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Bast N, Mason L, Ecker C, Baumeister S, Banaschewski T, Jones EJH, Murphy DGM, Buitelaar JK, Loth E, Pandina G, Freitag CM, Auyeung B, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Bast N, Baumeister S, Beckmann CF, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Brogna C, de Bruijn Y, Buitelaar JK, Chakrabarti B, Charman T, Cornelissen I, Crawley D, Dell’Acqua F, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garcés P, Goyard D, Ham L, Hayward H, Hipp J, Holt R, Johnson M, Jones EJH, Kundu P, Lai MC, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Loth E, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Marquand A, Mason L, Mennes M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Murphy DGM, Oakley B, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Ruggeri B, Ruigrok A, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Spooren W, Tillmann J, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Wooldridge C, Zwiers MP, Freitag CM. Sensory salience processing moderates attenuated gazes on faces in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study. Mol Autism 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 36759875 PMCID: PMC9912590 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attenuated social attention is a key marker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent neuroimaging findings also emphasize an altered processing of sensory salience in ASD. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE) has been established as a modulator of this sensory salience processing (SSP). We tested the hypothesis that altered LC-NE functioning contributes to different SSP and results in diverging social attention in ASD. METHODS We analyzed the baseline eye-tracking data of the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) for subgroups of autistic participants (n = 166, age = 6-30 years, IQ = 61-138, gender [female/male] = 41/125) or neurotypical development (TD; n = 166, age = 6-30 years, IQ = 63-138, gender [female/male] = 49/117) that were matched for demographic variables and data quality. Participants watched brief movie scenes (k = 85) depicting humans in social situations (human) or without humans (non-human). SSP was estimated by gazes on physical and motion salience and a corresponding pupillary response that indexes phasic activity of the LC-NE. Social attention is estimated by gazes on faces via manual areas of interest definition. SSP is compared between groups and related to social attention by linear mixed models that consider temporal dynamics within scenes. Models are controlled for comorbid psychopathology, gaze behavior, and luminance. RESULTS We found no group differences in gazes on salience, whereas pupillary responses were associated with altered gazes on physical and motion salience. In ASD compared to TD, we observed pupillary responses that were higher for non-human scenes and lower for human scenes. In ASD, we observed lower gazes on faces across the duration of the scenes. Crucially, this different social attention was influenced by gazes on physical salience and moderated by pupillary responses. LIMITATIONS The naturalistic study design precluded experimental manipulations and stimulus control, while effect sizes were small to moderate. Covariate effects of age and IQ indicate that the findings differ between age and developmental subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Pupillary responses as a proxy of LC-NE phasic activity during visual attention are suggested to modulate sensory salience processing and contribute to attenuated social attention in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - Luke Mason
- grid.4464.20000 0001 2161 2573Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emily J. H. Jones
- grid.4464.20000 0001 2161 2573Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Declan G. M. Murphy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, London, UK
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Loth
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, London, UK
| | - Gahan Pandina
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, 1125 Trenton Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | | | - Christine M. Freitag
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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Looden T, Floris DL, Llera A, Chauvin RJ, Charman T, Banaschewski T, Murphy D, Marquand AF, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF, Ambrosino S, Auyeung B, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Baumeister S, Beckmann CF, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Brogna C, de Bruijn Y, Buitelaar JK, Chakrabarti B, Charman T, Cornelissen I, Crawley D, Acqua FD, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garcés P, Goyard D, Ham L, Hayward H, Hipp J, Holt R, Johnson MH, Jones EJH, Kundu P, Lai MC, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Loth E, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Marquand A, Mason L, Mennes M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Mueller N, Murphy DGM, Oakley B, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Rausch A, Ruggeri B, Ruigrok A, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Spooren W, Tillmann J, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Wooldridge C, Ilioska I, Mei T, Zwiers MP. Patterns of connectome variability in autism across five functional activation tasks: findings from the LEAP project. Mol Autism 2022; 13:53. [PMID: 36575450 PMCID: PMC9793684 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (autism) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with pronounced behavioral, cognitive, and neural heterogeneities across individuals. Here, our goal was to characterize heterogeneity in autism by identifying patterns of neural diversity as reflected in BOLD fMRI in the way individuals with autism engage with a varied array of cognitive tasks. METHODS All analyses were based on the EU-AIMS/AIMS-2-TRIALS multisite Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) with participants with autism (n = 282) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 221) between 6 and 30 years of age. We employed a novel task potency approach which combines the unique aspects of both resting state fMRI and task-fMRI to quantify task-induced variations in the functional connectome. Normative modelling was used to map atypicality of features on an individual basis with respect to their distribution in neurotypical control participants. We applied robust out-of-sample canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to relate connectome data to behavioral data. RESULTS Deviation from the normative ranges of global functional connectivity was greater for individuals with autism compared to TD in each fMRI task paradigm (all tasks p < 0.001). The similarity across individuals of the deviation pattern was significantly increased in autistic relative to TD individuals (p < 0.002). The CCA identified significant and robust brain-behavior covariation between functional connectivity atypicality and autism-related behavioral features. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with autism engage with tasks in a globally atypical way, but the particular spatial pattern of this atypicality is nevertheless similar across tasks. Atypicalities in the tasks originate mostly from prefrontal cortex and default mode network regions, but also speech and auditory networks. We show how sophisticated modeling methods such as task potency and normative modeling can be used toward unravelling complex heterogeneous conditions like autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Looden
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Llera
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roselyne J Chauvin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andre F Marquand
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Barker ED, Ing A, Biondo F, Jia T, Pingault JB, Du Rietz E, Zhang Y, Ruggeri B, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Sounga-Barke E, Bowling AB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Asherson P, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G. Do ADHD-impulsivity and BMI have shared polygenic and neural correlates? Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1019-1028. [PMID: 31227801 PMCID: PMC7910212 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is an extensive body of literature linking ADHD to overweight and obesity. Research indicates that impulsivity features of ADHD account for a degree of this overlap. The neural and polygenic correlates of this association have not been thoroughly examined. In participants of the IMAGEN study, we found that impulsivity symptoms and body mass index (BMI) were associated (r = 0.10, n = 874, p = 0.014 FWE corrected), as were their respective polygenic risk scores (PRS) (r = 0.17, n = 874, p = 6.5 × 10-6 FWE corrected). We then examined whether the phenotypes of impulsivity and BMI, and the PRS scores of ADHD and BMI, shared common associations with whole-brain grey matter and the Monetary Incentive Delay fMRI task, which associates with reward-related impulsivity. A sparse partial least squared analysis (sPLS) revealed a shared neural substrate that associated with both the phenotypes and PRS scores. In a last step, we conducted a bias corrected bootstrapped mediation analysis with the neural substrate score from the sPLS as the mediator. The ADHD PRS associated with impulsivity symptoms (b = 0.006, 90% CIs = 0.001, 0.019) and BMI (b = 0.009, 90% CIs = 0.001, 0.025) via the neuroimaging substrate. The BMI PRS associated with BMI (b = 0.014, 95% CIs = 0.003, 0.033) and impulsivity symptoms (b = 0.009, 90% CIs = 0.001, 0.025) via the neuroimaging substrate. A common neural substrate may (in part) underpin shared genetic liability for ADHD and BMI and the manifestation of their (observable) phenotypic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK.
| | - Alex Ing
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Francesca Biondo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ebba Du Rietz
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Edmund Sounga-Barke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - April B Bowling
- School of Health Science, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street North Andover, North Andover, MA, 01845, USA
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip Asherson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Université; and AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
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Ruggeri B, Vega A, Liveris M, St. George TE, Hopp J. A Strategy for Teaching Health Literacy to Physician Assistant Students. Health Lit Res Pract 2021; 5:e70-e77. [PMID: 34251914 PMCID: PMC8075100 DOI: 10.3928/24748307-20210201-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief report presents a model that incorporates an analogous “see-one,” “do-one,” “teach-one” pedagogical strategy and experiential learning for mastery of health literacy principles by first-year Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies students. Students completed a series of health literacy activities including classroom-based lecture (see-one), hands-on application of health literacy activities (do-one), and application and peer-instruction of health literacy best practices with other health science students (teach-one) as part of a two-semester hands-on learning experience. A health literacy knowledge examination, qualitative student feedback, and faculty review of content application were used to assess for effectiveness. Students demonstrated a significant and sustained positive change in knowledge examination scores complemented by positive faculty poster review. Physician Assistant student health literacy knowledge is increased and sustained after application of see-one, do-one, teach-one strategy with students demonstrating health literacy considerations in real-client application during experiential learning. Education programs seeking to meet the call for health professionals prepared to address gaps in health literacy should consider a see-one, do-one, teach-one and experiential learning approach over multiple semesters. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2021;5(1):e70–e77.]
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruggeri
- Address correspondence to Barbara Ruggeri, MLIS, Carroll University, 100 N. East Avenue, Waukesha, WI 53186;
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Vega A, North S, Ruggeri B, Beck B, Liveris M, Castro A, Boyington N, Leveille W, St. George TE, Hopp J. A cross-cultural integrative health interprofessional practice model using innovative case study and academic hispanic community partnership approaches. Cogent Medicine 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2020.1767347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Vega
- HRSA Primary Care Training and Enhancement Grant, Carroll University 100 N. East Avenue Waukesha WI 53186 USA
| | - Sara North
- Division of Physical Therapy Director of Educational Innovation, University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- HRSA Primary Care Training and Enhancement Grant, Carroll University 100 N. East Avenue Waukesha WI 53186 USA
| | - Barbra Beck
- HRSA Primary Care Training and Enhancement Grant, Carroll University 100 N. East Avenue Waukesha WI 53186 USA
| | | | - Al Castro
- United Community Center Milwaukee WI USA
| | | | - Wendie Leveille
- HRSA Primary Care Training and Enhancement Grant, Carroll University 100 N. East Avenue Waukesha WI 53186 USA
| | - Thomas E. St. George
- HRSA Primary Care Training and Enhancement Grant, Carroll University 100 N. East Avenue Waukesha WI 53186 USA
| | - Jane Hopp
- HRSA Primary Care Training and Enhancement Grant, Carroll University 100 N. East Avenue Waukesha WI 53186 USA
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Yu T, Jia T, Zhu L, Desrivières S, Macare C, Bi Y, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Liu C, Ji L, Banaschewski T, Ren D, Du L, Hou B, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Luo Q, Chu C, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Mennigen E, Lei C, Walter H, Fröhner JH, Whelan R, He G, He L, Schumann G, Robert G, Artiges E, Schneider S, Bach C, Paus T, Barbot A, Barker G, Bokde A, Vetter N, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Constant P, Gowland P, Crombag H, Czech K, Dalley J, Decideur B, Spranger T, Ripley T, Heym N, Flor H, Sommer W, Fuchs B, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Spanagel R, Kaviani M, Heinrichs B, Heinz A, Subramaniam N, Jia T, Ihlenfeld A, Delosis JI, Ittermann B, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Jones J, Klaassen A, Lalanne C, Lanzerath D, Lawrence C, Lemaitre H, Desrivieres S, Mallik C, Mann K, Mar A, Martinez-Medina L, Martinot JL, Mennigen E, de Carvahlo FM, Schwartz Y, Bruehl R, Müller K, Nees F, Nymberg C, Lathrop M, Robbins T, Pausova Z, Pentilla J, Biondo F, Poline JB, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Millenet S, Smolka M, Fröhner J, Struve M, Williams S, Hübner T, Bromberg U, Aydin S, Rogers J, Romanowski A, Schmäl C, Schmidt D, Ripke S, Arroyo M, Schubert F, Pena-Oliver Y, Fauth-Bühler M, Mignon X, Whelan R, Speiser C, Fadai T, Stephens D, Ströhle A, Paillere ML, Strache N, Theobald D, Jurk S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Yacubilin J, Frouin V, Genauck A, Parchetka C, Gemmeke I, Kruschwitz J, WeiB K, Walter H, Feng J, Papadopoulos D, Filippi I, Ing A, Ruggeri B, Xu B, Macare C, Chu C, Hanratty E, Quinlan EB, Robert G, Schumann G, Yu T, Ziesch V, Stedman A. Cannabis-Associated Psychotic-like Experiences Are Mediated by Developmental Changes in the Parahippocampal Gyrus. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:642-649. [PMID: 31326579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis consumption during adolescence has been reported as a risk factor for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and schizophrenia. However, brain developmental processes associated with cannabis-related PLEs are still poorly described. METHOD A total of 706 adolescents from the general population who were recruited by the IMAGEN consortium had structural magnetic resonance imaging scans at both 14 and 19 years of age. We used deformation-based morphometry to map voxelwise brain changes between the two time points, using the pairwise algorithm in SPM12b. We used an a priori region-of-interest approach focusing on the hippocampus/parahippocampus to perform voxelwise linear regressions. Lifetime cannabis consumption was assessed using the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), and PLEs were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment Psychotic-like experiences (CAPE) tool. We first tested whether hippocampus/parahippocampus development was associated with PLEs. Then we formulated and tested an a priori simple mediation model in which uncus development mediates the association between lifetime cannabis consumption and PLEs. RESULTS We found that PLEs were associated with reduced expansion within a specific region of the right hippocampus/parahippocampus formation, the uncus (p = .002 at the cluster level, p = .018 at the peak level). The partial simple mediation model revealed a significant total effect from lifetime cannabis consumption to PLEs (b = 0.069, 95% CI = 0.04-0.1, p =2 × 10-16), as well as a small yet significant, indirect effect of right uncus development (0.004; 95% CI = 0.0004-0.01, p = .026). CONCLUSION We show here that the uncus development is involved in the cerebral basis of PLEs in a population-based sample of healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China; Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Yan Bi
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lei Ji
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Decheng Ren
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Du
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China
| | - Binyin Hou
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congying Chu
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cai Lei
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, China; Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China. IMAGEN consortium authors, affiliations, and acknowledgement are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Behavior and Basal Ganglia Unit, Medical University of Rennes, France.
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Robert GH, Luo Q, Yu T, Chu C, Ing A, Jia T, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Burke-Quinlan E, Desrivières S, Ruggeri B, Spechler P, Chaarani B, Tay N, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Flor H, Frouin V, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Conrod P, Barker T, Garavan H, Schumann G. Association of Gray Matter and Personality Development With Increased Drunkenness Frequency During Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:409-419. [PMID: 31851304 PMCID: PMC6990803 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alcohol abuse correlates with gray matter development in adolescents, but the directionality of this association remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the directionality of the association between gray matter development and increase in frequency of drunkenness among adolescents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study analyzed participants of IMAGEN, a multicenter brain imaging study of healthy adolescents in 8 European sites in Germany (Mannheim, Dresden, Berlin, and Hamburg), the United Kingdom (London and Nottingham), Ireland (Dublin), and France (Paris). Data from the second follow-up used in the present study were acquired from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2016, and these data were analyzed from January 1, 2016, to March 31, 2018. Analyses were controlled for sex, site, socioeconomic status, family history of alcohol dependency, puberty score, negative life events, personality, cognition, and polygenic risk scores. Personality and frequency of drunkenness were assessed at age 14 years (baseline), 16 years (first follow-up), and 19 years (second follow-up). Structural brain imaging scans were acquired at baseline and second follow-up time points. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Increases in drunkenness frequency were measured by latent growth modeling, a voxelwise hierarchical linear model was used to observe gray matter volume, and tensor-based morphometry was used for gray matter development. The hypotheses were formulated before the data analyses. RESULTS A total of 726 adolescents (mean [SD] age at baseline, 14.4 [0.38] years; 418 [58%] female) were included. The increase in drunkenness frequency was associated with accelerated gray matter atrophy in the left posterior temporal cortex (peak: t1,710 = -5.8; familywise error (FWE)-corrected P = 7.2 × 10-5; cluster: 6297 voxels; P = 2.7 × 10-5), right posterior temporal cortex (cluster: 2070 voxels; FWE-corrected P = .01), and left prefrontal cortex (peak: t1,710 = -5.2; FWE-corrected P = 2 × 10-3; cluster: 10 624 voxels; P = 1.9 × 10-7). According to causal bayesian network analyses, 73% of the networks showed directionality from gray matter development to drunkenness increase as confirmed by accelerated gray matter atrophy in late bingers compared with sober controls (n = 20 vs 60; β = 1.25; 95% CI, -2.15 to -0.46; t1,70 = 0.3; P = .004), the association of drunkenness increase with gray matter volume at age 14 years (β = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.01-0.46; t1,584 = 2; P = .04), the association between gray matter atrophy and alcohol drinking units (β = -0.0033; 95% CI, -6 × 10-3 to -5 × 10-4; t1,509 = -2.4; P = .02) and drunkenness frequency at age 23 years (β = -0.16; 95% CI, -0.28 to -0.03; t1,533 = -2.5; P = .01), and the linear exposure-response curve stratified by gray matter atrophy and not by increase in frequency of drunkenness. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that gray matter development and impulsivity were associated with increased frequency of drunkenness by sex. These results suggest that neurotoxicity-related gray matter atrophy should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H. Robert
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Behavior and Basal Ganglia Unit (EA-4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France,Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Rennes, France,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,U1228, Empenn, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale & Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, Paris, France
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Institute of Mental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congying Chu
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Ing
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erin Burke-Quinlan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Spechler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Nicole Tay
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, Université Paris-Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Citél, Paris, France,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C. Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Research Division of Mind and Brain Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Medical Faculty, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ted Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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Suelzer EM, Deal J, Hanus KL, Ruggeri B, Sieracki R, Witkowski E. Assessment of Citations of the Retracted Article by Wakefield et al With Fraudulent Claims of an Association Between Vaccination and Autism. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1915552. [PMID: 31730183 PMCID: PMC6902803 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The number of citations can be used to show the influence of an article or to measure the validity of a research study. The article by Wakefield et al that fraudulently reported an association between vaccination and autism continues to accumulate citations even after it was retracted. OBJECTIVES To examine the characteristics of citations from scholarly literature that reference the 1998 article by Wakefield et al and to investigate whether authors are accurately citing retracted references. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional bibliographic analysis of the scholarly publications that cited a 1998 article by Wakefield et al, cited references were collected from a Web of Science Core Collection search performed on March 11, 2019. A total of 1211 articles were identified, with 58 citing works excluded because they were non-English-language publications or the citation to the study by Wakefield et al could not be located by reviewers. Citing works consisted of books, research articles, letters, editorials, news items, and other scholarly literature. Citations to the article by Wakefield et al were identified and analyzed by 2 reviewers in a blinded screening. Reviewers assigned a characteristic to each citation and indicated whether the retraction was documented. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The characteristics of citations to the article by Wakefield et al, were categorized as negative, affirmative, or contrastive; if not, persuasive; and if not, assumptive, perfunctory, methodologic, or conceptual. Whether the partial retraction or notice of retraction was included in the citing work was also documented. RESULTS Among the 1153 citing works included in this analysis, the most common citation characteristics were negative (838 [72.7%]) followed by perfunctory (106 [9.2%]) and affirmative (94 [8.2%]). A total of 123 of 322 citing works (38.2%) published between 2005 and 2010 documented the partial retraction. After the notice of retraction was published in 2010, the percentage of citing works that documented the partial retraction and/or notice of retraction between 2011 and 2018 increased to 360 of 502 (71.7%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Since the article by Wakefield et al was initially published, authors have mostly negated the findings of the study. A significant number of authors did not document retractions of the article by Wakefield et al. The findings suggest that improvements are needed from publishers, bibliographic databases, and citation management software to ensure that retracted articles are accurately documented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Deal
- Ziebert Medical Library, Advocate Aurora West Allis Medical Center, West Allis, Wisconsin
| | - Karen L. Hanus
- Medical College of Wisconsin Libraries, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | - Rita Sieracki
- Medical College of Wisconsin Libraries, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Elizabeth Witkowski
- Medical College of Wisconsin Libraries, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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9
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Bartholdy S, O'Daly OG, Campbell IC, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Schmidt U, Artiges E, Schneider S, Bach C, Paus T, Barbot A, Gareth Barker, Bokde A, Vetter N, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Constant P, Gowland P, Crombag H, Czech K, Dalley J, Decideur B, Spranger T, Ripley T, Heym N, Flor H, Sommer W, Fuchs B, Gallinat J, Spanagel R, Kaviani M, Heinrichs B, Andreas Heinz, Subramaniam N, Jia T, Ihlenfeld A, Ireland J, Ittermann B, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Jones J, Klaassen A, Lalanne C, Lanzerath D, Lawrence C, Lemaitre H, Desrivieres S, Mallik C, Karl Mann, Mar A, Martinez-Medina L, Jean-Luc Martinot, Mennigen E, Mesquita de Carvahlo F, Schwartz Y, Bruehl R, Müller K, Nees F, Nymberg C, Lathrop M, Trevor Robbins, Pausova Z, Jani Pentilla, Biondo F, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Millenet S, Michael Smolka, Fröhner J, Struve M, Steve Williams, Hübner T, Bromberg U, Aydin S, Rogers J, Romanowski A, Schmäl C, Schmidt D, Ripke S, Arroyo M, Schubert F, Pena-Oliver Y, Fauth-Bühler M, Mignon X, Whelan R, Speiser C, Fadai T, Dai Stephens, Ströhle A, Paillere ML, Strache N, Theobald D, Jurk S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Yacubian J, Frouin V, Genauck A, Parchetka C, Gemmeke I, Kruschwitz J, Weiß K, Walter H, Feng J, Papadopoulos D, Filippi I, Ing A, Ruggeri B, Xu B, Macare C, Chu C, Hanratty E, Burke Quinlan E, Robert G, Schumann G, Yu T, Ziesch V, Stedman A. Neural Correlates of Failed Inhibitory Control as an Early Marker of Disordered Eating in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:956-965. [PMID: 31122340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating and other forms of disordered eating behavior (DEB) are associated with failed inhibitory control. This study investigated the neural correlates of failed inhibitory control as a potential biomarker for DEB. METHODS The study used prospective longitudinal data from the European IMAGEN study adolescent cohort. Participants completed baseline assessments (questionnaires and a brain scan [functional magnetic resonance imaging]) at 14 years of age and a follow-up assessment (questionnaires) at 16 years of age. Self-reported binge eating and/or purging were used to indicate presence of DEB. Neural correlates of failed inhibition were assessed using the stop signal task. Participants were categorized as healthy control subjects (reported no DEB at both time points), maintainers (reported DEB at both time points), recoverers (reported DEB at baseline only), and developers (reported DEB at follow-up only). Forty-three individuals per group with complete scanning data were matched on gender, age, puberty, and intelligence (N = 172). RESULTS At baseline, despite similar task performance, incorrectly responding to stop signals (failed inhibitory control) was associated with greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in the developers compared with healthy control subjects and recoverers. CONCLUSIONS Greater recruitment of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions during failed inhibition accords with abnormal evaluation of errors contributing to DEB development. As this precedes symptom onset and is evident despite normal task performance, neural responses during failed inhibition may be a useful biomarker of vulnerability for DEB. This study highlights the potential value of prospective neuroimaging studies for identifying markers of illness before the emergence of behavior changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Owen G O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth Barker
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom; South London & Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Müller CP, Chu C, Qin L, Liu C, Xu B, Gao H, Ruggeri B, Hieber S, Schneider J, Jia T, Tay N, Akira S, Satoh T, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Lemaitre H, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Bakalkin G, Liu Y, Desrivières S, Elliott P, Eulenburg V, Levy D, Crews F, Schumann G. The Cortical Neuroimmune Regulator TANK Affects Emotional Processing and Enhances Alcohol Drinking: A Translational Study. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1736-1751. [PMID: 30721969 PMCID: PMC6430980 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a major public health problem worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control regular drinking may help to reduce hazards of alcohol consumption. While immunological mechanisms have been related to alcohol drinking, most studies reported changes in immune function that are secondary to alcohol use. In this report, we analyse how the gene "TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator" (TANK) affects alcohol drinking behavior. Based on our recent discovery in a large GWAS dataset that suggested an association of TANK, SNP rs197273, with alcohol drinking, we report that SNP rs197273 in TANK is associated both with gene expression (P = 1.16 × 10-19) and regional methylation (P = 5.90 × 10-25). A tank knock out mouse model suggests a role of TANK in alcohol drinking, anxiety-related behavior, as well as alcohol exposure induced activation of insular cortex NF-κB. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies among up to 1896 adolescents reveal that TANK is involved in the control of brain activity in areas of aversive interoceptive processing, including the insular cortex, but not in areas related to reinforcement, reward processing or impulsiveness. Our findings suggest that the cortical neuroimmune regulator TANK is associated with enhanced aversive emotional processing that better protects from the establishment of alcohol drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- The Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt Wayte Ave, Framingham MA, USA
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston MA, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - He Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Saskia Hieber
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontiern Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontiern Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [ Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2—12, Berlin, Germany]
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Rue Noetzlin, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; and AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette; and Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris-Sud Medical School, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Aras an Phiarsaigh Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biosciences, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt Wayte Ave, Framingham MA, USA
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Fulton Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
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11
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Tay N, Macare C, Liu Y, Ruggeri B, Jia T, Chu C, Biondo F, Ing A, Luo Q, Sarkysian D, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Frieling H, Bleich S, Barker ED, Syvänen AC, Rüegg J, Ekström TJ, Bakalkin G, Schumann G. Allele-Specific Methylation of SPDEF: A Novel Moderator of Psychosocial Stress and Substance Abuse. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:146-155. [PMID: 30525907 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial stress is a key risk factor for substance abuse among adolescents. Recently, epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation have emerged as potential mechanisms that could mediate this relationship. The authors conducted a genome-wide methylation analysis to investigate whether differentially methylated regions are associated with psychosocial stress in an adolescent population. METHODS A methylome-wide analysis of differentially methylated regions was used to examine a sample of 1,287 14-year-old adolescents (50.7% of them female) from the European IMAGEN study. The Illumina 450k array was used to assess DNA methylation, pyrosequencing was used for technical replication, and linear regression analyses were used to identify associations with psychosocial stress and substance use (alcohol and tobacco). Findings were replicated by pyrosequencing a test sample of 413 participants from the IMAGEN study. RESULTS Hypermethylation in the sterile alpha motif/pointed domain containing the ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) gene locus was associated with a greater number of stressful life events in an allele-dependent way. Among individuals with the minor G-allele, SPDEF methylation moderated the association between psychosocial stress and substance abuse. SPDEF methylation interacted with lifetime stress in gray matter volume in the right cuneus, which in turn was associated with the frequency of alcohol and tobacco use. SPDEF was involved in the regulation of trans-genes linked to substance use. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the study findings describe a novel epigenetic mechanism that helps explain how psychosocial stress exposure influences adolescent substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tay
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Christine Macare
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Yun Liu
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Tianye Jia
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Congying Chu
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Francesca Biondo
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Alex Ing
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Qiang Luo
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Daniil Sarkysian
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Gareth J Barker
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Uli Bromberg
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Christian Büchel
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Herta Flor
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Vincent Frouin
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Hugh Garavan
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Penny Gowland
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Andreas Heinz
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Eric Artiges
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Frauke Nees
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Tomáš Paus
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Luise Poustka
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Michael N Smolka
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Henrik Walter
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Robert Whelan
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Helge Frieling
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Stefan Bleich
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Edward D Barker
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Tomas J Ekström
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
| | - Gunter Schumann
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
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- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (Tay, Macare, Ruggeri, Jia, Chu, Biondo, Ing, Quinlan, Desrivières, Barker, Schumann); the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Liu); the Institute of Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Jia); the Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China (Jia); the School of Life Sciences and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Sarkysian, Bakalkin); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Hohmann); the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Barker); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Bokde, Nees); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Bromberg, Büchel); the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); the Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Nees); the German Research Foundation, Bonn, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (Gowland); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin (Itterman); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," DIGITEO Labs, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France (Martinot); the Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France (Martinot); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France (Artiges); the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France (Artiges); the Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ( Paus); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); the School of Psychology and the Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin (Whelan); the Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Frieling, Bleich); the Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (Syvänen); and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Rüegg, Ekström)
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Macare C, Ducci F, Zhang Y, Ruggeri B, Jia T, Kaakinen M, Kalsi G, Charoen P, Casoni F, Peters J, Bromberg U, Hill M, Buxton J, Blakemore A, Veijola J, Büchel C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Conrod P, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lathrop M, Martinot JL, Paus T, Desrivières S, Munafò M, Järvelin MR, Schumann G. A neurobiological pathway to smoking in adolescence: TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and reward response. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1103-1114. [PMID: 30104163 PMCID: PMC6525784 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-cluster has been implicated in adult smoking. Here, we investigated the contribution of individual genes in the TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 cluster in smoking and their association with smoking-associated reward processing in adolescence. A meta-analysis of TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and self-reported smoking behaviours was performed in four European adolescent cohorts (N = 14,084). The minor G-allele of rs2236709, mapping TTC12, was associated with self-reported smoking (p = 5.0 × 10-4) and higher plasma cotinine levels (p = 7.0 × 10-5). This risk allele was linked to an increased ventral-striatal blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during reward anticipation (n = 1,263) and with higher DRD2 gene expression in the striatum (p = 0.013), but not with TTC12 or ANKK gene expression. These data suggest a role for the TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-cluster in adolescent smoking behaviours, provide evidence for the involvement of DRD2 in the early stages of addiction and support the notion that genetically-driven inter-individual differences in dopaminergic transmission mediate reward sensitivity and risk to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ducci
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gursharan Kalsi
- Clinical Physics, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; One Small Step Gait Laboratory, Guy׳s and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy׳s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pimphen Charoen
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College, London, UK
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Jan Peters
- Intelligent Autonomous Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Hill
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Buxton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Alexandra Blakemore
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Cambridge Cognition Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University, Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIGITEO labs, Gif sur Yvette; France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Ruggeri B, Macare C, Stopponi S, Jia T, Carvalho FM, Robert G, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Vetter NC, Walter H, Whelan R, Sommer WH, Bakalkin G, Ciccocioppo R, Schumann G. Methylation of OPRL1 mediates the effect of psychosocial stress on binge drinking in adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:650-658. [PMID: 29197086 PMCID: PMC5975104 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociceptin is a key regulator linking environmental stress and alcohol drinking. In a genome-wide methylation analysis, we recently identified an association of a methylated region in the OPRL1 gene with alcohol-use disorders. METHODS Here, we investigate the biological basis of this observation by analysing psychosocial stressors, methylation of the OPRL1 gene, brain response during reward anticipation and alcohol drinking in 660 fourteen-year-old adolescents of the IMAGEN study. We validate our findings in marchigian sardinian (msP) alcohol-preferring rats that are genetically selected for increased alcohol drinking and stress sensitivity. RESULTS We found that low methylation levels in intron 1 of OPRL1 are associated with higher psychosocial stress and higher frequency of binge drinking, an effect mediated by OPRL1 methylation. In individuals with low methylation of OPRL1, frequency of binge drinking is associated with stronger BOLD response in the ventral striatum during reward anticipation. In msP rats, we found that stress results in increased alcohol intake and decreased methylation of OPRL1 in the nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS Our findings describe an epigenetic mechanism that helps to explain how psychosocial stress influences risky alcohol consumption and reward processing, thus contributing to the elucidation of biological mechanisms underlying risk for substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Fabiana M. Carvalho
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun LW Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, USA
| | | | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK,Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Child Mind Institute, New York, USA
| | - Luise Poustka
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C. Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
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14
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Schafer JM, Lehmann BD, Redman LN, Liu P, Stubbs M, Ruggeri B, Scherle P, Pietenpol JA. Abstract P2-09-24: Combination treatment with bromodomain and extra-terminal motif inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p2-09-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. TNBC affects younger women and is characterized by earlier rates of relapse, higher frequency of visceral metastases, and shorter survival outcomes when compared to ER+ or HER2+ disease. Although the disease only represents ˜15% of all breast cancer cases, it accounts for 25% of all breast cancer deaths – with treatment options currently limited to chemotherapy. Development of targeted therapies for TNBC is challenging due to molecular heterogeneity and lack of high-frequency “driver” alterations amenable to therapeutic intervention. Recent studies have demonstrated increased sensitivity of TNBC to the anti-proliferative effects of Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal motif inhibitor (BETi) compared to the other breast cancer subtypes. To determine mechanisms of sensitivity to BETi, we analyzed the effect of a BETi across a panel of TNBC cell line models and identified cell lines that were both sensitive and insensitive to BETi. With the intent of identifying biomarkers of sensitivity, we performed RNA-seq and precision nuclear run-on and sequencing (PRO-seq) on both sensitive and insensitive cell line models and data generated identified significant differences in key growth regulatory and apoptotic signaling pathways, including notable differences in Myc-dependent signaling. Our data suggest potential biomarkers of BETi-sensitivity that may be of value in further pre-clinical studies. Further, our results provide mechanistic rationale for combinations of BETi with select, targeted therapies in a disease that is in need of new therapeutic intervention.
Citation Format: Schafer JM, Lehmann BD, Redman LN, Liu P, Stubbs M, Ruggeri B, Scherle P, Pietenpol JA. Combination treatment with bromodomain and extra-terminal motif inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- JM Schafer
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE
| | - BD Lehmann
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE
| | - LN Redman
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE
| | - P Liu
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE
| | - M Stubbs
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE
| | - B Ruggeri
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE
| | - P Scherle
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE
| | - JA Pietenpol
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE
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15
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Kepa A, Martinez Medina L, Erk S, Srivastava DP, Fernandes A, Toro R, Lévi S, Ruggeri B, Fernandes C, Degenhardt F, Witt SH, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Poncer JC, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Müller CP, Heinz A, Walter H, Schumann G, Desrivières S. Associations of the Intellectual Disability Gene MYT1L with Helix-Loop-Helix Gene Expression, Hippocampus Volume and Hippocampus Activation During Memory Retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2516-2526. [PMID: 28470180 PMCID: PMC5549840 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental role of the brain-specific myelin transcription factor 1-like (MYT1L) gene in cases of intellectual disability and in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders is increasingly recognized. Yet, its function remains under-investigated. Here, we identify a network of helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcriptional regulators controlled by MYT1L, as indicated by our analyses in human neural stem cells and in the human brain. Using cell-based knockdown approaches and microarray analyses we found that (1) MYT1L is required for neuronal differentiation and identified ID1, a HLH inhibitor of premature neurogenesis, as a target. (2) Although MYT1L prevented expression of ID1, it induced expression of a large number of terminal differentiation genes. (3) Consistently, expression of MYT1L in the human brain coincided with neuronal maturation and inversely correlated with that of ID1 and ID3 throughout the lifespan. (4) Genetic polymorphisms that reduced expression of MYT1L in the hippocampus resulted in increased expression of ID1 and ID3, decreased levels of the proneural basic HLH (bHLH) transcriptional regulators TCF4 and NEUROD6 and decreased expression of genes involved in long-term potentiation and synaptic transmission, cancer and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, our neuroimaging analyses indicated that MYT1L expression associated with hippocampal volume and activation during episodic memory recall, as measured by blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals. Overall, our findings suggest that MYT1L influences memory-related processes by controlling a neuronal proliferation/differentiation switch of ID-bHLH factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kepa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Lourdes Martinez Medina
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Alinda Fernandes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,CNRS URA 2182, Genes, synapses and cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Lévi
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France,Institut du Fer a Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Poncer
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France,Institut du Fer a Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEAUnit1000, ‘‘Imaging & Psychiatry’’, IFR49, CEA, DSV, IBM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France,University Paris Sud, Orsay, France,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEAUnit1000, ‘‘Imaging & Psychiatry’’, IFR49, CEA, DSV, IBM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France,University Paris Sud, Orsay, France,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK, Tel: +44(0)20 7848 0528, Fax: +44(0)20 7848 0866, E-mail:
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16
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Charman T, Loth E, Tillmann J, Crawley D, Wooldridge C, Goyard D, Ahmad J, Auyeung B, Ambrosino S, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Baumeister S, Beckmann C, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Brogna C, de Bruijn Y, Chakrabarti B, Cornelissen I, Acqua FD, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garcés P, Ham L, Hayward H, Hipp J, Holt RJ, Isaksson J, Johnson MH, Jones EJH, Kundu P, Lai MC, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Mason L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Mueller N, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Ruggeri B, Ruigrok ANV, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Zwiers MP, Spooren W, Murphy DGM, Buitelaar JK. The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): clinical characterisation. Mol Autism 2017; 8:27. [PMID: 28649313 PMCID: PMC5481972 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) is to date the largest multi-centre, multi-disciplinary observational study on biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current paper describes the clinical characteristics of the LEAP cohort and examines age, sex and IQ differences in ASD core symptoms and common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms. A companion paper describes the overall design and experimental protocol and outlines the strategy to identify stratification biomarkers. METHODS From six research centres in four European countries, we recruited 437 children and adults with ASD and 300 controls between the ages of 6 and 30 years with IQs varying between 50 and 148. We conducted in-depth clinical characterisation including a wide range of observational, interview and questionnaire measures of the ASD phenotype, as well as co-occurring psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS The cohort showed heterogeneity in ASD symptom presentation, with only minimal to moderate site differences on core clinical and cognitive measures. On both parent-report interview and questionnaire measures, ASD symptom severity was lower in adults compared to children and adolescents. The precise pattern of differences varied across measures, but there was some evidence of both lower social symptoms and lower repetitive behaviour severity in adults. Males had higher ASD symptom scores than females on clinician-rated and parent interview diagnostic measures but not on parent-reported dimensional measures of ASD symptoms. In contrast, self-reported ASD symptom severity was higher in adults compared to adolescents, and in adult females compared to males. Higher scores on ASD symptom measures were moderately associated with lower IQ. Both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms were lower in adults than in children and adolescents, and males with ASD had higher levels of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms than females. CONCLUSIONS The established phenotypic heterogeneity in ASD is well captured in the LEAP cohort. Variation both in core ASD symptom severity and in commonly co-occurring psychiatric symptoms were systematically associated with sex, age and IQ. The pattern of ASD symptom differences with age and sex also varied by whether these were clinician ratings or parent- or self-reported which has important implications for establishing stratification biomarkers and for their potential use as outcome measures in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Eva Loth
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Daisy Crawley
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Caroline Wooldridge
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - David Goyard
- Neurospin Centre CEA, Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jumana Ahmad
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- The School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Dugald Stewart Building, 3 Charles Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD UK
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Bölte
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, Cedex 15 France
| | - Carsten Bours
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Brammer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Brogna
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy
| | - Yvette de Bruijn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL UK
| | - Ineke Cornelissen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Flavio Dell’ Acqua
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, Cedex 15 France
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jessica Faulkner
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin Centre CEA, Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Pilar Garcés
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, B.001 N.667, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay Ham
- Regulatory Affairs, Pharmaceutical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Pharmaceuticals, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Hayward
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Joerg Hipp
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, B.001 N.667, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosemary J. Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark H. Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square, London, WC1E 7JL UK
| | - Emily J. H. Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square, London, WC1E 7JL UK
| | - Prantik Kundu
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 80 Workman Way, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4 Canada
| | - Xavier Liogier D’ardhuy
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, B.001 N.667, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - David J Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - René Mandl
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square, London, WC1E 7JL UK
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nico Mueller
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laurence O’Dwyer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Oldehinkel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Oranje
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Janssen Research & Development, 1125 Trenton Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | - Antonio M. Persico
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, “Gaetano Martino” University Hospital, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Amber N. V. Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Jessica Sabet
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Roberto Sacco
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia San Jóse Cáceres
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8LF UK
| | - Roberto Toro
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, Cedex 15 France
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jack Waldman
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Steve C. R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Will Spooren
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Declan G. M. Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Loth E, Charman T, Mason L, Tillmann J, Jones EJH, Wooldridge C, Ahmad J, Auyeung B, Brogna C, Ambrosino S, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Baumeister S, Beckmann C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, de Bruijn Y, Chakrabarti B, Crawley D, Cornelissen I, Acqua FD, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garces P, Goyard D, Hayward H, Ham LM, Hipp J, Holt RJ, Johnson MH, Isaksson J, Kundu P, Lai MC, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Mueller N, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Ruigrok ANV, Ruggeri B, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Zwiers MP, Spooren W, Murphy DGM, Buitelaar JK. The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): design and methodologies to identify and validate stratification biomarkers for autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2017; 8:24. [PMID: 28649312 PMCID: PMC5481887 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tremendous clinical and aetiological diversity among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been a major obstacle to the development of new treatments, as many may only be effective in particular subgroups. Precision medicine approaches aim to overcome this challenge by combining pathophysiologically based treatments with stratification biomarkers that predict which treatment may be most beneficial for particular individuals. However, so far, we have no single validated stratification biomarker for ASD. This may be due to the fact that most research studies primarily have focused on the identification of mean case-control differences, rather than within-group variability, and included small samples that were underpowered for stratification approaches. The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) is to date the largest multi-centre, multi-disciplinary observational study worldwide that aims to identify and validate stratification biomarkers for ASD. METHODS LEAP includes 437 children and adults with ASD and 300 individuals with typical development or mild intellectual disability. Using an accelerated longitudinal design, each participant is comprehensively characterised in terms of clinical symptoms, comorbidities, functional outcomes, neurocognitive profile, brain structure and function, biochemical markers and genomics. In addition, 51 twin-pairs (of which 36 had one sibling with ASD) are included to identify genetic and environmental factors in phenotypic variability. RESULTS Here, we describe the demographic characteristics of the cohort, planned analytic stratification approaches, criteria and steps to validate candidate stratification markers, pre-registration procedures to increase transparency, standardisation and data robustness across all analyses, and share some 'lessons learnt'. A clinical characterisation of the cohort is given in the companion paper (Charman et al., accepted). CONCLUSION We expect that LEAP will enable us to confirm, reject and refine current hypotheses of neurocognitive/neurobiological abnormalities, identify biologically and clinically meaningful ASD subgroups, and help us map phenotypic heterogeneity to different aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Loth
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Emily J. H. Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - Caroline Wooldridge
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Jumana Ahmad
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- Department of Psychology, The School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Dugald Stewart Building, 3 Charles Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD UK
| | - Claudia Brogna
- University Campus Bio-Medico, via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Brammer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Bölte
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, Cedex 15 France
| | - Carsten Bours
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette de Bruijn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- Centre for Autism, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL UK
| | - Daisy Crawley
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Ineke Cornelissen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Flavio Dell’ Acqua
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, Cedex 15 France
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Ecker
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jessica Faulkner
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin Centre CEA, Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pilar Garces
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, B.001 N.667, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Goyard
- Neurospin Centre CEA, Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hannah Hayward
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Lindsay M. Ham
- Regulatory Affairs, Product Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Pharmaceuticals, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Hipp
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, B.001 N.667, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosemary J. Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Mark H. Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prantik Kundu
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 80, Workman Way, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4 Canada
| | - Xavier Liogier D’ardhuy
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, B.001 N.667, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - David J. Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - René Mandl
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nico Mueller
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laurence O’Dwyer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Oldehinkel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Oranje
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Janssen Research & Development, 1125 Trenton Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | - Antonio M. Persico
- University Campus Bio-Medico, via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Amber N. V. Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Jessica Sabet
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Roberto Sacco
- University Campus Bio-Medico, via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia San José Cáceres
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Roberto Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, Cedex 15 France
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jack Waldman
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Steve C. R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Will Spooren
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, B.001 N.667, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Declan G. M. Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hidalgo D, Tommasi T, Velayutham K, Ruggeri B. Long term testing of Microbial Fuel Cells: Comparison of different anode materials. Bioresour Technol 2016; 219:37-44. [PMID: 27475329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the long term operation and testing of three Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) having three different anode materials: commercial carbon felt (C-FELT), polyaniline-deposited carbon felt (C-PANI) and carbon-coated Berl saddles (C-SADDLES). A mixed consortium from seawater was used as inoculum and acetate was used as substrate. Tests were conducted for four months under 1000Ω external load. The maximum power generation was obtained by C-SADDLES (102mWm(-2)) followed by C-FELT and C-PANI, respectively. A similar trend was obtained with the evaluation of electrical energy produced: C-SADDLES (2222J), C-PANI (2183J) and C-FELT (2114J). However, the performance of C-PANI decreased over time, most evidently due to degradation or deactivation of deposited polyaniline by the microorganisms' activity. These results provide evidence that the three-dimensional structure, C-SADDLES, offers excellent biocompatibility, high specific surface area, high conductivity and most importantly these properties are maintained for a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hidalgo
- Center for Sustainable Futures, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, C.so Trento 21, 10129 Torino, Italy; Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - T Tommasi
- Center for Sustainable Futures, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, C.so Trento 21, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - K Velayutham
- Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; Department of Applied Science and Technology, Environmental Management Laboratory, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Ruggeri
- Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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19
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Stacey D, Lourdusamy A, Ruggeri B, Maroteaux M, Jia T, Cattrell A, Nymberg C, Banaschewski T, Bhattacharyya S, Band H, Barker G, Bokde A, Buchel C, Carvalho F, Conrod P, Desrivieres S, Easton A, Fauth-Buehler M, Fernandez-Medarde A, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavanh H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lathrop M, Lawrence C, Loth E, Mann K, Martinot JL, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Rotter A, Santos E, Smolka M, Sommer W, Mameli M, Spanagel R, Girault JA, Mueller C, Schumann G. A translational systems biology approach in both animals and humans identifies a functionally related module of accumbal genes involved in the regulation of reward processing and binge drinking in males. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:192-202. [PMID: 26679926 PMCID: PMC4853210 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mesolimbic dopamine system, composed primarily of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area that project to striatal structures, is considered to be the key mediator of reinforcement-related mechanisms in the brain. Prompted by a genome-wide association meta-analysis implicating the Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RASGRF2) gene in the regulation of alcohol intake in men, we have recently shown that male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice exhibit reduced ethanol intake and preference accompanied by a perturbed mesolimbic dopamine system. We therefore propose that these mice represent a valid model to further elucidate the precise genes and mechanisms regulating mesolimbic dopamine functioning. METHODS Transcriptomic data from the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice and wild-type controls were analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We performed follow-up genetic association tests in humans using a sample of male adolescents from the IMAGEN study characterized for binge drinking (n = 905) and ventral striatal activation during an fMRI reward task (n = 608). RESULTS The WGCNA analyses using accumbal transcriptomic data revealed 37 distinct "modules," or functionally related groups of genes. Two of these modules were significantly associated with Rasgrf2 knockout status: M5 (p < 0.001) and M6 (p < 0.001). In follow-up translational analyses we found that human orthologues for the M5 module were significantly (p < 0.01) enriched with genetic association signals for binge drinking in male adolescents. Furthermore, the most significant locus, originating from the EH-domain containing 4 (EHD4) gene (p < 0.001), was also significantly associated with altered ventral striatal activity in male adolescents performing an fMRI reward task (pempirical < 0.001). LIMITATIONS It was not possible to determine the extent to which the M5 module was dysregulated in Rasgrf2(-/-) mice by perturbed mesolimbic dopamine signalling or by the loss of Rasgrf2 function in the NAcc. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings indicate that the accumbal M5 module, initially identified as being dysregulated in male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice, is also relevant for human alcohol-related phenotypes potentially through the modulation of reinforcement mechanisms in the NAcc. We therefore propose that the genes comprising this module represent important candidates for further elucidation within the context of alcohol-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stacey
- Correspondence to: D. Stacey, Discipline of Psychiatry, Level 4, Eleanor Harrald Building, Frome Road, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia;
| | | | - Barbara Ruggeri
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Matthieu Maroteaux
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Tianye Jia
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Charlotte Nymberg
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Hamid Band
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Gareth Barker
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Arun Bokde
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Christian Buchel
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Fabiana Carvalho
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Patricia Conrod
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Alanna Easton
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Mira Fauth-Buehler
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Alberto Fernandez-Medarde
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Jurgen Gallinat
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Hugh Garavanh
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Mark Lathrop
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Claire Lawrence
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Eva Loth
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Karl Mann
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Tomas Paus
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Andrea Rotter
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Eugenio Santos
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Michael Smolka
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Wolfgang Sommer
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Manuel Mameli
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Christian Mueller
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia (Stacey); the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Maroteaux, Jia, Cattrell, Nymberg, Barker, Carvalho, Conrod, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK (Lourdusamy, Ruggeri, Jia, Nymberg, Carvalho, Desrivières, Easton, Loth, Müller, Schumann); the Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839, INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (Maroteaux, Mameli, Girault); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Banaschewski); the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA (Bhattacharyya, Band); the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Bokde, Garavan); the Institute for Systemic Neuroscience, UMC Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); the Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada (Conrod); the Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Fauth-Buehler, Mann); the CIC-IBMCC, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Spain (Fernandez-Medarde, Santos); Department of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Flor, Nees); the CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin Bât 145 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (Gallinat); the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA (Garavan); the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada (Lathrop); the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK (Lawrence, Paus); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuromaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Martinot); the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Paus); the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Paus); the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Pausova); the Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Rietschel); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany (Rotter, Müller); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (Smolka); and the Deptartment of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany (Sommer, Spanagel)
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Ubaldi M, Giordano A, Severi I, Li H, Kallupi M, de Guglielmo G, Ruggeri B, Stopponi S, Ciccocioppo R, Cannella N. Activation of Hypocretin-1/Orexin-A Neurons Projecting to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Paraventricular Nucleus Is Critical for Reinstatement of Alcohol Seeking by Neuropeptide S. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:452-62. [PMID: 26055195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental conditioning is a major trigger for relapse in abstinent addicts. We showed that activation of the neuropeptide S (NPS) system exacerbates reinstatement vulnerability to cocaine and alcohol via stimulation of the hypocretin-1/orexin-A (Hcrt-1/Ox-A) system. METHODS Combining pharmacologic manipulations with immunohistochemistry techniques, we sought to determine how NPS and Hcrt-1/Ox-A systems interact to modulate reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. RESULTS Intrahypothalamic injection of NPS facilitated discriminative cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. This effect was blocked by the selective Hcrt-1/Ox-A antagonist SB334867 microinjected into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not into the ventral tegmental area or the locus coeruleus. Combining double labeling and confocal microscopy analyses, we found that NPS-containing axons are in close apposition to hypothalamic Hcrt-1/Ox-A positive neurons, a significant proportion of which express NPS receptors, suggesting a direct interaction between the two systems. Retrograde tracing experiments showed that intra-PVN or intra-BNST red fluorobead unilateral injection labeled bilaterally Hcrt-1/Ox-A somata, suggesting that NPS could recruit two distinct neuronal pathways. Confirming this assumption, intra-BNST or PVN Hcrt-1/Ox-A injection enhanced alcohol seeking similarly to hypothalamic NPS injection but to a lesser degree. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the Hcrt-1/Ox-A neurocircuitry mediating the facilitation of cue-induced reinstatement by NPS involves structures critically involved in stress regulation such as the PVN and the BNST. These findings open to the tempting hypothesis of a role of the NPS system in modulating the interactions between stress and environmental conditioning factors in drug relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Hongwu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | - Marsida Kallupi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | | | - Barbara Ruggeri
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | - Serena Stopponi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | | | - Nazzareno Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino; Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany..
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Ubaldi M, Ricciardelli E, Pasqualini L, Sannino G, Soverchia L, Ruggeri B, Falcinelli S, Renzi A, Ludka C, Ciccocioppo R, Hardiman G. Biomarkers of hippocampal gene expression in a mouse restraint chronic stress model. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 16:471-82. [PMID: 25916519 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute stress provides many beneficial effects whereas chronic stress contributes to a variety of human health issues including anxiety, depression, gastrointestinal problems, cardiac disease, sleep disorders and obesity. The goal of this work was to identify, using a rodent model, hippocampal gene signatures associated with prolonged chronic stress representing candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for early diagnosis and pharmacological intervention for stress induced disease. MATERIALS & METHODS Mice underwent 'restraint stress' over 7 consecutive days and hippocampal gene-expression changes were analyzed at 3, 12 and 24 h following the final restraint treatment. RESULTS Data indicated that mice exposed to chronic restraint stress exhibit a differential gene-expression profile compared with non-stressed controls. The greatest differences were observed 12 and 24 h following the final stress test. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that Gpr88, Ttr, Gh and Tac1 mRNAs were modulated in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress. These transcripts represent a panel of biomarkers and druggable targets for further analysis in the context of chronic stress associated disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, Camerino, Italy
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Ruggeri B, Ciccocioppo R, Schumann G. SY25-4DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF THE NOCICEPTIN RECEPTOR GENE OPRL1 MEDIATES THE EFFECT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS ON BINGE DRINKING AND VENTRAL STRIATAL ACTIVATION DURING REWARD ANTICIPATION. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv076.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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23
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Shin J, Bourdon C, Bernard M, Wilson MD, Reischl E, Waldenberger M, Ruggeri B, Schumann G, Desrivieres S, Leemans A, Abrahamowicz M, Leonard G, Richer L, Bouchard L, Gaudet D, Paus T, Pausova Z. Layered genetic control of DNA methylation and gene expression: a locus of multiple sclerosis in healthy individuals. Hum Mol Genet 2015. [PMID: 26220975 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation may contribute to the etiology of complex genetic disorders through its impact on genome integrity and gene expression; it is modulated by DNA-sequence variants, named methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs). Most meQTLs influence methylation of a few CpG dinucleotides within short genomic regions (<3 kb). Here, we identified a layered genetic control of DNA methylation at numerous CpGs across a long 300 kb genomic region. This control involved a single long-range meQTL and multiple local meQTLs. The long-range meQTL explained up to 75% of variance in methylation of CpGs located over extended areas of the 300 kb region. The meQTL was identified in four samples (P = 2.8 × 10(-17), 3.1 × 10(-31), 4.0 × 10(-71) and 5.2 × 10(-199)), comprising a total of 2796 individuals. The long-range meQTL was strongly associated not only with DNA methylation but also with mRNA expression of several genes within the 300 kb region (P = 7.1 × 10(-18)-1.0 × 10(-123)). The associations of the meQTL with gene expression became attenuated when adjusted for DNA methylation (causal inference test: P = 2.4 × 10(-13)-7.1 × 10(-20)), indicating coordinated regulation of DNA methylation and gene expression. Further, the long-range meQTL was found to be in linkage disequilibrium with the most replicated locus of multiple sclerosis, a disease affecting primarily the brain white matter. In middle-aged adults free of the disease, we observed that the risk allele was associated with subtle structural properties of the brain white matter found in multiple sclerosis (P = 0.02). In summary, we identified a long-range meQTL that controls methylation and expression of several genes and may be involved in increasing brain vulnerability to multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Celine Bourdon
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Molecular Genetics
| | - Eva Reischl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Louis Richer
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Canada, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Nutritional Sciences,
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24
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Ruggeri B, Nymberg C, Vuoksimaa E, Lourdusamy A, Wong CP, Carvalho FM, Jia T, Cattrell A, Macare C, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Fauth-Bühler M, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Pausova Z, Paus T, Rietschel M, Robbins T, Smolka MN, Spanagel R, Bakalkin G, Mill J, Sommer WH, Rose RJ, Yan J, Aliev F, Dick D, Kaprio J, Desrivières S, Schumann G. Association of Protein Phosphatase PPM1G With Alcohol Use Disorder and Brain Activity During Behavioral Control in a Genome-Wide Methylation Analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:543-52. [PMID: 25982659 PMCID: PMC4827248 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The genetic component of alcohol use disorder is substantial, but monozygotic twin discordance indicates a role for nonheritable differences that could be mediated by epigenetics. Despite growing evidence associating epigenetics and psychiatric disorders, it is unclear how epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, relate to brain function and behavior, including drinking behavior. METHOD The authors carried out a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation of 18 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for alcohol use disorder and validated differentially methylated regions. After validation, the authors characterized these differentially methylated regions using personality trait assessment and functional MRI in a sample of 499 adolescents. RESULTS Hypermethylation in the 3'-protein-phosphatase-1G (PPM1G) gene locus was associated with alcohol use disorder. The authors found association of PPM1G hypermethylation with early escalation of alcohol use and increased impulsiveness. They also observed association of PPM1G hypermethylation with increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent response in the right subthalamic nucleus during an impulsiveness task. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the authors provide first evidence for an epigenetic marker associated with alcohol consumption and its underlying neurobehavioral phenotype.
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25
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Roila F, Ruggeri B, Ballatori E, Fatigoni S, Caserta C, Licitra L, Mirabile A, Ionta MT, Massidda B, Cavanna L, Palladino MA, Tocci A, Fava S, Colantonio I, Angelelli L, Ciuffreda L, Fasola G, Zerilli F. Aprepitant versus metoclopramide, both combined with dexamethasone, for the prevention of cisplatin-induced delayed emesis: a randomized, double-blind study. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1248-1253. [PMID: 25743855 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A combination of aprepitant, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (r.a.), and dexamethasone is recommended for the prophylaxis of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in the acute phase, and aprepitant + dexamethasone (A + D) in the delayed phase. The aim of this study was to verify if A + D is superior to metoclopramide plus dexamethasone (M + D) in preventing delayed emesis in cancer patients receiving the same prophylaxis for acute emesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A randomized double-blind study comparing A + D versus M + D was completed in previously untreated cancer patients. Before chemotherapy, all patients were treated with intravenous palonosetron 0.25 mg and dexamethasone 12 mg, and oral aprepitant 125 mg. On day 2-4, patients randomly received oral dexamethasone 8 mg plus aprepitant 80 mg once daily (days 2-3) or metoclopramide 20 mg four times daily plus dexamethasone 8 mg bid. Primary endpoint was rate of complete response (no vomiting, no rescue treatment) in day 2-5 after chemotherapy. RESULTS Due to difficulty in the accrual of patients, 303 of the 480 planned patients were enrolled, 284 were fully evaluable, 147 receiving A + D, 137 M + D. Day 1 results were similar in both arms. On day 2-5, complete response rate was not significantly different (80.3% with A + D versus 82.5% with M + D, P < 0.38, respectively), and all secondary endpoints were also similar (complete protection, total control, no vomiting, no nausea, and score of Functional Living Index-Emesis; P < 0.24). Adverse events incidence was not significantly different between the two treatments. CONCLUSIONS In cancer patients submitted to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, receiving the same antiemetic prophylaxis for acute emesis, A + D is not superior to M + D in preventing delayed emesis, and both treatments present similar toxicity. CLINICALTRIALSGOV NUMBER NCT00869310.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Roila
- Medical Oncology Division, 'S. Maria' Hospital, Terni.
| | - B Ruggeri
- Clinical Governance, ASUR Marche, Ascoli Piceno
| | - E Ballatori
- Internal Medicine and Public Health, University of L'Aquila, Spinetoli
| | - S Fatigoni
- Medical Oncology Division, 'S. Maria' Hospital, Terni
| | - C Caserta
- Medical Oncology Division, 'S. Maria' Hospital, Terni
| | - L Licitra
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Milano
| | - A Mirabile
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Milano
| | - M T Ionta
- Medical Oncology II, University Hospital, Cagliari
| | - B Massidda
- Medical Oncology II, University Hospital, Cagliari
| | - L Cavanna
- Medical Oncology, Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza
| | | | - A Tocci
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Legnano, Legnano
| | - S Fava
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Legnano, Legnano
| | - I Colantonio
- Medical Oncology, Santa Croce e Carle Hospital, Cuneo
| | - L Angelelli
- Medical Oncology, ASUR Marche, Ascoli Piceno
| | - L Ciuffreda
- Medical Oncology, Molinette Hospital, Torino
| | - G Fasola
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine
| | - F Zerilli
- Medical Oncology, S. Antonio Abate Hospital, Trapani, Italy
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26
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Desrivières S, Lourdusamy A, Tao C, Toro R, Jia T, Loth E, Medina LM, Kepa A, Fernandes A, Ruggeri B, Carvalho FM, Cocks G, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Heinz A, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Brühl R, Lawrence C, Mann K, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Lathrop M, Poline JB, Rietschel M, Thompson P, Fauth-Bühler M, Smolka MN, Pausova Z, Paus T, Feng J, Schumann G. Single nucleotide polymorphism in the neuroplastin locus associates with cortical thickness and intellectual ability in adolescents. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:263-74. [PMID: 24514566 PMCID: PMC4051592 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recognition that cortical thickness is heritable and correlates with intellectual ability in children and adolescents, the genes contributing to individual differences in these traits remain unknown. We conducted a large-scale association study in 1583 adolescents to identify genes affecting cortical thickness. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; n=54,837) within genes whose expression changed between stages of growth and differentiation of a human neural stem cell line were selected for association analyses with average cortical thickness. We identified a variant, rs7171755, associating with thinner cortex in the left hemisphere (P=1.12 × 10(-)(7)), particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes. Localized effects of this SNP on cortical thickness differently affected verbal and nonverbal intellectual abilities. The rs7171755 polymorphism acted in cis to affect expression in the human brain of the synaptic cell adhesion glycoprotein-encoding gene NPTN. We also found that cortical thickness and NPTN expression were on average higher in the right hemisphere, suggesting that asymmetric NPTN expression may render the left hemisphere more sensitive to the effects of NPTN mutations, accounting for the lateralized effect of rs7171755 found in our study. Altogether, our findings support a potential role for regional synaptic dysfunctions in forms of intellectual deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail:
| | - A Lourdusamy
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Tao
- Center for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - R Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,CNRS URA 2182, Genes, synapses and cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - T Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Loth
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L M Medina
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Kepa
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Fernandes
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - F M Carvalho
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Cocks
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G J Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - A L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - P Gowland
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - R Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M L P Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 ‘Imaging & Psychiatry', University Paris Sud, Orsay, France,AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - F Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - J-B Poline
- Neurospin, Commissariat àl'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center/Laborarory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Fauth-Bühler
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Department of Psychology, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T Paus
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - J Feng
- Center for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Computer Science and Centre for Scientific Computing, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
| | - G Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Ruggeri B, Wabler M, Bruckheimer E, Wilkinson B, Dorsey B, Trusko S, Friedman J. 471 Screening of Champions predictive TumorGraft platform guides the clinical development of the selective dual BRAF-EGFR inhibitor CEP-32496. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baker ME, Sprague LJ, Ribecco C, Ruggeri B, Lekmine N, Ludka C, Wick I, Soverchia L, Ubaldi M, Šášik R, Schlenk D, Kelley KM, Reyes JA, Hardiman G. Application of a targeted endocrine q-PCR panel to monitor the effects of pollution in southern California flatfish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/23273739.2014.969598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Loth E, Poline JB, Thyreau B, Jia T, Tao C, Lourdusamy A, Stacey D, Cattrell A, Desrivières S, Ruggeri B, Fritsch V, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Carvalho FM, Conrod PJ, Fauth-Buehler M, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Bruehl R, Lawrence C, Mann K, Martinot JL, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Poustka L, Rietschel M, Smolka M, Struve M, Feng J, Schumann G. Oxytocin receptor genotype modulates ventral striatal activity to social cues and response to stressful life events. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:367-76. [PMID: 24120094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variants in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) have been shown to influence social and affective behavior and to moderate the effect of adverse experiences on risk for social-affective problems. However, the intermediate neurobiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Although human functional neuroimaging studies have reported that oxytocin effects on social behavior and emotional states are mediated by amygdala function, animal models indicate that oxytocin receptors in the ventral striatum (VS) modulate sensitivity to social reinforcers. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate OXTR-dependent brain mechanisms associated with social-affective problems. METHODS In a sample of 1445 adolescents we tested the effect of 23-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms across the OXTR region and stressful life events (SLEs) on functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level-dependent activity in the VS and amygdala to animated angry faces. Single nucleotide polymorphisms for which gene-wide significant effects on brain function were found were then carried forward to examine associations with social-affective problems. RESULTS A gene-wide significant effect of rs237915 showed that adolescents with minor CC-genotype had significantly lower VS activity than CT/TT-carriers. Significant or nominally significant gene × environment effects on emotional problems (in girls) and peer problems (in boys) revealed a strong increase in clinical symptoms as a function of SLEs in CT/TT-carriers but not CC-homozygotes. However, in low-SLE environments, CC-homozygotes had more emotional problems (girls) and peer problems (boys). Moreover, among CC-homozygotes, reduced VS activity was related to more peer problems. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a common OXTR-variant affects brain responsiveness to negative social cues and that in "risk-carriers" reduced sensitivity is simultaneously associated with more social-affective problems in "favorable environments" and greater resilience against stressful experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Loth
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London.
| | | | | | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London
| | - Chenyang Tao
- Center for Computational Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London
| | - David Stacey
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London
| | - Virgile Fritsch
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center
| | | | | | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience , Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Fabiana M Carvalho
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry , Université de Montreal, CHU St Justine Hosptial
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Mannheim
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience , Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Ruediger Bruehl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Mann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Mannheim
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Mannheim
| | - Tomáš Paus
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Mannheim
| | | | - Michael Smolka
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Mannheim
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Ruggeri B, Sarkans U, Schumann G, Persico AM. Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder: the old and the new. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1201-16. [PMID: 24096533 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with onset during early childhood and typically a life-long course. The majority of ASD cases stems from complex, 'multiple-hit', oligogenic/polygenic underpinnings involving several loci and possibly gene-environment interactions. These multiple layers of complexity spur interest into the identification of biomarkers able to define biologically homogeneous subgroups, predict autism risk prior to the onset of behavioural abnormalities, aid early diagnoses, predict the developmental trajectory of ASD children, predict response to treatment and identify children at risk for severe adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs. OBJECTIVES The present paper reviews (a) similarities and differences between the concepts of 'biomarker' and 'endophenotype', (b) established biomarkers and endophenotypes in autism research (biochemical, morphological, hormonal, immunological, neurophysiological and neuroanatomical, neuropsychological, behavioural), (c) -omics approaches towards the discovery of novel biomarker panels for ASD, (d) bioresource infrastructures and (e) data management for biomarker research in autism. RESULTS Known biomarkers, such as abnormal blood levels of serotonin, oxytocin, melatonin, immune cytokines and lymphocyte subtypes, multiple neuropsychological, electrophysiological and brain imaging parameters, will eventually merge with novel biomarkers identified using unbiased genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic methods, to generate multimarker panels. Bioresource infrastructures, data management and data analysis using artificial intelligence networks will be instrumental in supporting efforts to identify these biomarker panels. CONCLUSIONS Biomarker research has great heuristic potential in targeting autism diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruggeri
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Nymberg C, Jia T, Lubbe S, Ruggeri B, Desrivieres S, Barker G, Büchel C, Fauth-Buehler M, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lawrence C, Mann K, Nees F, Salatino-Oliveira A, Paillère Martinot ML, Paus T, Rietschel M, Robbins T, Smolka M, Banaschewski T, Rubia K, Loth E, Schumann G. Neural mechanisms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are stratified by MAOA genotype. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:607-14. [PMID: 23746540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by deficits in reward sensitivity and response inhibition. The relative contribution of these frontostriatal mechanisms to ADHD symptoms and their genetic determinants is largely unexplored. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and genetic analysis of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, we investigated how striatal and inferior frontal activation patterns contribute to ADHD symptoms depending on MAOA genotype in a sample of adolescent boys (n = 190). RESULTS We demonstrate an association of ADHD symptoms with distinct blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses depending on MAOA genotype. In A hemizygotes of the expression single nucleotide polymorphism rs12843268, which express lower levels of MAOA, ADHD symptoms are associated with lower ventral striatal BOLD response during the monetary incentive delay task and lower inferior frontal gyrus BOLD response during the stop signal task. In G hemizygotes, ADHD symptoms are associated with increased inferior frontal gyrus BOLD response during the stop signal task in the presence of increased ventral striatal BOLD response during the monetary incentive delay task. CONCLUSIONS Depending on MAOA genotype, ADHD symptoms in adolescent boys are associated with either reward deficiency or insufficient response inhibition. Apart from its mechanistic interest, our finding may aid in developing pharmacogenetic markers for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nymberg
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre (CN, TJ, SL, BR, SD, GB, AC, PC, EL, GS), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Nymberg C, Jia T, Ruggeri B, Schumann G. Analytical strategies for large imaging genetic datasets: experiences from the IMAGEN study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1282:92-106. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nymberg
- MRC Social; Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London; United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- MRC Social; Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London; United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- MRC Social; Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London; United Kingdom
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC Social; Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London; United Kingdom
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Ruggeri B, Sanfilippo S, Tommasi T. Sustainability of (H2 + CH4) by Anaerobic Digestion via EROI Approach and LCA Evaluations. Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-5364-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Orsomando G, Brunetti L, Pucci K, Ruggeri B, Ruggieri S. Comparative structural and functional characterization of putative protein effectors belonging to the PcF toxin family from Phytophthora spp. Protein Sci 2011; 20:2047-59. [PMID: 21936011 PMCID: PMC3302648 DOI: 10.1002/pro.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The PcF Toxin Family (Pfam 09461) includes the characterized phytotoxic protein PcF from Phytophthora cactorum, as well as several predicted protein effectors from other Phytophthora species recently identified by comparative genomics. Here we provide first evidence that such 'putatives', recombinantly expressed in bacteria and purified to homogeneity, similarly to PcF, can trigger defense-related responses on tomato, that is leaf withering and phenylalanine ammonia lyase induction, although with various degrees of effectiveness. In addition, structural prediction by computer-aided homology modeling and subsequent structural/functional comparison after rational engineering of the disulfide-structured protein fold by site-directed mutagenesis, highlighted the surface-exposed conserved amino acid stretch SK(E/C)C as a possible structural determinant responsible for the differential phytotoxicity within this family of cognate protein effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Silverio Ruggieri
- Dipartimento Patologia Molecolare e Terapie Innovative, Sezione Biochimica, Università Politecnica delle MarcheVia Ranieri 67, Ancona 60131, Italy
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Stopponi S, Somaini L, Cippitelli A, Cannella N, Braconi S, Kallupi M, Ruggeri B, Heilig M, Demopulos G, Gaitanaris G, Massi M, Ciccocioppo R. Activation of nuclear PPARγ receptors by the antidiabetic agent pioglitazone suppresses alcohol drinking and relapse to alcohol seeking. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:642-9. [PMID: 21276964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone belong to the class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs). They were first developed as antioxidants and then approved for the clinical treatment of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. TZDs bind with high affinity and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) receptors, which in the brain are expressed both in neurons and in glia. METHODS We evaluated the effect of PPARγ activation by TZDs on alcohol drinking, relapse-like behavior, and withdrawal in the rat. We also tested the effect of TZDs on alcohol and saccharin self-administration. RESULTS We showed that activation of PPARγ receptors by pioglitazone (0, 10, and 30 mg/kg) and rosiglitazone (0, 10 and 30 mg/kg) given orally selectively reduced alcohol drinking. The effect was blocked by pretreatment with the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (5 μg/rat) given into the lateral cerebroventricle, suggesting that this TZD's effect is mediated by PPARγ receptors in the central nervous system. Pioglitazone abolished reinstatement of alcohol seeking, a relapse-like behavior, induced by yohimbine, a pharmacologic stressor, but did not affect cue-induced relapse. In the self-administration experiments, pioglitazone reduced lever pressing for alcohol but not for saccharin. Finally, pioglitazone prevented the expression of somatic signs of alcohol withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new information about the role of brain PPARγ receptors and identify pioglitazone as candidate treatments for alcoholism and possibly other addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stopponi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Voena C, Panizza E, Pellegrino E, D'Amico L, Boccalatte F, Ruggeri B, Polakiewicz R, Medico E, Chiarle R, Inghirami G. 155 EML4-ALK signaling is required for the maintenance of neoplastic phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer cells: novel strategy for lung cancer tailored therapies. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ruggeri B, Braconi S, Cannella N, Kallupi M, Soverchia L, Ciccocioppo R, Ubaldi M. Neuropeptide S receptor gene expression in alcohol withdrawal and protracted abstinence in postdependent rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 34:90-7. [PMID: 19860802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a chronic disease characterized by frequent intoxications followed by withdrawal episodes and relapse to alcohol use. Neuroplastic changes associated with these intoxication and withdrawal cycles are thought to play a key role in disease progression. Recently, it has been shown that neuropeptide S (NPS), a newly deorphanized neuropeptide receptor system, facilitates relapse to alcohol seeking in laboratory animals. Given that a history of ethanol intoxication may increase vulnerability to alcohol addiction, we sought to determine whether NPS receptor (NPSR) gene expression is altered during withdrawal. METHODS Rats were subjected to 1 week of intoxication by oral alcohol administration. NPSR gene expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization in rats 12 hours and 7 days after the last alcohol administration. To investigate the functional significance of NPSR system adaptation following protracted withdrawal 7 days after intoxication, we tested the anxiolytic-like properties of NPS in nondependent and postdependent rats using the shock probe defensive burying test (DB). RESULTS At both time points, increased NPSR gene expression was observed in several brain areas, including the endopiriform nucleus, the motor cortex, and the medial amygdaloid nucleus. Moderate increases in gene expression were also found in the lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, basolateral and central amygdala. Differences from control animals were more pronounced after 7 days of abstinence. The upregulation of the NPSR system at this time point was confirmed by functional data indicating that intracerebroventricular (ICV) NPS administration (0.0, 0.3, and 0.1 nmol/rat) elicits more pronounced anxiolytic effects in postdependent animals than in controls subjected to the electric shock probe DB test. CONCLUSIONS Neuropeptide S receptor mRNA expression is increased in different brain areas of postdependent rats; as shown in the DB test, this expression change is functionally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Baker ME, Ruggeri B, Sprague LJ, Eckhardt-Ludka C, Lapira J, Wick I, Soverchia L, Ubaldi M, Polzonetti-Magni AM, Vidal-Dorsch D, Bay S, Gully JR, Reyes JA, Kelley KM, Schlenk D, Breen EC, Šášik R, Hardiman G. Analysis of endocrine disruption in Southern California coastal fish using an aquatic multispecies microarray. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117:223-30. [PMID: 19270792 PMCID: PMC2649224 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disruptors include plasticizers, pesticides, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. Turbot and other flatfish are used to characterize the presence of chemicals in the marine environment. Unfortunately, there are relatively few genes of turbot and other flatfish in GenBank, which limits the use of molecular tools such as microarrays and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to study disruption of endocrine responses in sentinel fish captured by regulatory agencies. OBJECTIVES We fabricated a multigene cross-species microarray as a diagnostic tool to screen the effects of environmental chemicals in fish, for which there is minimal genomic information. The array included genes that are involved in the actions of adrenal and sex steroids, thyroid hormone, and xenobiotic responses. This microarray will provide a sensitive tool for screening for the presence of chemicals with adverse effects on endocrine responses in coastal fish species. METHODS We used a custom multispecies microarray to study gene expression in wild hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis) collected from polluted and clean coastal waters and in laboratory male zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposure to estradiol and 4-nonylphenol. We measured gene-specific expression in turbot liver by qRT-PCR and correlated it to microarray data. RESULTS Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses of livers from turbot collected from polluted areas revealed altered gene expression profiles compared with those from nonaffected areas. CONCLUSIONS The agreement between the array data and qRT-PCR analyses validates this multispecies microarray. The microarray measurement of gene expression in zebrafish, which are phylogenetically distant from turbot, indicates that this multispecies microarray will be useful for measuring endocrine responses in other fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- BioMedical Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - L. James Sprague
- BioMedical Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Colleen Eckhardt-Ludka
- BioMedical Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Lapira
- BioMedical Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ivan Wick
- BioMedical Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura Soverchia
- BioMedical Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Doris Vidal-Dorsch
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Steven Bay
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Joseph R. Gully
- Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, Whittier, California, USA
| | - Jesus A. Reyes
- Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Kevin M. Kelley
- Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Roman Šášik
- BioMedical Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Moore’s Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine
- BioMedical Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Ruggeri B, Ubaldi M, Lourdusamy A, Soverchia L, Ciccocioppo R, Hardiman G, Baker ME, Palermo F, Polzonetti-Magni AM. Variation of the genetic expression pattern after exposure to estradiol-17beta and 4-nonylphenol in male zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 158:138-44. [PMID: 18602103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is much concern about the increasing presence in the environment of synthetic chemicals that are able to disrupt the endocrine system. Among these compounds, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) is one of the most studied xenoestrogens, due to its widespread accumulation in water sediment and consequent presence in fatty acid of aquatic organisms. Here, we have used a zebrafish microarray representing 16,399 genes to study the effects of 4-NP and estradiol-17beta (E2) in adult male zebrafish in order to elucidate the mechanism of action of 4-NP compared with that of E2. The microarray results showed that both 4-NP and E2 induced a strong expression of vitellogenin (VTG), the sex related precursor of the yolk proteins in oviparous vertebrates. Both treatments induced elevated protein turnover upregulating genes involved in proteolysis and those that are constituents of the ribosome. Many genes regulated by 4-NP and E2 are involved in energy metabolism, oxidative stress defense mechanisms, xenobiotic metabolism, and lipid metabolism. A different pattern of expression in the two treatments was found for genes involved in oxidative stress, since E2 seems to induce the mechanism of detoxification, while 4-NP seems to inhibit this protective mechanism of the cell. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the microarray approach can contribute significantly to the understanding of expression patterns induced by E2 and 4-NP in male zebrafish. The results also demonstrate that 4-NP is able to act through an alternative pattern to that of estradiol-17beta, modulating the expression of the same genes in a different manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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Palermo FA, Ruggeri B, Mosconi G, Virgili M, Polzonetti-Magni AM. Partial cloning of CB1 cDNA and CB1 mRNA changes in stress responses in the Solea solea. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:S52-9. [PMID: 18336994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoids, through the CB1 receptor, are involved in the control of several functions including stress responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of cannabinoid receptor CB1 in the sole ovary by partial cloning of brain CB1 cDNA; in a stress paradigm of disturbance by handling, which consisted in catching, netting and hand-sorting, changes of CB1 mRNA were related with those of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA; the trend and timing of stress responses and adaptation were monitored by measuring plasma cortisol levels. We characterized two forms of CB1-like receptor, termed CB1A and CB1B. The two sole CB1 (both 799bp) share 76% identity in their cDNAs, and the deduced amino acid sequences are 80% identical. The handling stress induced a sustained increase in plasma cortisol levels 1h after the handling began and decreased to low levels 12h after initiation of handling, showing the same trend of ovarian POMC mRNA expression. In addition, while CB1A mRNA did not show any significant changes during handling stress, significantly lower levels of CB1B mRNA were found in stressed fish 1h after the beginning of handling, with CB1 expression increased 24h after stress induction, both in the ovary and brain. It can be concluded that endocannabinoid system is involved in the modulation of adaptive responses to environmental conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Flatfishes/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hydrocortisone/blood
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovary/metabolism
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/chemistry
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Palermo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologiche e Biochimiche Comparate, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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Tommasi T, Sassi G, Ruggeri B. Acid pre-treatment of sewage anaerobic sludge to increase hydrogen producing bacteria HPB: effectiveness and reproducibility. Water Sci Technol 2008; 58:1623-1628. [PMID: 19001717 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2008.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed to test the effectiveness and the reproducibility of the acid pre-treatment of sewage sludge to suppress the methanogenic bacteria activity, in order to increase the hydrogen forming bacteria activity, mainly Clostridium species. The treated sludge has been tested on glucose reach medium under mesophilic conditions (35 degrees C), in batch mode to quantify the biological fermentative hydrogen production. In the whole series of experiments, the main components of biogas are hydrogen (52-60%) and carbon dioxide (40-48%); no methane and hydrogen sulphide were present in it. The rate of biogas production reached a maximum of 75 ml/lh. An overall mean hydrogen conversion efficiency was 11.20% on the assumption of maximum of 3 mol H2/mol glucose. Clostridium spp. multiplied ten times after 10 h of fermentation and over that thousand times at the end of fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tommasi
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10129, Turin, Italy.
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Sassi G, Vernai AM, Ruggeri B. Quantitative estimation of uncertainty in human risk analysis. J Hazard Mater 2007; 145:296-304. [PMID: 17175099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper is aimed to candidate the use of an ISO standard procedure (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, GUM) for quantitative evaluation of uncertainty in Human Risk estimation under chronic exposure to a hazardous chemical compound. Risk was evaluated by using the usual methodologies: the deterministic reasonable maximum exposure (RME) and the statistical Monte Carlo method; in both cases the procedures to evaluate the uncertainty on risk values are detailed. The paper put in evidence that the procedure is able to single out the variables that contribute mostly to the uncertainty. The obtained results show that the application of GUM procedure is easy and straightforward to estimate the uncertainty value on the results of risk estimation. The procedure is applied to a real case concerning the ingestion of milk contaminated by dioxins in a northern part of Italy; the risk value resulted to be over the minimal threshold of 10(-6) with 20-80% confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sassi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Ruggeri B, Soverchia L, Mosconi G, Franzoni MF, Cottone E, Polzonetti-Magni AM. Changes of gonadal CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA in the gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, during sex reversal. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 150:263-9. [PMID: 17078952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two cannabinoid receptor-like genes (CB1-like), named CB1A and CB1B, have been isolated in teleost fish, specifically in the puffer fish, Fugu rubripes. However, information on the physiological roles, such as the control of reproduction and development in fish is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of CB1-like mRNA in the gonads of a marine teleost species, the gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, a hermaphrodite species in which the gonadal tissues first develop as testes, and then as functional ovary. We isolated an 890 bp fragment (GenBank accession number ); that corresponded to the open reading frame of the teleost CB1 receptor gene, encoding for the central portion of the protein, which was aligned with the other bony fish sequence. Using "in situ" hybridization, CB1-like mRNA was localized in both mature and sex-reversing gonads, and relative changes in CB1-like expression levels were detected through semi-quantitative RT-PCR. In the mature testis and in the testicular part of the sex-reversing gonad, CB1 expression levels were found to be much higher compared to the ovarian portion. This suggests that the CB1 signaling is likely involved in the process of testicular regression of the S. aurata, but its actual role has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruggeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologiche e Biochimiche Comparate, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Camerini 2, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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Soverchia L, Ruggeri B, Palermo F, Mosconi G, Cardinaletti G, Scortichini G, Gatti G, Polzonetti-Magni AM. Modulation of vitellogenin synthesis through estrogen receptor beta-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus) juveniles exposed to 17-beta estradiol and nonylphenol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 209:236-43. [PMID: 15921715 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many synthetic chemicals, termed xenoestrogens, have been shown to interact as agonists with the estrogen receptor (ER) to elicit biological responses similar to those of natural hormones. To date, the regulation of vitellogenesis in oviparous vertebrates has been widely used for evaluation of estrogenic effects. Therefore, Carassius auratus juveniles were chosen as a fish model for studying the effects of estradiol-17beta and different concentrations (10(-6) and 10(-7) M) of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on the expression of liver ERbeta-1 subtype; plasma vitellogenin and sex steroids (androgens and estradiol-17beta) were also evaluated together with the bioaccumulation process, through mass-spectrometry. C. auratus is a species widespread in the aquatic environment and, on the toxicological point of view, can be considered a good "sentinel" species. Juveniles of goldfish were maintained in tanks with only tap water or water with different concentrations (10(-6) and 10(-7) M) of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), or 10(-7) M of estradiol-17beta. After 3 weeks of treatment, animals were anesthetized within 5 min after capture, and blood was immediately collected into heparinized syringes by cardiac puncture and stored at -70 degrees C; the gonads were fixed, then frozen and stored at -70 degrees C; the whole fish, liver, and muscle tissues were harvested and immediately stored at -70 degrees C for molecular biology experiments and bioaccumulation measurements. The estrogenic effects of 4-NP were evidenced by the presence of plasma vitellogenin in juveniles exposed both to estradiol-17beta and the two doses of 4-NP; moreover, exposure to 4-NP also increased aromatization of androgens, as suggested by decreasing androgens and increasing estradiol-17beta plasma levels. The changes of these parameters were in agreement with the increasing transcriptional rate of ERbeta-1 mRNA in the liver, demonstrating that both estradiol-17beta and 4-NP modulate the vitellogenin rate through interaction with the ERbeta-1 subtype. The present study also suggests that 4-NP at the concentration of 10(-6) M bioaccumulates in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Soverchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Scalzino 3, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
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Soverchia L, Mosconi G, Ruggeri B, Ballarini P, Catone G, Degl'Innocenti S, Nabissi M, Polzonetti-Magni AM. Proopiomelanocortin gene expression and β-endorphin localization in the pituitary, testis, and epididymis of stallion. Mol Reprod Dev 2005; 73:1-8. [PMID: 16177984 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor protein that contains the sequences of several bioactive peptides including adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), beta-endorphin (beta-EP), and melanocyte-stimulating-hormone (MSH). POMC is synthesized in the pituitary gland, brain, and many peripheral tissues. Immunoreactive POMC-derived peptides as well as POMC-like mRNA have been evidenced in several nonpituitary tissues, thus suggesting that POMC is actively synthesized by these tissues. The present study was aimed at evaluating if also in the case of stallion POMC-derived peptide, beta-EP, is produced locally in the testis, thus playing effects in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. To investigate this hypothesis the POMC gene expression was analyzed using 3' RACE-PCR and Northern Blot approaches in the testis and epididimys of stallion; moreover, immunocytochemical localization for beta-EP was also performed through confocal laser microscopy. The immunofluorescence results showed a positive beta-EP reaction not only in cellular nest of pituitary but also in the testis and genital tract of stallion, which function could be related with sperm mobility. Such role seem not to be no dependent on the peptide synthesized locally, because the molecular biology approach demonstrated the presence of POMC transcript in the pituitary only. In fact the Northern Blot analysis showed the presence of a single POMC transcript in the pituitary while no signal was detected in the testis and epididimys. The same results were obtained by applied 3' RACE-PCR analysis. In conclusion, opioid-derived peptide beta-EP is present in the genital tract of stallion, but is not locally produced as in other mammalian, and nonmammalian models; its possible biological function at testicular level could be linked to a long-loop feed-back mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Soverchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Scalzino 3, Camerino (MC), Italia
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Deuson RR, Ballatori E, Ruggeri B, Roila F, Sarti S, Soru G, Cruciani G, Di Maio M, Locatelli C. The economic burden of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and its impact on the quality of life of Italian cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Deuson
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - E. Ballatori
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - B. Ruggeri
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - F. Roila
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - S. Sarti
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - G. Soru
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - G. Cruciani
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - M. Di Maio
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Locatelli
- Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Aquila University, Aquila, Italy; Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy; Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Sassari Hospital, Sassari, Italy; Lugo Hospital, Ravenna, Italy; Istituto Pascale, Napoli, Italy; San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Roila F, Ruggeri B, Ballatori E, Labianca R, Patoia L, Colucci G, Di Costanzo F, Palazzo S, Cascinu S, Sobrero A. Adjuvant therapies in patients with colorectal cancer: An audit on clinical practice in Italy. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Roila
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - B. Ruggeri
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - E. Ballatori
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - R. Labianca
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - L. Patoia
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - G. Colucci
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - F. Di Costanzo
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - S. Palazzo
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - S. Cascinu
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
| | - A. Sobrero
- Medical Oncology Division, Perugia, Italy; Statistical Unit, Aquila, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Internal Medicine, Perugia, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Bari, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Firenze, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Cosenza, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Ancona, Italy; Medical Oncology Division, Genova, Italy
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De Lorenzo F, Ballatori E, Di Costanzo F, Giacalone A, Ruggeri B, Tirelli U. Improving information to Italian cancer patients: results of a randomized study. Ann Oncol 2004; 15:721-5. [PMID: 15111338 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdh190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been widely shown that the provision of adequate levels of information to patients does have a positive effect on quality of life by reducing anxiety and depression levels. The aim of this study was to show how Italian cancer patients rate the information they are given and whether the use of booklets and videotapes can improve their quality of life. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cancer patients aged between 18 and 80 years who were about to receive their first chemotherapy course were randomized to fill in questionnaires on perceived quality of information, level of psychological distress, perceived severity and curability of the disease, and quality of life. The results were evaluated by means of statistical analyses. RESULTS Out of 328 consecutive patients enrolled in 21 cancer centers, 86-93% considered the booklets either "very useful" or "useful". The videotape was regarded as "quite" or "much" more complete than the booklets (87%). According to 81%/87% of patients, the information that had been given had improved their knowledge of the disease/chemotherapy either "a lot" or "enough". CONCLUSIONS The information patients receive from the oncologist was rated the highest, as long as they were devoted enough time. Booklets and videotapes can partially overcome the lack of oral information given by medical doctors. A better informed patient does help the oncologist save time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Lorenzo
- AIMaC-Associazione Italiana Malati di Cancro, parenti e amici, Via Barberini 11, 00187 Rome, Italy.
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Underiner TL, Ruggeri B, Gingrich DE. Development of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) kinase inhibitors as anti-angiogenic agents in cancer therapy. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11:731-45. [PMID: 15032727 DOI: 10.2174/0929867043455756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the known angiogenic growth factors and cytokines implicated in the modulation of normal and pathological angiogenesis, the VEGF family (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D) and their corresponding receptor tyrosine kinases [VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (Flk-1, KDR), and VEGFR-3 (Flt-4)] play a paramount and indispensable role in regulating the multiple facets of the angiogenic and lymphangiogenic processes, as well as the induction of vascular permeability and inflammation. The receptor VEGFR-2/KDR is the principal one through which VEGFs exert their mitogenic, chemotactic, and vascular permeabilizing effects on the host vasculature. Increased expression of VEGFs by tumor cells and VEGFR-2/KDR and VEGFR-1/Flt-1 by the tumor-associated vasculature are a hallmark of a variety of human and rodent tumors in vivo and correlates with tumor growth rate, micro-vessel density/proliferation, tumor metastatic potential, and poorer patient prognosis in a variety of malignancies. Approaches to disrupting the VEGF/VEGFR signaling cascade range from biological agents (soluble receptors, anti-VEGF and anti-VEGFR-2 antibodies, and VEGF transcription inhibitors) to small molecule ATP competitive VEGFR inhibitors. Examples from this latter class that are currently in clinical development include compounds from distinct chemical classes such as: indolin-2-ones, anilinoquinazolines, anilinophthalazines, isothiazoles, indolo- and indenocarbazoles. The structure activity relationships, biochemical and pharmacological profile of optimized representatives from each of these classes constitute the subject matter of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Underiner
- Departments of Chemistry and Oncolgy, Cephalon, Inc, West Chester, PA, USA.
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