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Cao Z, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Xie C, Paillère-Martinot ML, Artiges E, Li Z, Daskalakis ZJ, Yang Y, Zhu C. Targeting the pathological network: Feasibility of network-based optimization of transcranial magnetic stimulation coil placement for treatment of psychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1079078. [PMID: 36685239 PMCID: PMC9846047 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1079078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized that the efficacy of TMS-based modulation may depend on the network profile of the stimulated regions throughout the brain. However, what profile of this stimulation network optimally benefits treatment outcomes is yet to be addressed. The answer to the question is crucial for informing network-based optimization of stimulation parameters, such as coil placement, in TMS treatments. In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of taking a disease-specific network as the target of stimulation network for guiding individualized coil placement in TMS treatments. We present here a novel network-based model for TMS targeting of the pathological network. First, combining E-field modeling and resting-state functional connectivity, stimulation networks were modeled from locations and orientations of the TMS coil. Second, the spatial anti-correlation between the stimulation network and the pathological network of a given disease was hypothesized to predict the treatment outcome. The proposed model was validated to predict treatment efficacy from the position and orientation of TMS coils in two depression cohorts and one schizophrenia cohort with auditory verbal hallucinations. We further demonstrate the utility of the proposed model in guiding individualized TMS treatment for psychiatric disorders. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated the feasibility of the novel network-based targeting strategy that uses the whole-brain, system-level abnormity of a specific psychiatric disease as a target. Results based on empirical data suggest that the strategy may potentially be utilized to identify individualized coil parameters for maximal therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France,INSERM U A10 Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Center Borelli, University of Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM U A10 Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Center Borelli, University of Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France,Department of Psychiatry, Etablissement Public de Santé (EPS) Barthélemy Durand, tampes, France
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Yihong Yang,
| | - Chaozhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Chaozhe Zhu,
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Marchitelli R, Paillère-Martinot ML, Bourvis N, Guerin-Langlois C, Kipman A, Trichard C, Douniol M, Stordeur C, Galinowski A, Filippi I, Bertschy G, Weibel S, Granger B, Limosin F, Cohen D, Martinot JL, Artiges E. Dynamic functional connectivity in adolescence-onset major depression: relationships with severity and symptom dimensions. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2021; 7:385-396. [PMID: 34051395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial functional chronnectome is an innovative mathematical model designed to capture dynamic features in the organization of brain function derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. Measurements of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) have been developed from this model to quantify the brain dynamical self-reconfigurations at different spatial and temporal scales. This study examined whether two spatiotemporal dFC quantifications were linked to late adolescence-onset major depressive disorder (AO-MDD), and scaled with depression and symptom severity measured with the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) Methods: Thirty-five AO-MDD patients (21±6y) and fifty-three age- and gender-matched healthy young participants (20±3y) underwent 3T MRI structural and rs-fMRI acquisitions. The chronnectome here comprised seven individualized functional networks portrayed along 132 temporal overlapping windows, each framing 110s of resting brain activity Results: Based on voxelwise analyses, AO-MDD patients demonstrated significantly reduced temporal variability within the bilateral prefrontal cortex in five functional networks including the limbic network, the default-mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN). Furthermore, the limbic network appeared to be particularly involved in this sample, and was associated with MADRS scores, and its progressive dynamic inflexibility was linked to sadness. DMN and FPN dynamics scaled with negative thoughts and neurovegetative symptoms, respectively Conclusions: This triple-network imbalance could delay spatiotemporal integration, while across-subject symptom variability would be network-specific. Therefore, the present approach supports that brain network dynamics underlie patients' symptom heterogeneity in AO-MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Marchitelli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Saclay/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Saclay/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nadège Bourvis
- Maison des Adolescents du Var (MDA83), Pôle de Psychiatrie Infanto-Juvénile, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Toulon - la Seyne sur mer, Toulon, France
| | - Christophe Guerin-Langlois
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Hôpital Corentin Celton, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Kipman
- Psychiatry Department, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christian Trichard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Saclay/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Marie Douniol
- Centre médico-psychologique pour adolescents, Sceaux, France
| | - Coline Stordeur
- Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - André Galinowski
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Saclay/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Irina Filippi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Saclay/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Bertschy
- Psychiatry Department, Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- Psychiatry Department, Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Granger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Saclay/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Psychiatry Department, Tarnier Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Limosin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Hôpital Corentin Celton, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Saclay/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Saclay/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
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3
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Zhang Y, Luo Q, Huang CC, Lo CYZ, Langley C, Desrivières S, Quinlan EB, Banaschewski T, Millenet S, Bokde ALW, Flor H, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Tsai SJ, Lin CP, Bullmore E, Schumann G, Sahakian BJ, Feng J. The Human Brain Is Best Described as Being on a Female/Male Continuum: Evidence from a Neuroimaging Connectivity Study. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3021-3033. [PMID: 33471126 PMCID: PMC8107794 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological androgyny has long been associated with greater cognitive flexibility, adaptive behavior, and better mental health, but whether a similar concept can be defined using neural features remains unknown. Using the neuroimaging data from 9620 participants, we found that global functional connectivity was stronger in the male brain before middle age but became weaker after that, when compared with the female brain, after systematic testing of potentially confounding effects. We defined a brain gender continuum by estimating the likelihood of an observed functional connectivity matrix to represent a male brain. We found that participants mapped at the center of this continuum had fewer internalizing symptoms compared with those at the 2 extreme ends. These findings suggest a novel hypothesis proposing that there exists a neuroimaging concept of androgyny using the brain gender continuum, which may be associated with better mental health in a similar way to psychological androgyny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and Research and Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and Research and Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chu-Chung Huang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chun-Yi Zac Lo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and Research and Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Christelle Langley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 69117, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 69117, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Manheim, 69117, Germany.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, 68131, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 ``Developmental trajectories & psychiatry''; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Etablissement Public de Santé (EPS) Barthélemy Durand, 91700 Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 ``Developmental trajectories & psychiatry''; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Etablissement Public de Santé (EPS) Barthélemy Durand, 91700 Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 ``Developmental trajectories & psychiatry''; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Assistance Publique-Hêpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland.,Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Manheim, 69117, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01087, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and Research and Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ed Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Huntingdon, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany.,PONS Centre, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and Research and Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Shanghai Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and Research and Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Shen C, Luo Q, Jia T, Zhao Q, Desrivières S, Quinlan EB, Banaschewski T, Millenet S, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Li F, Feng J, Schumann G, Sahakian BJ. Neural Correlates of the Dual-Pathway Model for ADHD in Adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:844-854. [PMID: 32375536 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dual-pathway model has been proposed to explain the heterogeneity in symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by two independent psychological pathways based on distinct brain circuits. The authors sought to test whether the hypothesized cognitive and motivational pathways have separable neural correlates. METHODS In a longitudinal community-based cohort of 1,963 adolescents, the neuroanatomical correlates of ADHD were identified by a voxel-wise association analysis and then validated using an independent clinical sample (99 never-medicated patients with ADHD, 56 medicated patients with ADHD, and 267 healthy control subjects). The cognitive and motivational pathways were assessed by neuropsychological tests of working memory, intrasubject variability, stop-signal reaction time, and delay discounting. The associations were tested between the identified neuroanatomical correlates and both ADHD symptoms 2 years later and the polygenic risk score for ADHD. RESULTS Gray matter volumes of both a prefrontal cluster and a posterior occipital cluster were negatively associated with inattention. Compared with healthy control subjects, never-medicated patients, but not medicated patients, had significantly lower gray matter volumes in these two clusters. Working memory and intrasubject variability were associated with the posterior occipital cluster, and delay discounting was independently associated with both clusters. The baseline gray matter volume of the posterior occipital cluster predicted the inattention symptoms in a 2-year follow-up and was associated with the genetic risk for ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The dual-pathway model has both shared and separable neuroanatomical correlates, and the shared correlate in the occipital cortex has the potential to serve as an imaging trait marker of ADHD, especially the inattention symptom domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Qi Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Christian Büchel
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Penny Gowland
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Frauke Nees
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Luise Poustka
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Henrik Walter
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Robert Whelan
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng)
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5
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Frere PB, Vetter NC, Artiges E, Filippi I, Miranda R, Vulser H, Paillère-Martinot ML, Ziesch V, Conrod P, Cattrell A, Walter H, Gallinat J, Bromberg U, Jurk S, Menningen E, Frouin V, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Stringaris A, Penttilä J, van Noort B, Grimmer Y, Schumann G, Smolka MN, Martinot JL, Lemaître H. Sex effects on structural maturation of the limbic system and outcomes on emotional regulation during adolescence. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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6
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Luo Q, Chen Q, Wang W, Desrivières S, Quinlan EB, Jia T, Macare C, Robert GH, Cui J, Guedj M, Palaniyappan L, Kherif F, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Pausova Z, Dartigues JF, Tzourio C, Crivello F, Berman KF, Li F, Paus T, Weinberger DR, Murray RM, Schumann G, Feng J. Association of a Schizophrenia-Risk Nonsynonymous Variant With Putamen Volume in Adolescents: A Voxelwise and Genome-Wide Association Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:435-445. [PMID: 30649180 PMCID: PMC6450291 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Importance Deviation from normal adolescent brain development precedes manifestations of many major psychiatric symptoms. Such altered developmental trajectories in adolescents may be linked to genetic risk for psychopathology. Objective To identify genetic variants associated with adolescent brain structure and explore psychopathologic relevance of such associations. Design, Setting, and Participants Voxelwise genome-wide association study in a cohort of healthy adolescents aged 14 years and validation of the findings using 4 independent samples across the life span with allele-specific expression analysis of top hits. Group comparison of the identified gene-brain association among patients with schizophrenia, unaffected siblings, and healthy control individuals. This was a population-based, multicenter study combined with a clinical sample that included participants from the IMAGEN cohort, Saguenay Youth Study, Three-City Study, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development sample cohorts and UK biobank who were assessed for both brain imaging and genetic sequencing. Clinical samples included patients with schizophrenia and unaffected siblings of patients from the Lieber Institute for Brain Development study. Data were analyzed between October 2015 and April 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Gray matter volume was assessed by neuroimaging and genetic variants were genotyped by Illumina BeadChip. Results The discovery sample included 1721 adolescents (873 girls [50.7%]), with a mean (SD) age of 14.44 (0.41) years. The replication samples consisted of 8690 healthy adults (4497 women [51.8%]) from 4 independent studies across the life span. A nonsynonymous genetic variant (minor T allele of rs13107325 in SLC39A8, a gene implicated in schizophrenia) was associated with greater gray matter volume of the putamen (variance explained of 4.21% in the left hemisphere; 8.66; 95% CI, 6.59-10.81; P = 5.35 × 10-18; and 4.44% in the right hemisphere; t = 8.90; 95% CI, 6.75-11.19; P = 6.80 × 10-19) and also with a lower gene expression of SLC39A8 specifically in the putamen (t127 = -3.87; P = 1.70 × 10-4). The identified association was validated in samples across the life span but was significantly weakened in both patients with schizophrenia (z = -3.05; P = .002; n = 157) and unaffected siblings (z = -2.08; P = .04; n = 149). Conclusions and Relevance Our results show that a missense mutation in gene SLC39A8 is associated with larger gray matter volume in the putamen and that this association is significantly weakened in schizophrenia. These results may suggest a role for aberrant ion transport in the etiology of psychosis and provide a target for preemptive developmental interventions aimed at restoring the functional effect of this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Pharnext, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Ile de France, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 897, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Christine Macare
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Gabriel H. Robert
- EA 4712 “Behavior and Basal Ganglia,” Rennes University 1, Rennes, France
| | - Jing Cui
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Guedj
- Pharnext, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Ile de France, France
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Biophysics, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ferath Kherif
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
- Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
- GH Nord Essonne Psychiatry Department, Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph H. Callicott
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1219, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1219, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
- Commissariat à L'énergie Atomiquecea, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-Equipe 5, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karen F. Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, MOE-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated To Shang Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, England
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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Bourque J, Spechler PA, Potvin S, Whelan R, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère-Martinot ML, McEwen SC, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Schumann G, Garavan H, Conrod PJ. Functional Neuroimaging Predictors of Self-Reported Psychotic Symptoms in Adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:566-575. [PMID: 28320226 PMCID: PMC5951182 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the neural correlates of psychotic-like experiences in youths during tasks involving inhibitory control, reward anticipation, and emotion processing. A secondary aim was to test whether these neurofunctional correlates of risk were predictive of psychotic symptoms 2 years later. METHOD Functional imaging responses to three paradigms-the stop-signal, monetary incentive delay, and faces tasks-were collected in youths at age 14, as part of the IMAGEN study. At baseline, youths from London and Dublin sites were assessed on psychotic-like experiences, and those reporting significant experiences were compared with matched control subjects. Significant brain activity differences between the groups were used to predict, with cross-validation, the presence of psychotic symptoms in the context of mood fluctuation at age 16, assessed in the full sample. These prediction analyses were conducted with the London-Dublin subsample (N=246) and the full sample (N=1,196). RESULTS Relative to control subjects, youths reporting psychotic-like experiences showed increased hippocampus/amygdala activity during processing of neutral faces and reduced dorsolateral prefrontal activity during failed inhibition. The most prominent regional difference for classifying 16-year-olds with mood fluctuation and psychotic symptoms relative to the control groups (those with mood fluctuations but no psychotic symptoms and those with no mood symptoms) was hyperactivation of the hippocampus/amygdala, when controlling for baseline psychotic-like experiences and cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS The results stress the importance of the limbic network's increased response to neutral facial stimuli as a marker of the extended psychosis phenotype. These findings might help to guide early intervention strategies for at-risk youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Bourque
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philip A. Spechler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Berlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, IUSMM research center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à; l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité,Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité,AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sarah C. McEwen
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany,Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C. Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Berlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada,Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Büchel C, Peters J, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Papadopoulos D, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Walter H, Ittermann B, Mann K, Martinot JL, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Poustka L, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Gallinat J, Schumann G, Knutson B. Blunted ventral striatal responses to anticipated rewards foreshadow problematic drug use in novelty-seeking adolescents. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14140. [PMID: 28221370 PMCID: PMC5321762 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Novelty-seeking tendencies in adolescents may promote innovation as well as problematic impulsive behaviour, including drug abuse. Previous research has not clarified whether neural hyper- or hypo-responsiveness to anticipated rewards promotes vulnerability in these individuals. Here we use a longitudinal design to track 144 novelty-seeking adolescents at age 14 and 16 to determine whether neural activity in response to anticipated rewards predicts problematic drug use. We find that diminished BOLD activity in mesolimbic (ventral striatal and midbrain) and prefrontal cortical (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) regions during reward anticipation at age 14 predicts problematic drug use at age 16. Lower psychometric conscientiousness and steeper discounting of future rewards at age 14 also predicts problematic drug use at age 16, but the neural responses independently predict more variance than psychometric measures. Together, these findings suggest that diminished neural responses to anticipated rewards in novelty-seeking adolescents may increase vulnerability to future problematic drug use. Some adolescents seek novelty, but it is unknown whether the brain circuits underlying this behaviour can be used to predict later, problematic behaviour. Here, authors show that diminished ventral striatal and prefrontal activity in response to anticipated rewards at age 14 in these individuals predicts problematic drug use at age 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 14 CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin bat 145, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 'Imaging &Psychiatry', University Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.,Maison de Solenn, APHP Ho^pital Cochin, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 'Imaging &Psychiatry', University Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.,Maison de Solenn, APHP Ho^pital Cochin, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A4.,Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E6.,School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG7 2RD, UK.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5G 1X8
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Brian Knutson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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9
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Gollier-Briant F, Paillère-Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Miranda R, Vulser H, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Poustka L, Grimmer Y, Bromberg U, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Lawrence C, Mann K, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Frouin V, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Martinot JL, Artiges E. Neural correlates of three types of negative life events during angry face processing in adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1961-1969. [PMID: 27697987 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative life events (NLE) contribute to anxiety and depression disorders, but their relationship with brain functioning in adolescence has rarely been studied. We hypothesized that neural response to social threat would relate to NLE in the frontal-limbic emotional regions. Participants (N = 685) were drawn from the Imagen database of 14-year-old community adolescents recruited in schools. They underwent functional MRI while viewing angry and neutral faces, as a probe to neural response to social threat. Lifetime NLEs were assessed using the 'distress', 'family' and 'accident' subscales from a life event dimensional questionnaire. Relationships between NLE subscale scores and neural response were investigated. Links of NLE subscales scores with anxiety or depression outcomes at the age of 16 years were also investigated. Lifetime 'distress' positively correlated with ventral-lateral orbitofrontal and temporal cortex activations during angry face processing. 'Distress' scores correlated with the probabilities of meeting criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder or Major Depressive Disorder at the age of 16 years. Lifetime 'family' and 'accident' scores did not relate with neural response or follow-up conditions, however. Thus, different types of NLEs differentially predicted neural responses to threat during adolescence, and differentially predicted a de novo internalizing condition 2 years later. The deleterious effect of self-referential NLEs is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gollier-Briant
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Vulser
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Robert Goodman
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- CHU Ste Justine, Department of Psychiatry, Université De Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Zdenka Pausova
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives, Saclay, France
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universit㲠Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France .,CENIR Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche at Institute of Brain and Spine, Pitié - Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
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10
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Stringaris A, Vidal-Ribas Belil P, Artiges E, Lemaitre H, Gollier-Briant F, Wolke S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Grimmer Y, Goodman R, Poustka L, Conrod P, Cattrell A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Nees F, Papadopoulos D, Paus T, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Martinot JL, Schumann G, Paillère-Martinot ML. The Brain's Response to Reward Anticipation and Depression in Adolescence: Dimensionality, Specificity, and Longitudinal Predictions in a Community-Based Sample. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:1215-23. [PMID: 26085042 PMCID: PMC7614275 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors examined whether alterations in the brain's reward network operate as a mechanism across the spectrum of risk for depression. They then tested whether these alterations are specific to anhedonia as compared with low mood and whether they are predictive of depressive outcomes. METHOD Functional MRI was used to collect blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses to anticipation of reward in the monetary incentive task in 1,576 adolescents in a community-based sample. Adolescents with current subthreshold depression and clinical depression were compared with matched healthy subjects. In addition, BOLD responses were compared across adolescents with anhedonia, low mood, or both symptoms, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. RESULTS Activity in the ventral striatum was reduced in participants with subthreshold and clinical depression relative to healthy comparison subjects. Low ventral striatum activation predicted transition to subthreshold or clinical depression in previously healthy adolescents at 2-year follow-up. Brain responses during reward anticipation decreased in a graded manner between healthy adolescents, adolescents with current or future subthreshold depression, and adolescents with current or future clinical depression. Low ventral striatum activity was associated with anhedonia but not low mood; however, the combined presence of both symptoms showed the strongest reductions in the ventral striatum in all analyses. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that reduced striatal activation operates as a mechanism across the risk spectrum for depression. It is associated with anhedonia in healthy adolescents and is a behavioral indicator of positive valence systems, consistent with predictions based on the Research Domain Criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Stringaris
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pablo Vidal-Ribas Belil
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eric Artiges
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fanny Gollier-Briant
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Selina Wolke
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hélène Vulser
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruben Miranda
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jani Penttilä
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rob Whelan
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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O’Leary-Barrett M, Pihl RO, Artiges E, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Mann K, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Poustka L, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Ströhle A, Schumann G, Conrod PJ. Personality, Attentional Biases towards Emotional Faces and Symptoms of Mental Disorders in an Adolescent Sample. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128271. [PMID: 26046352 PMCID: PMC4457930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of personality factors and attentional biases towards emotional faces, in establishing concurrent and prospective risk for mental disorder diagnosis in adolescence. Method Data were obtained as part of the IMAGEN study, conducted across 8 European sites, with a community sample of 2257 adolescents. At 14 years, participants completed an emotional variant of the dot-probe task, as well two personality measures, namely the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale and the revised NEO Personality Inventory. At 14 and 16 years, participants and their parents were interviewed to determine symptoms of mental disorders. Results Personality traits were general and specific risk indicators for mental disorders at 14 years. Increased specificity was obtained when investigating the likelihood of mental disorders over a 2-year period, with the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale showing incremental validity over the NEO Personality Inventory. Attentional biases to emotional faces did not characterise or predict mental disorders examined in the current sample. Discussion Personality traits can indicate concurrent and prospective risk for mental disorders in a community youth sample, and identify at-risk youth beyond the impact of baseline symptoms. This study does not support the hypothesis that attentional biases mediate the relationship between personality and psychopathology in a community sample. Task and sample characteristics that contribute to differing results among studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert O. Pihl
- Department of Psychology McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, Paris, France
- AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, Paris, France
- AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Montigny C, Castellanos-Ryan N, Whelan R, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Büchel C, Gallinat J, Flor H, Mann K, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Lathrop M, Loth E, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Schumann G, Smolka MN, Struve M, Robbins TW, Garavan H, Conrod PJ. A phenotypic structure and neural correlates of compulsive behaviors in adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80151. [PMID: 24244633 PMCID: PMC3828212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A compulsivity spectrum has been hypothesized to exist across Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD), Eating Disorders (ED), substance abuse (SA) and binge-drinking (BD). The objective was to examine the validity of this compulsivity spectrum, and differentiate it from an externalizing behaviors dimension, but also to look at hypothesized personality and neural correlates. METHOD A community-sample of adolescents (N=1938; mean age 14.5 years), and their parents were recruited via high-schools in 8 European study sites. Data on adolescents' psychiatric symptoms, DSM diagnoses (DAWBA) and substance use behaviors (AUDIT and ESPAD) were collected through adolescent- and parent-reported questionnaires and interviews. The phenotypic structure of compulsive behaviors was then tested using structural equation modeling. The model was validated using personality variables (NEO-FFI and TCI), and Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis. RESULTS Compulsivity symptoms best fit a higher-order two factor model, with ED and OCD loading onto a compulsivity factor, and BD and SA loading onto an externalizing factor, composed also of ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms. The compulsivity construct correlated with neuroticism (r=0.638; p ≤ 0.001), conscientiousness (r=0.171; p ≤ 0.001), and brain gray matter volume in left and right orbitofrontal cortex, right ventral striatum and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The externalizing factor correlated with extraversion (r=0.201; p ≤ 0.001), novelty-seeking (r=0.451; p ≤ 0.001), and negatively with gray matter volume in the left inferior and middle frontal gyri. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a compulsivity spectrum exists in an adolescent, preclinical sample and accounts for variance in both OCD and ED, but not substance-related behaviors, and can be differentiated from an externalizing spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantale Montigny
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Robert Whelan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Manheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Manheim, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Manheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
- AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Manheim, Germany
| | | | - Eva Loth
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Manheim, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom
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Plaze M, Paillère-Martinot ML, Penttilä J, Januel D, de Beaurepaire R, Bellivier F, Andoh J, Galinowski A, Gallarda T, Artiges E, Olié JP, Mangin JF, Martinot JL, Cachia A. "Where do auditory hallucinations come from?"--a brain morphometry study of schizophrenia patients with inner or outer space hallucinations. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:212-21. [PMID: 19666833 PMCID: PMC3004180 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations are a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia. Bleuler and Kraepelin distinguished 2 main classes of hallucinations: hallucinations heard outside the head (outer space, or external, hallucinations) and hallucinations heard inside the head (inner space, or internal, hallucinations). This distinction has been confirmed by recent phenomenological studies that identified 3 independent dimensions in auditory hallucinations: language complexity, self-other misattribution, and spatial location. Brain imaging studies in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations have already investigated language complexity and self-other misattribution, but the neural substrate of hallucination spatial location remains unknown. Magnetic resonance images of 45 right-handed patients with schizophrenia and persistent auditory hallucinations and 20 healthy right-handed subjects were acquired. Two homogeneous subgroups of patients were defined based on the hallucination spatial location: patients with only outer space hallucinations (N=12) and patients with only inner space hallucinations (N=15). Between-group differences were then assessed using 2 complementary brain morphometry approaches: voxel-based morphometry and sulcus-based morphometry. Convergent anatomical differences were detected between the patient subgroups in the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ). In comparison to healthy subjects, opposite deviations in white matter volumes and sulcus displacements were found in patients with inner space hallucination and patients with outer space hallucination. The current results indicate that spatial location of auditory hallucinations is associated with the rTPJ anatomy, a key region of the "where" auditory pathway. The detected tilt in the sulcal junction suggests deviations during early brain maturation, when the superior temporal sulcus and its anterior terminal branch appear and merge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Plaze
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France,Psychiatry Department (SHU), Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France,Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, AP-HP, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Januel
- Department 3 (area 93G03)-CHS Ville-Evrard, Romain Roland Hospital, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Franck Bellivier
- Psychiatry Department, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Paris XII University and INSERM U841, Créteil, France
| | - Jamila Andoh
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France
| | - André Galinowski
- Psychiatry Department (SHU), Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Gallarda
- Psychiatry Department (SHU), Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France,Psychiatry Department (area 91G16), Orsay hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Olié
- Psychiatry Department (SHU), Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France,Computer-Assisted Neuroimaging Laboratory, Neurospin, I2BM, CEA, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France
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Wessa M, Houenou J, Leboyer M, Chanraud S, Poupon C, Martinot JL, Paillère-Martinot ML. Microstructural white matter changes in euthymic bipolar patients: a whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:504-14. [PMID: 19624389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brain structures of a distributed ventral-limbic and dorsal brain network have been associated with altered mood states and emotion regulation in affective disorders. So far, diffusion tensor imaging studies in bipolar patients have focused on frontal/prefrontal brain regions and found alterations in white matter integrity in manic, depressed, and euthymic bipolar patients, observed as changes in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity. To extend previous findings, we investigated whole-brain modifications in white matter integrity in euthymic bipolar patients with minimal manic and depressive symptoms. METHODS Twenty-two patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of bipolar I and II disorder in remission, with no lifetime or present comorbidities of substance abuse, and 21 sex- and age-matched healthy controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging with diffusion gradients applied along 41 directions. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity group differences were explored using two voxel-based, whole-brain analyses that differ in their normalization approaches. RESULTS Fractional anisotropy was significantly increased in bipolar patients relative to healthy controls in medial frontal, precentral, inferior parietal, and occipital white matter. No group differences in mean diffusivity were found. CONCLUSIONS The result of increased fractional anisotropy in euthymic bipolar patients in the present study suggests increased directional coherence of white matter fibers in bipolar patients during remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Wessa
- INSERM, U797, CEA-INSERM U797 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, University Paris Sud, University Paris 5, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot, IBM, Orsay, France.
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Penttilä J, Cachia A, Martinot JL, Ringuenet D, Wessa M, Houenou J, Galinowski A, Bellivier F, Gallarda T, Duchesnay E, Artiges E, Leboyer M, Olié JP, Mangin JF, Paillère-Martinot ML. Cortical folding difference between patients with early-onset and patients with intermediate-onset bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:361-70. [PMID: 19500089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral abnormalities have been detected in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). In comparison to BD with a later onset, early-onset BD has been found to have a poorer outcome. However, it is yet unknown whether neuroanatomical abnormalities differ between age-at-onset subgroups of the illness. We searched for cortical folding differences between early-onset (before 25 years) and intermediate-onset (between 25 and 45 years) BD patients. METHODS Magnetic resonance images of 22 early-onset BD patients, 14 intermediate-onset BD patients, and 50 healthy participants were analyzed using a fully automated method to extract, label, and measure the sulcal area in the whole cortex. Cortical folding was assessed by computing global sulcal indices (the ratio between total sulcal area and total outer cortex area) for each hemisphere, and local sulcal indices for 12 predefined regions in both hemispheres. RESULTS Intermediate-onset BD patients had a significantly reduced local sulcal index in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in comparison to both early-onset BD patients and healthy subjects, and lower global sulcal indices in both hemispheres in comparison to healthy subjects (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). Brain tissue volumes did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first evidence of a neuroanatomic difference between intermediate-onset and early-onset BD, which lends further support to the existence of different age-at-onset subgroups of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, France.
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Penttilä J, Paillère-Martinot ML, Martinot JL, Ringuenet D, Wessa M, Houenou J, Gallarda T, Bellivier F, Galinowski A, Bruguière P, Pinabel F, Leboyer M, Olié JP, Duchesnay E, Artiges E, Mangin JF, Cachia A. Cortical folding in patients with bipolar disorder or unipolar depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009; 34:127-35. [PMID: 19270763 PMCID: PMC2647564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of cortical folding may provide insight into neurodevelopment deviations, which, in turn, can predispose to depression that responds particularly poorly to medications. We hypothesized that patients with treatment-resistant depression would exhibit measurable alterations in cortical folding. METHODS We computed hemispheric global sulcal indices (g-SIs) in T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance images obtained from 76 patients and 70 healthy controls. We separately searched for anatomic deviations in patients with bipolar disorder (16 patients with treatment-resistant depression, 25 with euthymia) and unipolar depression (35 patients with treatment-resistant depression). RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, both groups of patients with treatment-resistant depression exhibited reduced g-SIs: in the right hemisphere among patients with bipolar disorder and in both hemispheres among those with unipolar depression. Patients with euthymic bipolar disorder did not differ significantly from depressed patients or healthy controls. Among patients with bipolar disorder who were taking lithium, we found positive correlations between current lithium dose and g-SIs in both hemispheres. LIMITATIONS We cannot estimate the extent to which the observed g-SI reductions are linked to treatment resistance and to what extent they are state-dependent. Furthermore, we cannot disentangle the impact of medications from that of the affective disorder. Finally, there is interindividual variation and overlap of g-SIs among patients and healthy controls that need to be considered when interpreting our results. CONCLUSION Reduced global cortical folding surface appears to be characteristic of patients with treatment-resistant depression, either unipolar or bipolar. In patients with bipolar disorder, treatment with lithium may modify cortical folding surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Damien Ringuenet
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Josselin Houenou
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Thierry Gallarda
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - André Galinowski
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Pascale Bruguière
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - François Pinabel
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Olié
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Edouard Duchesnay
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
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Lefaucheur JP, Lucas B, Andraud F, Hogrel JY, Bellivier F, Del Cul A, Rousseva A, Leboyer M, Paillère-Martinot ML. Inter-hemispheric asymmetry of motor corticospinal excitability in major depression studied by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:389-98. [PMID: 17449060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imaging and electroencephalographic studies have reported inter-hemispheric asymmetries in frontal cortical regions associated with depression. This study aimed at comparing motor corticospinal excitability assessed by methods of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) between the right and left hemispheres in patients with major depression and healthy controls. METHOD Patients with major depression (n=35) and healthy controls (n=35) underwent a bilateral study of various motor corticospinal excitability parameters, including rest motor threshold (RMT), corticospinal silent period (CSP) duration and intra-cortical inhibition (ICI) and facilitation (ICF). Indexes of asymmetry were calculated, and the relationships between excitability parameters and clinical scores of depression were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Depressed patients showed a reduced excitability of both excitatory (RMT, ICF) and inhibitory (CSP, ICI) processes in the left hemisphere, compared to the right hemisphere and to healthy controls. CONCLUSION The present results confirmed the existence of inter-hemispheric asymmetries in frontal cortex activities of depressed patients in favor of a left-sided reduced excitability. This neurophysiological approach may help to guide repetitive TMS procedures in the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lefaucheur
- Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94010 Creteil, France.
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18
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Cachia A, Paillère-Martinot ML, Galinowski A, Januel D, de Beaurepaire R, Bellivier F, Artiges E, Andoh J, Bartrés-Faz D, Duchesnay E, Rivière D, Plaze M, Mangin JF, Martinot JL. Cortical folding abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with resistant auditory hallucinations. Neuroimage 2007; 39:927-35. [PMID: 17988891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray matter volume and functional abnormalities have been reported in language-related cortex in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations. Such abnormalities might denote abnormal cortical folding development, which can now be investigated using gyrification measures. Anatomic magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were obtained from 30 schizophrenia patients screened for resistant auditory hallucinations and 28 control subjects. We searched for overall gyrification abnormalities in the whole cortex as well as localized abnormalities in language-related cortex, assuming that gyrification is associated with brain sulcation. A fully automated method was applied to MRIs to extract, label and measure the sulcus area in the whole cortex. Gyrification was assessed using both global and local sulcal indices, respectively the ratio between total sulcal area, or area of each labeled sulcus, and outer cortex area. For both hemispheres, the patients had a lower global sulcal index. The local sulcal index decrease was not homogeneous across the whole cortex. It was more significant in the superior temporal sulcus bilaterally, in the left middle frontal sulcus and in the diagonal branch of left sylvian fissure (Broca's area). Findings suggest abnormalities in cortical gyrification in these patients. Sulcal abnormalities in language-related cortex might underlie these patients' particular vulnerability to hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Cachia
- Inserm, U797 Research Unit Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France
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Andoh J, Artiges E, Pallier C, Rivière D, Mangin JF, Paillère-Martinot ML, Martinot JL. Priming Frequencies of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Wernicke's Area Modulate Word Detection. Cereb Cortex 2007; 18:210-6. [PMID: 17490990 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming stimulations have shown powerful effects on motor cortex behavior. However, the effects over language areas have not been explored. We assessed the effects of different priming frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 1 Hz rTMS or 50 Hz bursts of rTMS (theta burst stimulation [TBS]), on temporoparietal language areas (i.e., Wernicke's area) localized with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional maps were acquired during an auditory word-detection task with native or foreign language sentences in 14 healthy men. Frameless stereotaxy was used to guide the transcranial magnetic stimulation coil position over Wernicke's area. Active and placebo randomized sessions of priming stimulations (1 Hz rTMS or TBS) were applied at rest, and response times (RTs) were recorded during the auditory word-detection task performed subsequently with 1 Hz rTMS. Individual anatomofunctional maps localized activation in Wernicke's area. Repeated-measure analysis of variance for RTs revealed that priming with 1 Hz rTMS facilitated the detection of native words, whereas priming with TBS facilitated the detection of foreign words. Consistent with motor cortex studies, these findings suggest that priming frequency plays a crucial role in word detection in the auditory stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Andoh
- Inserm U797 Research Unit Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR 49, Orsay, France
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Wessa M, Houenou J, Paillère-Martinot ML, Berthoz S, Artiges E, Leboyer M, Martinot JL. Fronto-striatal overactivation in euthymic bipolar patients during an emotional go/nogo task. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:638-46. [PMID: 17403978 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although euthymic bipolar patients show minimal manic and depressive symptoms, they continue to show impaired emotional regulation and cognitive functioning. Few studies have directly examined the interference of emotional information with cognitive processes and its underlying cerebral mechanisms in euthymic bipolar patients. The authors examined the emotional modulation of cognitive processes and its underlying neural mechanisms in euthymic bipolar patients. METHOD Seventeen euthymic bipolar patients and 17 healthy comparison subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while performing an emotional and nonemotional go/nogo task. Neural responses associated with the overall task performance, as well as with the impact of emotional information on the task performance, were assessed. RESULTS Bipolar disorder patients exhibited increased activity in the temporal cortex, specifically to emotional go/nogo conditions, as well as in the orbitofrontal cortex, the insula, the caudate nuclei, and the dorsal anterior and posterior cingulate cortices when inhibiting emotional stimuli compared with neutral stimuli. Conversely, no global attentional deficits were observed on either a behavioral or neural response level, indicated by similar task performances for all task conditions and similar brain activation patterns when comparing all the go/nogo conditions with the resting state. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence of an altered emotional modulation of cognitive processing in euthymic bipolar patients, indicated by an overactivation in ventral-limbic, temporal, and dorsal brain structures during emotional go/nogo conditions in patients relative to comparison subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Wessa
- Inserm U797, CEA-INSERM Research Unit Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, University Paris-Sud 11 and University Paris 5, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot, 91401 Orsay, France.
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21
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Bragulat V, Paillère-Martinot ML, Artiges E, Frouin V, Poline JB, Martinot JL. Dopaminergic function in depressed patients with affective flattening or with impulsivity: [18F]fluoro-L-dopa positron emission tomography study with voxel-based analysis. Psychiatry Res 2007; 154:115-24. [PMID: 17306513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A decreased striatal presynaptic dopaminergic function has been reported in depressed patients with affective flattening and psychomotor retardation, using (18)F-fluorodopa positron emission tomography and regions-of-interest. The present study aimed to investigate regional ;[(18)F]dopa uptake in mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic projections with the hypothesis that there should be a decrease in mesolimbic [(18)F]dopa uptake associated with affective flattening and psychomotor retardation. [(18)F]Dopa-positron emission tomography and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging datasets from 12 screened depressed patients with either marked affective flattening and psychomotor retardation (n=6) or with marked impulsivity (n=6), and from eight healthy subjects, were analyzed using a voxel-based approach. Regional differences in [(18)F]dopa uptake rate constant (K(i)) values between the healthy group and the two depression subgroups were compared using both statistical parametric mapping and cluster-based regions-of-interest. Patients with affective flattening and psychomotor retardation had [(18)F]dopa K(i) decreases in the left caudate, bilateral putamen and nucleus accumbens, left parahippocampus and dorsal brainstem. Impulsive depressives had [(18)F]dopa K(i) decreases in the anterior cingulate and hypothalamus, and an increase in the right parahippocampal gyrus. These findings support distinct regional dysfunctions of monoamines depending on the depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bragulat
- Inserm, U.797, Research Unit Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France
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22
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Plaze M, Bartrés-Faz D, Martinot JL, Januel D, Bellivier F, De Beaurepaire R, Chanraud S, Andoh J, Lefaucheur JP, Artiges E, Pallier C, Paillère-Martinot ML. Left superior temporal gyrus activation during sentence perception negatively correlates with auditory hallucination severity in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2006; 87:109-15. [PMID: 16828542 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The left superior temporal cortex, which supports linguistic functions, has consistently been reported to activate during auditory-verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia patients. It has been suggested that auditory hallucinations and the processing of normal external speech compete for common neurophysiological resources. We tested the hypothesis of a negative relationship between the clinical severity of hallucinations and local brain activity in posterior linguistic regions while patients were listening to external speech. Fifteen right-handed patients with schizophrenia and daily auditory hallucinations for at least 3 months were studied with event-related fMRI while listening to sentences in French or to silence. Severity of hallucinations, assessed using the auditory hallucination subscales of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) and of the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS-AH), negatively correlated with activation in the left temporal superior region in the French minus silence condition. This finding supports the hypothesis that auditory hallucinations compete with normal external speech for processing sites within the temporal cortex in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Plaze
- Inserm U.797, CEA-INSERM Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot, IFR49, Paris-Sud 11 and Paris-5 Universities; 4 place Gl. Leclerc 91401, Orsay, France
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Artiges E, Martelli C, Naccache L, Bartrés-Faz D, Leprovost JB, Viard A, Paillère-Martinot ML, Dehaene S, Martinot JL. Paracingulate sulcus morphology and fMRI activation detection in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2006; 82:143-51. [PMID: 16387476 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered anterior cingulate cortex activity has been consistently detected by functional imaging in schizophrenia patients. In the present study, we hypothesized that the detection of such local hypoactivity varies when the subjects' local gyrification is monitored. Using a group-statistical approach, we investigated whether the presence or absence of a paracingulate sulcus (PCS) does influence the detection of the activation patterns in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACcd). METHOD fMRI data were acquired using an event-related paradigm during a task involving both priming and interference between stimuli. In the fMRI dataset collected from 13 schizophrenia patients and 16 healthy subjects, subgroups were defined according to the presence or absence of a PCS. Regional activations during interference between stimuli were examined in the ACcd of each hemisphere, using for each region of interest both voxel-based random-effects and non-parametric analyses. RESULTS ACcd activation was left-sided in healthy subjects with a PCS, and right-sided in healthy subjects devoid of a PCS. ACcd activations were detected bilaterally in schizophrenia patients with a PCS, whereas left ACcd was deactivated in patients without a PCS. Subgroup comparisons revealed no difference between healthy subjects with a PCS and patients with a PCS, whereas in the subgroups devoid of PCS, the patients exhibited a bilateral ACcd hypoactivation relative to healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS PCS presence or absence influences the detection of ACcd activations in group-analysis of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Artiges
- INSERM-CEA Research Unit URM 02-05 Neuroimaging in Psychiatry, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), IFR49, Frédéric Joliot hospital department, Orsay, France
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Andoh J, Artiges E, Pallier C, Rivière D, Mangin JF, Cachia A, Plaze M, Paillère-Martinot ML, Martinot JL. Modulation of language areas with functional MR image-guided magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 2006; 29:619-27. [PMID: 16168674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can interfere with linguistic performance when delivered over language areas. At low frequency (1 Hz), rTMS is assumed to decrease cortical excitability; however, the degree of TMS effect on cortical language areas may depend on the localization of the stimulation coil with respect to the inter-individual anatomo-functional variations. Hence, we aimed at investigating individual brain areas involved in semantic and phonological auditory processes. We hypothesized that active rTMS targeted over Wernicke's area might modify the performance during a language-fragment-detection task. Sentences in native or foreign languages were presented to 12 right-handed male healthy volunteers during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). 3D-functional maps localized the posterior temporal activation (Wernicke) in each subject and MRI anatomical cortical landmarks were used to define Broca's pars opercularis (F3Op). A frameless stereotaxy system was used to guide the TMS coil position over Wernicke's and F3Op areas in each subject. Active and placebo randomized rTMS sessions were applied at 1 Hz, 110% of motor threshold, during the same language-fragment-detection task. Accuracy and response time (RT) were recorded. RT was significantly decreased by active rTMS compared to placebo over Wernicke's area, and was more decreased for native than for foreign languages. No significant RT change was observed for F3Op area. rTMS conditions did not impair participants' accuracy. Thus, low-frequency rTMS over Wernicke's area can speed-up the response to a task tapping on native language perception in healthy volunteers. This individually-guided stimulation study confirms that facilitatory effects are not confined to high-frequency rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andoh
- INSERM-CEA Research Unit ERM 02-05, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, INSERM and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA, IFR49, Frédéric Joliot hospital department, 4 place Gl. Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, Paris Descartes University, France
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Xiberas X, Martinot JL, Mallet L, Artiges E, Loc'H C, Mazière B, Paillère-Martinot ML. Extrastriatal and striatal D(2) dopamine receptor blockade with haloperidol or new antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179:503-8. [PMID: 11731352 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.179.6.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both traditional and atypical antipsychotics have been hypothesised to be effective in schizophrenia through limbic and cortical D(2) dopamine receptor blockade. AIMS To investigate this hypothesis with the D(2)/D(3)-selective positron emission tomography (PET) probe [(76)Br]-FLB457. METHOD PET scans were performed on 6 controls and 18 patients with schizophrenia treated with haloperidol or with risperidone, clozapine, amisulpride or olanzapine. RESULTS The D(2) dopamine receptor blockade was high in the temporal cortex with both haloperidol and atypical antipsychotics. The atypicals, however, induced a significantly lower D(2) binding index than haloperidol in the thalamus and in the striatum. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that cortical D(2) dopamine receptors are a common target of traditional and atypical antipsychotics for therapeutic action. Higher in vivo binding to the D(2) receptors in the cortex than in the basal ganglia is suggested as an indicator of favourable profile for a putative antipsychotic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xiberas
- INSERM U 334, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot. A. Chenevier Hôpital, Créteil, France
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Abstract
Spatial working memory has been shown to be impaired in schizophrenia. In contrast, memory for temporal order has been poorly studied in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to compare and to further characterize spatial working memory and sequence reproduction deficits in patients with schizophrenia under stable medication by manipulating cues (pattern versus sequence), delay, set-size and response type in various recall and recognition tasks. This allowed us to dissociate processes as encoding, retention and retrieval and to compare the performance of patients with schizophrenia to the performance of patients with prefrontal lesions, who have been previously tested in the same tasks. Our results show that increase of the set-size and of the delay decreased performance of both groups, and that these factors had larger detrimental effects in patients with schizophrenia than in controls. Furthermore, comparison between tasks revealed retention and retrieval deficits in schizophrenia. Finally, patients with schizophrenia showed impairments not only in recall but also in sequence recognition tasks with delay. This is in contrast to patients with prefrontal lesions, who have previously been shown to have intact recognition of sequences after a delay. These results suggest that the working memory deficit in schizophrenia cannot be restricted to a prefrontal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dreher
- INSERM U483, University of Paris VI Jussieu, Paris, France.
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Xiberas X, Martinot JL, Mallet L, Artiges E, Canal M, Loc'h C, Mazière B, Paillère-Martinot ML. In vivo extrastriatal and striatal D2 dopamine receptor blockade by amisulpride in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21:207-14. [PMID: 11270918 DOI: 10.1097/00004714-200104000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Amisulpride, a substituted benzamide with high affinity for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors only, has been reported to have therapeutic effects on both negative and positive schizophrenic symptoms, although at distinct dose ranges (50-300 mg/day vs. 400-1,200 mg/day). The purpose of this study was to investigate the binding of amisulpride to extrastriatal (i.e., thalamus and temporal cortex) and striatal D2 dopamine receptors with respect to plasma amisulpride determinations. Ten patients with schizophrenia treated with amisulpride over a wide range of doses (25-1,200 mg/day) were studied. Positron emission tomography images were acquired by using 76Br-FLB-457, a highly specific antagonist of the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. Binding indexes (BI) in the regions studied were estimated with reference to values from six healthy subjects. A curvilinear relationship was demonstrated between plasma concentration of amisulpride and the BI in extrastriatal regions. The BI also varied as a function of plasma concentration in striatum. Furthermore, the data provide evidence for different binding profiles: low plasma concentrations (28-92 ng/mL) induced marked extrastriatal binding and low striatal binding, whereas higher plasma concentrations (>153 ng/mL) induced marked binding both in extrastriatal and striatal regions. Dose-dependent differential binding profiles of amisulpride to D2 receptors in extrastriatal and striatal regions were demonstrated, and two therapeutic ranges of plasma concentrations for negative and positive schizophrenic symptoms, respectively, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xiberas
- INSERM U334, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, DSV-DRM-CEA, Orsay, France
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Abstract
Adolescent-onset psychoses often raise diagnostic difficulties because of the mixture of schizophrenic and affective features. This study examined prospectively which clinical dimensions contribute to difficulty in initial diagnosis and which clinical features have predictive value for outcomes of schizophrenia or affective disorders, and for eventual psychosocial functioning. Thirty-six adolescents consecutively admitted for a psychotic episode were followed up for 1 to 4 years. Symptoms were assessed at admission, at discharge, and once a year. DSM-III-R (APA 1989) diagnoses were assessed at admission and once a year. Comparisons were performed across initial and followup diagnostic groups. Positive symptoms did not differentiate the initial clinical pictures, while negative symptoms, manic symptoms, and disorganization differentiated the manic and depressive episodes in the acute phase. When initial positive symptoms (mainly delusions) were severe, they predicted a final diagnosis in the schizophrenia spectrum. Poor outcome was associated with more anhedonia-associality and lower functioning scores at admission. Results suggest (1) a higher vulnerability to positive symptoms in adolescents who will further develop schizophrenia and (2) the low specificity of affective symptoms at this age.
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Artiges E, Martinot JL, Verdys M, Attar-Levy D, Mazoyer B, Tzourio N, Giraud MJ, Paillère-Martinot ML. Altered hemispheric functional dominance during word generation in negative schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2001; 26:709-21. [PMID: 10993408 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional brain imaging studies have reported decreased frontal activations in schizophrenia, but hemispheric dominance for language has rarely been assessed. To investigate regional activation and lateralization during word production, we determined normalized regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) variations with positron emission tomography (PET) and H2(15)O (water labeled with the isotope oxygen 15) in 14 negative schizophrenia patients and 14 volunteers. Subjects were scanned during two trials of three conditions: rest, vocalized verbal fluency, and spontaneous word production. Images were analyzed using an anatomical volumes of interest method, and the two groups' changes were compared, using rest as a baseline. Differences in the lateralization of changes were detected in homologous frontal and inferior parietal regions. The lateralization effects in patients arose from lower activations in the left frontal regions, abnormal right inferior frontal activations, and weaker right inferior parietal deactivation, during the word production tasks. The right hemisphere changes correlated negatively with the performance in verbal fluency. Thus in negative schizophrenia patients, while the activations were less focused on the left hemisphere regions usually engaged in word generation, rCBF changes in the right hemisphere might reflect a compensatory functional pattern.
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Artiges E, Salamé P, Recasens C, Poline JB, Attar-Levy D, De La Raillère A, Paillère-Martinot ML, Danion JM, Martinot JL. Working memory control in patients with schizophrenia: a PET study during a random number generation task. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1517-9. [PMID: 10964875 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.9.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' goal was to investigate brain regions involved in the deficiency of working memory control processes in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with positron emission tomography in eight men with stabilized schizophrenia and eight healthy men while they were performing a graded random number generation task. Twelve scans were made for each subject. Covariations between randomness of responses and regional activation were analyzed. RESULTS The pattern of covariation between randomness of responses and activation in the anterior cingulate and superior parietal regions differed between patients and healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a cinguloparietal dysfunction underlying the impairment of working memory control processes during a random number generation task in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Artiges
- Département de Recherche en Imagerie, Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Strasbourg, France
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Trichard C, Paillère-Martinot ML, Attar-Levy D, Blin J, Feline A, Martinot JL. No serotonin 5-HT2A receptor density abnormality in the cortex of schizophrenic patients studied with PET. Schizophr Res 1998; 31:13-7. [PMID: 9633832 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate putative abnormalities of cortical 5-HT2A receptor density in schizophrenia, we used positron emission tomography and [18F]setoperone, a high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor radioligand, in 14 neuroleptic-free or -naive schizophrenic patients and in 15 normal controls. No significant difference between the groups was observed in the whole or regional cortical binding potential of [18F]setoperone, indicating an absence of major 5-HT2A receptor cortical density abnormalities in schizophrenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trichard
- INSERM U334, S.H.F.J., DRM, DSV, CEA, Orsay, France
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Trichard C, Paillère-Martinot ML, Attar-Levy D, Recassens C, Monnet F, Martinot JL. Binding of antipsychotic drugs to cortical 5-HT2A receptors: a PET study of chlorpromazine, clozapine, and amisulpride in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:505-8. [PMID: 9545996 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.155.4.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the binding to cortical serotonin 5-HT2A receptors of conventional doses of the typical neuroleptic chlorpromazine in comparison with clozapine, the prototype atypical antipsychotic, and amisulpride, a specific dopamine D2-D3 blocker. METHOD Seventeen schizophrenic patients treated with chlorpromazine (75-700 mg/day), four treated with clozapine (200-600 mg/day), and five treated with amisulpride (200-1200 mg/day) were studied. Cortical 5-HT2A binding was estimated by reference to the values for 14 antipsychotic-free schizophrenic subjects with the use of positron emission tomography and [18F]setoperone, a high-affinity radioligand for cortical 5-HT2A receptors. RESULTS A dose-dependent decrease in the number of available cortical binding sites for [18F] setoperone was demonstrated in the chlorpromazine group; for the highest dose, there was a virtual lack of sites available for binding. A very low percentage of available binding sites was also observed in the clozapine-treated patients at all doses. This suggests a high level of 5-HT2A blockade with both clozapine and high doses of chlorpromazine. No significant binding of amisulpride to 5-HT2A receptors was detected. CONCLUSIONS A high level of 5-HT2A receptor blockade does not appear specific to clozapine in comparison with high doses of chlorpromazine, suggesting that the distinct clinical profiles of both drugs are unrelated to 5-HT2A blockade itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trichard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Paris, France
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Cohen D, Paillère-Martinot ML, Basquin M. Use of electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents. Convuls Ther 1997; 13:25-31. [PMID: 9152585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used in adolescent psychiatric practice, yet few studies have been conducted to assess its use for 13-19-year-olds. Efficacy, indications, side effects, technical characteristics, and outcome are uncertain. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 21 adolescents treated with bilateral ECT in our department from 1984 through 1995. In our series, ECT was effective in treating both maniac and depressive episodes, with a high rate of relapse at 1 year follow-up (approximately 40%). Clinical improvement was only partial and in schizophrenia and schizoaffective episodes. Seizure threshold was associated with gender, but not with the cumulative number of treatments. Adverse effects were frequent, but were usually transient with only moderate discomfort, even in patients with concomitant medical problems. We conclude that ECT is a safe and effective treatment for adolescents with severe and intractable mental illness, and it has the same indications and effects as in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cohen
- Service de Psychopathologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Groupe-Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriére, Paris, France
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Dao-Castellana MH, Paillère-Martinot ML, Hantraye P, Attar-Lévy D, Rémy P, Crouzel C, Artiges E, Féline A, Syrota A, Martinot JL. Presynaptic dopaminergic function in the striatum of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 1997; 23:167-74. [PMID: 9061812 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(96)00102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates increased brain dopaminergic activity. Two previous studies reported increased 18F-DOPA uptake with positron emission tomography in schizophrenic patients (n = 5, n = 7). In the present study, striatal dopaminergic function was assessed in vivo in six untreated schizophrenics and seven control subjects, comparable for age and sex. The 18F-fluoro-L-DOPA (18F-DOPA) uptake rate constant Ki was determined in the caudate and putamen using coregistered positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. No difference between groups for mean Ki was found. The variability of the 18F-DOPA uptake values was higher in the caudate (p < 0.01) and in the putamen (p < 0.001) in schizophrenic patients than in control subjects, suggesting that schizophrenia is a disorder involving heterogeneous states of the striatal presynaptic dopaminergic function.
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Lemonnier E, Condat B, Paillère-Martinot ML, Chollet R, Allilaire JF. [Persecution syndrome after the use of interferon: a case report]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1996; 154:246-8; discussion 248-9. [PMID: 8929053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The interferon has been used for fifteen years as a viral and carcinomatous pathology treatment, however it has some spychiatric secondary effects. In this paper we present a psychotic reaction in a patient without any psychiatric history. A depression with specific characteristics was also detected. It appears just after injection and goes away quickly forming an interesting "on-off" depression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lemonnier
- Service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris
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Martinot JL, Paillère-Martinot ML, Poirier MF, Dao-Castellana MH, Loc'h C, Mazière B. In vivo characteristics of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by amisulpride in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 124:154-8. [PMID: 8935811 DOI: 10.1007/bf02245616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the daily oral dose of the benzamide amisulpride and the striatal D2-dopamine receptors occupancy was investigated in 11 schizophrenic patients using positron emission tomography with 76Br-bromolisuride. The patients were studied before and during chronic treatment with amisulpride over a wide range of doses. The test-retest variability of the method was estimated to be 5.8% in a group of four patients receiving placebo. A curvilinear relationship was demonstrated between the amisulpride doses and the D2-receptor occupancy. A range of 70-80% occupancy of the striatal D2 receptors, suggested as an optimal interval for therapeutic action on positive psychotic symptoms, was obtained with doses of amisulpride ranging between 630 and 910 mg per day, while an occupancy of 85%, suggested to be associated with pronounced extrapyramidal side-effects, was reached with 1,100 mg per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martinot
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA and INSERM U334, Orsay, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors assessed the effects on primary negative symptoms of low doses of amisulpride, a substituted benzamide neuroleptic with high affinity for D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. METHOD Young, drug-free schizophrenic patients with pure negative symptoms participated in a 6-week double-blind trial of placebo (N = 10) or low-dose amisulpride (N = 10). They were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. RESULTS Amisulpride significantly improved negative symptoms. Improvement in avolition, attentional impairment, and retardation was significantly greater with amisulpride than with placebo. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that some primary negative symptoms may be directly affected by low doses of benzamide neuroleptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Paillère-Martinot
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Paillère-Martinot ML, Dao-Castellana MH, Masure MC, Pillon B, Martinot JL. Delusional misidentification: a clinical, neuropsychological and brain imaging case study. Psychopathology 1994; 27:200-10. [PMID: 7846238 DOI: 10.1159/000284870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The case of a young woman with a disorder involving Capgras syndrome, Frégoli syndrome, intermetamorphosis, and the subjective-doubles syndrome is reported. Neuropsychological assessment showed a low efficiency in the complex visuospatial organization tasks and in non-verbal memory. MRI found a left lenticular hypodensity, and two PET scans performed in the symptomatic and recovered states showed significant changes and asymmetries in cerebral glucose metabolism in the frontal, parietal, and subcortical regions. These findings are discussed with respect to recent models of delusional misidentification syndromes.
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Martinot JL, Paillère-Martinot ML, Loc'h C, Lecrubier Y, Dao-Castellana MH, Aubin F, Allilaire JF, Mazoyer B, Mazière B, Syrota A. Central D2 receptors and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164:27-34. [PMID: 8137107 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.164.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Most in vivo studies of striatal D2 receptor (SD2R) density with positron emission tomography in schizophrenia have attempted to relate this variable to the diagnosis of the illness. In the present study, a relationship between SD2R and clinical dimensions of this psychosis was searched for in a highly selected group of young negative schizophrenics (8 drug-naïve and 2 drug-free). The SD2R density index measured in vivo using 76Br-bromolisuride and PET correlated negatively (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) with a psychomotor dimension of schizophrenia involving blunted affect and alogia. The mean SD2R index of the patients did not differ from that of age-matched control subjects. Therefore, this behavioural dimension accounts for the variance of the SD2R, suggesting that the striatal dopamine system modulates symptoms such as flattened affect and alogia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martinot
- INSERM U334, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
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Martinot JL, Paillère-Martinot ML, Loc'h C, Hardy P, Poirier MF, Mazoyer B, Beaufils B, Mazière B, Allilaire JF, Syrota A. The estimated density of D2 striatal receptors in schizophrenia. A study with positron emission tomography and 76Br-bromolisuride. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158:346-50. [PMID: 1827999 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.158.3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The striatal D2 receptors of 19 untreated schizophrenics and 14 normal control subjects were investigated with PET and 76Br-bromolisuride. The ratio of radioactivity in the striatum to that in the cerebellum was taken as an index of the striatal D2 receptor density. There was no significant difference between the control and the schizophrenic groups, nor any difference between subgroups of patients defined by clinical type or course of illness, and no relationship between the striatum:cerebellum activity ratio and SANS or SAPS ratings of symptoms. Unlike in the controls, this ratio was not correlated with age in schizophrenics. This study suggests that there is no quantitative abnormality of striatal D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martinot
- Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, département biologie, Orsay, France
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Paillère-Martinot ML, Zivi A, Basquin M. [Use of electroconvulsive therapy in adolescence]. Encephale 1990; 16:399-404. [PMID: 1979944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Few studies report the use of ECT in adolescents. Within a period of 3 years, 9 patients aged 15 to 19 were treated by ECT in our department. Indications were acute schizophrenia, delusional depression and delusional mania, resistant to usual medication. ECT proved to be a safe treatment with good short-term outcome. Long-term outcome did not seem to be modified by treatment. These results are discussed in relation to the use of ECT in adults and adolescents reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Paillère-Martinot
- Service de Psychopathologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris
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