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Kashyap R, Holla B, Bhattacharjee S, Sharma E, Mehta UM, Vaidya N, Bharath RD, Murthy P, Basu D, Nanjayya SB, Singh RL, Lourembam R, Chakrabarti A, Kartik K, Kalyanram K, Kumaran K, Krishnaveni G, Krishna M, Kuriyan R, Kurpad SS, Desrivieres S, Purushottam M, Barker G, Orfanos DP, Hickman M, Heron J, Toledano M, Schumann G, Benegal V. Childhood adversities characterize the heterogeneity in the brain pattern of individuals during neurodevelopment. Psychol Med 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38509831 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several factors shape the neurodevelopmental trajectory. A key area of focus in neurodevelopmental research is to estimate the factors that have maximal influence on the brain and can tip the balance from typical to atypical development. METHODS Utilizing a dissimilarity maximization algorithm on the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) of the resting state functional MRI data, we classified subjects from the cVEDA neurodevelopmental cohort (n = 987, aged 6-23 years) into homogeneously patterned DMD (representing typical development in 809 subjects) and heterogeneously patterned DMD (indicative of atypical development in 178 subjects). RESULTS Significant DMD differences were primarily identified in the default mode network (DMN) regions across these groups (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). While the groups were comparable in cognitive performance, the atypical group had more frequent exposure to adversities and faced higher abuses (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). Upon evaluating brain-behavior correlations, we found that correlation patterns between adversity and DMN dynamic modes exhibited age-dependent variations for atypical subjects, hinting at differential utilization of the DMN due to chronic adversities. CONCLUSION Adversities (particularly abuse) maximally influence the DMN during neurodevelopment and lead to the failure in the development of a coherent DMN system. While DMN's integrity is preserved in typical development, the age-dependent variability in atypically developing individuals is contrasting. The flexibility of DMN might be a compensatory mechanism to protect an individual in an abusive environment. However, such adaptability might deprive the neural system of the faculties of normal functioning and may incur long-term effects on the psyche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kashyap
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sagarika Bhattacharjee
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Eesha Sharma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, PONS Centre, Charité Mental Health, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Debashish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Roshan Lourembam
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India
| | - Amit Chakrabarti
- Division of Mental Health, ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, India
| | - Kamakshi Kartik
- Rishi Valley Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Chittoor, India
| | | | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Ghattu Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - Murali Krishna
- Health Equity Cluster, Institute of Public Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sunita Simon Kurpad
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Medical Ethics, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gareth Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Center for Public Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mireille Toledano
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, PONS Centre, Charité Mental Health, Germany
- PONS Centre, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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Schumann G, Andreassen OA, Banaschewski T, Calhoun VD, Clinton N, Desrivieres S, Brandlistuen RE, Feng J, Hese S, Hitchen E, Hoffmann P, Jia T, Jirsa V, Marquand AF, Nees F, Nöthen MM, Novarino G, Polemiti E, Ralser M, Rapp M, Schepanski K, Schikowski T, Slater M, Sommer P, Stahl BC, Thompson PM, Twardziok S, van der Meer D, Walter H, Westlye L. Addressing Global Environmental Challenges to Mental Health Using Population Neuroscience: A Review. JAMA Psychiatry 2023; 80:1066-1074. [PMID: 37610741 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Importance Climate change, pollution, urbanization, socioeconomic inequality, and psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have caused massive changes in environmental conditions that affect brain health during the life span, both on a population level as well as on the level of the individual. How these environmental factors influence the brain, behavior, and mental illness is not well known. Observations A research strategy enabling population neuroscience to contribute to identify brain mechanisms underlying environment-related mental illness by leveraging innovative enrichment tools for data federation, geospatial observation, climate and pollution measures, digital health, and novel data integration techniques is described. This strategy can inform innovative treatments that target causal cognitive and molecular mechanisms of mental illness related to the environment. An example is presented of the environMENTAL Project that is leveraging federated cohort data of over 1.5 million European citizens and patients enriched with deep phenotyping data from large-scale behavioral neuroimaging cohorts to identify brain mechanisms related to environmental adversity underlying symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and substance misuse. Conclusions and Relevance This research will lead to the development of objective biomarkers and evidence-based interventions that will significantly improve outcomes of environment-related mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Soeren Hese
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Hitchen
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Viktor Jirsa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Frauke Nees
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gaia Novarino
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Elli Polemiti
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Ralser
- Institute of Biochemistry Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rapp
- Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Tamara Schikowski
- NAKO, Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mel Slater
- Campus de Mundet, ICREA-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bernd Carsten Stahl
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sven Twardziok
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Walter
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Basu D, Ghosh A, Naskar C, Balachander S, Fernandes G, Vaidya N, Kumaran K, Krishna M, Barker GJ, Sharma E, Murthy P, Holla B, Jain S, Orfanos DP, Kalyanram K, Purushottam M, Bharath RD, Varghese M, Thennarasu K, Chakrabarti A, Singh RL, Singh RL, Nanjayya SB, Ahuja CK, Kartik K, Krishnaveni G, Kuriyan R, Kurpad SS, Desrivieres S, Iyengar U, Zhang Y, Hickman M, Spiers A, Toledano M, Schumann G, Benegal V. Risk clustering and psychopathology from a multi-center cohort of Indian children, adolescents, and young adults. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:800-808. [PMID: 35393927 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Developmental adversities early in life are associated with later psychopathology. Clustering may be a useful approach to group multiple diverse risks together and study their relation with psychopathology. To generate risk clusters of children, adolescents, and young adults, based on adverse environmental exposure and developmental characteristics, and to examine the association of risk clusters with manifest psychopathology. Participants (n = 8300) between 6 and 23 years were recruited from seven sites in India. We administered questionnaires to elicit history of previous exposure to adverse childhood environments, family history of psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives, and a range of antenatal and postnatal adversities. We used these variables to generate risk clusters. Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-5 was administered to evaluate manifest psychopathology. Two-step cluster analysis revealed two clusters designated as high-risk cluster (HRC) and low-risk cluster (LRC), comprising 4197 (50.5%) and 4103 (49.5%) participants, respectively. HRC had higher frequencies of family history of mental illness, antenatal and neonatal risk factors, developmental delays, history of migration, and exposure to adverse childhood experiences than LRC. There were significantly higher risks of any psychiatric disorder [Relative Risk (RR) = 2.0, 95% CI 1.8-2.3], externalizing (RR = 4.8, 95% CI 3.6-6.4) and internalizing disorders (RR = 2.6, 95% CI 2.2-2.9), and suicidality (2.3, 95% CI 1.8-2.8) in HRC. Social-environmental and developmental factors could classify Indian children, adolescents and young adults into homogeneous clusters at high or low risk of psychopathology. These biopsychosocial determinants of mental health may have practice, policy and research implications for people in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Ghosh
- Drug Deaddiction and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chandrima Naskar
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Srinivas Balachander
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Gwen Fernandes
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Charité Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Murali Krishna
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysore, India
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eesha Sharma
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Kartik Kalyanram
- Rishi Valley, Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Mathew Varghese
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Kandavel Thennarasu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Chakrabarti
- Centre on Non-Communicable Diseases Division of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Kolkata, India
| | - Rajkumar Lenin Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Roshan Lourembam Singh
- Department of Psychology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | | | - Chirag Kamal Ahuja
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamakshi Kartik
- Rishi Valley, Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ghattu Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunita Simon Kurpad
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Medical Ethics, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, MRC Social, Genetic, Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Udita Iyengar
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, MRC Social, Genetic, Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, MRC Social, Genetic, Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alex Spiers
- Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College of Science, London, UK
| | - Mireille Toledano
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Charité Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and PONS Centre, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Sharma E, Ravi GS, Kumar K, Thennarasu K, Heron J, Hickman M, Vaidya N, Holla B, Rangaswamy M, Mehta UM, Krishna M, Chakrabarti A, Basu D, Nanjayya SB, Singh RL, Lourembam R, Kumaran K, Kuriyan R, Kurpad SS, Kartik K, Kalyanram K, Desrivieres S, Barker G, Orfanos DP, Toledano M, Purushottam M, Bharath RD, Murthy P, Jain S, Schumann G, Benegal V. Growth trajectories for executive and social cognitive abilities in an Indian population sample: Impact of demographic and psychosocial determinants. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 82:103475. [PMID: 36736106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive abilities are markers of brain development and psychopathology. Abilities, across executive, and social domains need better characterization over development, including factors that influence developmental change. This study is based on the cVEDA [Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions] study, an Indian population based developmental cohort. Verbal working memory, visuo-spatial working memory, response inhibition, set-shifting, and social cognition (faux pas recognition and emotion recognition) were cross-sectionally assessed in > 8000 individuals over the ages 6-23 years. There was adequate representation across sex, urban-rural background, psychosocial risk (psychopathology, childhood adversity and wealth index, i.e. socio-economic status). Quantile regression was used to model developmental change. Age-based trajectories were generated, along with examination of the impact of determinants (sex, childhood adversity, and wealth index). Development in both executive and social cognitive abilities continued into adulthood. Maturation and stabilization occurred in increasing order of complexity, from working memory to inhibitory control to cognitive flexibility. Age related change was more pronounced for low quantiles in response inhibition (β∼4 versus =2 for higher quantiles), but for higher quantiles in set-shifting (β > -1 versus -0.25 for lower quantiles). Wealth index had the largest influence on developmental change across cognitive abilities. Sex differences were prominent in response inhibition, set-shifting and emotion recognition. Childhood adversity had a negative influence on cognitive development. These findings add to the limited literature on patterns and determinants of cognitive development. They have implications for understanding developmental vulnerabilities in young persons, and the need for providing conducive socio-economic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eesha Sharma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
| | - G S Ravi
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Keshav Kumar
- Department of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kandavel Thennarasu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- PONS Centre, Charité Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Madhavi Rangaswamy
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Murali Krishna
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Debashish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Roshan Lourembam
- Department of Psychology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom & Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysuru, India
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sunita Simon Kurpad
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Medical Ethics, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kamakshi Kartik
- Rishi Valley Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Chittoor, India
| | | | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mireille Toledano
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gunter Schumann
- PONS Centre, Charité Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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5
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Gazula H, Rootes-Murdy K, Holla B, Basodi S, Zhang Z, Verner E, Kelly R, Murthy P, Chakrabarti A, Basu D, Bhagyalakshmi Nanjayya S, Lenin Singh R, Lourembam Singh R, Kalyanram K, Kartik K, Kalyanaraman K, Ghattu K, Kuriyan R, Kurpad SS, Barker GJ, Bharath RD, Desrivieres S, Purushottam M, Orfanos DP, Sharma E, Hickman M, Toledano M, Vaidya N, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Paillére Martinot ML, Artiges E, Nees F, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Robinson L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Winterer J, Whelan R, Turner JA, Sarwate AD, Plis SM, Benegal V, Schumann G, Calhoun VD. Federated Analysis in COINSTAC Reveals Functional Network Connectivity and Spectral Links to Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Nearly 2,000 Adolescent Brains. Neuroinformatics 2023; 21:287-301. [PMID: 36434478 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-022-09604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With the growth of decentralized/federated analysis approaches in neuroimaging, the opportunities to study brain disorders using data from multiple sites has grown multi-fold. One such initiative is the Neuromark, a fully automated spatially constrained independent component analysis (ICA) that is used to link brain network abnormalities among different datasets, studies, and disorders while leveraging subject-specific networks. In this study, we implement the neuromark pipeline in COINSTAC, an open-source neuroimaging framework for collaborative/decentralized analysis. Decentralized exploratory analysis of nearly 2000 resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets collected at different sites across two cohorts and co-located in different countries was performed to study the resting brain functional network connectivity changes in adolescents who smoke and consume alcohol. Results showed hypoconnectivity across the majority of networks including sensory, default mode, and subcortical domains, more for alcohol than smoking, and decreased low frequency power. These findings suggest that global reduced synchronization is associated with both tobacco and alcohol use. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the utility and incentives associated with large-scale decentralized collaborations spanning multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshvardhan Gazula
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Kelly Rootes-Murdy
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
- Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
| | - Sunitha Basodi
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zuo Zhang
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Verner
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ross Kelly
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Debasish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Rajkumar Lenin Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Roshan Lourembam Singh
- Department of Psychology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | | | | | | | - Krishnaveni Ghattu
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sunita Simon Kurpad
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Medical Ethics, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eesha Sharma
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Mireille Toledano
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, 68159, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, 68131, Germany
| | | | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli;, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillére Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli;, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP. Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli;, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, 68159, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomás Paus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lauren Robinson
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Section for Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeanne Winterer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anand D Sarwate
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Sergey M Plis
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Pollard R, Chen PJ, Mackes N, Lawrence AJ, Ma X, Matter M, Kretzer S, Morgan C, Harding S, Schumann G, Pariante C, Mehta M, Montana G, Nosarti C, Desrivieres S, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Dazzan P. The eBRAIN study: The impact of early adversity on trajectories of brain maturation and mental health in young adolescents - A prospective cohort study. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100539. [PMID: 36388138 PMCID: PMC9640307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction More than 1 in 10 people are thought to experience a mental health problem during adolescence, with most adult psychopathology beginning during this time. Experiences of stress or adversity during childhood are important risk factors for poorer mental health outcomes and are also associated with alterations in neurodevelopment. There is evidence to suggest that this relationship is mediated by inflammation and the immune system. The eBRAIN study (The Impact of Early Adversity on Trajectories of Brain Maturation and Mental Health in Young Adolescents) will assess how early life adversity might affect trajectories of brain development throughout adolescence, whether these neurobiological changes are associated with psychopathology, and if they can potentially be explained by an activation of the immune system. Methods A cohort of 220 adolescents between the ages of 11-14 will be recruited into this study. Each participant will complete three study visits, each one year apart, at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London (UK). At each study visit, they will be assessed with structural and functional MRI scans, biological sample collection as well as questionnaires and interviews to collect demographic information, assess experiences of adversity, and details of psychopathology. The study will also collect information about factors such as diet and nutrition, physical exercise, and cognition. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study has been received by King's College London Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: HR-18/19-9033). Findings from the study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at national and international conferences. Patient and public involvement (PPI) is an important component of the study, 'Study Champions' recruited from participants, their parents and teachers at collaborating schools have been invited to take an active role in study governance and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pollard
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pei Jung Chen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nuria Mackes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maryam Matter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Svenja Kretzer
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, UK
| | - Seeromanie Harding
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mitul Mehta
- Department of Neuroimaging & Psychopharmacology, Centre of Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Montana
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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7
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Tesfaye R, Huguet G, Schmilovich Z, Renne T, Loum MA, Douard E, Saci Z, Jean-Louis M, Martineau JL, Whelan R, Desrivieres S, Heinz A, Schumann G, Hayward C, Elsabbagh M, Jacquemont S. Investigating the contributions of circadian pathway and insomnia risk genes to autism and sleep disturbances. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:424. [PMID: 36192372 PMCID: PMC9529939 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is prevalent in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Researchers have posited that circadian dysfunction may contribute to sleep problems or exacerbate ASD symptomatology. However, there is limited genetic evidence of this. It is also unclear how insomnia risk genes identified through GWAS in general populations are related to ASD and common sleep problems like insomnia traits in ASD. We investigated the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs) encompassing circadian pathway genes and insomnia risk genes to ASD risk as well as sleep disturbances in children with ASD. We studied 5860 ASD probands and 2092 unaffected siblings from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and MSSNG database, as well as 7509 individuals from two unselected populations (IMAGEN and Generation Scotland). Sleep duration and insomnia symptoms were parent reported for SSC probands. We identified 335 and 616 rare CNVs encompassing circadian and insomnia risk genes respectively. Deletions and duplications with circadian genes were overrepresented in ASD probands compared to siblings and unselected controls. For insomnia-risk genes, deletions (not duplications) were associated with ASD in both cohorts. Results remained significant after adjusting for cognitive ability. CNVs containing circadian pathway and insomnia risk genes showed a stronger association with ASD, compared to CNVs containing other genes. Circadian genes did not influence sleep duration or insomnia traits in ASD. Insomnia risk genes intolerant to haploinsufficiency increased risk for insomnia when duplicated. CNVs encompassing circadian and insomnia risk genes increase ASD liability with little to no observable impacts on sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rackeb Tesfaye
- McGill University, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- UHC Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Renne
- UHC Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mor Absa Loum
- UHC Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elise Douard
- UHC Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zohra Saci
- UHC Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jean Luc Martineau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie", Université Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rob Whelan
- Global Brain Health Institute and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Mayada Elsabbagh
- McGill University, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, Montreal, Canada
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8
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Rane RP, de Man EF, Kim J, Görgen K, Tschorn M, Rapp MA, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Desrivieres S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Lemaitre H, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner J, Robinson L, Smolka MN, Winterer J, Whelan R, Schumann G, Walter H, Heinz A, Ritter K. Structural differences in adolescent brains can predict alcohol misuse. eLife 2022; 11:e77545. [PMID: 35616520 PMCID: PMC9255959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol misuse during adolescence (AAM) has been associated with disruptive development of adolescent brains. In this longitudinal machine learning (ML) study, we could predict AAM significantly from brain structure (T1-weighted imaging and DTI) with accuracies of 73 -78% in the IMAGEN dataset (n∼1182). Our results not only show that structural differences in brain can predict AAM, but also suggests that such differences might precede AAM behavior in the data. We predicted 10 phenotypes of AAM at age 22 using brain MRI features at ages 14, 19, and 22. Binge drinking was found to be the most predictable phenotype. The most informative brain features were located in the ventricular CSF, and in white matter tracts of the corpus callosum, internal capsule, and brain stem. In the cortex, they were spread across the occipital, frontal, and temporal lobes and in the cingulate cortex. We also experimented with four different ML models and several confound control techniques. Support Vector Machine (SVM) with rbf kernel and Gradient Boosting consistently performed better than the linear models, linear SVM and Logistic Regression. Our study also demonstrates how the choice of the predicted phenotype, ML model, and confound correction technique are all crucial decisions in an explorative ML study analyzing psychiatric disorders with small effect sizes such as AAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Prakash Rane
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (corporate member of Freie Universiät at Berlin, Humboldt-Universiät at zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceBerlinGermany
| | - Evert Ferdinand de Man
- Faculty IV – Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - JiHoon Kim
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Kai Görgen
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (corporate member of Freie Universiät at Berlin, Humboldt-Universiät at zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceBerlinGermany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of ExcellenceBerlinGermany
| | - Mira Tschorn
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Intra-faculty unit “Cognitive Sciences”, Faculty of Human Science, and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Research Area Services Research and e-Health, University of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Michael A Rapp
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Intra-faculty unit “Cognitive Sciences”, Faculty of Human Science, and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Research Area Services Research and e-Health, University of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Arun LW Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology Neuroscience SGDP Centre, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | | | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 ”Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie” Universite Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre BorelliGif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Marie-Laure Paillere Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 ”Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie” Universite Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre BorelliGif-sur-YvetteFrance
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière HospitalParisFrance
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 ”Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie” Universite Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre BorelliGif-sur-YvetteFrance
- Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy DurandEtampesFrance
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt UniversityBerlinGermany
| | | | - Herve Lemaitre
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-SaclayParisFrance
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Tomas Paus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of MontrealMontrealCanada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Juliane Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Lauren Robinson
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Section for Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Jeanne Winterer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (corporate member of Freie Universiät at Berlin, Humboldt-Universiät at zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceBerlinGermany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt UniversityBerlinGermany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (corporate member of Freie Universiät at Berlin, Humboldt-Universiät at zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceBerlinGermany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (corporate member of Freie Universiät at Berlin, Humboldt-Universiät at zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceBerlinGermany
| | - Kerstin Ritter
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (corporate member of Freie Universiät at Berlin, Humboldt-Universiät at zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceBerlinGermany
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9
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Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, White SR, Vogel JW, Anderson KM, Adamson C, Adler S, Alexopoulos GS, Anagnostou E, Areces-Gonzalez A, Astle DE, Auyeung B, Ayub M, Bae J, Ball G, Baron-Cohen S, Beare R, Bedford SA, Benegal V, Beyer F, Blangero J, Blesa Cábez M, Boardman JP, Borzage M, Bosch-Bayard JF, Bourke N, Calhoun VD, Chakravarty MM, Chen C, Chertavian C, Chetelat G, Chong YS, Cole JH, Corvin A, Costantino M, Courchesne E, Crivello F, Cropley VL, Crosbie J, Crossley N, Delarue M, Delorme R, Desrivieres S, Devenyi GA, Di Biase MA, Dolan R, Donald KA, Donohoe G, Dunlop K, Edwards AD, Elison JT, Ellis CT, Elman JA, Eyler L, Fair DA, Feczko E, Fletcher PC, Fonagy P, Franz CE, Galan-Garcia L, Gholipour A, Giedd J, Gilmore JH, Glahn DC, Goodyer IM, Grant PE, Groenewold NA, Gunning FM, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hammill CF, Hansson O, Hedden T, Heinz A, Henson RN, Heuer K, Hoare J, Holla B, Holmes AJ, Holt R, Huang H, Im K, Ipser J, Jack CR, Jackowski AP, Jia T, Johnson KA, Jones PB, Jones DT, Kahn RS, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Kawashima R, Kelley EA, Kern S, Kim KW, Kitzbichler MG, Kremen WS, Lalonde F, Landeau B, Lee S, Lerch J, Lewis JD, Li J, Liao W, Liston C, Lombardo MV, Lv J, Lynch C, Mallard TT, Marcelis M, Markello RD, Mathias SR, Mazoyer B, McGuire P, Meaney MJ, Mechelli A, Medic N, Misic B, Morgan SE, Mothersill D, Nigg J, Ong MQW, Ortinau C, Ossenkoppele R, Ouyang M, Palaniyappan L, Paly L, Pan PM, Pantelis C, Park MM, Paus T, Pausova Z, Paz-Linares D, Pichet Binette A, Pierce K, Qian X, Qiu J, Qiu A, Raznahan A, Rittman T, Rodrigue A, Rollins CK, Romero-Garcia R, Ronan L, Rosenberg MD, Rowitch DH, Salum GA, Satterthwaite TD, Schaare HL, Schachar RJ, Schultz AP, Schumann G, Schöll M, Sharp D, Shinohara RT, Skoog I, Smyser CD, Sperling RA, Stein DJ, Stolicyn A, Suckling J, Sullivan G, Taki Y, Thyreau B, Toro R, Traut N, Tsvetanov KA, Turk-Browne NB, Tuulari JJ, Tzourio C, Vachon-Presseau É, Valdes-Sosa MJ, Valdes-Sosa PA, Valk SL, van Amelsvoort T, Vandekar SN, Vasung L, Victoria LW, Villeneuve S, Villringer A, Vértes PE, Wagstyl K, Wang YS, Warfield SK, Warrier V, Westman E, Westwater ML, Whalley HC, Witte AV, Yang N, Yeo B, Yun H, Zalesky A, Zar HJ, Zettergren A, Zhou JH, Ziauddeen H, Zugman A, Zuo XN, Bullmore ET, Alexander-Bloch AF. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 2022; 604:525-533. [PMID: 35388223 PMCID: PMC9021021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/ ). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3, showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - S R White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J W Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Adamson
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Adler
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | - G S Alexopoulos
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - E Anagnostou
- Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Areces-Gonzalez
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca", Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - D E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Ayub
- Queen's University, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- University College London, Mental Health Neuroscience Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - J Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - G Ball
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Lifetime Asperger Syndrome Service (CLASS), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Beare
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S A Bedford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - F Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - M Blesa Cábez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Borzage
- Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J F Bosch-Bayard
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Bourke
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - V D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M M Chakravarty
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Chen
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Chertavian
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Chetelat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Y S Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J H Cole
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre (DRC), University College London, London, UK
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Costantino
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
- Undergraduate program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Autism Center of Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F Crivello
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - V L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Crosbie
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Instituto Milenio Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Delarue
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - R Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - S Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, McGill Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - K A Donald
- Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - K Dunlop
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A D Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
| | - J T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C T Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Eyler
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D A Fair
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - E Feczko
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - C E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - A Gholipour
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Giedd
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - P E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N A Groenewold
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F M Gunning
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C F Hammill
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - T Hedden
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - R N Henson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Heuer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
- Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | - A J Holmes
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Huang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Im
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Ipser
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A P Jackowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Beijing, China
| | - T Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and BrainInspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K A Johnson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D T Jones
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - H Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - E A Kelley
- Queen's University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K W Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, South Korea
| | - M G Kitzbichler
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F Lalonde
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Landeau
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - S Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - W Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - C Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - J Lv
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Lynch
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R D Markello
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Mazoyer
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Mechelli
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Medic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - D Mothersill
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology and Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Q W Ong
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Ortinau
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Ossenkoppele
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lund University, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ouyang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Palaniyappan
- Robarts Research Institute and The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Paly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - P M Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Poalo (UNIFESP), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Paus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Paz-Linares
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - A Pichet Binette
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - K Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - X Qian
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C K Rollins
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Seville, Spain
| | - L Ronan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G A Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H L Schaare
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - R J Schachar
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A P Schultz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - G Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- PONS-Centre, Charite Mental Health, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen's Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - R T Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C D Smyser
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R A Sperling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Stolicyn
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Sullivan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Y Taki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - B Thyreau
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - R Toro
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - N Traut
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - K A Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J J Tuulari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - C Tzourio
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - É Vachon-Presseau
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - P A Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain (AECRP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S L Valk
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L Vasung
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L W Victoria
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Villeneuve
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - K Wagstyl
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - Y S Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S K Warfield
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Westwater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A V Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 'Obesity Mechanisms', University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Yun
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J H Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - X N Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Education, School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - E T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A F Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Fernandes GS, Spiers A, Vaidya N, Zhang Y, Sharma E, Holla B, Heron J, Hickman M, Murthy P, Chakrabarti A, Basu D, Subodh BN, Singh L, Singh R, Kalyanram K, Kartik K, Kumaran K, Krishnaveni G, Kuriyan R, Kurpad S, Barker GJ, Bharath RD, Desrivieres S, Purushottam M, Orfanos DP, Toledano MB, Schumann G, Benegal V. Adverse childhood experiences and substance misuse in young people in India: results from the multisite cVEDA cohort. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1920. [PMID: 34686158 PMCID: PMC8539836 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increases vulnerability to externalising disorders such as substance misuse. The study aims to determine the prevalence of ACEs and its association with substance misuse. METHODS Data from the Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalising Disorders and Addictions (cVEDA) in India was used (n = 9010). ACEs were evaluated using the World Health Organisation (WHO) Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire whilst substance misuse was assessed using the WHO Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. A random-effects, two-stage individual patient data meta-analysis explained the associations between ACEs and substance misuse with adjustments for confounders such as sex and family structure. RESULTS 1 in 2 participants reported child maltreatment ACEs and family level ACEs. Except for sexual abuse, males report more of every individual childhood adversity and are more likely to report misusing substances compared with females (87.3% vs. 12.7%). In adolescents, family level ACEs (adj OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.5-11.7) and collective level ACEs (adj OR 6.6, 95% CI 1.4-31.1) show associations with substance misuse whilst in young adults, child level ACEs such as maltreatment show similar strong associations (adj OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.5). CONCLUSION ACEs such as abuse and domestic violence are strongly associated with substance misuse, most commonly tobacco, in adolescent and young adult males in India. The results suggest enhancing current ACE resilience programmes and 'trauma-informed' approaches to tackling longer-term impact of ACEs in India. FUNDING Newton Bhabha Grant jointly funded by the Medical Research Council, UK (MR/N000390/1) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR/MRC-UK/3/M/2015-NCD-I).
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Fernandes
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - A Spiers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N Vaidya
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Y Zhang
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E Sharma
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - B Holla
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - J Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - M Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - P Murthy
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - A Chakrabarti
- ICMR-Centre on Non-Communicable Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - D Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - B N Subodh
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - L Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - R Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - K Kalyanram
- Rishi Valley Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K Kartik
- Rishi Valley Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K Kumaran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - G Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - R Kuriyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Ethics, St John's Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - S Kurpad
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Medical Ethics, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - G J Barker
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R D Bharath
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - S Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - M Purushottam
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - D P Orfanos
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - M B Toledano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - V Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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11
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Sønderby IE, van der Meer D, Moreau C, Kaufmann T, Walters GB, Ellegaard M, Abdellaoui A, Ames D, Amunts K, Andersson M, Armstrong NJ, Bernard M, Blackburn NB, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Bülow R, Bøen R, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Caspers S, Ching CRK, Cichon S, Ciufolini S, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Dale AM, Dalvie S, Dazzan P, de Geus EJC, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, Desrivieres S, Doherty JL, Donohoe G, Draganski B, Ehrlich S, Eising E, Espeseth T, Fejgin K, Fisher SE, Fladby T, Frei O, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Gareau T, Ge T, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Groenewold NA, Gústafsson Ó, Haavik J, Haberg AK, Hall J, Hashimoto R, Hehir-Kwa JY, Hibar DP, Hillegers MHJ, Hoffmann P, Holleran L, Holmes AJ, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ikeda M, Jahanshad N, Jockwitz C, Johansson S, Jönsson EG, Jørgensen NR, Kikuchi M, Knowles EEM, Kumar K, Le Hellard S, Leu C, Linden DEJ, Liu J, Lundervold A, Lundervold AJ, Maillard AM, Martin NG, Martin-Brevet S, Mather KA, Mathias SR, McMahon KL, McRae AF, Medland SE, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moberget T, Modenato C, Sánchez JM, Morris DW, Mühleisen TW, Murray RM, Nielsen J, Nordvik JE, Nyberg L, Loohuis LMO, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Paus T, Pausova Z, Peralta JM, Pike GB, Prieto C, Quinlan EB, Reinbold CS, Marques TR, Rucker JJH, Sachdev PS, Sando SB, Schofield PR, Schork AJ, Schumann G, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Silva AI, Sisodiya SM, Steen VM, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Suzuki IK, Tamnes CK, Teumer A, Thalamuthu A, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Uhlmann A, Ulfarsson MO, van 't Ent D, van den Bree MBM, Vanderhaeghen P, Vassos E, Wen W, Wittfeld K, Wright MJ, Agartz I, Djurovic S, Westlye LT, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Jacquemont S, Thompson PM, Andreassen OA. 1q21.1 distal copy number variants are associated with cerebral and cognitive alterations in humans. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:182. [PMID: 33753722 PMCID: PMC7985307 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency 1q21.1 distal deletion and duplication copy number variant (CNV) carriers are predisposed to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability. Human carriers display a high prevalence of micro- and macrocephaly in deletion and duplication carriers, respectively. The underlying brain structural diversity remains largely unknown. We systematically called CNVs in 38 cohorts from the large-scale ENIGMA-CNV collaboration and the UK Biobank and identified 28 1q21.1 distal deletion and 22 duplication carriers and 37,088 non-carriers (48% male) derived from 15 distinct magnetic resonance imaging scanner sites. With standardized methods, we compared subcortical and cortical brain measures (all) and cognitive performance (UK Biobank only) between carrier groups also testing for mediation of brain structure on cognition. We identified positive dosage effects of copy number on intracranial volume (ICV) and total cortical surface area, with the largest effects in frontal and cingulate cortices, and negative dosage effects on caudate and hippocampal volumes. The carriers displayed distinct cognitive deficit profiles in cognitive tasks from the UK Biobank with intermediate decreases in duplication carriers and somewhat larger in deletion carriers-the latter potentially mediated by ICV or cortical surface area. These results shed light on pathobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, by demonstrating gene dose effect on specific brain structures and effect on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida E Sønderby
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Moreau
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Bragi Walters
- deCODE Genetics (Amgen), Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Maria Ellegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Ames
- University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Kew, Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Micael Andersson
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Manon Bernard
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas B Blackburn
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rune Bøen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Altrecht Science, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
- The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, IBiS, Centre de Investigació Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L Doherty
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging LREN, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Else Eising
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim Fejgin
- Signal Transduction, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1474, Nordbyhagen, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Sokendai, Hayama, Japan
| | - Thomas Gareau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Asta K Haberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- St Olav's Hospital, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jayne Y Hehir-Kwa
- Princess Màxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Psychology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emma E M Knowles
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Costin Leu
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont-St-Peter, United Kingdom
| | - David E J Linden
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Arvid Lundervold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Anne M Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging LREN, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Herston Imaging Research Facility and School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Modenato
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging LREN, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Monereo Sánchez
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Nielsen
- Signal Transduction, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan M Peralta
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, USA
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, Nucleus, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Erin B Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College, London, United Kingdom
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J H Rucker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sigrid B Sando
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- University Hospital of Trondheim,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Translational Genetics Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Shin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana I Silva
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont-St-Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dan J Stein
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ikuo K Suzuki
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Stem Cell and Developmental Neurobiology Lab, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Brussels (ULB), Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM) ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
- Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE Genetics (Amgen), Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics (Amgen), Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Zhang Y, Vaidya N, Iyengar U, Sharma E, Holla B, Ahuja CK, Barker GJ, Basu D, Bharath RD, Chakrabarti A, Desrivieres S, Elliott P, Fernandes G, Gourisankar A, Heron J, Hickman M, Jacob P, Jain S, Jayarajan D, Kalyanram K, Kartik K, Krishna M, Krishnaveni G, Kumar K, Kumaran K, Kuriyan R, Murthy P, Orfanos DP, Purushottam M, Rangaswamy M, Kupard SS, Singh L, Singh R, Subodh BN, Thennarasu K, Toledano M, Varghese M, Benegal V, Schumann G. The Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions (c-VEDA): an accelerated longitudinal cohort of children and adolescents in India. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1618-1630. [PMID: 32203154 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of disease attributable to externalizing disorders such as alcohol misuse calls urgently for effective prevention and intervention. As our current knowledge is mainly derived from high-income countries such in Europe and North-America, it is difficult to address the wider socio-cultural, psychosocial context, and genetic factors in which risk and resilience are embedded in low- and medium-income countries. c-VEDA was established as the first and largest India-based multi-site cohort investigating the vulnerabilities for the development of externalizing disorders, addictions, and other mental health problems. Using a harmonised data collection plan coordinated with multiple cohorts in China, USA, and Europe, baseline data were collected from seven study sites between November 2016 and May 2019. Nine thousand and ten participants between the ages of 6 and 23 were assessed during this time, amongst which 1278 participants underwent more intensive assessments including MRI scans. Both waves of follow-ups have started according to the accelerated cohort structure with planned missingness design. Here, we present descriptive statistics on several key domains of assessments, and the full baseline dataset will be made accessible for researchers outside the consortium in September 2019. More details can be found on our website [cveda.org].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Udita Iyengar
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eesha Sharma
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chirag K Ahuja
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, London, King's College, London, UK
| | - Debasish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gwen Fernandes
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Jon Heron
- Centre for Public Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Preeti Jacob
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Murali Krishna
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysuru, India
| | - Ghattu Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysuru, India
| | - Keshav Kumar
- Department of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysuru, India.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.,Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Madhavi Rangaswamy
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (deemed to be university), Bengaluru, India
| | - Sunita Simon Kupard
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Medical Ethics, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Lenin Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Roshan Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - B N Subodh
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kandavel Thennarasu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mireille Toledano
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mathew Varghese
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), LIN-Charite Research Group Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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13
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Yu T, Jia T, Zhu L, Desrivières S, Macare C, Bi Y, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Liu C, Ji L, Banaschewski T, Ren D, Du L, Hou B, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Luo Q, Chu C, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Mennigen E, Lei C, Walter H, Fröhner JH, Whelan R, He G, He L, Schumann G, Robert G, Artiges E, Schneider S, Bach C, Paus T, Barbot A, Barker G, Bokde A, Vetter N, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Constant P, Gowland P, Crombag H, Czech K, Dalley J, Decideur B, Spranger T, Ripley T, Heym N, Flor H, Sommer W, Fuchs B, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Spanagel R, Kaviani M, Heinrichs B, Heinz A, Subramaniam N, Jia T, Ihlenfeld A, Delosis JI, Ittermann B, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Jones J, Klaassen A, Lalanne C, Lanzerath D, Lawrence C, Lemaitre H, Desrivieres S, Mallik C, Mann K, Mar A, Martinez-Medina L, Martinot JL, Mennigen E, de Carvahlo FM, Schwartz Y, Bruehl R, Müller K, Nees F, Nymberg C, Lathrop M, Robbins T, Pausova Z, Pentilla J, Biondo F, Poline JB, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Millenet S, Smolka M, Fröhner J, Struve M, Williams S, Hübner T, Bromberg U, Aydin S, Rogers J, Romanowski A, Schmäl C, Schmidt D, Ripke S, Arroyo M, Schubert F, Pena-Oliver Y, Fauth-Bühler M, Mignon X, Whelan R, Speiser C, Fadai T, Stephens D, Ströhle A, Paillere ML, Strache N, Theobald D, Jurk S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Yacubilin J, Frouin V, Genauck A, Parchetka C, Gemmeke I, Kruschwitz J, WeiB K, Walter H, Feng J, Papadopoulos D, Filippi I, Ing A, Ruggeri B, Xu B, Macare C, Chu C, Hanratty E, Quinlan EB, Robert G, Schumann G, Yu T, Ziesch V, Stedman A. Cannabis-Associated Psychotic-like Experiences Are Mediated by Developmental Changes in the Parahippocampal Gyrus. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:642-649. [PMID: 31326579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis consumption during adolescence has been reported as a risk factor for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and schizophrenia. However, brain developmental processes associated with cannabis-related PLEs are still poorly described. METHOD A total of 706 adolescents from the general population who were recruited by the IMAGEN consortium had structural magnetic resonance imaging scans at both 14 and 19 years of age. We used deformation-based morphometry to map voxelwise brain changes between the two time points, using the pairwise algorithm in SPM12b. We used an a priori region-of-interest approach focusing on the hippocampus/parahippocampus to perform voxelwise linear regressions. Lifetime cannabis consumption was assessed using the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), and PLEs were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment Psychotic-like experiences (CAPE) tool. We first tested whether hippocampus/parahippocampus development was associated with PLEs. Then we formulated and tested an a priori simple mediation model in which uncus development mediates the association between lifetime cannabis consumption and PLEs. RESULTS We found that PLEs were associated with reduced expansion within a specific region of the right hippocampus/parahippocampus formation, the uncus (p = .002 at the cluster level, p = .018 at the peak level). The partial simple mediation model revealed a significant total effect from lifetime cannabis consumption to PLEs (b = 0.069, 95% CI = 0.04-0.1, p =2 × 10-16), as well as a small yet significant, indirect effect of right uncus development (0.004; 95% CI = 0.0004-0.01, p = .026). CONCLUSION We show here that the uncus development is involved in the cerebral basis of PLEs in a population-based sample of healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China; Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Yan Bi
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lei Ji
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Decheng Ren
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Du
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China
| | - Binyin Hou
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congying Chu
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cai Lei
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China; Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China. IMAGEN consortium authors, affiliations, and acknowledgement are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Behavior and Basal Ganglia Unit, Medical University of Rennes, France.
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van der Meer D, Sønderby IE, Kaufmann T, Walters GB, Abdellaoui A, Ames D, Amunts K, Andersson M, Armstrong NJ, Bernard M, Blackburn NB, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Bülow R, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Caspers S, Cavalleri GL, Ching CRK, Cichon S, Ciufolini S, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Dalvie S, Dazzan P, de Geus EJC, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, Delanty N, den Braber A, Desrivieres S, Di Forti M, Doherty JL, Donohoe G, Ehrlich S, Eising E, Espeseth T, Fisher SE, Fladby T, Frei O, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Gareau T, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Groenewold NA, Gústafsson Ó, Haavik J, Haberg AK, Hashimoto R, Hehir-Kwa JY, Hibar DP, Hillegers MHJ, Hoffmann P, Holleran L, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ikeda M, Jacquemont S, Jahanshad N, Jockwitz C, Johansson S, Jönsson EG, Kikuchi M, Knowles EEM, Kwok JB, Le Hellard S, Linden DEJ, Liu J, Lundervold A, Lundervold AJ, Martin NG, Mather KA, Mathias SR, McMahon KL, McRae AF, Medland SE, Moberget T, Moreau C, Morris DW, Mühleisen TW, Murray RM, Nordvik JE, Nyberg L, Olde Loohuis LM, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Paus T, Pausova Z, Peralta JM, Pike B, Prieto C, Quinlan EB, Reinbold CS, Reis Marques T, Rucker JJH, Sachdev PS, Sando SB, Schofield PR, Schork AJ, Schumann G, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Silva AI, Sisodiya SM, Steen VM, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Tamnes CK, Teumer A, Thalamuthu A, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Uhlmann A, Úlfarsson MÖ, van 't Ent D, van den Bree MBM, Vassos E, Wen W, Wittfeld K, Wright MJ, Zayats T, Dale AM, Djurovic S, Agartz I, Westlye LT, Stefánsson H, Stefánsson K, Thompson PM, Andreassen OA. Association of Copy Number Variation of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Region With Cortical and Subcortical Morphology and Cognition. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:420-430. [PMID: 31665216 PMCID: PMC6822096 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Importance Recurrent microdeletions and duplications in the genomic region 15q11.2 between breakpoints 1 (BP1) and 2 (BP2) are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. These structural variants are present in 0.5% to 1.0% of the population, making 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 the site of the most prevalent known pathogenic copy number variation (CNV). It is unknown to what extent this CNV influences brain structure and affects cognitive abilities. Objective To determine the association of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion and duplication CNVs with cortical and subcortical brain morphology and cognitive task performance. Design, Setting, and Participants In this genetic association study, T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging were combined with genetic data from the ENIGMA-CNV consortium and the UK Biobank, with a replication cohort from Iceland. In total, 203 deletion carriers, 45 247 noncarriers, and 306 duplication carriers were included. Data were collected from August 2015 to April 2019, and data were analyzed from September 2018 to September 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures The associations of the CNV with global and regional measures of surface area and cortical thickness as well as subcortical volumes were investigated, correcting for age, age2, sex, scanner, and intracranial volume. Additionally, measures of cognitive ability were analyzed in the full UK Biobank cohort. Results Of 45 756 included individuals, the mean (SD) age was 55.8 (18.3) years, and 23 754 (51.9%) were female. Compared with noncarriers, deletion carriers had a lower surface area (Cohen d = -0.41; SE, 0.08; P = 4.9 × 10-8), thicker cortex (Cohen d = 0.36; SE, 0.07; P = 1.3 × 10-7), and a smaller nucleus accumbens (Cohen d = -0.27; SE, 0.07; P = 7.3 × 10-5). There was also a significant negative dose response on cortical thickness (β = -0.24; SE, 0.05; P = 6.8 × 10-7). Regional cortical analyses showed a localization of the effects to the frontal, cingulate, and parietal lobes. Further, cognitive ability was lower for deletion carriers compared with noncarriers on 5 of 7 tasks. Conclusions and Relevance These findings, from the largest CNV neuroimaging study to date, provide evidence that 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 structural variation is associated with brain morphology and cognition, with deletion carriers being particularly affected. The pattern of results fits with known molecular functions of genes in the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region and suggests involvement of these genes in neuronal plasticity. These neurobiological effects likely contribute to the association of this CNV with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ida E Sønderby
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Bragi Walters
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Ames
- University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Kew, Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Juelich, Germany
| | - Micael Andersson
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Manon Bernard
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas B Blackburn
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Altrecht Science, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta
- The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Juelich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gianpiero L Cavalleri
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- The SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IdahoIVAL, Centre de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, IBiS, Centre de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Norman Delanty
- The SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L Doherty
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Psychological and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Else Eising
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
- University of Oslo, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Le Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Sokendai, Hayama, Japan
| | - Thomas Gareau
- Neurospin, Le Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David C Glahn
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Asta K Haberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- St Olav's Hospital, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jayne Y Hehir-Kwa
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia's Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emma E M Knowles
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John B Kwok
- The University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - David E J Linden
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Arvid Lundervold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Herston Imaging Research Facility and School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara Moreau
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan M Peralta
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville
| | - Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, Nucleus, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J H Rucker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sigrid B Sando
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter R Schofield
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Shin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana I Silva
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, IdahoIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Magnús Ö Úlfarsson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kári Stefánsson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Thompson PM, Jahanshad N, Ching CRK, Salminen LE, Thomopoulos SI, Bright J, Baune BT, Bertolín S, Bralten J, Bruin WB, Bülow R, Chen J, Chye Y, Dannlowski U, de Kovel CGF, Donohoe G, Eyler LT, Faraone SV, Favre P, Filippi CA, Frodl T, Garijo D, Gil Y, Grabe HJ, Grasby KL, Hajek T, Han LKM, Hatton SN, Hilbert K, Ho TC, Holleran L, Homuth G, Hosten N, Houenou J, Ivanov I, Jia T, Kelly S, Klein M, Kwon JS, Laansma MA, Leerssen J, Lueken U, Nunes A, Neill JO, Opel N, Piras F, Piras F, Postema MC, Pozzi E, Shatokhina N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Sun D, Teumer A, Tilot AK, Tozzi L, van der Merwe C, Van Someren EJW, van Wingen GA, Völzke H, Walton E, Wang L, Winkler AM, Wittfeld K, Wright MJ, Yun JY, Zhang G, Zhang-James Y, Adhikari BM, Agartz I, Aghajani M, Aleman A, Althoff RR, Altmann A, Andreassen OA, Baron DA, Bartnik-Olson BL, Marie Bas-Hoogendam J, Baskin-Sommers AR, Bearden CE, Berner LA, Boedhoe PSW, Brouwer RM, Buitelaar JK, Caeyenberghs K, Cecil CAM, Cohen RA, Cole JH, Conrod PJ, De Brito SA, de Zwarte SMC, Dennis EL, Desrivieres S, Dima D, Ehrlich S, Esopenko C, Fairchild G, Fisher SE, Fouche JP, Francks C, Frangou S, Franke B, Garavan HP, Glahn DC, Groenewold NA, Gurholt TP, Gutman BA, Hahn T, Harding IH, Hernaus D, Hibar DP, Hillary FG, Hoogman M, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jalbrzikowski M, Karkashadze GA, Klapwijk ET, Knickmeyer RC, Kochunov P, Koerte IK, Kong XZ, Liew SL, Lin AP, Logue MW, Luders E, Macciardi F, Mackey S, Mayer AR, McDonald CR, McMahon AB, Medland SE, Modinos G, Morey RA, Mueller SC, Mukherjee P, Namazova-Baranova L, Nir TM, Olsen A, Paschou P, Pine DS, Pizzagalli F, Rentería ME, Rohrer JD, Sämann PG, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Shiroishi MS, Sisodiya SM, Smit DJA, Sønderby IE, Stein DJ, Stein JL, Tahmasian M, Tate DF, Turner JA, van den Heuvel OA, van der Wee NJA, van der Werf YD, van Erp TGM, van Haren NEM, van Rooij D, van Velzen LS, Veer IM, Veltman DJ, Villalon-Reina JE, Walter H, Whelan CD, Wilde EA, Zarei M, Zelman V. ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:100. [PMID: 32198361 PMCID: PMC7083923 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Lauren E Salminen
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Bright
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Bertolín
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem B Bruin
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yann Chye
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carolien G F de Kovel
- Biometris Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Donohoe
- The Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Pauline Favre
- INSERM Unit 955 Team 15 'Translational Psychiatry', Créteil, France
- NeuroSpin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Courtney A Filippi
- National Institute of Mental Health, National of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Garijo
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Yolanda Gil
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katrina L Grasby
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Laura K M Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin Hilbert
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laurena Holleran
- The Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Josselin Houenou
- INSERM Unit 955 Team 15 'Translational Psychiatry', Créteil, France
- NeuroSpin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- APHP, Mondor University Hospitals, School of Medicine, DMU Impact, Psychiatry Department, Créteil, France
| | - Iliyan Ivanov
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Max A Laansma
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanne Leerssen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Lueken
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abraham Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Joseph O' Neill
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Merel C Postema
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Pozzi
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalia Shatokhina
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM-G17, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Amanda K Tilot
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo Tozzi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Celia van der Merwe
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry and Integrative Neurophysiology, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido A van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Lei Wang
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- National Institute of Mental Health, National of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Guohao Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
| | - Yanli Zhang-James
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Bhim M Adhikari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health & Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research & Innovation, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Aleman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andre Altmann
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health & Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David A Baron
- Provost and Senior Vice President, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Janna Marie Bas-Hoogendam
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura A Berner
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Premika S W Boedhoe
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlotte A M Cecil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James H Cole
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Universite de Montreal, Centre de Recherche CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emily L Dennis
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carrie Esopenko
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Simon E Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SU/UCT MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugh P Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tiril P Gurholt
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health & Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Boris A Gutman
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Kharkevich Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ian H Harding
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health & School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dennis Hernaus
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank G Hillary
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Social Life and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - George A Karkashadze
- Research and Scientific Institute of Pediatrics and Child Health, CCH RAS, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Eduard T Klapwijk
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Inga K Koerte
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- CBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sook-Lei Liew
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander P Lin
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD at Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Carrie R McDonald
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Agnes B McMahon
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- The Kavli Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma Modinos
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sven C Mueller
- Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Leyla Namazova-Baranova
- Research and Scientific Institute of Pediatrics and Child Health, CCH RAS, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Pediatrics, Russian National Research Medical University MoH RF, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Talia M Nir
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Olsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pizzagalli
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark S Shiroishi
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, UK
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ida E Sønderby
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health & Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics & UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Masoud Tahmasian
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, I. R., Iran
| | - David F Tate
- Department of Neurology, TBI and Concussion Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, Berkeley, MO, USA
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Psychology Department & Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura S van Velzen
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julio E Villalon-Reina
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Research and Early Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Wilde
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mojtaba Zarei
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, I. R., Iran
| | - Vladimir Zelman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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16
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Sharma E, Jacob P, Murthy P, Jain S, Varghese M, Jayarajan D, Kumar K, Benegal V, Vaidya N, Zhang Y, Desrivieres S, Schumann G, Iyengar U, Holla B, Purushottam M, Chakrabarti A, Fernandes GS, Heron J, Hickman M, Kartik K, Kalyanram K, Rangaswamy M, Bharath RD, Barker G, Orfanos DP, Ahuja C, Thennarasu K, Basu D, Subodh BN, Kuriyan R, Kurpad SS, Kumaran K, Krishnaveni G, Krishna M, Singh RL, Singh LR, Toledano M. Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions (cVEDA): A developmental cohort study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:2. [PMID: 31898525 PMCID: PMC6941284 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low and middle-income countries like India with a large youth population experience a different environment from that of high-income countries. The Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions (cVEDA), based in India, aims to examine environmental influences on genomic variations, neurodevelopmental trajectories and vulnerability to psychopathology, with a focus on externalizing disorders. METHODS cVEDA is a longitudinal cohort study, with planned missingness design for yearly follow-up. Participants have been recruited from multi-site tertiary care mental health settings, local communities, schools and colleges. 10,000 individuals between 6 and 23 years of age, of all genders, representing five geographically, ethnically, and socio-culturally distinct regions in India, and exposures to variations in early life adversity (psychosocial, nutritional, toxic exposures, slum-habitats, socio-political conflicts, urban/rural living, mental illness in the family) have been assessed using age-appropriate instruments to capture socio-demographic information, temperament, environmental exposures, parenting, psychiatric morbidity, and neuropsychological functioning. Blood/saliva and urine samples have been collected for genetic, epigenetic and toxicological (heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) studies. Structural (T1, T2, DTI) and functional (resting state fMRI) MRI brain scans have been performed on approximately 15% of the individuals. All data and biological samples are maintained in a databank and biobank, respectively. DISCUSSION The cVEDA has established the largest neurodevelopmental database in India, comparable to global datasets, with detailed environmental characterization. This should permit identification of environmental and genetic vulnerabilities to psychopathology within a developmental framework. Neuroimaging and neuropsychological data from this study are already yielding insights on brain growth and maturation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eesha Sharma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Preeti Jacob
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Mathew Varghese
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Keshav Kumar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Udita Iyengar
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Amit Chakrabarti
- Regional Occupational Health Centre (ROHC), Eastern, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Gwen Sascha Fernandes
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kamakshi Kartik
- Rishi Valley Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Kartik Kalyanram
- Rishi Valley Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh India
| | | | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Gareth Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chirag Ahuja
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kandavel Thennarasu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Debashish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - B. N. Subodh
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John’s Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sunita Simon Kurpad
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Medical Ethics, St. John’s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Ghattu Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - Murali Krishna
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysore, India
| | - Rajkumar Lenin Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur India
| | - L. Roshan Singh
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Mireille Toledano
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
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17
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Jahanshad N, Faskowitz J, Roshchupkin G, Hibar DP, Gutman BA, Tustison NJ, Adams HHH, Niessen WJ, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Zwiers MP, Vasquez AA, Franke B, Kroll JL, Mwangi B, Soares JC, Ing A, Desrivieres S, Schumann G, Hansell NK, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Thompson PM. Multi-Site Meta-Analysis of Morphometry. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 2019; 16:1508-1514. [PMID: 31135366 PMCID: PMC9067093 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2019.2914905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) link full genome data to a handful of traits. However, in neuroimaging studies, there is an almost unlimited number of traits that can be extracted for full image-wide big data analyses. Large populations are needed to achieve the necessary power to detect statistically significant effects, emphasizing the need to pool data across multiple studies. Neuroimaging consortia, e.g., ENIGMA and CHARGE, are now analyzing MRI data from over 30,000 individuals. Distributed processing protocols extract harmonized features at each site, and pool together only the cohort statistics using meta analysis to avoid data sharing. To date, such MRI projects have focused on single measures such as hippocampal volume, yet voxelwise analyses (e.g., tensor-based morphometry; TBM) may help better localize statistical effects. This can lead to $10^{13}$1013 tests for GWAS and become underpowered. We developed an analytical framework for multi-site TBM by performing multi-channel registration to cohort-specific templates. Our results highlight the reliability of the method and the added power over alternative options while preserving single site specificity and opening the doors for well-powered image-wide genome-wide discoveries.
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18
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Kühn S, Mascharek A, Banaschewski T, Bodke A, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivieres S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Lindenberger U, Gallinat J. Predicting development of adolescent drinking behaviour from whole brain structure at 14 years of age. eLife 2019; 8:e44056. [PMID: 31262402 PMCID: PMC6606021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a common time for initiation of alcohol use and development of alcohol use disorders. The present study investigates neuroanatomical predictors for trajectories of future alcohol use based on a novel voxel-wise whole-brain structural equation modeling framework. In 1814 healthy adolescents of the IMAGEN sample, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) was acquired at three measurement occasions across five years. Based on a two-part latent growth curve model, we conducted whole-brain analyses on structural MRI data at age 14, predicting change in alcohol use score over time. Higher grey-matter volumes in the caudate nucleus and the left cerebellum at age 14 years were predictive of stronger increase in alcohol use score over 5 years. The study is the first to demonstrate the feasibility of running separate voxel-wise structural equation models thereby opening new avenues for data analysis in brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Center for Lifespan PsychologyMax Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
| | - Anna Mascharek
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Arun Bodke
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social SciencesUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEAUniversité Paris-SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University ParisSud, University Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social SciencesUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | | | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research InstituteHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation HospitalTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Neuroimaging Center,Department of PsychiatryTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Neuroimaging Center,Department of PsychiatryTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Global Brain Health Institute,School of PsychologyTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan PsychologyMax Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - IMAGEN Consortium
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Center for Lifespan PsychologyMax Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social SciencesUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
- NeuroSpin, CEAUniversité Paris-SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)BerlinGermany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University ParisSud, University Paris DescartesParisFrance
- Bloorview Research InstituteHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation HospitalTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Neuroimaging Center,Department of PsychiatryTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Global Brain Health Institute,School of PsychologyTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
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19
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Bartholdy S, O'Daly OG, Campbell IC, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Schmidt U, Artiges E, Schneider S, Bach C, Paus T, Barbot A, Gareth Barker, Bokde A, Vetter N, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Constant P, Gowland P, Crombag H, Czech K, Dalley J, Decideur B, Spranger T, Ripley T, Heym N, Flor H, Sommer W, Fuchs B, Gallinat J, Spanagel R, Kaviani M, Heinrichs B, Andreas Heinz, Subramaniam N, Jia T, Ihlenfeld A, Ireland J, Ittermann B, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Jones J, Klaassen A, Lalanne C, Lanzerath D, Lawrence C, Lemaitre H, Desrivieres S, Mallik C, Karl Mann, Mar A, Martinez-Medina L, Jean-Luc Martinot, Mennigen E, Mesquita de Carvahlo F, Schwartz Y, Bruehl R, Müller K, Nees F, Nymberg C, Lathrop M, Trevor Robbins, Pausova Z, Jani Pentilla, Biondo F, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Millenet S, Michael Smolka, Fröhner J, Struve M, Steve Williams, Hübner T, Bromberg U, Aydin S, Rogers J, Romanowski A, Schmäl C, Schmidt D, Ripke S, Arroyo M, Schubert F, Pena-Oliver Y, Fauth-Bühler M, Mignon X, Whelan R, Speiser C, Fadai T, Dai Stephens, Ströhle A, Paillere ML, Strache N, Theobald D, Jurk S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Yacubian J, Frouin V, Genauck A, Parchetka C, Gemmeke I, Kruschwitz J, Weiß K, Walter H, Feng J, Papadopoulos D, Filippi I, Ing A, Ruggeri B, Xu B, Macare C, Chu C, Hanratty E, Burke Quinlan E, Robert G, Schumann G, Yu T, Ziesch V, Stedman A. Neural Correlates of Failed Inhibitory Control as an Early Marker of Disordered Eating in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:956-965. [PMID: 31122340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating and other forms of disordered eating behavior (DEB) are associated with failed inhibitory control. This study investigated the neural correlates of failed inhibitory control as a potential biomarker for DEB. METHODS The study used prospective longitudinal data from the European IMAGEN study adolescent cohort. Participants completed baseline assessments (questionnaires and a brain scan [functional magnetic resonance imaging]) at 14 years of age and a follow-up assessment (questionnaires) at 16 years of age. Self-reported binge eating and/or purging were used to indicate presence of DEB. Neural correlates of failed inhibition were assessed using the stop signal task. Participants were categorized as healthy control subjects (reported no DEB at both time points), maintainers (reported DEB at both time points), recoverers (reported DEB at baseline only), and developers (reported DEB at follow-up only). Forty-three individuals per group with complete scanning data were matched on gender, age, puberty, and intelligence (N = 172). RESULTS At baseline, despite similar task performance, incorrectly responding to stop signals (failed inhibitory control) was associated with greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in the developers compared with healthy control subjects and recoverers. CONCLUSIONS Greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions during failed inhibition accords with abnormal evaluation of errors contributing to DEB development. As this precedes symptom onset and is evident despite normal task performance, neural responses during failed inhibition may be a useful biomarker of vulnerability for DEB. This study highlights the potential value of prospective neuroimaging studies for identifying markers of illness before the emergence of behavior changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Owen G O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom; South London & Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Mackey S, Algaier N, Chaarani B, Spechler P, Orr C, Bunn J, Allen NB, Alia-Klein N, Batalla A, Blaine S, Brooks S, Caparelli E, Chye YY, Cousijn J, Dagher A, Desrivieres S, Feldstein-Ewing S, Foxe JJ, Goldstein RZ, Goudriaan AE, Heitzeg MM, Hester R, Hutchison K, Korucuoglu O, Li CSR, London E, Lorenzetti V, Luijten M, Martin-Santos R, May A, Momenan R, Morales A, Paulus MP, Pearlson G, Rouseau ME, Salmeron BJ, Schluter R, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Sjoerds Z, Stein DJ, Stein EA, Sinha R, Solowij N, Tapert S, Uhlmann A, Veltman D, van Holst R, Wittle S, Wright MJ, Yucel M, Zhang S, Yurgelun-Todd D, Hibar DP, Jahanshad N, Evans A, Thompson PM, Glahn DC, Conrod P, Garavan H. Mega-Analysis of Gray Matter Volume in Substance Dependence: General and Substance-Specific Regional Effects. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:119-128. [PMID: 30336705 PMCID: PMC6427822 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although lower brain volume has been routinely observed in individuals with substance dependence compared with nondependent control subjects, the brain regions exhibiting lower volume have not been consistent across studies. In addition, it is not clear whether a common set of regions are involved in substance dependence regardless of the substance used or whether some brain volume effects are substance specific. Resolution of these issues may contribute to the identification of clinically relevant imaging biomarkers. Using pooled data from 14 countries, the authors sought to identify general and substance-specific associations between dependence and regional brain volumes. METHOD Brain structure was examined in a mega-analysis of previously published data pooled from 23 laboratories, including 3,240 individuals, 2,140 of whom had substance dependence on one of five substances: alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, or cannabis. Subcortical volume and cortical thickness in regions defined by FreeSurfer were compared with nondependent control subjects when all sampled substance categories were combined, as well as separately, while controlling for age, sex, imaging site, and total intracranial volume. Because of extensive associations with alcohol dependence, a secondary contrast was also performed for dependence on all substances except alcohol. An optimized split-half strategy was used to assess the reliability of the findings. RESULTS Lower volume or thickness was observed in many brain regions in individuals with substance dependence. The greatest effects were associated with alcohol use disorder. A set of affected regions related to dependence in general, regardless of the substance, included the insula and the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Furthermore, a support vector machine multivariate classification of regional brain volumes successfully classified individuals with substance dependence on alcohol or nicotine relative to nondependent control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that dependence on a range of different substances shares a common neural substrate and that differential patterns of regional volume could serve as useful biomarkers of dependence on alcohol and nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Nicholas Algaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Philip Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Janice Bunn
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Nicholas B. Allen
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene OR, USA,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City NY, USA
| | - Albert Batalla
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Blaine
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Samantha Brooks
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisabeth Caparelli
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yann Ying Chye
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Departments of Developmental and Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Dagher
- Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - John J. Foxe
- Department of Neuroscience & The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY, USA
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City NY, USA
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research & Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Robert Hester
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kent Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Ozlem Korucuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Edythe London
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Psycological Sciences, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rocio Martin-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - April May
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Angelica Morales
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa OK, USA
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Marc-Etienne Rouseau
- Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, USA
| | - Renée Schluter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Zsuzsika Sjoerds
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany,Institute of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Susan Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dick Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth van Holst
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Wittle
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Murat Yucel
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City UT, USA
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, USA
| | - Alan Evans
- Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, USA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
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Quinlan EB, Cattrell A, Jia T, Artiges E, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Brühl R, Conrod PJ, Desrivieres S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Glennon JC, Buitelaar JK, Happé F, Loth E, Barker ED, Schumann G. Psychosocial Stress and Brain Function in Adolescent Psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:785-794. [PMID: 28618856 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to explore how conduct, hyperactivity/inattention, and emotional symptoms are associated with neural reactivity to social-emotional stimuli, and the extent to which psychosocial stress modulates these relationships. METHOD Participants were community adolescents recruited as part of the European IMAGEN study. Bilateral amygdala regions of interest were used to assess the relationship between the three symptom domains and functional MRI neural reactivity during passive viewing of dynamic angry and neutral facial expressions. Exploratory functional connectivity and whole brain multiple regression approaches were used to analyze how the symptoms and psychosocial stress relate to other brain regions. RESULTS In response to the social-emotional stimuli, adolescents with high levels of conduct or hyperactivity/inattention symptoms who had also experienced a greater number of stressful life events showed hyperactivity of the amygdala and several regions across the brain. This effect was not observed with emotional symptoms. A cluster in the midcingulate was found to be common to both conduct problems and hyperactivity symptoms. Exploratory functional connectivity analyses suggested that amygdala-precuneus connectivity is associated with hyperactivity/inattention symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The results link hyperactive amygdala responses and regions critical for top-down emotional processing with high levels of psychosocial stress in individuals with greater conduct and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms. This work highlights the importance of studying how psychosocial stress affects functional brain responses to social-emotional stimuli, particularly in adolescents with externalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burke Quinlan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tianye Jia
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Artiges
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gareth Barker
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Büchel
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Penny Gowland
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Paus
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luise Poustka
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nora C Vetter
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Whelan
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Happé
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Loth
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Edward D Barker
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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- From the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Department of Psychology, the Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, the Addictions Department, and the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry Research Unit, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; NeuroSpin, CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str., Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin; and the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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22
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Stacey D, Lourdusamy A, Ruggeri B, Maroteaux M, Jia T, Cattrell A, Nymberg C, Banaschewski T, Bhattacharyya S, Band H, Barker G, Bokde A, Buchel C, Carvalho F, Conrod P, Desrivieres S, Easton A, Fauth-Buehler M, Fernandez-Medarde A, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavanh H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lathrop M, Lawrence C, Loth E, Mann K, Martinot JL, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Rotter A, Santos E, Smolka M, Sommer W, Mameli M, Spanagel R, Girault JA, Mueller C, Schumann G. A translational systems biology approach in both animals and humans identifies a functionally related module of accumbal genes involved in the regulation of reward processing and binge drinking in males. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:192-202. [PMID: 26679926 PMCID: PMC4853210 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mesolimbic dopamine system, composed primarily of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area that project to striatal structures, is considered to be the key mediator of reinforcement-related mechanisms in the brain. Prompted by a genome-wide association meta-analysis implicating the Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RASGRF2) gene in the regulation of alcohol intake in men, we have recently shown that male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice exhibit reduced ethanol intake and preference accompanied by a perturbed mesolimbic dopamine system. We therefore propose that these mice represent a valid model to further elucidate the precise genes and mechanisms regulating mesolimbic dopamine functioning. METHODS Transcriptomic data from the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice and wild-type controls were analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We performed follow-up genetic association tests in humans using a sample of male adolescents from the IMAGEN study characterized for binge drinking (n = 905) and ventral striatal activation during an fMRI reward task (n = 608). RESULTS The WGCNA analyses using accumbal transcriptomic data revealed 37 distinct "modules," or functionally related groups of genes. Two of these modules were significantly associated with Rasgrf2 knockout status: M5 (p < 0.001) and M6 (p < 0.001). In follow-up translational analyses we found that human orthologues for the M5 module were significantly (p < 0.01) enriched with genetic association signals for binge drinking in male adolescents. Furthermore, the most significant locus, originating from the EH-domain containing 4 (EHD4) gene (p < 0.001), was also significantly associated with altered ventral striatal activity in male adolescents performing an fMRI reward task (pempirical < 0.001). LIMITATIONS It was not possible to determine the extent to which the M5 module was dysregulated in Rasgrf2(-/-) mice by perturbed mesolimbic dopamine signalling or by the loss of Rasgrf2 function in the NAcc. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings indicate that the accumbal M5 module, initially identified as being dysregulated in male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice, is also relevant for human alcohol-related phenotypes potentially through the modulation of reinforcement mechanisms in the NAcc. We therefore propose that the genes comprising this module represent important candidates for further elucidation within the context of alcohol-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stacey
- Correspondence to: D. Stacey, Discipline of Psychiatry, Level 4, Eleanor Harrald Building, Frome Road, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia;
| | | | - Barbara Ruggeri
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Matthieu Maroteaux
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Tianye Jia
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Charlotte Nymberg
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Hamid Band
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Gareth Barker
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Arun Bokde
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Christian Buchel
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Fabiana Carvalho
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Patricia Conrod
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Alanna Easton
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Mira Fauth-Buehler
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Alberto Fernandez-Medarde
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Jurgen Gallinat
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Hugh Garavanh
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Mark Lathrop
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Claire Lawrence
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Eva Loth
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Karl Mann
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Tomas Paus
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Andrea Rotter
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Eugenio Santos
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Michael Smolka
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Wolfgang Sommer
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Manuel Mameli
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Christian Mueller
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
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23
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Shin J, Bourdon C, Bernard M, Wilson MD, Reischl E, Waldenberger M, Ruggeri B, Schumann G, Desrivieres S, Leemans A, Abrahamowicz M, Leonard G, Richer L, Bouchard L, Gaudet D, Paus T, Pausova Z. Layered genetic control of DNA methylation and gene expression: a locus of multiple sclerosis in healthy individuals. Hum Mol Genet 2015. [PMID: 26220975 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation may contribute to the etiology of complex genetic disorders through its impact on genome integrity and gene expression; it is modulated by DNA-sequence variants, named methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs). Most meQTLs influence methylation of a few CpG dinucleotides within short genomic regions (<3 kb). Here, we identified a layered genetic control of DNA methylation at numerous CpGs across a long 300 kb genomic region. This control involved a single long-range meQTL and multiple local meQTLs. The long-range meQTL explained up to 75% of variance in methylation of CpGs located over extended areas of the 300 kb region. The meQTL was identified in four samples (P = 2.8 × 10(-17), 3.1 × 10(-31), 4.0 × 10(-71) and 5.2 × 10(-199)), comprising a total of 2796 individuals. The long-range meQTL was strongly associated not only with DNA methylation but also with mRNA expression of several genes within the 300 kb region (P = 7.1 × 10(-18)-1.0 × 10(-123)). The associations of the meQTL with gene expression became attenuated when adjusted for DNA methylation (causal inference test: P = 2.4 × 10(-13)-7.1 × 10(-20)), indicating coordinated regulation of DNA methylation and gene expression. Further, the long-range meQTL was found to be in linkage disequilibrium with the most replicated locus of multiple sclerosis, a disease affecting primarily the brain white matter. In middle-aged adults free of the disease, we observed that the risk allele was associated with subtle structural properties of the brain white matter found in multiple sclerosis (P = 0.02). In summary, we identified a long-range meQTL that controls methylation and expression of several genes and may be involved in increasing brain vulnerability to multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Celine Bourdon
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Molecular Genetics
| | - Eva Reischl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Louis Richer
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Canada, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Nutritional Sciences,
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24
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Nymberg C, Jia T, Lubbe S, Ruggeri B, Desrivieres S, Barker G, Büchel C, Fauth-Buehler M, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lawrence C, Mann K, Nees F, Salatino-Oliveira A, Paillère Martinot ML, Paus T, Rietschel M, Robbins T, Smolka M, Banaschewski T, Rubia K, Loth E, Schumann G. Neural mechanisms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are stratified by MAOA genotype. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:607-14. [PMID: 23746540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by deficits in reward sensitivity and response inhibition. The relative contribution of these frontostriatal mechanisms to ADHD symptoms and their genetic determinants is largely unexplored. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and genetic analysis of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, we investigated how striatal and inferior frontal activation patterns contribute to ADHD symptoms depending on MAOA genotype in a sample of adolescent boys (n = 190). RESULTS We demonstrate an association of ADHD symptoms with distinct blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses depending on MAOA genotype. In A hemizygotes of the expression single nucleotide polymorphism rs12843268, which express lower levels of MAOA, ADHD symptoms are associated with lower ventral striatal BOLD response during the monetary incentive delay task and lower inferior frontal gyrus BOLD response during the stop signal task. In G hemizygotes, ADHD symptoms are associated with increased inferior frontal gyrus BOLD response during the stop signal task in the presence of increased ventral striatal BOLD response during the monetary incentive delay task. CONCLUSIONS Depending on MAOA genotype, ADHD symptoms in adolescent boys are associated with either reward deficiency or insufficient response inhibition. Apart from its mechanistic interest, our finding may aid in developing pharmacogenetic markers for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nymberg
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre (CN, TJ, SL, BR, SD, GB, AC, PC, EL, GS), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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25
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Easton AC, Lucchesi W, Lourdusamy A, Lenz B, Solati J, Golub Y, Lewczuk P, Fernandes C, Desrivieres S, Dawirs RR, Moll GH, Kornhuber J, Frank J, Hoffmann P, Soyka M, Kiefer F, Schumann G, Peter Giese K, Müller CP, Treutlein J, Cichon S, Ridinger M, Mattheisen P, Herms S, Wodarz N, Zill P, Maier W, Mössner R, Gaebel W, Dahmen N, Scherbaum N, Schmäl C, Steffens M, Lucae S, Ising M, Müller-Myhsok B, Nöthen MM, Mann K, Rietschel M. αCaMKII autophosphorylation controls the establishment of alcohol drinking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1636-47. [PMID: 23459588 PMCID: PMC3717547 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The α-Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (αCaMKII) is a crucial enzyme controlling plasticity in the brain. The autophosphorylation of αCaMKII works as a 'molecular memory' for a transient calcium activation, thereby accelerating learning. We investigated the role of αCaMKII autophosphorylation in the establishment of alcohol drinking as an addiction-related behavior in mice. We found that alcohol drinking was initially diminished in αCaMKII autophosphorylation-deficient αCaMKII(T286A) mice, but could be established at wild-type level after repeated withdrawals. The locomotor activating effects of a low-dose alcohol (2 g/kg) were absent in αCaMKII(T286A) mice, whereas the sedating effects of high-dose (3.5 g/kg) were preserved after acute and subchronic administration. The in vivo microdialysis revealed that αCaMKII(T286A) mice showed no dopamine (DA) response in the nucleus accumbens to acute or subchronic alcohol administration, but enhanced serotonin (5-HT) responses in the prefrontal cortex. The attenuated DA response in αCaMKII(T286A) mice was in line with altered c-Fos activation in the ventral tegmental area after acute and subchronic alcohol administration. In order to compare findings in mice with the human condition, we tested 23 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CAMK2A gene for their association with alcohol dependence in a population of 1333 male patients with severe alcohol dependence and 939 controls. We found seven significant associations between CAMK2A SNPs and alcohol dependence, one of which in an autophosphorylation-related area of the gene. Together, our data suggest αCaMKII autophosphorylation as a facilitating mechanism in the establishment of alcohol drinking behavior with changing the DA-5-HT balance as a putative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna C Easton
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Walter Lucchesi
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behavior, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, James Black Centre, London, UK
| | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bernd Lenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jalal Solati
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yulia Golub
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ralph R Dawirs
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunther H Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Soyka
- Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Peter Giese
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behavior, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, James Black Centre, London, UK
| | - Christian P Müller
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany,Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany, Tel: +49 9131 85 36896, Fax: +49 9131 85 36002, E-mail:
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Blomeyer D, Buchmann AF, Lascorz J, Zimmermann US, Esser G, Desrivieres S, Schmidt MH, Banaschewski T, Schumann G, Laucht M. Association of PER2 genotype and stressful life events with alcohol drinking in young adults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59136. [PMID: 23533602 PMCID: PMC3606431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clock genes govern circadian rhythms and shape the effect of alcohol use on the physiological system. Exposure to severe negative life events is related to both heavy drinking and disturbed circadian rhythmicity. The aim of this study was 1) to extend previous findings suggesting an association of a haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphism of PER2 gene with drinking patterns, and 2) to examine a possible role for an interaction of this gene with life stress in hazardous drinking. METHODS Data were collected as part of an epidemiological cohort study on the outcome of early risk factors followed since birth. At age 19 years, 268 young adults (126 males, 142 females) were genotyped for PER2 rs56013859 and were administered a 45-day alcohol timeline follow-back interview and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Life stress was assessed as the number of severe negative life events during the past four years reported in a questionnaire and validated by interview. RESULTS Individuals with the minor G allele of rs56013859 were found to be less engaged in alcohol use, drinking at only 72% of the days compared to homozygotes for the major A allele. Moreover, among regular drinkers, a gene x environment interaction emerged (p = .020). While no effects of genotype appeared under conditions of low stress, carriers of the G allele exhibited less hazardous drinking than those homozygous for the A allele when exposed to high stress. CONCLUSIONS These findings may suggest a role of the circadian rhythm gene PER2 in both the drinking patterns of young adults and in moderating the impact of severe life stress on hazardous drinking in experienced alcohol users. However, in light of the likely burden of multiple tests, the nature of the measures used and the nominal evidence of interaction, replication is needed before drawing firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arlette F. Buchmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jesus Lascorz
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre (MRC), Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin H. Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre (MRC), Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rotter A, Biermann T, Amato D, Schumann G, Desrivieres S, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism blocks ethanol-induced place preference learning in mice and attenuates dopamine D2 receptor adaptation in the frontal cortex. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:519-24. [PMID: 22609622 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays an important role in alcohol (EtOH) self-administration behaviour by its interaction with the dopaminergic (DA) system in the brain. Here we asked whether the GR is also involved in the establishment of EtOH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) by an interaction with the DA systems in terminal projection areas. We found that the establishment of an EtOH (2 g/kg, i.p.)-induced CPP was paralleled by a decrease in frontal cortex DA D2 receptor mRNA expression, but not in local D2 gene promoter methylation rate. No effect in other brain areas, nor on DA transporter or DA receptor regulating factor mRNA was found. The GR antagonist, RU486 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the establishment of EtOH CPP and prevented DA D2 receptor adaptations. These data may suggest a role of glucocorticoid receptor mediated D2 adaptations in the establishment of the reinforcing effects of EtOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rotter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Clarke TK, Dempster E, Docherty SJ, Desrivieres S, Lourdsamy A, Wodarz N, Ridinger M, Maier W, Rietschel M, Schumann G. Multiple polymorphisms in genes of the adrenergic stress system confer vulnerability to alcohol abuse. Addict Biol 2012; 17:202-8. [PMID: 21070505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors such as stress influence both the predisposition to and development of alcoholism, as well as have significant implications for alcoholism relapse. One predominant biological response to acute stress is the release of norepinephrine, which activates the peripheral stress response and also the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We aimed to examine the role of two genes of the adrenergic system (SLC6A2 and ADRA2A) in alcoholism by genotyping 21 SNPs in 785 adult alcohol-dependent patients and 1237 controls. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (rs36020 and rs36029) in SLC6A2 were significantly associated with alcoholism [false discovery rate corrected P-value (FDR) P = 0.007]. Two SNPs in ADRA2A (rs521674 and rs602618) were associated with a positive family history of alcoholism (FDR P ≤ 0.05). A combined SNP-set analysis was also carried out to determine the risk of harbouring multiple alcohol risk alleles across SLC6A2 and ADRA2A. Logistic regression analysis revealed that an increase in the number of alcohol risk alleles increased the risk for alcoholism (P = 0.000567, odds ratio = 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.26-2.44). A three-SNP haplotype consisting of rs187715, rs36020 and rs40147 alleles, AGC, was also found, which was significantly over-represented in cases compared with controls (61% versus 56%). We therefore demonstrate an association of SLC6A2 and ADRA2A with adult alcoholism. These data confirm the relevance of the adrenergic stress system when considering genetic predisposition to alcohol dependence and suggest that SLC6A2 and ADRA2A should be studied in additional alcohol-dependent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Kim Clarke
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, UK.
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29
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Dong L, Bilbao A, Laucht M, Henriksson R, Yakovleva T, Ridinger M, Desrivieres S, Clarke TK, Lourdusamy A, Smolka MN, Cichon S, Blomeyer D, Treutlein J, Perreau-Lenz S, Witt S, Leonardi-Essmann F, Wodarz N, Zill P, Soyka M, Albrecht U, Rietschel M, Lathrop M, Bakalkin G, Spanagel R, Schumann G. Effects of the circadian rhythm gene period 1 (per1) on psychosocial stress-induced alcohol drinking. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:1090-8. [PMID: 21828288 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circadian and stress-response systems mediate environmental changes that affect alcohol drinking. Psychosocial stress is an environmental risk factor for alcohol abuse. Circadian rhythm gene period 1 (Per1) is targeted by stress hormones and is transcriptionally activated in corticotropin releasing factor-expressing cells. The authors hypothesized that Per1 is involved in integrating stress response and circadian rhythmicity and explored its relevance to alcohol drinking. METHOD In mice, the effects of stress on ethanol intake in mPer1-mutant and wild-type mice were assessed. In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in hPer1 were tested for association with alcohol drinking behavior in 273 adolescents and an adult case-control sample of 1,006 alcohol-dependent patients and 1,178 comparison subjects. In vitro experiments were conducted to measure genotype-specific expression and transcription factor binding to hPer1. RESULTS The mPer1-mutant mice showed enhanced alcohol consumption in response to social defeat stress relative to their wild-type littermates. An association with the frequency of heavy drinking in adolescents with the hPer1 promoter SNP rs3027172 and with psychosocial adversity was found. There was significant interaction between the rs3027172 genotype and psychosocial adversity on this drinking measure. In a confirmatory analysis, association of hPer1 rs3027172 with alcohol dependence was shown. Cortisol-induced transcriptional activation of hPer1 was reduced in human B-lymphoblastoid cells carrying the risk genotype of rs3027172. Binding affinity of the transcription factor Snail1 to the risk allele of the hPer1 SNP rs3027172 was also reduced. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the hPer1 gene regulates alcohol drinking behavior during stressful conditions and provide evidence for underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
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30
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Clarke TK, Laucht M, Ridinger M, Wodarz N, Rietschel M, Maier W, Lathrop M, Lourdusamy A, Zimmermann US, Desrivieres S, Schumann G. KCNJ6 is associated with adult alcohol dependence and involved in gene × early life stress interactions in adolescent alcohol drinking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1142-8. [PMID: 21307845 PMCID: PMC3079832 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence have proven to be complex genetic traits that are influenced by environmental factors. Primate and human studies have shown that early life stress increases the propensity for alcohol abuse in later life. The reinforcing properties of alcohol are mediated by dopaminergic signaling; however, there is little evidence to indicate how stress alters alcohol reinforcement. KCNJ6 (the gene encoding G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel 2 (GIRK2)) is a brain expressed potassium channel with inhibitory effects on dopaminergic tone. The properties of GIRK2 have been shown to be enhanced by the stress peptide corticotrophin-releasing hormone. Therefore, we sought to examine the role of KCNJ6 polymorphisms in adult alcohol dependence and stress-related alcohol abuse in adolescents. We selected 11 SNPs in the promoter region of KCNJ6, which were genotyped in 1152 adult alcohol dependents and 1203 controls. One SNP, rs2836016, was found to be associated with alcohol dependence (p=0.01, false discovery rate). We then assessed rs2836016 in an adolescent sample of 261 subjects, which were characterized for early life stress and adolescent hazardous drinking, defined using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), to examine gene-environment interactions. In the adolescent sample, the risk genotype of rs2836016 was significantly associated with increased AUDIT scores, but only in those individuals exposed to high levels of psychosocial stress in early life (p=0.01). Our findings show that KCNJ6 is associated with alcohol dependence and may moderate the effect of early psychosocial stress on risky alcohol drinking in adolescents. We have identified a candidate gene for future studies investigating a possible functional link between the response to stress and alcohol reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Kim Clarke
- Section of Addiction Biology, MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Monika Ridinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Wodarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- Section of Addiction Biology, MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Section of Addiction Biology, MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Section of Addiction Biology, MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Menashi S, Fridman R, Desrivieres S, Lu H, Legrand Y, Soria C. Regulation of 92-kDa gelatinase B activity in the extracellular matrix by tissue kallikrein. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 732:466-8. [PMID: 7978840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb24787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Menashi
- Unité 353 INSERM, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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