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Schenk LA, Fadai T, Büchel C. How side effects can improve treatment efficacy: a randomized trial. Brain 2024:awae132. [PMID: 38701224 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
While treatment side effects may adversely impact patients, they could also potentially function as indicators for effective treatment. In this study, we investigated whether and how side effects can trigger positive treatment expectations and enhance treatment outcomes. In this preregistered trial (DRKS00026648), 77 healthy participants were made to believe that they will receive fentanyl nasal sprays before receiving thermal pain in a controlled experimental setting. However, nasal sprays did not contain fentanyl, rather they either contained capsaicin to induce a side effect (mild burning sensation) or saline (inert). After the first session, participants were randomized to two groups and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). One group continued to believe that the nasal sprays could contain fentanyl while the other group was explicitly informed that no fentanyl was included. This allowed for the independent manipulation of the side effects and the expectation of pain relief. Our results revealed that nasal sprays with a side effect lead to lower pain than inert nasal sprays without side effects. The influence of side effects on pain was dependent on individual beliefs about how side effects are related to treatment outcome, as well as on expectations about received treatment. FMRI data indicated an involvement of the descending pain modulatory system including the anterior cingulate cortex and the periaqueductal gray during pain after experiencing a nasal spray with side effects. In summary, our data show that mild side effects can serve as a signal for effective treatment thereby influencing treatment expectations and outcomes, which is mediated by the descending pain modulatory system. Using these mechanisms in clinical practice could provide an efficient way to optimize treatment outcome. In addition, our results indicate an important confound in clinical trials, where a treatment (with potential side effects) is compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven A Schenk
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Müller A, Konigorski S, Meißner C, Fadai T, Warren CV, Falkenberg I, Kircher T, Nestoriuc Y. Study protocol: combined N-of-1 trials to assess open-label placebo treatment for antidepressant discontinuation symptoms [FAB-study]. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:749. [PMID: 37833651 PMCID: PMC10576328 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressant discontinuation is associated with a broad range of adverse effects. Debilitating discontinuation symptoms can impede the discontinuation process and contribute to unnecessary long-term use of antidepressants. Antidepressant trials reveal large placebo effects, indicating a potential use of open-label placebo (OLP) treatment to facilitate the discontinuation process. We aim to determine the effect of OLP treatment in reducing antidepressant discontinuation symptoms using a series of N-of-1 trials. METHODS A series of randomized, single-blinded N-of-1 trials will be conducted in 20 patients with fully remitted DSM-V major depressive disorder, experiencing moderate to severe discontinuation symptoms following antidepressant discontinuation. Each N-of-1 trial consists of two cycles, each comprising two-week alternating periods of OLP treatment and of no treatment in a random order, for a total of eight weeks. Our primary outcome will be self-reported discontinuation symptoms rated twice daily via the smartphone application 'StudyU'. Secondary outcomes include expectations about discontinuation symptoms and (depressed) mood. Statistical analyses will be based on a Bayesian multi-level random effects model, reporting posterior estimates of the overall and individual treatment effects. DISCUSSION Results of this trial will provide insight into the clinical application of OLP in treating antidepressant discontinuation symptoms, potentially offering a new cost-effective therapeutic tool. This trial will also determine the feasibility and applicability of a series of N-of-1 trials in a clinical discontinuation trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05051995, first registered September 20, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amke Müller
- Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Konigorski
- Digital Health - Machine Learning Group, Hasso-Plattner-Institute for Digital Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, 150 Western Ave, Boston, MA, 02134, USA
| | - Carina Meißner
- Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claire V Warren
- Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irina Falkenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Nestoriuc
- Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Meißner C, Warren C, Fadai T, Müller A, Zapf A, Lezius S, Ozga AK, Falkenberg I, Kircher T, Nestoriuc Y. Disentangling pharmacological and expectation effects in antidepressant discontinuation among patients with fully remitted major depressive disorder: study protocol of a randomized, open-hidden discontinuation trial. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:457. [PMID: 37344789 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants are established as an evidence-based, guideline-recommended treatment for Major Depressive Disorder. Prescriptions have markedly increased in past decades, with a specific surge in maintenance prescribing. Patients often remain on antidepressants longer than clinically necessary. When attempting to stop, many patients experience adverse discontinuation symptoms. Discontinuation symptoms can be debilitating and hinder successful discontinuation. While discontinuation symptoms can result from pharmacological effects, evidence on nocebo-induced side effects of antidepressant use suggests that patients' expectations may also influence occurrence. METHODS To disentangle pharmacological and expectation effects in antidepressant discontinuation, patients with fully remitted Major Depressive Disorder who fulfill German guideline recommendations to discontinue will either remain on or discontinue their antidepressant. Participants' expectations will be manipulated by varying verbal instructions using an open-hidden paradigm. Within the open trial arms, participants will receive full information about treatment, i.e., high expectation. Within the hidden trial arms, participants will be informed about a 50% chance of discontinuing versus remaining on their antidepressant, i.e., moderate expectation. A total of N = 196 participants will be randomly assigned to either of the four experimental groups: open discontinuation (OD; n = 49), hidden discontinuation (HD; n = 49), open continuation (OC; n = 49), or hidden continuation (HC; n = 49). Discontinuation symptom load during the 13-week experimental phase will be our primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures include discontinuation symptom load during the subsequent 39-week clinical observation phase, recurrence during the 13-week experimental period, recurrence over the course of the complete 52-week trial evaluated in a time-to-event analysis, and stress, anxiety, and participants' attentional and emotional processing at 13 weeks post-baseline. Blood and saliva samples will be taken as objective markers of antidepressant blood serum level and stress. Optional rsfMRI measurements will be scheduled. DISCUSSION Until today, no study has explored the interplay of pharmacological effects and patients' expectations during antidepressant discontinuation. Disentangling their effects has important implications for understanding mechanisms underlying adverse discontinuation symptoms. Results can inform strategies to manage discontinuation symptoms and optimize expectations in order to help patients and physicians discontinue antidepressants more safely and effectively. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05191277), January 13, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Meißner
- Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University-Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Claire Warren
- Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University-Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University-Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amke Müller
- Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University-Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Lezius
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Ozga
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irina Falkenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Nestoriuc
- Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University-Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Yu T, Jia T, Zhu L, Desrivières S, Macare C, Bi Y, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Liu C, Ji L, Banaschewski T, Ren D, Du L, Hou B, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Luo Q, Chu C, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Mennigen E, Lei C, Walter H, Fröhner JH, Whelan R, He G, He L, Schumann G, Robert G, Artiges E, Schneider S, Bach C, Paus T, Barbot A, Barker G, Bokde A, Vetter N, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Constant P, Gowland P, Crombag H, Czech K, Dalley J, Decideur B, Spranger T, Ripley T, Heym N, Flor H, Sommer W, Fuchs B, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Spanagel R, Kaviani M, Heinrichs B, Heinz A, Subramaniam N, Jia T, Ihlenfeld A, Delosis JI, Ittermann B, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Jones J, Klaassen A, Lalanne C, Lanzerath D, Lawrence C, Lemaitre H, Desrivieres S, Mallik C, Mann K, Mar A, Martinez-Medina L, Martinot JL, Mennigen E, de Carvahlo FM, Schwartz Y, Bruehl R, Müller K, Nees F, Nymberg C, Lathrop M, Robbins T, Pausova Z, Pentilla J, Biondo F, Poline JB, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Millenet S, Smolka M, Fröhner J, Struve M, Williams S, Hübner T, Bromberg U, Aydin S, Rogers J, Romanowski A, Schmäl C, Schmidt D, Ripke S, Arroyo M, Schubert F, Pena-Oliver Y, Fauth-Bühler M, Mignon X, Whelan R, Speiser C, Fadai T, Stephens D, Ströhle A, Paillere ML, Strache N, Theobald D, Jurk S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Yacubilin J, Frouin V, Genauck A, Parchetka C, Gemmeke I, Kruschwitz J, WeiB K, Walter H, Feng J, Papadopoulos D, Filippi I, Ing A, Ruggeri B, Xu B, Macare C, Chu C, Hanratty E, Quinlan EB, Robert G, Schumann G, Yu T, Ziesch V, Stedman A. Cannabis-Associated Psychotic-like Experiences Are Mediated by Developmental Changes in the Parahippocampal Gyrus. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:642-649. [PMID: 31326579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis consumption during adolescence has been reported as a risk factor for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and schizophrenia. However, brain developmental processes associated with cannabis-related PLEs are still poorly described. METHOD A total of 706 adolescents from the general population who were recruited by the IMAGEN consortium had structural magnetic resonance imaging scans at both 14 and 19 years of age. We used deformation-based morphometry to map voxelwise brain changes between the two time points, using the pairwise algorithm in SPM12b. We used an a priori region-of-interest approach focusing on the hippocampus/parahippocampus to perform voxelwise linear regressions. Lifetime cannabis consumption was assessed using the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), and PLEs were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment Psychotic-like experiences (CAPE) tool. We first tested whether hippocampus/parahippocampus development was associated with PLEs. Then we formulated and tested an a priori simple mediation model in which uncus development mediates the association between lifetime cannabis consumption and PLEs. RESULTS We found that PLEs were associated with reduced expansion within a specific region of the right hippocampus/parahippocampus formation, the uncus (p = .002 at the cluster level, p = .018 at the peak level). The partial simple mediation model revealed a significant total effect from lifetime cannabis consumption to PLEs (b = 0.069, 95% CI = 0.04-0.1, p =2 × 10-16), as well as a small yet significant, indirect effect of right uncus development (0.004; 95% CI = 0.0004-0.01, p = .026). CONCLUSION We show here that the uncus development is involved in the cerebral basis of PLEs in a population-based sample of healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China; Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Yan Bi
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lei Ji
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Decheng Ren
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Du
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China
| | - Binyin Hou
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congying Chu
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cai Lei
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China; Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China. IMAGEN consortium authors, affiliations, and acknowledgement are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Behavior and Basal Ganglia Unit, Medical University of Rennes, France.
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Galinowski A, Miranda R, Lemaitre H, Artiges E, Paillère Martinot M, Filippi I, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Noort BM, Stringaris A, Becker A, Isensee C, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Goodman R, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Fröhner JH, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Hohmann S, Jurk S, Millenet S, Nees F, Papadopoulos‐Orfanos D, Poustka L, Quinlan EB, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Martinot J. Heavy drinking in adolescents is associated with change in brainstem microstructure and reward sensitivity. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12781. [PMID: 31328396 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinker adolescents: altered brainstem microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Galinowski
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Psychiatry and AddictologyPaul Brousse Hospital Villejuif France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR)Brain & Spine Institute Paris France
- Psychiatry Department 91G16Orsay Hospital Orsay France
| | - Marie‐Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Irina Filippi
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health CarePsychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Lahti Finland
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Betteke M. Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Corinna Isensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeurosciencesTrinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch‐Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 ‐ 12 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of PsychiatryMontreal University, CHU Ste Justine Hospital 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5 Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA‐Saclay Center Paris France
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont Burlington Vermont
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Vermont Burlington Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Sarah Jurk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of PsychologyUniversity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Jean‐Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR)Brain & Spine Institute Paris France
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Ing A, Sämann PG, Chu C, Tay N, Biondo F, Robert G, Jia T, Wolfers T, Desrivières S, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod P, Fadai T, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Spechler PA, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Millenet S, Nees F, van Noort B, Orfanos DP, Martinot MLP, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Quinlan EB, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Struve M, Veer IM, Walter H, Whelan R, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Lemaitre H, Barker ED, Ashburner J, Binder E, Buitelaar J, Marquand A, Robbins TW, Schumann G. Identification of neurobehavioural symptom groups based on shared brain mechanisms. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:1306-1318. [PMID: 31591521 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most psychopathological disorders develop in adolescence. The biological basis for this development is poorly understood. To enhance diagnostic characterization and develop improved targeted interventions, it is critical to identify behavioural symptom groups that share neural substrates. We ran analyses to find relationships between behavioural symptoms and neuroimaging measures of brain structure and function in adolescence. We found two symptom groups, consisting of anxiety/depression and executive dysfunction symptoms, respectively, that correlated with distinct sets of brain regions and inter-regional connections, measured by structural and functional neuroimaging modalities. We found that the neural correlates of these symptom groups were present before behavioural symptoms had developed. These neural correlates showed case-control differences in corresponding psychiatric disorders, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in independent clinical samples. By characterizing behavioural symptom groups based on shared neural mechanisms, our results provide a framework for developing a classification system for psychiatric illness that is based on quantitative neurobehavioural measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ing
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Biondo
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Behaviour and Basal Ganglia Research Unit, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Betteke van Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Mood Brain and Development Unit, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 992 INSERM, CEA, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edward D Barker
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Ashburner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Binder
- Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
- PONS Research Group, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- PONS Research Group, Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
- PONS Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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7
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Bartholdy S, O'Daly OG, Campbell IC, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Schmidt U, Artiges E, Schneider S, Bach C, Paus T, Barbot A, Gareth Barker, Bokde A, Vetter N, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Constant P, Gowland P, Crombag H, Czech K, Dalley J, Decideur B, Spranger T, Ripley T, Heym N, Flor H, Sommer W, Fuchs B, Gallinat J, Spanagel R, Kaviani M, Heinrichs B, Andreas Heinz, Subramaniam N, Jia T, Ihlenfeld A, Ireland J, Ittermann B, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Jones J, Klaassen A, Lalanne C, Lanzerath D, Lawrence C, Lemaitre H, Desrivieres S, Mallik C, Karl Mann, Mar A, Martinez-Medina L, Jean-Luc Martinot, Mennigen E, Mesquita de Carvahlo F, Schwartz Y, Bruehl R, Müller K, Nees F, Nymberg C, Lathrop M, Trevor Robbins, Pausova Z, Jani Pentilla, Biondo F, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Millenet S, Michael Smolka, Fröhner J, Struve M, Steve Williams, Hübner T, Bromberg U, Aydin S, Rogers J, Romanowski A, Schmäl C, Schmidt D, Ripke S, Arroyo M, Schubert F, Pena-Oliver Y, Fauth-Bühler M, Mignon X, Whelan R, Speiser C, Fadai T, Dai Stephens, Ströhle A, Paillere ML, Strache N, Theobald D, Jurk S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Yacubian J, Frouin V, Genauck A, Parchetka C, Gemmeke I, Kruschwitz J, Weiß K, Walter H, Feng J, Papadopoulos D, Filippi I, Ing A, Ruggeri B, Xu B, Macare C, Chu C, Hanratty E, Burke Quinlan E, Robert G, Schumann G, Yu T, Ziesch V, Stedman A. Neural Correlates of Failed Inhibitory Control as an Early Marker of Disordered Eating in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:956-965. [PMID: 31122340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating and other forms of disordered eating behavior (DEB) are associated with failed inhibitory control. This study investigated the neural correlates of failed inhibitory control as a potential biomarker for DEB. METHODS The study used prospective longitudinal data from the European IMAGEN study adolescent cohort. Participants completed baseline assessments (questionnaires and a brain scan [functional magnetic resonance imaging]) at 14 years of age and a follow-up assessment (questionnaires) at 16 years of age. Self-reported binge eating and/or purging were used to indicate presence of DEB. Neural correlates of failed inhibition were assessed using the stop signal task. Participants were categorized as healthy control subjects (reported no DEB at both time points), maintainers (reported DEB at both time points), recoverers (reported DEB at baseline only), and developers (reported DEB at follow-up only). Forty-three individuals per group with complete scanning data were matched on gender, age, puberty, and intelligence (N = 172). RESULTS At baseline, despite similar task performance, incorrectly responding to stop signals (failed inhibitory control) was associated with greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in the developers compared with healthy control subjects and recoverers. CONCLUSIONS Greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions during failed inhibition accords with abnormal evaluation of errors contributing to DEB development. As this precedes symptom onset and is evident despite normal task performance, neural responses during failed inhibition may be a useful biomarker of vulnerability for DEB. This study highlights the potential value of prospective neuroimaging studies for identifying markers of illness before the emergence of behavior changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Owen G O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom; South London & Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Ernst M, Benson B, Artiges E, Gorka AX, Lemaitre H, Lago T, Miranda R, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Fadai T, Flor H, Grigis A, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Kappel V, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Struve M, van Noort BM, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Grillon C, Martinot MLP, Martinot JL. Pubertal maturation and sex effects on the default-mode network connectivity implicated in mood dysregulation. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:103. [PMID: 30804326 PMCID: PMC6389927 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effects of puberty and sex on the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of brain networks, with a focus on the default-mode network (DMN). Consistently implicated in depressive disorders, the DMN's function may interact with puberty and sex in the development of these disorders, whose onsets peak in adolescence, and which show strong sex disproportionality (females > males). The main question concerns how the DMN evolves with puberty as a function of sex. These effects are expected to involve within- and between-network iFC, particularly, the salience and the central-executive networks, consistent with the Triple-Network Model. Resting-state scans of an adolescent community sample (n = 304, male/female: 157/147; mean/std age: 14.6/0.41 years), from the IMAGEN database, were analyzed using the AFNI software suite and a data reduction strategy for the effects of puberty and sex. Three midline regions (medial prefrontal, pregenual anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate), within the DMN and consistently implicated in mood disorders, were selected as seeds. Within- and between-network clusters of the DMN iFC changed with pubertal maturation differently in boys and girls (puberty-X-sex). Specifically, pubertal maturation predicted weaker iFC in girls and stronger iFC in boys. Finally, iFC was stronger in boys than girls independently of puberty. Brain-behavior associations indicated that lower connectivity of the anterior cingulate seed predicted higher internalizing symptoms at 2-year follow-up. In conclusion, weaker iFC of the anterior DMN may signal disconnections among circuits supporting mood regulation, conferring risk for internalizing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR), Brain & Spine Institute, Paris, France
- Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Herve Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Saclay, France
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, University of Tampere, Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Betteke M van Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR), Brain & Spine Institute, Paris, France
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Vulser H, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Miranda R, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, van Noort BM, Stringaris A, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Goodman R, Tzavara E, Massaad C, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Rodehacke S, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Martinot JL, Lemaitre H. Early Variations in White Matter Microstructure and Depression Outcome in Adolescents With Subthreshold Depression. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:1255-1264. [PMID: 30111185 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White matter microstructure alterations have recently been associated with depressive episodes during adolescence, but it is unknown whether they predate depression. The authors investigated whether subthreshold depression in adolescence is associated with white matter microstructure variations and whether they relate to depression outcome. METHOD Adolescents with subthreshold depression (N=96) and healthy control subjects (N=336) drawn from a community-based cohort were compared using diffusion tensor imaging and whole brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) at age 14 to assess white matter microstructure. They were followed up at age 16 to assess depression. Probabilistic tractography was used to reconstruct white matter streamlines spreading from the regions identified in the TBSS analysis and along bundles implicated in emotion regulation, the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulum. The authors searched for mediating effects of white matter microstructure on the relationship between baseline subthreshold depression and depression at follow-up, and then explored the specificity of the findings. RESULTS Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher radial diffusivity were found in the anterior corpus callosum in the adolescents with subthreshold depression. Tractography analysis showed that they also had lower FA in the right cingulum streamlines, along with lower FA and higher mean diffusivity in tracts connecting the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex. The relation between subthreshold depression at baseline and depression at follow-up was mediated by FA values in the latter tracts, and lower FA values in those tracts distinctively predicted higher individual risk for depression. CONCLUSIONS Early FA variations in tracts projecting from the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex may denote a higher risk of transition to depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Vulser
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Eric Artiges
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Ruben Miranda
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Jani Penttilä
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Betteke M van Noort
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Maren Struve
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Viola Kappel
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Robert Goodman
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Eleni Tzavara
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Charbel Massaad
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Gareth J Barker
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Christian Büchel
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Patricia Conrod
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Herta Flor
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Penny Gowland
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Frauke Nees
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tomas Paus
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Luise Poustka
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Sarah Rodehacke
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Henrik Walter
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Robert Whelan
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
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- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
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10
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Brislin SJ, Patrick CJ, Flor H, Nees F, Heinrich A, Drislane LE, Yancey JR, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Conrod P, Stringaris A, Struve M, van Noort B, Grimmer Y, Fadai T, Schumann G, Foell J. Extending the Construct Network of Trait Disinhibition to the Neuroimaging Domain: Validation of a Bridging Scale for Use in the European IMAGEN Project. Assessment 2018; 26:567-581. [PMID: 29557190 DOI: 10.1177/1073191118759748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trait disinhibition, a clinical-liability construct, has well-established correlates in the diagnostic, self-rating, task-behavioral, and brain potential response domains. Recently, studies have begun to test for neuroimaging correlates of this liability factor, but more work of this type using larger data sets is needed to clarify its brain bases. The current study details the development and validation of a scale measure of trait disinhibition composed of questionnaire items available in the IMAGEN project, a large-scale longitudinal study of factors contributing to substance abuse that includes clinical interview, self-report personality, task-behavioral, neuroimaging, and genomic measures. Using a construct-rating and psychometric refinement approach, a scale was developed that evidenced: (a) positive relations with interview-assessed psychopathology in the IMAGEN sample, both concurrently and prospectively and (b) positive associations with scale measures of disinhibition and reported psychopathology, and a robust negative correlation with P3 brain response, in a separate adult sample ( Mage = 19.5). These findings demonstrate that a common scale measure can index this construct from adolescence through to early adulthood, and set the stage for systematic work directed at identifying neural and genetic biomarkers of this key liability construct using existing and future data from the IMAGEN project.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Herta Flor
- 2 Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,3 University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Uli Bromberg
- 6 University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Penny Gowland
- 10 University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- 11 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- 12 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- 13 University Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,14 University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,15 Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France.,16 Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Luise Poustka
- 2 Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,17 Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Henrik Walter
- 11 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tahmine Fadai
- 6 University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Foell
- 1 Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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11
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Sabat R, Tsaousi A, Rossbacher J, Kurzen H, Fadai T, Schwichtenberg U, Schneider-Burrus S, Kokolakis G, Wolk K. [Acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa: An update]. Hautarzt 2017; 68:999-1006. [PMID: 29159469 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-017-4082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acne inversa (AI)/hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, recurrent, immune-mediated dermatosis characterized by deep inflammatory nodules, abscesses, fistulas, and undermined scars in skin areas bearing apocrine glands. In addition to the cutaneous manifestation, numerous AI patients show metabolic changes, spondyloarthritis, and depression. AI leads to a strong reduction in the quality of life and an impairment of the sexual life of affected individuals and often culminates in social withdrawal, stigmatization, unemployment, and suicidal thoughts. In this overview, we summarized the most important facts about AI and propose a simple algorithm for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sabat
- Interdisziplinäre Gruppe Molekulare Immunpathologie, Dermatologie/Med. Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
- Psoriasis Forschungs- und BehandlungsCentrum, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie und Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - A Tsaousi
- Interdisziplinäre Gruppe Molekulare Immunpathologie, Dermatologie/Med. Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Psoriasis Forschungs- und BehandlungsCentrum, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie und Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - H Kurzen
- Haut- und Laserzentrum Freising, Freising, Deutschland
| | - T Fadai
- Hautarztpraxis, Bremen, Deutschland
| | | | - S Schneider-Burrus
- Interdisziplinäre Gruppe Molekulare Immunpathologie, Dermatologie/Med. Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Zentrum für Dermatochirurgie, Havelklinik, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - G Kokolakis
- Interdisziplinäre Gruppe Molekulare Immunpathologie, Dermatologie/Med. Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Psoriasis Forschungs- und BehandlungsCentrum, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie und Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - K Wolk
- Interdisziplinäre Gruppe Molekulare Immunpathologie, Dermatologie/Med. Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Psoriasis Forschungs- und BehandlungsCentrum, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie und Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
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12
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Gollier-Briant F, Paillère-Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Miranda R, Vulser H, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Poustka L, Grimmer Y, Bromberg U, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Lawrence C, Mann K, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Frouin V, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Martinot JL, Artiges E. Neural correlates of three types of negative life events during angry face processing in adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1961-1969. [PMID: 27697987 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative life events (NLE) contribute to anxiety and depression disorders, but their relationship with brain functioning in adolescence has rarely been studied. We hypothesized that neural response to social threat would relate to NLE in the frontal-limbic emotional regions. Participants (N = 685) were drawn from the Imagen database of 14-year-old community adolescents recruited in schools. They underwent functional MRI while viewing angry and neutral faces, as a probe to neural response to social threat. Lifetime NLEs were assessed using the 'distress', 'family' and 'accident' subscales from a life event dimensional questionnaire. Relationships between NLE subscale scores and neural response were investigated. Links of NLE subscales scores with anxiety or depression outcomes at the age of 16 years were also investigated. Lifetime 'distress' positively correlated with ventral-lateral orbitofrontal and temporal cortex activations during angry face processing. 'Distress' scores correlated with the probabilities of meeting criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder or Major Depressive Disorder at the age of 16 years. Lifetime 'family' and 'accident' scores did not relate with neural response or follow-up conditions, however. Thus, different types of NLEs differentially predicted neural responses to threat during adolescence, and differentially predicted a de novo internalizing condition 2 years later. The deleterious effect of self-referential NLEs is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gollier-Briant
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Vulser
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Robert Goodman
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- CHU Ste Justine, Department of Psychiatry, Université De Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Zdenka Pausova
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives, Saclay, France
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universit㲠Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France .,CENIR Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche at Institute of Brain and Spine, Pitié - Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
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Haaker J, Menz MM, Fadai T, Eippert F, Büchel C. Dopaminergic receptor blockade changes a functional connectivity network centred on the amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4148-4157. [PMID: 27412789 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting-state connectivity has become an increasingly important measure in characterizing the functional integrity of brain circuits in neuro-psychiatric conditions. One approach that has recently gained prominence in this regard-and which we use in this study-is to investigate how resting-state connectivity depends on the integrity of certain neuromodulator systems. Here, we use a pharmacological challenge in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the impact of dopaminergic receptor blockade on whole brain functional connectivity in twenty healthy human subjects. Administration of the D2-receptor antagonist haloperidol led to a profound change in functional integration in network nodes linked to the amygdala. Compared to placebo and baseline measurements, network-based statistics and pairwise connectivity analyses revealed reduced connectivity and decreased link strength between the amygdala and the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex and other cortical areas. This was complemented by less extensive but very circumscribed enhanced connectivity between the amygdala and the right putamen during D2-receptor blockade. It will be interesting to investigate whether these pharmacologically induced shifts in resting-state connectivity will similarly be evident in clinical conditions that involve a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system. Our findings might also aid in interpreting alterations in more complex states, such as those seen psychiatric conditions and their treatment. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4148-4157, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Haaker
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mareike M Menz
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Falk Eippert
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Stringaris A, Vidal-Ribas Belil P, Artiges E, Lemaitre H, Gollier-Briant F, Wolke S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Grimmer Y, Goodman R, Poustka L, Conrod P, Cattrell A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Nees F, Papadopoulos D, Paus T, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Martinot JL, Schumann G, Paillère-Martinot ML. The Brain's Response to Reward Anticipation and Depression in Adolescence: Dimensionality, Specificity, and Longitudinal Predictions in a Community-Based Sample. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:1215-23. [PMID: 26085042 PMCID: PMC7614275 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors examined whether alterations in the brain's reward network operate as a mechanism across the spectrum of risk for depression. They then tested whether these alterations are specific to anhedonia as compared with low mood and whether they are predictive of depressive outcomes. METHOD Functional MRI was used to collect blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses to anticipation of reward in the monetary incentive task in 1,576 adolescents in a community-based sample. Adolescents with current subthreshold depression and clinical depression were compared with matched healthy subjects. In addition, BOLD responses were compared across adolescents with anhedonia, low mood, or both symptoms, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. RESULTS Activity in the ventral striatum was reduced in participants with subthreshold and clinical depression relative to healthy comparison subjects. Low ventral striatum activation predicted transition to subthreshold or clinical depression in previously healthy adolescents at 2-year follow-up. Brain responses during reward anticipation decreased in a graded manner between healthy adolescents, adolescents with current or future subthreshold depression, and adolescents with current or future clinical depression. Low ventral striatum activity was associated with anhedonia but not low mood; however, the combined presence of both symptoms showed the strongest reductions in the ventral striatum in all analyses. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that reduced striatal activation operates as a mechanism across the risk spectrum for depression. It is associated with anhedonia in healthy adolescents and is a behavioral indicator of positive valence systems, consistent with predictions based on the Research Domain Criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Stringaris
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pablo Vidal-Ribas Belil
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eric Artiges
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fanny Gollier-Briant
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Selina Wolke
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hélène Vulser
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruben Miranda
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jani Penttilä
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rob Whelan
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Galinowski A, Miranda R, Lemaitre H, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Vulser H, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Barbot A, Fadai T, Poustka L, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde A, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Kappel V, Lawrence C, Loth E, Mann K, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Poline JB, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka M, Schumann G, Martinot JL. Resilience and corpus callosum microstructure in adolescence. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2285-2294. [PMID: 25817177 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience is the capacity of individuals to resist mental disorders despite exposure to stress. Little is known about its neural underpinnings. The putative variation of white-matter microstructure with resilience in adolescence, a critical period for brain maturation and onset of high-prevalence mental disorders, has not been assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) though, has been reported in the corpus callosum (CC), the brain's largest white-matter structure, in psychiatric and stress-related conditions. We hypothesized that higher FA in the CC would characterize stress-resilient adolescents. METHOD Three groups of adolescents recruited from the community were compared: resilient with low risk of mental disorder despite high exposure to lifetime stress (n = 55), at-risk of mental disorder exposed to the same level of stress (n = 68), and controls (n = 123). Personality was assessed by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Voxelwise statistics of DTI values in CC were obtained using tract-based spatial statistics. Regional projections were identified by probabilistic tractography. RESULTS Higher FA values were detected in the anterior CC of resilient compared to both non-resilient and control adolescents. FA values varied according to resilience capacity. Seed regional changes in anterior CC projected onto anterior cingulate and frontal cortex. Neuroticism and three other NEO-FFI factor scores differentiated non-resilient participants from the other two groups. CONCLUSION High FA was detected in resilient adolescents in an anterior CC region projecting to frontal areas subserving cognitive resources. Psychiatric risk was associated with personality characteristics. Resilience in adolescence may be related to white-matter microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galinowski
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - R Miranda
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - H Lemaitre
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - M-L Paillère Martinot
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - E Artiges
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - H Vulser
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - R Goodman
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - J Penttilä
- Psychiatry Department,University of Tampere,School of Medicine, Tampere,Finland
| | - M Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | | | - T Fadai
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - L Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - P Conrod
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - G J Barker
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - A Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry,School of Medicine,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - U Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - C Büchel
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - H Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - J Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - H Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - B Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB),Braunschweig und Berlin,Germany
| | - V Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - C Lawrence
- School of Psychology,University of Nottingham,UK
| | - E Loth
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - K Mann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - F Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - T Paus
- School of Psychology,University of Nottingham,UK
| | - Z Pausova
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences,The Hospital for Sick Children,University of Toronto,Toronto, ONT,Canada
| | | | - M Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - T W Robbins
- Department of Experimental Psychology,Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute,University of Cambridge,UK
| | - M Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Technische Universität Dresden,Germany
| | - G Schumann
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - J-L Martinot
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
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16
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Lonsdorf TB, Haaker J, Fadai T, Kalisch R. No evidence for enhanced extinction memory consolidation through noradrenergic reuptake inhibition-delayed memory test and reinstatement in human fMRI. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1949-62. [PMID: 24193372 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE One promising approach in the current ambition to maximise treatment benefit for anxiety disorders is the pharmacological enhancement of cognitive-behavioural treatment efficacy, which can be experimentally modelled by pharmacological enhancement of extinction learning/consolidation. Noradrenaline (NA) is involved in memory consolidation, and NAergic innervations are found in brain areas implicated in fear conditioning and extinction. OBJECTIVES Thus, to enhance extinction memory consolidation through boosted NAergic signalling, we administered 4 mg reboxetine (RBX) immediately after extinction learning (day 2, 24 h after conditioning on day 1) in a randomised, placebo (PLC)-controlled design. At a delayed memory test (day 8), we probed cued and contextual fear and extinction memories before and after a reinstatement manipulation. RESULTS After reinstatement, we find significantly enhanced amygdala and posterior hippocampus activation in the RBX group, areas implicated in fear memory expression, while the PLC group exhibited enhanced activation in areas associated with extinction memory expression (vmPFC, anterior hippocampus). No group differences were found in skin conductance responses. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our data do not support our hypothesis that enhancement of NA signalling may facilitate extinction memory consolidation and provide preliminary evidence that this might rather enhance fear memories on a neural but not physiological (skin conductance responses) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B Lonsdorf
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany,
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17
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Vulser H, Paillere-Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Miranda R, Artiges E, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Poustka L, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barbot A, Barker G, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lawrence C, Loth E, Mann K, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Robbins T, Smolka M, Schumann G, Martinot JL. 2177 – Neuroanatomical changes associated with subthreshold depression in adolescents. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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