill
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Buxton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Alexandra Blakemore
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Cambridge Cognition Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University, Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIGITEO labs, Gif sur Yvette; France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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36
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Cao Z, Bennett M, Orr C, Icke I, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Schumann G, Whelan R. Mapping adolescent reward anticipation, receipt, and prediction error during the monetary incentive delay task. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:262-283. [PMID: 30240509 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional neuroanatomy and connectivity of reward processing in adults are well documented, with relatively less research on adolescents, a notable gap given this developmental period's association with altered reward sensitivity. Here, a large sample (n = 1,510) of adolescents performed the monetary incentive delay (MID) task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Probabilistic maps identified brain regions that were reliably responsive to reward anticipation and receipt, and to prediction errors derived from a computational model. Psychophysiological interactions analyses were used to examine functional connections throughout reward processing. Bilateral ventral striatum, pallidum, insula, thalamus, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, midbrain, motor area, and occipital areas were reliably activated during reward anticipation. Bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex and bilateral thalamus exhibited positive and negative activation, respectively, during reward receipt. Bilateral ventral striatum was reliably active following prediction errors. Previously, individual differences in the personality trait of sensation seeking were shown to be related to individual differences in sensitivity to reward outcome. Here, we found that sensation seeking scores were negatively correlated with right inferior frontal gyrus activity following reward prediction errors estimated using a computational model. Psychophysiological interactions demonstrated widespread cortical and subcortical connectivity during reward processing, including connectivity between reward-related regions with motor areas and the salience network. Males had more activation in left putamen, right precuneus, and middle temporal gyrus during reward anticipation. In summary, we found that, in adolescents, different reward processing stages during the MID task were robustly associated with distinctive patterns of activation and of connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cao
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marc Bennett
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Orr
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ilknur Icke
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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37
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D'Alberto N, Chaarani B, Orr CA, Spechler PA, Albaugh MD, Allgaier N, Wonnell A, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Fröhner JH, Frouin V, Gowland P, Heinz A, Itterman B, Martinot J, Paillère Martinot M, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Potter AS, Garavan H. Individual differences in stop-related activity are inflated by the adaptive algorithm in the stop signal task. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3263-3276. [PMID: 29656430 PMCID: PMC6045976 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using the Stop Signal Task employing an adaptive algorithm to accommodate individual differences often report inferior performance on the task in individuals with ADHD, OCD, and substance use disorders compared to non-clinical controls. Furthermore, individuals with deficits in inhibitory control tend to show reduced neural activity in key inhibitory regions during successful stopping. However, the adaptive algorithm systematically introduces performance-related differences in objective task difficulty that may influence the estimation of individual differences in stop-related neural activity. This report examines the effect that these algorithm-related differences have on the measurement of neural activity during the stop signal task. We compared two groups of subjects (n = 210) who differed in inhibitory ability using both a standard fMRI analysis and an analysis that resampled trials to remove the objective task difficulty confound. The results show that objective task difficulty influences the magnitude of between-group differences and that controlling for difficulty attenuates stop-related activity differences between superior and poor inhibitors. Specifically, group differences in the right inferior frontal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, and left inferior frontal gyrus are diminished when differences in objective task difficulty are controlled for. Also, when objective task difficulty effects are exaggerated, group differences in stop related activity emerge in other regions of the stopping network. The implications of these effects for how we interpret individual differences in activity levels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D'Alberto
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
| | - Catherine A. Orr
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
| | - Philip A. Spechler
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
| | - Matthew D. Albaugh
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
| | - Alexander Wonnell
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCentral Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5Mannheim68159Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity CollegeDublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52Hamburg20246Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52Hamburg20246Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of PsychiatryUniversite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine HospitalMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Psychological Medicine and PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University, Square J5MannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social SciencesUniversity of MannheimMannheim68131Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA‐Saclay CenterParisFrance
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCampus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1BerlinGermany
| | - Bernd Itterman
- Physikalisch‐Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2 – 12BerlinGermany
| | - Jean‐Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de SolennParisFrance
| | - Marie‐Laure Paillère Martinot
- Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin HospitalInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité and AP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Eric Artiges
- Department 91G16, Orsay HospitalInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité and PsychiatryParisFrance
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCentral Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5Mannheim68159Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University, Square J5MannheimGermany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen, von‐Siebold‐Str. 5Göttingen37075Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18‐20Vienna1090Austria
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCampus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1BerlinGermany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexandra S. Potter
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineBurlingtonVermont
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Millenet SK, Nees F, Heintz S, Bach C, Frank J, Vollstädt-Klein S, Bokde A, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Fröhner J, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lemaire H, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Papadoulos DO, Paus T, Poustka L, Rietschel M, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S. COMT Val158Met Polymorphism and Social Impairment Interactively Affect Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms in Healthy Adolescents. Front Genet 2018; 9:284. [PMID: 30108607 PMCID: PMC6079264 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system has been shown to have substantial effects on the etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, while some studies found a significant direct effect, others did not. In this context, social behavior might play an important role as a factor that is related both to the dopaminergic system and ADHD. In a large epidemiological sample of adolescents (N = 462; 16-17 years), we assessed the level of ADHD symptoms using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, social behavior using the Social Responsiveness Scale, and the allelic distribution of the dopaminergic catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism. We found a significant association between COMT and social impairment, insofar as Met-allele carriers showed increased levels of social impairment. Moreover, social impairment significantly determined an association between COMT and ADHD (explained variance: 19.09%). This effect did not significantly differ between males and females. COMT and social impairment might interactively affect ADHD symptomatology, and could thus represent significant gene-phenotypic risk factors for ADHD symptomatology. This might have interesting implications for prevention and intervention strategies with a focus on social behavior in genetically at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina K. Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Heintz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Bach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Erin B. Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig Institute Berlin, Germany
| | - Herve Lemaire
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” University Paris Sud – Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure P. Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” University Paris Sud – Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; and AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Ruggeri B, Macare C, Stopponi S, Jia T, Carvalho FM, Robert G, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Sommer WH, Bakalkin G, Ciccocioppo R, Schumann G. Methylation of OPRL1 mediates the effect of psychosocial stress on binge drinking in adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:650-658. [PMID: 29197086 PMCID: PMC5975104 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociceptin is a key regulator linking environmental stress and alcohol drinking. In a genome-wide methylation analysis, we recently identified an association of a methylated region in the OPRL1 gene with alcohol-use disorders. METHODS Here, we investigate the biological basis of this observation by analysing psychosocial stressors, methylation of the OPRL1 gene, brain response during reward anticipation and alcohol drinking in 660 fourteen-year-old adolescents of the IMAGEN study. We validate our findings in marchigian sardinian (msP) alcohol-preferring rats that are genetically selected for increased alcohol drinking and stress sensitivity. RESULTS We found that low methylation levels in intron 1 of OPRL1 are associated with higher psychosocial stress and higher frequency of binge drinking, an effect mediated by OPRL1 methylation. In individuals with low methylation of OPRL1, frequency of binge drinking is associated with stronger BOLD response in the ventral striatum during reward anticipation. In msP rats, we found that stress results in increased alcohol intake and decreased methylation of OPRL1 in the nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS Our findings describe an epigenetic mechanism that helps to explain how psychosocial stress influences risky alcohol consumption and reward processing, thus contributing to the elucidation of biological mechanisms underlying risk for substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Fabiana M. Carvalho
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun LW Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, USA
| | | | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK,Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Child Mind Institute, New York, USA
| | - Luise Poustka
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C. Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
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40
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Brislin SJ, Patrick CJ, Flor H, Nees F, Heinrich A, Drislane LE, Yancey JR, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Conrod P, Stringaris A, Struve M, van Noort B, Grimmer Y, Fadai T, Schumann G, Foell J. Extending the Construct Network of Trait Disinhibition to the Neuroimaging Domain: Validation of a Bridging Scale for Use in the European IMAGEN Project. Assessment 2018; 26:567-581. [PMID: 29557190 DOI: 10.1177/1073191118759748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trait disinhibition, a clinical-liability construct, has well-established correlates in the diagnostic, self-rating, task-behavioral, and brain potential response domains. Recently, studies have begun to test for neuroimaging correlates of this liability factor, but more work of this type using larger data sets is needed to clarify its brain bases. The current study details the development and validation of a scale measure of trait disinhibition composed of questionnaire items available in the IMAGEN project, a large-scale longitudinal study of factors contributing to substance abuse that includes clinical interview, self-report personality, task-behavioral, neuroimaging, and genomic measures. Using a construct-rating and psychometric refinement approach, a scale was developed that evidenced: (a) positive relations with interview-assessed psychopathology in the IMAGEN sample, both concurrently and prospectively and (b) positive associations with scale measures of disinhibition and reported psychopathology, and a robust negative correlation with P3 brain response, in a separate adult sample ( Mage = 19.5). These findings demonstrate that a common scale measure can index this construct from adolescence through to early adulthood, and set the stage for systematic work directed at identifying neural and genetic biomarkers of this key liability construct using existing and future data from the IMAGEN project.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Herta Flor
- 2 Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,3 University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Uli Bromberg
- 6 University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Penny Gowland
- 10 University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- 11 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- 12 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- 13 University Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,14 University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,15 Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France.,16 Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Luise Poustka
- 2 Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,17 Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Henrik Walter
- 11 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tahmine Fadai
- 6 University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Foell
- 1 Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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41
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Castellanos-Ryan N, Brière FN, O'Leary-Barrett M, Banaschewski T, Bokde A, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Martinot JL, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Smolka MN, Robbins TW, Whelan R, Schumann G, Conrod P. The structure of psychopathology in adolescence and its common personality and cognitive correlates. J Abnorm Psychol 2018; 125:1039-1052. [PMID: 27819466 PMCID: PMC5098414 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The traditional view that mental disorders are distinct, categorical disorders has been challenged by evidence that disorders are highly comorbid and exist on a continuum (e.g., Caspi et al., 2014; Tackett et al., 2013). The first objective of this study was to use structural equation modeling to model the structure of psychopathology in an adolescent community-based sample (N = 2,144) including conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), obsessive–compulsive disorder, eating disorders, substance use, anxiety, depression, phobias, and other emotional symptoms, assessed at 16 years. The second objective was to identify common personality and cognitive correlates of psychopathology, assessed at 14 years. Results showed that psychopathology at 16 years fit 2 bifactor models equally well: (a) a bifactor model, reflecting a general psychopathology factor, as well as specific externalizing (representing mainly substance misuse and low ADHD) and internalizing factors; and (b) a bifactor model with a general psychopathology factor and 3 specific externalizing (representing mainly ADHD and ODD), substance use and internalizing factors. The general psychopathology factor was related to high disinhibition/impulsivity, low agreeableness, high neuroticism and hopelessness, high delay-discounting, poor response inhibition and low performance IQ. Substance use was specifically related to high novelty-seeking, sensation-seeking, extraversion, high verbal IQ, and risk-taking. Internalizing psychopathology was specifically related to high neuroticism, hopelessness and anxiety-sensitivity, low novelty-seeking and extraversion, and an attentional bias toward negatively valenced verbal stimuli. Findings reveal several nonspecific or transdiagnostic personality and cognitive factors that may be targeted in new interventions to potentially prevent the development of multiple psychopathologies. This study provides support for a spectrum and common liability model of psychopathology, with findings showing that in a community sample of European adolescents: a) internalizing and externalizing psychopathology share substantial variance that can be modeled as a general psychopathology factor; and (b) that the common variance across psychopathologies is associated with personality traits related to high disinhibition/impulsivity, low agreeableness, high neuroticism and hopelessness, as well as different aspect of cognitive function, namely high delay-discounting, poor response inhibition and low performance IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
| | - Arun Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Trinity College
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Imaging and Psychiatry (Unit 1000), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM CEA), University Paris Sud
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | | | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
| | | | | | | | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital
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Abstract
Episodic Future Thinking has proven efficient in reducing impulsive behavior in several adult populations. Whether it also has a beneficial impact on decision making in adolescents is not known. Here the impact of episodic future thinking on discounting behavior was investigated in a sample of healthy adolescents (n = 44, age range 13–16 years). Discounting behavior in trials including episodic future thinking was significantly less impulsive than in control trials (t = 2.74, p = .009, dz = .44). In a subsample we controlled for executive function, alcohol use and developmental measures. Neither executive function nor alcohol use but developmental measures explained variability in the effect of episodic future thinking. These findings reveal that episodic future thinking can improve adolescent decision making while the effect is to some degree modulated by developmental measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Lobatcheva
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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43
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Albaugh MD, Orr C, Chaarani B, Althoff RR, Allgaier N, Alberto ND, Hudson K, Mackey S, Spechler PA, Banaschewski T, Brühl R, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Goodman R, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Paus T, Smolka MN, Struve M, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Potter AS. Inattention and Reaction Time Variability Are Linked to Ventromedial Prefrontal Volume in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:660-668. [PMID: 28237458 PMCID: PMC5509516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have most commonly reported volumetric abnormalities in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortices. Few studies have examined the relationship between ADHD symptomatology and brain structure in population-based samples. We investigated the relationship between dimensional measures of ADHD symptomatology, brain structure, and reaction time variability-an index of lapses in attention. We also tested for associations between brain structural correlates of ADHD symptomatology and maps of dopaminergic gene expression. METHODS Psychopathology and imaging data were available for 1538 youths. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms were obtained using the Development and Well-Being Assessment and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Self-reports of ADHD symptoms were assessed using the youth version of the SDQ. Reaction time variability was available in a subset of participants. For each measure, whole-brain voxelwise regressions with gray matter volume were calculated. RESULTS Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms (Development and Well-Being Assessment and SDQ), adolescent self-reports of ADHD symptoms on the SDQ, and reaction time variability were each negatively associated with gray matter volume in an overlapping region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Maps of DRD1 and DRD2 gene expression were associated with brain structural correlates of ADHD symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to reveal relationships between ventromedial prefrontal cortex structure and multi-informant measures of ADHD symptoms in a large population-based sample of adolescents. Our results indicate that ventromedial prefrontal cortex structure is a biomarker for ADHD symptomatology. These findings extend previous research implicating the default mode network and dopaminergic dysfunction in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert R. Althoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas D’ Alberto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelsey Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A. Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [or depending on journal requirements can be: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada;,Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg
| | - Robert Goodman
- King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra S. Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Sadaghiani S, Ng B, Altmann A, Poline JB, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Burke Quinlan E, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Gallinat J, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Napolioni V, Greicius M. Overdominant Effect of a CHRNA4 Polymorphism on Cingulo-Opercular Network Activity and Cognitive Control. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9657-9666. [PMID: 28877969 PMCID: PMC6596609 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0991-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nicotinic system plays an important role in cognitive control and is implicated in several neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the contributions of genetic variability in this system to individuals' cognitive control abilities are poorly understood and the brain processes that mediate such genetic contributions remain largely unidentified. In this first large-scale neuroimaging genetics study of the human nicotinic receptor system (two cohorts, males and females, fMRI total N = 1586, behavioral total N = 3650), we investigated a common polymorphism of the high-affinity nicotinic receptor α4β2 (rs1044396 on the CHRNA4 gene) previously implicated in behavioral and nicotine-related studies (albeit with inconsistent major/minor allele impacts). Based on our prior neuroimaging findings, we expected this polymorphism to affect neural activity in the cingulo-opercular (CO) network involved in core cognitive control processes including maintenance of alertness. Consistent across the cohorts, all cortical areas of the CO network showed higher activity in heterozygotes compared with both types of homozygotes during cognitive engagement. This inverted U-shaped relation reflects an overdominant effect; that is, allelic interaction (cumulative evidence p = 1.33 * 10-5). Furthermore, heterozygotes performed more accurately in behavioral tasks that primarily depend on sustained alertness. No effects were observed for haplotypes of the surrounding CHRNA4 region, supporting a true overdominant effect at rs1044396. As a possible mechanism, we observed that this polymorphism is an expression quantitative trait locus modulating CHRNA4 expression levels. This is the first report of overdominance in the nicotinic system. These findings connect CHRNA4 genotype, CO network activation, and sustained alertness, providing insights into how genetics shapes individuals' cognitive control abilities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The nicotinic acetylcholine system plays a central role in neuromodulatory regulation of cognitive control processes and is dysregulated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite this functional importance, no large-scale neuroimaging genetics studies have targeted the contributions of genetic variability in this system to human brain activity. Here, we show the impact of a common polymorphism of the high-affinity nicotinic receptor α4β2 that is consistent across brain activity and behavior in two large human cohorts. We report a hitherto unknown overdominant effect (allelic interaction) at this locus, where the heterozygotes show higher activity in the cingulo-opercular network underlying alertness maintenance and higher behavioral alertness performance than both homozygous groups. This gene-brain-behavior relationship informs about the biological basis of interindividual differences in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sadaghiani
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Bernard Ng
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andre Altmann
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
- University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 91400 Orsay, France
- Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Michael Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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45
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Guadalupe T, Mathias SR, vanErp TGM, Whelan CD, Zwiers MP, Abe Y, Abramovic L, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vásquez A, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Arolt V, Artiges E, Ayesa-Arriola R, Baboyan VG, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bastin ME, Baune BT, Blangero J, Bokde ALW, Boedhoe PSW, Bose A, Brem S, Brodaty H, Bromberg U, Brooks S, Büchel C, Buitelaar J, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cattrell A, Cheng Y, Conrod PJ, Conzelmann A, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Crivello F, Dannlowski U, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, Deary IJ, Desrivières S, Doan NT, Donohoe G, Dørum ES, Ehrlich S, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Flor H, Fouche JP, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gill M, Suarez AG, Gowland P, Grabe HJ, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Hagenaars S, Hashimoto R, Hauser TU, Heinz A, Hibar DP, Hoekstra PJ, Hoogman M, Howells FM, Hu H, Hulshoff Pol HE, Huyser C, Ittermann B, Jahanshad N, Jönsson EG, Jurk S, Kahn RS, Kelly S, Kraemer B, Kugel H, Kwon JS, Lemaitre H, Lesch KP, Lochner C, Luciano M, Marquand AF, Martin NG, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Martinot JL, Mataix-Cols D, Mather K, McDonald C, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Menchón JM, Morris DW, Mothersill O, Maniega SM, Mwangi B, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswaamy JC, Nees F, Nordvik JE, Onnink AMH, Opel N, Ophoff R, Paillère Martinot ML, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Pauli P, Paus T, Poustka L, Reddy JY, Renteria ME, Roiz-Santiáñez R, Roos A, Royle NA, Sachdev P, Sánchez-Juan P, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Shumskaya E, Smolka MN, Soares JC, Soriano-Mas C, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Toro R, Turner JA, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Uhlmann A, Hernández MV, van den Heuvel OA, van der Meer D, van Haren NEM, Veltman DJ, Venkatasubramanian G, Vetter NC, Vuletic D, Walitza S, Walter H, Walton E, Wang Z, Wardlaw J, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whelan R, Wittfeld K, Wolfers T, Wright MJ, Xu J, Xu X, Yun JY, Zhao J, Franke B, Thompson PM, Glahn DC, Mazoyer B, Fisher SE, Francks C. Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 11:1497-1514. [PMID: 27738994 PMCID: PMC5540813 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The two hemispheres of the human brain differ functionally and structurally. Despite over a century of research, the extent to which brain asymmetry is influenced by sex, handedness, age, and genetic factors is still controversial. Here we present the largest ever analysis of subcortical brain asymmetries, in a harmonized multi-site study using meta-analysis methods. Volumetric asymmetry of seven subcortical structures was assessed in 15,847 MRI scans from 52 datasets worldwide. There were sex differences in the asymmetry of the globus pallidus and putamen. Heritability estimates, derived from 1170 subjects belonging to 71 extended pedigrees, revealed that additive genetic factors influenced the asymmetry of these two structures and that of the hippocampus and thalamus. Handedness had no detectable effect on subcortical asymmetries, even in this unprecedented sample size, but the asymmetry of the putamen varied with age. Genetic drivers of asymmetry in the hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia may affect variability in human cognition, including susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Guadalupe
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Theo G M vanErp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshinari Abe
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Vatche G Baboyan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Premika S W Boedhoe
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anushree Bose
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Silvia Brem
- University Clinic for and Adolescent Psychiatry UCCAP, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), & Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samantha Brooks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Neurosciences, Computer Science, and Psychiatry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Germany, Tübingen, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, SW4 794, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry & trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erlend S Dørum
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrea Gonzalez Suarez
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria (UC), Santander, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Gruber
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur M Howells
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hao Hu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | | | - Chaim Huyser
- De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AMC, department of child and adolescent psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine. Psychiatry section, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Jurk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90292, USA
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Lochner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andre F Marquand
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Derek W Morris
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, SW4 794, Galway, Ireland
| | - Omar Mothersill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, SW4 794, Galway, Ireland
| | - Susana Munoz Maniega
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benson Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Takashi Nakamae
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neural Computation for Decision-Making, ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan E Nordvik
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - A Marten H Onnink
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, M6A 2E1, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janardhan Yc Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Roberto Roiz-Santiáñez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Annerine Roos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria (UC), Santander, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roberto Toro
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jessica A Turner
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maria Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nora C Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniella Vuletic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susanne Walitza
- University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JingJing Zhao
- Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology & Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, SW4 794, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT, 06114, USA
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- UMR5296 CNRS, CEA and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Mackey S, Chaarani B, Kan KJ, Spechler PA, Orr C, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Jurk S, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Althoff RR, Garavan H. Brain Regions Related to Impulsivity Mediate the Effects of Early Adversity on Antisocial Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:275-282. [PMID: 26971049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in impulsivity and early adversity are known to be strong predictors of adolescent antisocial behavior. However, the neurobiological bases of impulsivity and their relation to antisocial behavior and adversity are poorly understood. METHODS Impulsivity was estimated with a temporal discounting task. Voxel-based morphometry was used to determine the brain structural correlates of temporal discounting in a large cohort (n = 1830) of 14- to 15-year-old children. Mediation analysis was then used to determine whether the volumes of brain regions associated with temporal discounting mediate the relation between adverse life events (e.g., family conflict, serious accidents) and antisocial behaviors (e.g., precocious sexual activity, bullying, illicit substance use). RESULTS Greater temporal discounting (more impulsivity) was associated with 1) lower volume in frontomedial cortex and bilateral insula and 2) greater volume in a subcortical region encompassing the ventral striatum, hypothalamus and anterior thalamus. The volume ratio between these cortical and subcortical regions was found to partially mediate the relation between adverse life events and antisocial behavior. CONCLUSIONS Temporal discounting is related to regions of the brain involved in reward processing and interoception. The results support a developmental imbalance model of impulsivity and are consistent with the idea that negative environmental factors can alter the developing brain in ways that promote antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Kees-Jan Kan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Orsay, France; Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Jurk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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47
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Quinlan EB, Cattrell A, Jia T, Artiges E, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Brühl R, Conrod PJ, Desrivieres S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Glennon JC, Buitelaar JK, Happé F, Loth E, Barker ED, Schumann G. Psychosocial Stress and Brain Function in Adolescent Psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:785-794. [PMID: 28618856 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to explore how conduct, hyperactivity/inattention, and emotional symptoms are associated with neural reactivity to social-emotional stimuli, and the extent to which psychosocial stress modulates these relationships. METHOD Participants were community adolescents recruited as part of the European IMAGEN study. Bilateral amygdala regions of interest were used to assess the relationship between the three symptom domains and functional MRI neural reactivity during passive viewing of dynamic angry and neutral facial expressions. Exploratory functional connectivity and whole brain multiple regression approaches were used to analyze how the symptoms and psychosocial stress relate to other brain regions. RESULTS In response to the social-emotional stimuli, adolescents with high levels of conduct or hyperactivity/inattention symptoms who had also experienced a greater number of stressful life events showed hyperactivity of the amygdala and several regions across the brain. This effect was not observed with emotional symptoms. A cluster in the midcingulate was found to be common to both conduct problems and hyperactivity symptoms. Exploratory functional connectivity analyses suggested that amygdala-precuneus connectivity is associated with hyperactivity/inattention symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The results link hyperactive amygdala responses and regions critical for top-down emotional processing with high levels of psychosocial stress in individuals with greater conduct and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms. This work highlights the importance of studying how psychosocial stress affects functional brain responses to social-emotional stimuli, particularly in adolescents with externalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burke Quinlan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tianye Jia
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Artiges
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gareth Barker
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Büchel
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Penny Gowland
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Paus
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luise Poustka
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nora C Vetter
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Whelan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Happé
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Loth
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Edward D Barker
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Bourque J, Spechler PA, Potvin S, Whelan R, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère-Martinot ML, McEwen SC, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Schumann G, Garavan H, Conrod PJ. Functional Neuroimaging Predictors of Self-Reported Psychotic Symptoms in Adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:566-575. [PMID: 28320226 PMCID: PMC5951182 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the neural correlates of psychotic-like experiences in youths during tasks involving inhibitory control, reward anticipation, and emotion processing. A secondary aim was to test whether these neurofunctional correlates of risk were predictive of psychotic symptoms 2 years later. METHOD Functional imaging responses to three paradigms-the stop-signal, monetary incentive delay, and faces tasks-were collected in youths at age 14, as part of the IMAGEN study. At baseline, youths from London and Dublin sites were assessed on psychotic-like experiences, and those reporting significant experiences were compared with matched control subjects. Significant brain activity differences between the groups were used to predict, with cross-validation, the presence of psychotic symptoms in the context of mood fluctuation at age 16, assessed in the full sample. These prediction analyses were conducted with the London-Dublin subsample (N=246) and the full sample (N=1,196). RESULTS Relative to control subjects, youths reporting psychotic-like experiences showed increased hippocampus/amygdala activity during processing of neutral faces and reduced dorsolateral prefrontal activity during failed inhibition. The most prominent regional difference for classifying 16-year-olds with mood fluctuation and psychotic symptoms relative to the control groups (those with mood fluctuations but no psychotic symptoms and those with no mood symptoms) was hyperactivation of the hippocampus/amygdala, when controlling for baseline psychotic-like experiences and cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS The results stress the importance of the limbic network's increased response to neutral facial stimuli as a marker of the extended psychosis phenotype. These findings might help to guide early intervention strategies for at-risk youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Bourque
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philip A. Spechler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Berlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, IUSMM research center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à; l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité,Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité,AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sarah C. McEwen
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany,Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C. Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Berlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada,Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Xu B, Jia T, Macare C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Desrivières S. Impact of a Common Genetic Variation Associated With Putamen Volume on Neural Mechanisms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:436-444.e4. [PMID: 28433093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a recent genomewide association study of subcortical brain volumes, a common genetic variation at rs945270 was identified as having the strongest effect on putamen volume, a brain measurement linked to familial risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To determine whether rs945270 might be a genetic determinant of ADHD, its effects on ADHD-related symptoms and neural mechanisms of ADHD, such as response inhibition and reward sensitivity, were explored. METHOD A large population sample of 1,834 14-year-old adolescents was used to test the effects of rs945270 on ADHD symptoms assessed through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and region-of-interest analyses of putamen activation by functional magnetic resonance imaging using the stop signal and monetary incentive delay tasks, assessing response inhibition and reward sensitivity, respectively. RESULTS There was a significant link between rs945270 and ADHD symptom scores, with the C allele associated with lower symptom scores, most notably hyperactivity. In addition, there were sex-specific effects of this variant on the brain. In boys, the C allele was associated with lower putamen activity during successful response inhibition, a brain response that was not associated with ADHD symptoms. In girls, putamen activation during reward anticipation increased with the number of C alleles, most significantly in the right putamen. Remarkably, right putamen activation during reward anticipation tended to negatively correlate with ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION These results indicate that rs945270 might contribute to the genetic risk of ADHD partly through its effects on hyperactivity and reward processing in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Clinical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and the Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Université de Montreal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn, Paris
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and the University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Clinical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Walter
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
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50
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Deng W, Rolls ET, Ji X, Robbins TW, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Buechel C, Desrivières S, Conrod P, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Lemaitre H, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Feng J. Separate neural systems for behavioral change and for emotional responses to failure during behavioral inhibition. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3527-3537. [PMID: 28429498 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the involvement of different brain regions in behavioral inhibition and impulsiveness, differences in activation were investigated in fMRI data from a response inhibition task, the stop-signal task, in 1709 participants. First, areas activated more in stop-success (SS) than stop-failure (SF) included the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) extending into the inferior frontal gyrus (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, BA 47/12), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Second, the anterior cingulate and anterior insula (AI) were activated more on failure trials, specifically in SF versus SS. The interaction between brain region and SS versus SF activations was significant (P = 5.6 * 10-8 ). The results provide new evidence from this "big data" investigation consistent with the hypotheses that the lateral OFC is involved in the stop-related processing that inhibits the action; that the DLPFC is involved in attentional processes that influence task performance; and that the AI and anterior cingulate are involved in emotional processes when failure occurs. The investigation thus emphasizes the role of the human lateral OFC BA 47/12 in changing behavior, and inhibiting behavior when necessary. A very similar area in BA47/12 is involved in changing behavior when an expected reward is not obtained, and has been shown to have high functional connectivity in depression. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3527-3537, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Deng
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund T Rolls
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoxi Ji
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, School of Life Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 68159, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Christian Buechel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1C4, Canada.,Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [or depending on journal requirements can be: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)], Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 68159, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 68159, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Centre for Computational Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, School of Life Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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