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Desrivières S, Zhang Z, Robinson L, Whelan R, Jollans L, Wang Z, Nees F, Chu C, Bobou M, Du D, Cristea I, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bokde A, Grigis A, Garavan H, Heinz A, Bruhl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Fröhner J, Smolka M, Vaidya N, Walter H, Winterer J, Broulidakis M, van Noort B, Stringaris A, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Insensee C, Becker A, Zhang Y, King S, Sinclair J, Schumann G, Schmidt U. Machine learning models for diagnosis and risk prediction in eating disorders, depression, and alcohol use disorder. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-3777784. [PMID: 38352452 PMCID: PMC10862965 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3777784/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This study uses machine learning models to uncover diagnostic and risk prediction markers for eating disorders (EDs), major depressive disorder (MDD), and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Utilizing case-control samples (ages 18-25 years) and a longitudinal population-based sample (n=1,851), the models, incorporating diverse data domains, achieved high accuracy in classifying EDs, MDD, and AUD from healthy controls. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC-ROC [95% CI]) reached 0.92 [0.86-0.97] for AN and 0.91 [0.85-0.96] for BN, without relying on body mass index as a predictor. The classification accuracies for MDD (0.91 [0.88-0.94]) and AUD (0.80 [0.74-0.85]) were also high. Each data domain emerged as accurate classifiers individually, with personality distinguishing AN, BN, and their controls with AUC-ROCs ranging from 0.77 to 0.89. The models demonstrated high transdiagnostic potential, as those trained for EDs were also accurate in classifying AUD and MDD from healthy controls, and vice versa (AUC-ROCs, 0.75-0.93). Shared predictors, such as neuroticism, hopelessness, and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, were identified as reliable classifiers. For risk prediction in the longitudinal population sample, the models exhibited moderate performance (AUC-ROCs, 0.64-0.71), highlighting the potential of combining multi-domain data for precise diagnostic and risk prediction applications in psychiatry.
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Chavanne AV, Paillère Martinot ML, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Conrod P, Stringaris A, van Noort B, Isensee C, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Martinot JL, Artiges E. Anxiety onset in adolescents: a machine-learning prediction. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:639-646. [PMID: 36481929 PMCID: PMC9908534 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent longitudinal studies in youth have reported MRI correlates of prospective anxiety symptoms during adolescence, a vulnerable period for the onset of anxiety disorders. However, their predictive value has not been established. Individual prediction through machine-learning algorithms might help bridge the gap to clinical relevance. A voting classifier with Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Logistic Regression algorithms was used to evaluate the predictive pertinence of gray matter volumes of interest and psychometric scores in the detection of prospective clinical anxiety. Participants with clinical anxiety at age 18-23 (N = 156) were investigated at age 14 along with healthy controls (N = 424). Shapley values were extracted for in-depth interpretation of feature importance. Prospective prediction of pooled anxiety disorders relied mostly on psychometric features and achieved moderate performance (area under the receiver operating curve = 0.68), while generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) prediction achieved similar performance. MRI regional volumes did not improve the prediction performance of prospective pooled anxiety disorders with respect to psychometric features alone, but they improved the prediction performance of GAD, with the caudate and pallidum volumes being among the most contributing features. To conclude, in non-anxious 14 year old adolescents, future clinical anxiety onset 4-8 years later could be individually predicted. Psychometric features such as neuroticism, hopelessness and emotional symptoms were the main contributors to pooled anxiety disorders prediction. Neuroanatomical data, such as caudate and pallidum volume, proved valuable for GAD and should be included in prospective clinical anxiety prediction in adolescents.
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Grants
- MRF_MRF-058-0004-RG-DESRI MRF
- MR/R00465X/1 Medical Research Council
- R01 MH085772 NIMH NIH HHS
- U54 EB020403 NIBIB NIH HHS
- R56 AG058854 NIA NIH HHS
- MR/W002418/1 Medical Research Council
- MR/S020306/1 Medical Research Council
- MRF_MRF-058-0009-RG-DESR-C0759 MRF
- MR/N000390/1 Medical Research Council
- R01 DA049238 NIDA NIH HHS
- This work received support from the following sources: the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant ‘STRATIFY’ (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), Human Brain Project (HBP SGA 2, 785907, and HBP SGA 3, 945539), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA’ (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the National Institute of Health (NIH) (R01DA049238, A decentralized macro and micro gene-by-environment interaction analysis of substance use behavior and its brain biomarkers), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B; Forschungsnetz IMAC- Mind 01GL1745B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-2, SFB 940, TRR 265, NE 1383/14-1), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded ENIGMA (grants 5U54EB020403-05 and 1R56AG058854-01). Further support was provided by grants from: - the ANR (ANR-12-SAMA-0004, AAPG2019 - GeBra), the Eranet Neuron (AF12-NEUR0008-01 - WM2NA; and ANR-18-NEUR00002-01 - ADORe), the Fondation de France (00081242), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (DPA20140629802), the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l’Avenir (grant AP-RM-17-013), the Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence. The INSERM, and the Strasbourg University and SATT CONECTUS, provided sponsorship (PI: Jean-Luc Martinot).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Chavanne
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Laure Paillère Martinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Betteke van Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Isensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Population Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Eric Artiges
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
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3
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Guldner S, Sarvasmaa AS, Lemaître H, Massicotte J, Vulser H, Miranda R, Bezivin-Frère P, Filippi I, Penttilä J, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Artiges E, Martinot MLP, Martinot JL. Longitudinal associations between adolescent catch-up sleep, white-matter maturation and internalizing problems. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 59:101193. [PMID: 36610292 PMCID: PMC9841167 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an important contributor for neural maturation and emotion regulation during adolescence, with long-term effects on a range of white matter tracts implicated in affective processing in at-risk populations. We investigated the effects of adolescent sleep patterns on longitudinal changes in white matter development and whether this is related to the emergence of emotional (internalizing) problems. Sleep patterns and internalizing problems were assessed using self-report questionnaires in adolescents recruited in the general population followed up from age 14-19 years (N = 111 White matter structure was measured using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and estimated using fractional anisotropy (FA). We found that longitudinal increases in time in bed (TIB) on weekends and increases in TIB-variability between weekdays to weekend, were associated with an increase in FA in various interhemispheric and cortico-striatal tracts. Extracted FA values from left superior longitudinal fasciculus mediated the relationship between increases in TIB on weekends and a decrease in internalizing problems. These results imply that while insufficient sleep might have potentially harmful effects on long-term white matter development and internalizing problems, longer sleep duration on weekends (catch-up sleep) might be a natural counteractive and protective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Guldner
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna S Sarvasmaa
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Student Health Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Massicotte
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Vulser
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pauline Bezivin-Frère
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Irina Filippi
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun Lw Bokde
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Saclay, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai; and Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Artiges
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; EPS Barthelemy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France; AP-HP. Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Université Paris-Saclay; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires développementales Psychiatrie", Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9010, Université Paris Cité, Centre Borelli, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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4
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Vulser H, Lemaître HS, Guldner S, Bezivin-Frère P, Löffler M, Sarvasmaa AS, Massicotte-Marquez J, Artiges E, Paillère Martinot ML, Filippi I, Miranda R, Stringaris A, van Noort BM, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Fröhner JH, Garavan H, Grigis A, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Spechler PA, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Flor H, Martinot JL, Nees F. Chronotype, Longitudinal Volumetric Brain Variations Throughout Adolescence, and Depressive Symptom Development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:48-58. [PMID: 35714839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescence is a critical period for circadian rhythm, with a strong shift toward eveningness around age 14. Also, eveningness in adolescence has been found to predict later onset of depressive symptoms. However, no previous study has investigated structural variations associated with chronotype in early adolescence and how this adds to the development of depressive symptoms. METHOD Assessment of 128 community-based adolescents (51% girls) at age 14 and 19 years was performed. Using whole-brain voxel-based morphometry, baseline (at age 14) regional gray matter volumes (GMVs), follow-up (at age 19) regional GMVs, and longitudinal changes (between 14 and 19) associated with Morningness/Eveningness Scale in Children score and sleep habits at baseline were measured. The association of GMV with depressive symptoms at 19 years was studied, and the role of potential clinical and genetic factors as mediators and moderators was assessed. RESULTS Higher eveningness was associated with larger GMV in the right medial prefrontal cortex at ages 14 and 19 in the whole sample. GMV in this region related to depressive symptoms at age 19 in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val/Val, but not in Met COMT, carriers. Larger GMV also was observed in the right fusiform gyrus at age 14, which was explained by later wake-up time during weekends. CONCLUSION In adolescence, eveningness and its related sleep habits correlated with distinct developmental patterns. Eveningness was specifically associated with GMV changes in the medial prefrontal cortex; this could serve as a brain vulnerability factor for later self-reported depressive symptoms in COMT Val/Val carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Vulser
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France.
| | - Hervé S Lemaître
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stella Guldner
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Pauline Bezivin-Frère
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin Löffler
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Anna S Sarvasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland, and the University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jessica Massicotte-Marquez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Irina Filippi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France
| | | | | | - Jani Penttilä
- Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, the PONS Research Group, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany and the Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany, and the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
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Nees F, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Brühl R, Isensee C, Becker A, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Lemaître H, Stringaris A, van Noort B, Paus T, Penttilä J, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Poustka L. Global and Regional Structural Differences and Prediction of Autistic Traits during Adolescence. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1187. [PMID: 36138923 PMCID: PMC9496772 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autistic traits are commonly viewed as dimensional in nature, and as continuously distributed in the general population. In this respect, the identification of predictive values of markers such as subtle autism-related alterations in brain morphology for parameter values of autistic traits could increase our understanding of this dimensional occasion. However, currently, very little is known about how these traits correspond to alterations in brain morphology in typically developing individuals, particularly during a time period where changes due to brain development processes do not provide a bias. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed brain volume, cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) in a cohort of 14-15-year-old adolescents (N = 285, female: N = 162) and tested their predictive value for autistic traits, assessed with the social responsiveness scale (SRS) two years later at the age of 16-17 years, using a regression-based approach. We found that autistic traits were significantly predicted by volumetric changes in the amygdala (r = 0.181), cerebellum (r = 0.128) and hippocampus (r = -0.181, r = -0.203), both in boys and girls. Moreover, the CT of the superior frontal region was negatively correlated (r = -0.144) with SRS scores. Furthermore, we observed a significant association between the SRS total score and smaller left putamen volume, specifically in boys (r = -0.217), but not in girls. Our findings suggest that neural correlates of autistic traits also seem to lie on a continuum in the general population, are determined by limbic-striatal neuroanatomical brain areas, and are partly dependent on sex. As we imaged adolescents from a large population-based cohort within a small age range, these data may help to increase the understanding of autistic-like occasions in otherwise typically developing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Nees
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Corinna Isensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 “Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie”, Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 “Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie”, Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 “Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie”, Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91150 Etampes, France
| | | | - Hervé Lemaître
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Betteke van Noort
- MSB Medical School Berlin, Hochschule für Gesundheit und Medizin, Siemens Villa, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Departments of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jani Penttilä
- CanadaDepartment of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- School of Psychology, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Luise Poustka
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 “Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie”, Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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6
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Pan PM, Sato JR, Paillère Martinot ML, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, van Noort BM, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Garavan H, Ittermann B, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Whelan R, Schumann G, Westwater ML, Grillon C, Cogo-Moreira H, Stringaris A, Ernst M. Longitudinal Trajectory of the Link Between Ventral Striatum and Depression in Adolescence. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:470-481. [PMID: 35582783 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research in adolescent depression has found aberrant intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) among the ventral striatum (VS) and several brain regions implicated in reward processing. The present study probes this question by taking advantage of the availability of data from a large youth cohort, the IMAGEN Consortium. METHODS iFC data from 303 adolescents (48% of them female) were used to examine associations of VS connectivity at baseline (at age 14) with depressive disorders at baseline and at 2-year (N=250) and 4-year (N=219) follow-ups. Eleven regions of interest, key nodes of the reward system, were used to probe the reward network and calculate the connectivity strength of the VS within this network (VS connectivityrw). The main analyses assessed associations of VS connectivityrw with depressive disorders, anhedonia, and low mood using logistic regression. Autoregressive models accounting for carryover effects over time were conducted to further evaluate these brain-behavior associations. RESULTS Higher right VS connectivityrw was associated with higher probability of depressive disorders at baseline (odds ratio=2.65, 95% CI=1.40, 5.05). This finding was confirmed in the autoregressive model, adjusting for carryover effects of the depressive disorders across the three time points. VS connectivityrw was not predictive of depressive disorders at follow-up assessments. Longitudinal associations between VS connectivityrw and anhedonia emerged in the structural equation model: left VS connectivityrw was associated with anhedonia at 2 years (odds ratio=2.20, 95% CI=1.54, 3.14), and right VS connectivityrw was linked to anhedonia at 4 years (odds ratio=1.87, 95% CI=1.09, 3.21). VS connectivityrw did not predict low mood at any time point in the structural equation model. CONCLUSIONS The connectivity strength of the VS within the reward network showed distinct patterns of association with depressive disorders and anhedonia from mid to late adolescence, suggesting that the role of this circuitry in depression changes with age. This study replicates, in an independent sample, the association between the VS and depression previously reported in younger adolescents. The findings suggest a role of VS connectivityrw in anhedonia but not in low mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mario Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - João R Sato
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Eric Artiges
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Betteke M van Noort
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Margaret L Westwater
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Christian Grillon
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Hugo Cogo-Moreira
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
| | - Monique Ernst
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil (Pan, Sato); Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Pan, Westwater, Grillon, Ernst); Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (Sato); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Paillère Martinot, Martinot, Artiges); AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère Martinot); Department of Psychiatry, EPS Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France (Artiges); Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland (Penttilä); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Grimmer, Banaschewski); MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Berlin (van Noort); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (Becker); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London (Desrivières, Poustka); Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, and Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany (Ittermann); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Papadopoulos Orfanos); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Center for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, and Charité Mental Health, Berlin (Schumann); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K. (Westwater); Department of Education, ICT, and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway (Cogo-Moreira); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (Stringaris)
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7
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Toenders YJ, Kottaram A, Dinga R, Davey CG, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Lemaitre H, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Stringaris A, van Noort B, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Insensee C, Becker A, Schumann G, Schmaal L. Predicting Depression Onset in Young People Based on Clinical, Cognitive, Environmental, and Neurobiological Data. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2022; 7:376-384. [PMID: 33753312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent onset of depression is associated with long-lasting negative consequences. Identifying adolescents at risk for developing depression would enable the monitoring of risk factors and the development of early intervention strategies. Using machine learning to combine several risk factors from multiple modalities might allow prediction of depression onset at the individual level. METHODS A subsample of a multisite longitudinal study in adolescents, the IMAGEN study, was used to predict future (subthreshold) major depressive disorder onset in healthy adolescents. Based on 2-year and 5-year follow-up data, participants were grouped into the following: 1) those developing a diagnosis of major depressive disorder or subthreshold major depressive disorder and 2) healthy control subjects. Baseline measurements of 145 variables from different modalities (clinical, cognitive, environmental, and structural magnetic resonance imaging) at age 14 years were used as input to penalized logistic regression (with different levels of penalization) to predict depression onset in a training dataset (n = 407). The features contributing the highest to the prediction were validated in an independent hold-out sample (three independent IMAGEN sites; n = 137). RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting depression onset ranged between 0.70 and 0.72 in the training dataset. Baseline severity of depressive symptoms, female sex, neuroticism, stressful life events, and surface area of the supramarginal gyrus contributed most to the predictive model and predicted onset of depression, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve between 0.68 and 0.72 in the independent validation sample. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that depression onset in adolescents can be predicted based on a combination multimodal data of clinical characteristics, life events, personality traits, and brain structure variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara J Toenders
- Orygen, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Akhil Kottaram
- Orygen, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Dinga
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie;" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie;" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Herve Lemaitre
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen23, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Betteke van Noort
- MSB Medical School Berlin, Hochschule für Gesundheit und Medizin, Siemens Villa, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu Lahti, Finland
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Corinna Insensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen23, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen23, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Zhang Z, Robinson L, Jia T, Quinlan EB, Tay N, Chu C, Barker ED, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Stringaris A, Penttilä J, van Noort B, Grimmer Y, Paillère Martinot ML, Isensee C, Becker A, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Schmidt U, Desrivières S. Development of Disordered Eating Behaviors and Comorbid Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Neural and Psychopathological Predictors. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:853-862. [PMID: 32778392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders are common in adolescence and are devastating and strongly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. Yet little is known about their etiology, knowing which would aid in developing effective preventive measures. METHODS Longitudinal assessments of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs)-binge-eating, purging, and dieting-and comorbid psychopathology were measured in 1386 adolescents from the IMAGEN study. Development of DEBs and associated mental health problems was investigated by comparing participants who reported symptoms at ages 16 or 19 years, but not at age 14 years, with asymptomatic control participants. Voxel-based morphometry and psychopathological differences at age 14 were investigated to identify risk factors for the development of DEBs and associated mental health problems. RESULTS DEBs and depressive symptoms developed together. Emotional and behavioral problems, including symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder, predated their development. Alterations in frontostriatal brain areas also predated the development of DEBs and depressive symptoms. Specifically, development of binge-eating was predicted by higher gray matter volumes in the right putamen/globus pallidus at age 14. Conversely, development of purging and depressive symptoms was predicted by lower volumes in the medial orbitofrontal, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Lower gray matter volumes in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices mediated the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder symptoms and future purging and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that alterations in frontal brain circuits are part of the shared etiology among eating disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and depression and highlight the importance of a transdiagnostic approach to treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Zhang
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Robinson
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D Barker
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Developmental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charite Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U A10 "Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry", Université Paris-Saclay, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Kauppakatu, Lahti, Finland
| | | | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Corinna Isensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charite Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charite Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Eating Disorders Service, Maudsley Hospital, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Lapidaire W, Urrila AS, Artiges E, Miranda R, Vulser H, Bézivin-Frere P, Lemaître H, Penttilä J, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Martinot MLP, Martinot JL. Irregular sleep habits, regional grey matter volumes, and psychological functioning in adolescents. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243720. [PMID: 33566829 PMCID: PMC7875363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing sleep rhythms in adolescents often lead to sleep deficits and a delay in sleep timing between weekdays and weekends. The adolescent brain, and in particular the rapidly developing structures involved in emotional control, are vulnerable to external and internal factors. In our previous study in adolescents at age 14, we observed a strong relationship between weekend sleep schedules and regional medial prefrontal cortex grey matter volumes. Here, we aimed to assess whether this relationship remained in this group of adolescents of the general population at the age of 16 (n = 101; mean age 16.8 years; 55% girls). We further examined grey matter volumes in the hippocampi and the amygdalae, calculated with voxel-based morphometry. In addition, we investigated the relationships between sleep habits, assessed with self-reports, and regional grey matter volumes, and psychological functioning, assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and tests on working memory and impulsivity. Later weekend wake-up times were associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdalae, and greater weekend delays in wake-up time were associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the right hippocampus and amygdala. The medial prefrontal cortex region mediated the correlation between weekend wake up time and externalising symptoms. Paying attention to regular sleep habits during adolescence could act as a protective factor against the emergence of psychopathology via enabling favourable brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winok Lapidaire
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anna S. Urrila
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Health, Unit of Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry / Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Artiges
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthelemy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Vulser
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pauline Bézivin-Frere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical School, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commission for Atomic and Alternative Energy, Saclay, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, 6436 UHC, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Centre of Neuroimaging Research, CENIR at ICM Institute, Paris Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Robinson L, Zhang Z, Jia T, Bobou M, Roach A, Campbell I, Irish M, Quinlan EB, Tay N, Barker ED, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Grigis A, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Stringaris A, Penttilä J, van Noort B, Grimmer Y, Martinot MLP, Insensee C, Becker A, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Schmidt U, Desrivières S. Association of Genetic and Phenotypic Assessments With Onset of Disordered Eating Behaviors and Comorbid Mental Health Problems Among Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2026874. [PMID: 33263759 PMCID: PMC7711322 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Eating disorders are serious mental disorders with increasing prevalence. Without early identification and treatment, eating disorders may run a long-term course. OBJECTIVE To characterize any associations among disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and other mental health disorders and to identify early associations with the development of symptoms over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, population-based, longitudinal cohort study used data from baseline (collected in 2010), follow-up 1 (collected in 2012), and follow-up 2 (collected in 2015) of the IMAGEN Study, which included adolescents recruited from 8 European sites. The present study assessed data from 1623 healthy adolescents, aged 14 years at baseline, recruited from high schools. Data analyses were performed from January 2018 to September 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Body mass index (BMI), mental health symptoms, substance use behaviors, and personality variables were investigated as time-varying associations of DEBs (dieting, binge eating, and purging) or change in BMI over time. Polygenic risk scores were calculated to investigate genetic contributions associated with BMI, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and neuroticism to DEBs. RESULTS In this cohort study of 1623 adolescents (829 girls [51.1%]) recruited at a mean (SD) age of 14.5 (0.4) years and followed up at ages 16 and 19 years, 278 adolescents (17.1%) reported binge eating, 334 adolescents (20.6%) reported purging, and 356 adolescents (21.9%) reported dieting at 14, 16, or 19 years. Among the precursors of DEBs, high BMI was associated with future dieting (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 2.09-5.65). High levels of neuroticism (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06), conduct problems (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.17-1.69), and deliberate self-harm (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.37-3.45) were associated with future binge eating. Low agreeableness (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.97), deliberate self-harm (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.69-3.95), conduct problems (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.20-1.68), alcohol misuse (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.10-1.54), and drug abuse (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.78-4.74) were associated with future purging. Polygenetic risk scores for BMI were associated with dieting (at 14 years: OR, 1.27; lower bound 95% CI, 1.08; at 16 years: OR, 1.38; lower bound 95% CI, 1.17); ADHD, with purging (at 16 years: OR, 1.25; lower bound 95% CI, 1.08; at 19 years, OR, 1.23; lower bound 95% CI, 1.06); and neuroticism, with binge eating (at 14 years: OR, 1.32; lower bound 95% CI, 1.11; at 16 years: OR, 1.24; lower bound 95% CI, 1.06), highlighting distinct etiologic overlaps between these traits. The DEBs predated other mental health problems, with dieting at 14 years associated with future symptoms of depression (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.56-4.10), generalized anxiety (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.14-4.51), deliberate self-harm (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.51-4.24), emotional problems (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08-1.43), and smoking (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.36-3.48). Purging at 14 years was also associated with future depression (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.69-5.01) and anxiety (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.49-4.12) symptoms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this study delineate temporal associations and shared etiologies among DEBs and other mental health disorders and emphasize the potential of genetic and phenotypical assessments of obesity, behavioral disorders, and neuroticism to improve early and differential diagnosis of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Robinson
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zuo Zhang
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marina Bobou
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Roach
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Irish
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D. Barker
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Developmental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM U A10 “Developmental Trajectories & Psychiatry,” Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland
| | | | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France
| | - Corinna Insensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Systems Neuroscience, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Deptartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin School of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Deptartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Eating Disorders Service, Maudsley Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Albaugh MD, Ivanova M, Chaarani B, Orr C, Allgaier N, Althoff RR, D' Alberto N, Hudson K, Mackey S, Spechler PA, Banaschewski T, Brühl R, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Goodman R, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Paus T, Smolka MN, Struve M, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Potter AS. Ventromedial Prefrontal Volume in Adolescence Predicts Hyperactive/Inattentive Symptoms in Adulthood. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1866-1874. [PMID: 29912404 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology often exhibit residual inattention and/or hyperactivity in adulthood; however, this is not true for all individuals. We recently reported that dimensional, multi-informant ratings of hyperactive/inattentive symptoms are associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) structure. Herein, we investigate the degree to which vmPFC structure during adolescence predicts hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology at 5-year follow-up. Structural equation modeling was used to test the extent to which adolescent vmPFC volume predicts hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology 5 years later in early adulthood. 1104 participants (M = 14.52 years, standard deviation = 0.42; 583 females) possessed hyperactive/inattentive symptom data at 5-year follow-up, as well as quality controlled neuroimaging data and complete psychometric data at baseline. Self-reports of hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology were obtained during adolescence and at 5-year follow-up using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). At baseline and 5-year follow-up, a hyperactive/inattentive latent variable was derived from items on the SDQ. Baseline vmPFC volume predicted adult hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology (standardized coefficient = -0.274, P < 0.001) while controlling for baseline hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology. These results are the first to reveal relations between adolescent brain structure and adult hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology, and suggest that early structural development of the vmPFC may be consequential for the subsequent expression of hyperactive/inattentive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Masha Ivanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas D' Alberto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelsey Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [PTB], Abbestr. 2-12, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité.,Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra S Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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12
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Judd N, Sauce B, Wiedenhoeft J, Tromp J, Chaarani B, Schliep A, van Noort B, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Insensee C, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Klingberg T. Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12411-12418. [PMID: 32430323 PMCID: PMC7275733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001228117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors and socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities play a large role in educational attainment, and both have been associated with variations in brain structure and cognition. However, genetics and SES are correlated, and no prior study has assessed their neural associations independently. Here we used a polygenic score for educational attainment (EduYears-PGS), as well as SES, in a longitudinal study of 551 adolescents to tease apart genetic and environmental associations with brain development and cognition. Subjects received a structural MRI scan at ages 14 and 19. At both time points, they performed three working memory (WM) tasks. SES and EduYears-PGS were correlated (r = 0.27) and had both common and independent associations with brain structure and cognition. Specifically, lower SES was related to less total cortical surface area and lower WM. EduYears-PGS was also related to total cortical surface area, but in addition had a regional association with surface area in the right parietal lobe, a region related to nonverbal cognitive functions, including mathematics, spatial cognition, and WM. SES, but not EduYears-PGS, was related to a change in total cortical surface area from age 14 to 19. This study demonstrates a regional association of EduYears-PGS and the independent prediction of SES with cognitive function and brain development. It suggests that the SES inequalities, in particular parental education, are related to global aspects of cortical development, and exert a persistent influence on brain development during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Judd
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Bruno Sauce
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - John Wiedenhoeft
- Department of Medical Statistics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Jeshua Tromp
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, 2311, The Netherlands
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Alexander Schliep
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41756, Sweden
| | - Betteke van Noort
- Hochschule für Gesundheit und Medizin, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, 14197, Germany
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, University of Tampere, Lahti, 33100, Finland
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 69117, Germany
| | - Corinna Insensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 69117, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 69117, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, 68131, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, 38116, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry," Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 69117, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, 68131, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
- NeuroSpin, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 69117, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, 69117, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01087, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Torkel Klingberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden;
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13
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Galinowski A, Miranda R, Lemaitre H, Artiges E, Paillère Martinot M, Filippi I, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Noort BM, Stringaris A, Becker A, Isensee C, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Goodman R, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Fröhner JH, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Hohmann S, Jurk S, Millenet S, Nees F, Papadopoulos‐Orfanos D, Poustka L, Quinlan EB, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Martinot J. Heavy drinking in adolescents is associated with change in brainstem microstructure and reward sensitivity. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12781. [PMID: 31328396 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinker adolescents: altered brainstem microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Galinowski
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Psychiatry and AddictologyPaul Brousse Hospital Villejuif France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR)Brain & Spine Institute Paris France
- Psychiatry Department 91G16Orsay Hospital Orsay France
| | - Marie‐Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Irina Filippi
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health CarePsychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Lahti Finland
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Betteke M. Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Corinna Isensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeurosciencesTrinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch‐Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 ‐ 12 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of PsychiatryMontreal University, CHU Ste Justine Hospital 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5 Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA‐Saclay Center Paris France
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont Burlington Vermont
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Vermont Burlington Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Sarah Jurk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of PsychologyUniversity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Jean‐Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR)Brain & Spine Institute Paris France
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14
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Frere PB, Vetter NC, Artiges E, Filippi I, Miranda R, Vulser H, Paillère-Martinot ML, Ziesch V, Conrod P, Cattrell A, Walter H, Gallinat J, Bromberg U, Jurk S, Menningen E, Frouin V, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Stringaris A, Penttilä J, van Noort B, Grimmer Y, Schumann G, Smolka MN, Martinot JL, Lemaître H. Sex effects on structural maturation of the limbic system and outcomes on emotional regulation during adolescence. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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15
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Ing A, Sämann PG, Chu C, Tay N, Biondo F, Robert G, Jia T, Wolfers T, Desrivières S, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod P, Fadai T, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Spechler PA, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Millenet S, Nees F, van Noort B, Orfanos DP, Martinot MLP, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Quinlan EB, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Struve M, Veer IM, Walter H, Whelan R, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Lemaitre H, Barker ED, Ashburner J, Binder E, Buitelaar J, Marquand A, Robbins TW, Schumann G. Identification of neurobehavioural symptom groups based on shared brain mechanisms. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:1306-1318. [PMID: 31591521 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most psychopathological disorders develop in adolescence. The biological basis for this development is poorly understood. To enhance diagnostic characterization and develop improved targeted interventions, it is critical to identify behavioural symptom groups that share neural substrates. We ran analyses to find relationships between behavioural symptoms and neuroimaging measures of brain structure and function in adolescence. We found two symptom groups, consisting of anxiety/depression and executive dysfunction symptoms, respectively, that correlated with distinct sets of brain regions and inter-regional connections, measured by structural and functional neuroimaging modalities. We found that the neural correlates of these symptom groups were present before behavioural symptoms had developed. These neural correlates showed case-control differences in corresponding psychiatric disorders, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in independent clinical samples. By characterizing behavioural symptom groups based on shared neural mechanisms, our results provide a framework for developing a classification system for psychiatric illness that is based on quantitative neurobehavioural measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ing
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Biondo
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Behaviour and Basal Ganglia Research Unit, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Betteke van Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Mood Brain and Development Unit, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 992 INSERM, CEA, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edward D Barker
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Ashburner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Binder
- Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
- PONS Research Group, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- PONS Research Group, Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
- PONS Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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16
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Ernst M, Benson B, Artiges E, Gorka AX, Lemaitre H, Lago T, Miranda R, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Fadai T, Flor H, Grigis A, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Kappel V, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Struve M, van Noort BM, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Grillon C, Martinot MLP, Martinot JL. Pubertal maturation and sex effects on the default-mode network connectivity implicated in mood dysregulation. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:103. [PMID: 30804326 PMCID: PMC6389927 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effects of puberty and sex on the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of brain networks, with a focus on the default-mode network (DMN). Consistently implicated in depressive disorders, the DMN's function may interact with puberty and sex in the development of these disorders, whose onsets peak in adolescence, and which show strong sex disproportionality (females > males). The main question concerns how the DMN evolves with puberty as a function of sex. These effects are expected to involve within- and between-network iFC, particularly, the salience and the central-executive networks, consistent with the Triple-Network Model. Resting-state scans of an adolescent community sample (n = 304, male/female: 157/147; mean/std age: 14.6/0.41 years), from the IMAGEN database, were analyzed using the AFNI software suite and a data reduction strategy for the effects of puberty and sex. Three midline regions (medial prefrontal, pregenual anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate), within the DMN and consistently implicated in mood disorders, were selected as seeds. Within- and between-network clusters of the DMN iFC changed with pubertal maturation differently in boys and girls (puberty-X-sex). Specifically, pubertal maturation predicted weaker iFC in girls and stronger iFC in boys. Finally, iFC was stronger in boys than girls independently of puberty. Brain-behavior associations indicated that lower connectivity of the anterior cingulate seed predicted higher internalizing symptoms at 2-year follow-up. In conclusion, weaker iFC of the anterior DMN may signal disconnections among circuits supporting mood regulation, conferring risk for internalizing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR), Brain & Spine Institute, Paris, France
- Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Herve Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Saclay, France
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, University of Tampere, Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Betteke M van Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", DIGITEO Labs, University Paris-Saclay, and University Paris Descartes, Gif sur Yvette, France
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette, France
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR), Brain & Spine Institute, Paris, France
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Vulser H, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Miranda R, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, van Noort BM, Stringaris A, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Goodman R, Tzavara E, Massaad C, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Nees F, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Rodehacke S, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Martinot JL, Lemaitre H. Early Variations in White Matter Microstructure and Depression Outcome in Adolescents With Subthreshold Depression. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:1255-1264. [PMID: 30111185 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White matter microstructure alterations have recently been associated with depressive episodes during adolescence, but it is unknown whether they predate depression. The authors investigated whether subthreshold depression in adolescence is associated with white matter microstructure variations and whether they relate to depression outcome. METHOD Adolescents with subthreshold depression (N=96) and healthy control subjects (N=336) drawn from a community-based cohort were compared using diffusion tensor imaging and whole brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) at age 14 to assess white matter microstructure. They were followed up at age 16 to assess depression. Probabilistic tractography was used to reconstruct white matter streamlines spreading from the regions identified in the TBSS analysis and along bundles implicated in emotion regulation, the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulum. The authors searched for mediating effects of white matter microstructure on the relationship between baseline subthreshold depression and depression at follow-up, and then explored the specificity of the findings. RESULTS Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher radial diffusivity were found in the anterior corpus callosum in the adolescents with subthreshold depression. Tractography analysis showed that they also had lower FA in the right cingulum streamlines, along with lower FA and higher mean diffusivity in tracts connecting the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex. The relation between subthreshold depression at baseline and depression at follow-up was mediated by FA values in the latter tracts, and lower FA values in those tracts distinctively predicted higher individual risk for depression. CONCLUSIONS Early FA variations in tracts projecting from the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex may denote a higher risk of transition to depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Vulser
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Eric Artiges
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Ruben Miranda
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Jani Penttilä
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Betteke M van Noort
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Maren Struve
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Viola Kappel
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Robert Goodman
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Eleni Tzavara
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Charbel Massaad
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Gareth J Barker
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Christian Büchel
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Patricia Conrod
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Herta Flor
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Penny Gowland
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Frauke Nees
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Tomas Paus
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Luise Poustka
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Sarah Rodehacke
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Henrik Walter
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Robert Whelan
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
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- From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin
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Albaugh MD, Orr C, Chaarani B, Althoff RR, Allgaier N, Alberto ND, Hudson K, Mackey S, Spechler PA, Banaschewski T, Brühl R, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Goodman R, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Paus T, Smolka MN, Struve M, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Potter AS. Inattention and Reaction Time Variability Are Linked to Ventromedial Prefrontal Volume in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:660-668. [PMID: 28237458 PMCID: PMC5509516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have most commonly reported volumetric abnormalities in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortices. Few studies have examined the relationship between ADHD symptomatology and brain structure in population-based samples. We investigated the relationship between dimensional measures of ADHD symptomatology, brain structure, and reaction time variability-an index of lapses in attention. We also tested for associations between brain structural correlates of ADHD symptomatology and maps of dopaminergic gene expression. METHODS Psychopathology and imaging data were available for 1538 youths. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms were obtained using the Development and Well-Being Assessment and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Self-reports of ADHD symptoms were assessed using the youth version of the SDQ. Reaction time variability was available in a subset of participants. For each measure, whole-brain voxelwise regressions with gray matter volume were calculated. RESULTS Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms (Development and Well-Being Assessment and SDQ), adolescent self-reports of ADHD symptoms on the SDQ, and reaction time variability were each negatively associated with gray matter volume in an overlapping region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Maps of DRD1 and DRD2 gene expression were associated with brain structural correlates of ADHD symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to reveal relationships between ventromedial prefrontal cortex structure and multi-informant measures of ADHD symptoms in a large population-based sample of adolescents. Our results indicate that ventromedial prefrontal cortex structure is a biomarker for ADHD symptomatology. These findings extend previous research implicating the default mode network and dopaminergic dysfunction in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert R. Althoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas D’ Alberto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelsey Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A. Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [or depending on journal requirements can be: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada;,Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg
| | - Robert Goodman
- King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra S. Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Gollier-Briant F, Paillère-Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Miranda R, Vulser H, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Poustka L, Grimmer Y, Bromberg U, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Lawrence C, Mann K, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Frouin V, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Martinot JL, Artiges E. Neural correlates of three types of negative life events during angry face processing in adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1961-1969. [PMID: 27697987 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative life events (NLE) contribute to anxiety and depression disorders, but their relationship with brain functioning in adolescence has rarely been studied. We hypothesized that neural response to social threat would relate to NLE in the frontal-limbic emotional regions. Participants (N = 685) were drawn from the Imagen database of 14-year-old community adolescents recruited in schools. They underwent functional MRI while viewing angry and neutral faces, as a probe to neural response to social threat. Lifetime NLEs were assessed using the 'distress', 'family' and 'accident' subscales from a life event dimensional questionnaire. Relationships between NLE subscale scores and neural response were investigated. Links of NLE subscales scores with anxiety or depression outcomes at the age of 16 years were also investigated. Lifetime 'distress' positively correlated with ventral-lateral orbitofrontal and temporal cortex activations during angry face processing. 'Distress' scores correlated with the probabilities of meeting criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder or Major Depressive Disorder at the age of 16 years. Lifetime 'family' and 'accident' scores did not relate with neural response or follow-up conditions, however. Thus, different types of NLEs differentially predicted neural responses to threat during adolescence, and differentially predicted a de novo internalizing condition 2 years later. The deleterious effect of self-referential NLEs is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gollier-Briant
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Vulser
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Robert Goodman
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- CHU Ste Justine, Department of Psychiatry, Université De Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Zdenka Pausova
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives, Saclay, France
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universit㲠Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France .,CENIR Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche at Institute of Brain and Spine, Pitié - Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
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20
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Bradley DI, George RE, Gunnarsson D, Haley RP, Heikkinen H, Pashkin YA, Penttilä J, Prance JR, Prunnila M, Roschier L, Sarsby M. Erratum: Nanoelectronic primary thermometry below 4 mK. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11678. [PMID: 27256163 PMCID: PMC4895709 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Penttilä J, Hirvonen J, Tuominen L, Lumme V, Ilonen T, Någren K, Hietala J. Verbal memory and 5-HT1A receptors in healthy volunteers--A PET study with [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:570-7. [PMID: 26775837 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT1A receptor is a putative drug development target in disorders with cognitive and in particular memory deficits. However, previous human positron emission tomography (PET) studies on 5-HT1A receptor binding and memory functions have yielded discrepant results. We explored the association between verbal memory and 5-HT1A receptor binding in 24 healthy subjects (14 male, 10 female, aged 18-41 years). The cognitive tests included the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). 5-HT1A receptor binding was measured with PET and the radioligand [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635, which was quantified with the gold standard method based on kinetic modeling using arterial blood samples. We found that global 5-HT1A receptor binding was positively correlated with measures of verbal memory, such that subjects who had higher receptor binding tended to have better verbal memory than subjects who had lower receptor binding. Regional analyses suggested significant correlations in multiple neocortical brain regions and the raphe nuclei. We did not find significant correlations between 5-HT1A receptor binding and executive functions as measured with WCST. We conclude that neocortical as well as raphe 5-HT1A receptors are involved in verbal memory function in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Lumme
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Ilonen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kjell Någren
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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22
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Bradley DI, George RE, Gunnarsson D, Haley RP, Heikkinen H, Pashkin YA, Penttilä J, Prance JR, Prunnila M, Roschier L, Sarsby M. Nanoelectronic primary thermometry below 4 mK. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10455. [PMID: 26816217 PMCID: PMC4737845 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooling nanoelectronic structures to millikelvin temperatures presents extreme challenges in maintaining thermal contact between the electrons in the device and an external cold bath. It is typically found that when nanoscale devices are cooled to ∼10 mK the electrons are significantly overheated. Here we report the cooling of electrons in nanoelectronic Coulomb blockade thermometers below 4 mK. The low operating temperature is attributed to an optimized design that incorporates cooling fins with a high electron–phonon coupling and on-chip electronic filters, combined with low-noise electronic measurements. By immersing a Coulomb blockade thermometer in the 3He/4He refrigerant of a dilution refrigerator, we measure a lowest electron temperature of 3.7 mK and a trend to a saturated electron temperature approaching 3 mK. This work demonstrates how nanoelectronic samples can be cooled further into the low-millikelvin range. When cooled to the millikelvin scale, nanoelectronic structures can become thermally detached from their environment, limiting nanoscale electronic thermometry. Here, the authors demonstrate the robust cooling of optimally-designed Coulomb blockade thermometer devices down to the millikelvin scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Bradley
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - R E George
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - D Gunnarsson
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - R P Haley
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - H Heikkinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Yu A Pashkin
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - J Penttilä
- Aivon Oy, Valimotie 13A, 00380 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J R Prance
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - M Prunnila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - L Roschier
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - M Sarsby
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
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23
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Stringaris A, Vidal-Ribas Belil P, Artiges E, Lemaitre H, Gollier-Briant F, Wolke S, Vulser H, Miranda R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Grimmer Y, Goodman R, Poustka L, Conrod P, Cattrell A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Nees F, Papadopoulos D, Paus T, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Martinot JL, Schumann G, Paillère-Martinot ML. The Brain's Response to Reward Anticipation and Depression in Adolescence: Dimensionality, Specificity, and Longitudinal Predictions in a Community-Based Sample. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:1215-23. [PMID: 26085042 PMCID: PMC7614275 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors examined whether alterations in the brain's reward network operate as a mechanism across the spectrum of risk for depression. They then tested whether these alterations are specific to anhedonia as compared with low mood and whether they are predictive of depressive outcomes. METHOD Functional MRI was used to collect blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses to anticipation of reward in the monetary incentive task in 1,576 adolescents in a community-based sample. Adolescents with current subthreshold depression and clinical depression were compared with matched healthy subjects. In addition, BOLD responses were compared across adolescents with anhedonia, low mood, or both symptoms, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. RESULTS Activity in the ventral striatum was reduced in participants with subthreshold and clinical depression relative to healthy comparison subjects. Low ventral striatum activation predicted transition to subthreshold or clinical depression in previously healthy adolescents at 2-year follow-up. Brain responses during reward anticipation decreased in a graded manner between healthy adolescents, adolescents with current or future subthreshold depression, and adolescents with current or future clinical depression. Low ventral striatum activity was associated with anhedonia but not low mood; however, the combined presence of both symptoms showed the strongest reductions in the ventral striatum in all analyses. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that reduced striatal activation operates as a mechanism across the risk spectrum for depression. It is associated with anhedonia in healthy adolescents and is a behavioral indicator of positive valence systems, consistent with predictions based on the Research Domain Criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Stringaris
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pablo Vidal-Ribas Belil
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eric Artiges
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fanny Gollier-Briant
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Selina Wolke
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hélène Vulser
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruben Miranda
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jani Penttilä
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rob Whelan
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Galinowski A, Miranda R, Lemaitre H, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Vulser H, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Barbot A, Fadai T, Poustka L, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde A, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Kappel V, Lawrence C, Loth E, Mann K, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Poline JB, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka M, Schumann G, Martinot JL. Resilience and corpus callosum microstructure in adolescence. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2285-2294. [PMID: 25817177 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience is the capacity of individuals to resist mental disorders despite exposure to stress. Little is known about its neural underpinnings. The putative variation of white-matter microstructure with resilience in adolescence, a critical period for brain maturation and onset of high-prevalence mental disorders, has not been assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) though, has been reported in the corpus callosum (CC), the brain's largest white-matter structure, in psychiatric and stress-related conditions. We hypothesized that higher FA in the CC would characterize stress-resilient adolescents. METHOD Three groups of adolescents recruited from the community were compared: resilient with low risk of mental disorder despite high exposure to lifetime stress (n = 55), at-risk of mental disorder exposed to the same level of stress (n = 68), and controls (n = 123). Personality was assessed by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Voxelwise statistics of DTI values in CC were obtained using tract-based spatial statistics. Regional projections were identified by probabilistic tractography. RESULTS Higher FA values were detected in the anterior CC of resilient compared to both non-resilient and control adolescents. FA values varied according to resilience capacity. Seed regional changes in anterior CC projected onto anterior cingulate and frontal cortex. Neuroticism and three other NEO-FFI factor scores differentiated non-resilient participants from the other two groups. CONCLUSION High FA was detected in resilient adolescents in an anterior CC region projecting to frontal areas subserving cognitive resources. Psychiatric risk was associated with personality characteristics. Resilience in adolescence may be related to white-matter microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galinowski
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - R Miranda
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - H Lemaitre
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - M-L Paillère Martinot
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - E Artiges
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - H Vulser
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - R Goodman
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - J Penttilä
- Psychiatry Department,University of Tampere,School of Medicine, Tampere,Finland
| | - M Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | | | - T Fadai
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - L Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - P Conrod
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - G J Barker
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - A Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry,School of Medicine,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - U Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - C Büchel
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - H Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - J Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - H Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - B Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB),Braunschweig und Berlin,Germany
| | - V Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - C Lawrence
- School of Psychology,University of Nottingham,UK
| | - E Loth
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - K Mann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - F Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - T Paus
- School of Psychology,University of Nottingham,UK
| | - Z Pausova
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences,The Hospital for Sick Children,University of Toronto,Toronto, ONT,Canada
| | | | - M Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - T W Robbins
- Department of Experimental Psychology,Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute,University of Cambridge,UK
| | - M Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Technische Universität Dresden,Germany
| | - G Schumann
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - J-L Martinot
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
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Vulser H, Paillere-Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Miranda R, Artiges E, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Poustka L, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barbot A, Barker G, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lawrence C, Loth E, Mann K, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Robbins T, Smolka M, Schumann G, Martinot JL. 2177 – Neuroanatomical changes associated with subthreshold depression in adolescents. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Ilmoniemi RJ, Dabek J, Lin FH, Nieminen JO, Parkkonen LT, Vesanen PT, Zevenhoven KCJ, Zhdanov AV, Luomahaara J, Hassel J, Penttilä J, Simola J, Ahonen AI, Mäkelä JP. Combination of MEG and MRI in one setup. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2012-4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mäenpää M, Laitio T, Kuusela T, Penttilä J, Kaisti K, Aalto S, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Scheinin H. Delta Entropy of Heart Rate Variability Along with Deepening Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:587-92. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318208074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Plaze M, Paillère-Martinot ML, Penttilä J, Januel D, de Beaurepaire R, Bellivier F, Andoh J, Galinowski A, Gallarda T, Artiges E, Olié JP, Mangin JF, Martinot JL, Cachia A. "Where do auditory hallucinations come from?"--a brain morphometry study of schizophrenia patients with inner or outer space hallucinations. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:212-21. [PMID: 19666833 PMCID: PMC3004180 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations are a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia. Bleuler and Kraepelin distinguished 2 main classes of hallucinations: hallucinations heard outside the head (outer space, or external, hallucinations) and hallucinations heard inside the head (inner space, or internal, hallucinations). This distinction has been confirmed by recent phenomenological studies that identified 3 independent dimensions in auditory hallucinations: language complexity, self-other misattribution, and spatial location. Brain imaging studies in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations have already investigated language complexity and self-other misattribution, but the neural substrate of hallucination spatial location remains unknown. Magnetic resonance images of 45 right-handed patients with schizophrenia and persistent auditory hallucinations and 20 healthy right-handed subjects were acquired. Two homogeneous subgroups of patients were defined based on the hallucination spatial location: patients with only outer space hallucinations (N=12) and patients with only inner space hallucinations (N=15). Between-group differences were then assessed using 2 complementary brain morphometry approaches: voxel-based morphometry and sulcus-based morphometry. Convergent anatomical differences were detected between the patient subgroups in the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ). In comparison to healthy subjects, opposite deviations in white matter volumes and sulcus displacements were found in patients with inner space hallucination and patients with outer space hallucination. The current results indicate that spatial location of auditory hallucinations is associated with the rTPJ anatomy, a key region of the "where" auditory pathway. The detected tilt in the sulcal junction suggests deviations during early brain maturation, when the superior temporal sulcus and its anterior terminal branch appear and merge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Plaze
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France,Psychiatry Department (SHU), Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France,Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, AP-HP, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Januel
- Department 3 (area 93G03)-CHS Ville-Evrard, Romain Roland Hospital, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Franck Bellivier
- Psychiatry Department, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Paris XII University and INSERM U841, Créteil, France
| | - Jamila Andoh
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France
| | - André Galinowski
- Psychiatry Department (SHU), Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Gallarda
- Psychiatry Department (SHU), Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France,Psychiatry Department (area 91G16), Orsay hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Olié
- Psychiatry Department (SHU), Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France,Computer-Assisted Neuroimaging Laboratory, Neurospin, I2BM, CEA, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, Orsay, France,CEA, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot and Neurospin, I2BM, Orsay, France,Paris-Sud University, UMR U797, Orsay and Paris 5 René Descartes University, UMR U797, Paris, France
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Penttilä J, Rintahaka P, Kaltiala-Heino R. [The significance of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder for the future of the child and the young]. Duodecim 2011; 127:1433-1439. [PMID: 21888044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in not necessarily a phenomenon passing away with childhood, instead in some patients attention problems continue, causing disturbances until adulthood. ADHD hampers studying and getting along in working life, social relationships as well as traffic skills. ADHD is also associated with increased risk of substance abuse and criminal behavior. Several studies have shown that stimulant medication and psychosocial forms of treatment are able to reduce long-term handicaps of ADHD and associated psychiatric morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Päijät-Hämeen keskussairaala, nuorisopsykiatrian poliklinikka Vapaudenkatu 6, 15110 Lahti
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Artiges E, Ricalens E, Berthoz S, Krebs MO, Penttilä J, Trichard C, Martinot JL. Exposure to smoking cues during an emotion recognition task can modulate limbic fMRI activation in cigarette smokers. Addict Biol 2009; 14:469-77. [PMID: 19650816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smoking cues (SCs) refer to smoking-associated environmental stimuli that may trigger craving and withdrawal symptoms, and predispose to relapse in smokers. Although previous brain imaging studies have explored neural responses to SCs, no study has characterized the effects of SCs on cerebral activity in smokers engaged in an attention-demanding cognitive task that is unrelated to smoking. Thirteen tobacco smokers and a demographically matched group of 13 healthy non-smokers participated in a fast event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that involved a visual task integrating SCs and neutral cues (NCs) during emotion recognition trials requiring a high level of attention. No significant SC-induced alterations were detected in smokers' behavioural performance. fMRI results show that non-smokers exhibited no difference between SC and NC trials; in contrast, smokers showed SC-induced widespread deactivations in a limbic, paralimbic and striatal network classically involved in addiction, and activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, a correlation between deactivation of the right insula and the severity of smoking dependence (Fagerström test) was detected in smokers. These results suggest that the neural reactivity of smokers to SCs can be modified in the context of a cognitive challenge. This could reflect smokers' ability to inhibit cue-induced craving and may help in smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Artiges
- INSERM, U797 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry Research Unit, IFR49, Orsay, France.
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Plaze M, Paillere ML, Penttilä J, Januel D, de Beaurepaire R, Bellivier F, Andoh J, Galinowski A, Gallarda T, Artiges E, Olié JP, Mangin JF, Martinot JL, Cachia A. Where do auditory hallucinations come from ? Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Penttilä J, Cachia A, Martinot JL, Ringuenet D, Wessa M, Houenou J, Galinowski A, Bellivier F, Gallarda T, Duchesnay E, Artiges E, Leboyer M, Olié JP, Mangin JF, Paillère-Martinot ML. Cortical folding difference between patients with early-onset and patients with intermediate-onset bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:361-70. [PMID: 19500089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral abnormalities have been detected in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). In comparison to BD with a later onset, early-onset BD has been found to have a poorer outcome. However, it is yet unknown whether neuroanatomical abnormalities differ between age-at-onset subgroups of the illness. We searched for cortical folding differences between early-onset (before 25 years) and intermediate-onset (between 25 and 45 years) BD patients. METHODS Magnetic resonance images of 22 early-onset BD patients, 14 intermediate-onset BD patients, and 50 healthy participants were analyzed using a fully automated method to extract, label, and measure the sulcal area in the whole cortex. Cortical folding was assessed by computing global sulcal indices (the ratio between total sulcal area and total outer cortex area) for each hemisphere, and local sulcal indices for 12 predefined regions in both hemispheres. RESULTS Intermediate-onset BD patients had a significantly reduced local sulcal index in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in comparison to both early-onset BD patients and healthy subjects, and lower global sulcal indices in both hemispheres in comparison to healthy subjects (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). Brain tissue volumes did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first evidence of a neuroanatomic difference between intermediate-onset and early-onset BD, which lends further support to the existence of different age-at-onset subgroups of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- INSERM, U797 Research Unit Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, France.
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Penttilä J, Paillère-Martinot ML, Martinot JL, Ringuenet D, Wessa M, Houenou J, Gallarda T, Bellivier F, Galinowski A, Bruguière P, Pinabel F, Leboyer M, Olié JP, Duchesnay E, Artiges E, Mangin JF, Cachia A. Cortical folding in patients with bipolar disorder or unipolar depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009; 34:127-35. [PMID: 19270763 PMCID: PMC2647564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of cortical folding may provide insight into neurodevelopment deviations, which, in turn, can predispose to depression that responds particularly poorly to medications. We hypothesized that patients with treatment-resistant depression would exhibit measurable alterations in cortical folding. METHODS We computed hemispheric global sulcal indices (g-SIs) in T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance images obtained from 76 patients and 70 healthy controls. We separately searched for anatomic deviations in patients with bipolar disorder (16 patients with treatment-resistant depression, 25 with euthymia) and unipolar depression (35 patients with treatment-resistant depression). RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, both groups of patients with treatment-resistant depression exhibited reduced g-SIs: in the right hemisphere among patients with bipolar disorder and in both hemispheres among those with unipolar depression. Patients with euthymic bipolar disorder did not differ significantly from depressed patients or healthy controls. Among patients with bipolar disorder who were taking lithium, we found positive correlations between current lithium dose and g-SIs in both hemispheres. LIMITATIONS We cannot estimate the extent to which the observed g-SI reductions are linked to treatment resistance and to what extent they are state-dependent. Furthermore, we cannot disentangle the impact of medications from that of the affective disorder. Finally, there is interindividual variation and overlap of g-SIs among patients and healthy controls that need to be considered when interpreting our results. CONCLUSION Reduced global cortical folding surface appears to be characteristic of patients with treatment-resistant depression, either unipolar or bipolar. In patients with bipolar disorder, treatment with lithium may modify cortical folding surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Damien Ringuenet
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Josselin Houenou
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Thierry Gallarda
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - André Galinowski
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Pascale Bruguière
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - François Pinabel
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Olié
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Edouard Duchesnay
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Penttilä, Paillère-Martinot, Martinot, Ringuenet, Wessa, Houenou, Duchesnay, Artiges, Mangin, Cachia — INSERM, U797 Research Unit “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry,” the CEA, “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry” U797 Unit, Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot & Neurospin, Paris Sud University, Orsay, and Rene Descartes University, Paris; Paillère-Martinot — Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Adolescent Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Ringuenet — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Wessa — Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Houenou, Bellivier, Leboyer — AP-HP; Department of Psychiatry, Chenevier-Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Gallarda — SHU, Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Bellivier, Leboyer — INSERM, U 995, IMRB, Department of Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, F-94000, University Paris 12, Faculty of Medicine, IFR10, Creteil; Galinowski, Olié — INSERM, Pathophysiologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894-7, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, SHU, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Bruguière — INSERM, U731, Paris, F 75013, University Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 731, Paris, F 75013, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Pinabel — AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, France; Duchesnay, Mangin — LNAO, NeuroSpin I2BM, Saclay, France
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Mäenpää M, Penttilä J, Laitio T, Kaisti K, Kuusela T, Hinkka S, Scheinin H. Dynamics of neuronal assemblies are modulated by anaesthetics but not analgesics. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007; 24:626-33. [PMID: 17376251 DOI: 10.1017/s026502150700004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We compared heart rate dynamics during surgical levels of propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia in a highly standardized setting. METHODS We recorded electrocardiography from 24 anaesthetized healthy male subjects. In the first parallel part of the study, the subjects were anaesthetized either with sevoflurane (n = 8) or propofol (n = 8) targeted to match 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 minimal alveolar concentration/effective concentration 50. In the second part, a separate group (n = 8) underwent four different anaesthetic regimens targeted to bispectral index 40: sevoflurane alone, sevoflurane + 70% nitrous oxide, propofol alone and propofol + 70% nitrous oxide. The electrocardiography data were analysed using conventional time and frequency domain methods, and the approximate entropy method, which estimates the complexity of the data. RESULTS The induction of anaesthesia was followed by an overall reduction of heart rate variability, evident in all frequency bands in the spectral analysis, and also in the time domain measures. Approximate entropy decreased at 1 effective concentration 50 with propofol and at 2 minimal alveolar concentration with sevoflurane. In the second part of the study, the time domain variables and high-frequency spectral power were all similarly reduced by sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia, with and without nitrous oxide. Approximate entropy tended to decrease during propofol anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS Hypnotic levels of sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia suppressed the heart rate variability measured using conventional analysis methods. Deeper surgical levels of anaesthesia also reduce the complexity of heart rate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mäenpää
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Surgery, Turku, Finland.
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Penttilä J, Appel H, Rintahaka P, Heikkinen R, Syvälahti E. [Not Available]. Duodecim 2007; 123:812-8. [PMID: 17612114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Päijät-Hämeen keskussairaala, nuorisopsykiatria, Lahti
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Penttilä J, Pasila K, Tiisala A, Sipiläinen P. Delirium in an adolescent patient during treatment with cephalexin. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:782-3. [PMID: 17046524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cephalosporins are generally safe, they have been reported to cause neurotoxic effects in some subjects. We report on a 16-year-old boy with no previous history of psychiatric illness, who developed symptoms of delirium during treatment of paronychia infection with cephalexin. Possible reasons for our patient's particular vulnerability to adverse drug effects in the central nervous system include his young age, a developmental delay, and an earlier head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland.
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Penttilä J, Snapir A, Kentala E, Koskenvuo J, Posti J, Scheinin M, Scheinin H, Kuusela T. Estimation of cardiac output in a pharmacological trial using a simple method based on arterial blood pressure signal waveform: a comparison with pulmonary thermodilution and echocardiographic methods. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62:401-7. [PMID: 16570186 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-006-0115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac output (CO) has traditionally been measured using invasive techniques, which involve an element of risk. Thus, a reliable less-invasive method for determining CO would be very valuable for research use. We tested whether simple analysis of the arterial pulse waveform, not requiring large-vessel catheterisation or expensive equipment, could provide an estimate of CO that is accurate enough for pharmacological studies. METHODS We measured CO in 11 healthy male subjects who received low and high doses of dexmedetomidine (alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist), using pulse contour analysis, echocardiography and pulmonary thermodilution techniques. RESULTS At baseline, these methods gave the following mean (SD) values of CO: 6.18 (1.59), 5.22 (1.35) and 7.03 (1.54) l/min, respectively. High-dose dexmedetomidine reduced CO to 4.50 (0.68), 3.65 (0.65) and 4.80 (0.89) l/min, corresponding to -25 (14) %, -28 (12) % and -30 (14) % reductions from baseline, respectively. The pulse contour method described these dexmedetomidine-induced changes in CO very similarly to the thermodilution and echocardiographic methods. The limits of agreement [bias (2SD)] were 0.55 (2.55) and -0.10 (2.04) l/min, respectively. CONCLUSION The minimally invasive pulse contour analysis technique might be suitable for pharmacological studies for the detection of major drug-induced reductions in CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Syvälahti E, Penttilä J, Majasuo H, Pälvimäki EP, Laakso A, Hietala J. Combined Treatment with Citalopram and Buspirone: Effects on Serotonin 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2CReceptors in the Rat Brain. Pharmacopsychiatry 2006; 39:1-8. [PMID: 16453246 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-931470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We wanted to elucidate whether the proposed advantages of citalopram-buspirone combination treatment are related to changes in 5-HT(2A/C) receptor-mediated neurotransmission. METHODS The affinity of buspirone to 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors was measured in vitro, and the influence of buspirone on 5-HT2C receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis was estimated. Four groups of rats received citalopram (10 mg/kg), buspirone (6 mg/kg), citalopram-buspirone combination, or saline once a day s.c. for 14 days. Treatment effects on 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors were investigated by receptor autoradiography with antagonist and agonist radioligands. RESULTS Buspirone was found to be a weak 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, with a low affinity for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Repeated buspirone-citalopram combination treatment markedly decreased [3H]ketanserin and [125I]DOI binding to 5-HT2A receptors. Repeated administration of buspirone and buspirone-citalopram combination increased the affinity of [3H]mesulergine toward 5-HT2C receptors, and buspirone-citalopram combination also decreased [125I]DOI binding to 5-HT2C receptors. DISCUSSION We suggest that downregulation of brain 5-HT2A receptors and possibly of 5-HT2C receptor agonist sites is involved in the beneficial clinical effects of buspirone-SSRI augmentation treatment. Furthermore, a conversion of brain 5-HT2C receptors from high- to low-affinity state may provide an additional mechanism for the anti-anxiety effects of buspirone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Syvälahti
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Penttilä J, Moilanen K, Rintahaka P, Syvälahti E. [Not Available]. Duodecim 2006; 122:2475-82. [PMID: 17233353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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Penttilä J, Maenpaa M, Laitio T, Långsjö J, Hinkka S, Scheinin H. Sub-anaesthestic doses of ketamine impair cardiac parasympathetic regulation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005; 22:808-10. [PMID: 16211790 DOI: 10.1017/s0265021505271326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Psychotropic drugs are often liable to unwanted anticholinergic effects that reduce tolerance and compliance. Especially, in certain patient groups, such as elderly patients, anticholinergic adverse effects may be hazardous. There are also occasions in therapy when antimuscarinic activity is desired, e. g. in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms with biperiden and other potent anticholinergic drugs. In this review, we describe various techniques to evaluate the anticholinergic influences of psychotropic drugs in vivo and also provide examples of previous human studies where these methods have been applied. By combining subjective ratings of anticholinergic effects to in vitro measurements of antimuscarinic activity in blood, as well as the functional state of salivary glands, sweat glands, heart and eye, a researcher can obtain a detailed anticholinergic profile of the drug in question, or a clinician can estimate the anticholinergic burden of his/her psychiatric patient who often uses multiple medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Penttilä
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Penttilä J, Kuusela T, Scheinin H. Analysis of rapid heart rate variability in the assessment of anticholinergic drug effects in humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 61:559-65. [PMID: 16133553 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-005-0953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anticholinergic agents have widespread therapeutic indications in clinical medicine. In addition, certain other drug groups-such as neuroleptics, antidepressants and antihistamines-possess distinct anticholinergic properties that reduce tolerance and compliance. Especially in patients with heart disease, attention should be paid to cardiac anticholinergic drug effects. The analysis of short-term heart rate variability (HRV) provides a noninvasive tool to estimate vagal cholinergic outflow. In this review article, we present the basic principles of the most relevant techniques to study rapid HRV: the time domain analysis methods RMSSD and pNN50, and the high-frequency (HF) spectral component of HRV. We provide examples of previously reported effects of anticholinergic agents on these measures and also describe how adrenergic drugs may influence them. We have the following recommendations for a clinical pharmacologist investigating anticholinergic agents. (1) If the breathing rate of the study subject can be controlled during the assessment and the electrocardiogram recordings contain good-quality, stationary segments that are at least a few minutes long, then the HF power of HRV should be the method of choice. (2) During uncontrolled conditions, RMSSD should be included in the analyses, because it is less affected by changes in the respiratory pattern and it can be measured from shorter segments of electrocardiogram data. (3) Reduced short-term HRV suggests an anticholinergic, but not necessarily an antimuscarinic drug effect, since the inhibition of cholinergic vagal efferent activity may also originate from central or peripheral adrenergic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Penttilä J, Kaila T, Helminen A, Anttila M, Karhuvaara S, Huhtala S, Scheinin H. Effects of atipamezole--a selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist--on cardiac parasympathetic regulation in human subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 24:69-75. [PMID: 15541014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
1 This double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study on six healthy male volunteers was designed to evaluate the effects of alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonism on cardiac parasympathetic regulation. 2 The subjects received atipamezole intravenously as a three-step infusion, which aimed at steady-state serum concentrations of 10, 30 and 90 ng ml(-1) at 50-min intervals. 3 Drug effects were assessed with repeated recordings of blood pressure and electrocardiogram, in which the high-frequency (0.15-0.40 Hz) R-R interval variation is supposed to reflect cardiac parasympathetic efferent neuronal activity. 4 At the end of the three steps of the infusion, the mean (+/-SD) concentrations of atipamezole were 10.5 (3.9), 26.8 (5.6) and 81.3 (21.1) ng ml(-1). 5 Within this concentration range, atipamezole appeared to reduce slightly the high-frequency R-R interval fluctuations, indicating a minor vagolytic effect in the heart. 6 Atipamezole increased systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, on average by 20 and 14 mmHg (maxima at the second step of the infusion), which evidently reflects an overall sympathetic augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Penttilä
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Penttilä J, Kajander J, Aalto S, Hirvonen J, Någren K, Ilonen T, Syvälahti E, Hietala J. Effects of fluoxetine on dopamine D2 receptors in the human brain: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]raclopride. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 7:431-9. [PMID: 15315717 DOI: 10.1017/s146114570400450x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2003] [Revised: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that repeated dosing with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram decreases striatal [11C]raclopride binding in healthy volunteers. As the SSRI-class antidepressant drugs are believed to have a similar mechanism of action, we wanted to explore whether the prototype SSRI drug, fluoxetine, shares the effects of citalopram on subcortical dopamine neurotransmission. Eight healthy male volunteers were studied using a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study design. Striatal and thalamic D2-receptor binding was measured at baseline, after a single oral dose (20 mg) of fluoxetine, and after repeated dosing (2 wk, 20 mg/d). The D2-receptor binding potential (BP) was assessed using [11C]raclopride and 3D positron emission tomography. Repeated dosing of fluoxetine decreased BP in the right medial thalamus (p=0.022). Fluoxetine did not decrease striatal BP, but there was a trend (p=0.090) towards increased BP in the left putamen after repeated dosing. A single dose of fluoxetine did not affect BP in the thalamus or striatum. Fluoxetine appears to have a regionally selective effect on the dopaminergic neurotransmission in various areas of the brain. The current results after fluoxetine together with our previous data on citalopram suggest that the modulatory effects of these drugs on striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission are different upon repeated dosing and further substantiates pharmacological differences between SSRI-class drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Department of Psychiatry, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, FIN-15850 Lahti, Finland
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Penttilä J, Helminen A, Anttila M, Hinkka S, Scheinin H. Cardiovascular and parasympathetic effects of dexmedetomidine in healthy subjects. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 82:359-62. [PMID: 15213737 DOI: 10.1139/y04-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the cardiovascular effects of intravenously (i.v.) and buccally administered dexmedetomidine, a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist. Six healthy male subjects were studied unmedicated and after 2 µg/kg i.v. or buccal doses of dexmedetomidine, using repeated recordings of ECG and blood pressure. Cardiac parasympathetic activity was estimated by measurements of high-frequency (HF) heart rate variability. Intravenous, but not buccal, dexmedetomidine raised systolic blood pressure by 11 ± 5 mmHg (mean ± SEM) and diastolic by 16 ± 3 mmHg (maxima at 10 min). Later on, both i.v., and buccal dexmedetomidine produced a very similar hypotensive effect: on average, [Formula: see text]10 mmHg reductions in systolic and diastolic pressure at 3 h. Intravenous dosing was followed by a decline in heart rate (–11 ± 2 beats/min) accompanied by a trend toward enhanced HF variability (maximal effect at 10 min), which probably reflected baroreflex-mediated parasympathetic efferent neuronal activation. Buccal dexmedetomidine increased significantly the HF variability (maximum at 45 min) without influencing heart rate. We conclude that dexmedetomidine, when administered by a method that avoids concentration peaks, e.g., buccal dosing, can be used to produce a prolonged augmentation of cardiac parasympathetic efferent neuronal activity.Key words: dexmedetomidine, parasympathetic nervous system, heart rate, blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Finland
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Anttila M, Penttilä J, Helminen A, Vuorilehto L, Scheinin H. Bioavailability of dexmedetomidine after extravascular doses in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 56:691-3. [PMID: 14616431 PMCID: PMC1884292 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the absolute bioavailability of extravascularly administered dexmedetomidine, a novel a2-adrenoceptor agonist, in healthy subjects. METHODS Single 2 microg x kg-1 doses of dexmedetomidine were given intravenously, intramuscularly, perorally and buccally (where the solution is not swallowed) to 12 healthy male subjects. The drug concentration-time data were analysed using linear one-compartment (buccal and peroral data), or two-compartment modelling (intravenous data), or noncompartmental methods (intramuscular data). RESULTS Mean (95% CI) absolute bioavailability after peroral, buccal and intramuscular administration was 16% (12-20%), 82% (73-92%) and 104% (96-112%), respectively. CONCLUSION Dexmedetomidine is well absorbed systemically through the oral mucosa, and therefore buccal dosing may provide an effective, noninvasive route to administer the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Päijät-Häme Central HospitalLahti, Finland
| | - Antti Helminen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedics and Traumatology Centre, Helsinki University Central HospitalHelsinki, Finland
| | | | - Harry Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University HospitalTurku, Finland
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Penttilä J, Helminen A, Jartti T, Kuusela T, Huikuri HV, Tulppo MP, Scheinin H. Effect of cardiac vagal outflow on complexity and fractal correlation properties of heart rate dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 23:173-9. [PMID: 14690492 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-8673.2003.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Cardiac vagal outflow is the major factor determining the magnitude of heart rate (HR) variability analysed by traditional time and frequency domain methods. New analysis techniques, such as fractal and complexity methods, have been developed to probe non-linear features in HR behaviour that may not be detectable by traditional methods. 2. We investigated the effects of vagal blockade (glycopyrrolate i.v. 5 microg kg-1 h-1 for 2 h, n = 8 vs. unmedicated control group, n = 8) and various breathing patterns (n = 12) on two non-linear measures of HR variability--detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and approximate entropy (ApEn)--in healthy male volunteers. 3. Glycopyrrolate decreased the mean (+/-SD) ApEn from 1.46 +/- 0.18 to 0.85 +/- 0.24 (P = 0.001 in comparison with the control group), and increased the short-term (alpha 1) and intermediate-term (alpha 2) fractal scaling exponents of DFA, alpha 1 from 0.96 +/- 0.19 to 1.43 +/- 0.29 (P = 0.003) and alpha 2 from 1.13 +/- 0.10 to 1.34 +/- 0.14 (P < 0.001). 4. Decrease in fixed respiration rate from 15 to 6 breaths min-1 increased alpha 1 from 0.83 +/- 0.25 to 1.18 +/- 0.27 (P < 0.001), but decreased alpha 2 from 0.88 +/- 0.09 to 0.45 +/- 0.17 (P < 0.001) and ApEn from 1.26 +/- 0.12 to 1.10 +/- 0.14 (P = 0.028). Rapid breathing (24 min-1) had no influence on these non-linear measures of HR variability. Hyperventilation (15 min-1, tidal volume increased voluntarily by 0.5 l) decreased alpha 1 from 0.83 +/- 0.25 to 0.66 +/- 0.28 (P = 0.002) but did not affect alpha 2 or ApEn. 5. To conclude, vagal blockade alters the fractal scaling properties of R-R intervals (alpha 1, alpha 2) and reduces the complexity (ApEn) of HR behaviour. Both the fractal and complexity measures of HR variability can also be influenced by changes in the breathing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Penttilä
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to develop and test a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model for the anticholinergic effect of glycopyrrolate in eight healthy male volunteers. METHODS First, arterial drug concentration (Cp) data after a single intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection (5 micrograms/kg) were individually fitted to a three-compartment PK model. Second, the effect of a 2-h glycopyrrolate i.v. infusion (5 micrograms/kg/h) on the mean R-R interval (RRI) and the Hayano index of the high frequency variability of RRI (HF CCV) was modelled using an effect-compartment, inhibitory sigmoidal Emax model, with the individual PK parameters from the first part as constants. Third, the developed model was tested using a computer-driven infusion which aimed at two ascending steady-state effect-site concentrations (Ce) at 1-h intervals, corresponding to 20% and 80% of the maximal effect (Emax) observed in the second part. RESULTS Modeling of the HF CCV data yielded the following mean (+/- SD) estimates: concentration at 50% of Emax (EC50), 2.46 +/- 0.58 ng/ml, equilibration half-time (t1/2 ke0), 42.5 +/- 7.7 min, and sigmoidicity factor (gamma), 7.26 +/- 2.82. The corresponding values for RRI data were 2.79 +/- 0.52 ng/ml, 58.3 +/- 17.2 min, and 4.75 +/- 1.56. During the computer-controlled two-step infusion (performed using HF CCV as the effect variable), the measured Cp approached the targeted Ce in most of the subjects, while the observed effect appeared to surpass the targeted levels. CONCLUSION Although we were able to develop individual PK-PD models for glycopyrrolate, maintaining a stable anticholinergic effect in the computer-driven infusion appeared to be difficult. This is probably due to intra-individual variability in the PK-PD parameters and the extremely steep concentration-effect relationship of glycopyrrolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Penttilä
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Penttilä J, Helminen A, Jartti T, Kuusela T, Huikuri HV, Tulppo MP, Coffeng R, Scheinin H. Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: effects of various respiratory patterns. Clin Physiol 2001; 21:365-76. [PMID: 11380537 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the applicability of four different measures of heart rate variability (HRV) in the assessment of cardiac vagal outflow, with special reference to the effect of breathing pattern. The anticholinergic effects of an intravenous glycopyrrolate infusion (5 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 2 h) during spontaneous and controlled (15 min(-1)) breathing rate were investigated in eight volunteers, and the effects of different fixed breathing rates (6-15-24 min(-1)) and hyperventilation in 12 subjects. Cardiac vagal activity was assessed by ECG recordings in which the following measures of HRV were computed: the high-frequency (HF) spectral component, the instantaneous RR interval (RRI) variability (SD1) analysed from the Poincaré plots, the percentage of differences between successive RRIs greater than 50 ms (pNN50), and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive RRIs (RMSSD). On average, glycopyrrolate reduced the HF spectral component by 99.8%, SD1 by 91.3%, pNN50 by 100% and RMSSD by 97.0%. The change of breathing pattern from controlled to spontaneous decreased significantly the HF component and pNN50, but did not affect SD1 or RMSSD. Rapid breathing rate (24 min(-1)) decreased the HF component, but had no effects on the other measures. A controlled breathing rate is needed for a reliable assessment of cardiac vagal outflow by the spectral analysis technique. The quantitative geometrical analysis of short-term RRI variability from the Poincaré plots and the time domain measure RMSSD were not significantly affected by changes in the breathing rate, suggesting that these indices are more suitable for the measurement of cardiac vagal outflow during the 'free-running' ambulatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Penttilä
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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