1
|
Rhodes D, Bridgewater T, Ayache J, Riemer M. Rapid calibration to dynamic temporal contexts. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1923-1935. [PMID: 38017605 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231219507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The prediction of future events and the preparation of appropriate behavioural reactions rely on an accurate perception of temporal regularities. In dynamic environments, temporal regularities are subject to slow and sudden changes, and adaptation to these changes is an important requirement for efficient behaviour. Bayesian models have proven a useful tool to understand the processing of temporal regularities in humans; yet an open question pertains to the degree of flexibility of the prior that is required for optimal modelling of behaviour. Here we directly compare dynamic models (with continuously changing prior expectations) and static models (a stable prior for each experimental session) with their ability to describe regression effects in interval timing. Our results show that dynamic Bayesian models are superior when describing the responses to slow, continuous environmental changes, whereas static models are more suitable to describe responses to sudden changes. In time perception research, these results will be informative for the choice of adequate computational models and enhance our understanding of the neuronal computations underlying human timing behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler Bridgewater
- NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Julia Ayache
- NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martin Riemer
- Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yeung MK. Effects of age on the interactions of attentional and emotional processes: a prefrontal fNIRS study. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:549-564. [PMID: 38303643 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2311799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The aging of attentional and emotional functions has been extensively studied but relatively independently. Therefore, the relationships between aging and the interactions of attentional and emotional processes remain elusive. This study aimed to determine how age affected the interactions between attentional and emotional processes during adulthood. One-hundred forty adults aged 18-79 performed the emotional variant of the Attention Network Test, which probed alerting, orienting, and executive control in the presence and absence of threatening faces. During this task, contexts with varying levels of task preparatory processes were created to modulate the effect of threatening faces on attention, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to examine the neural underpinnings of the behavioural effects. The behavioural results showed that aging was associated with a significant decline in alerting efficiency, and there was a statistical trend for age-related deficits in executive control. Despite these age differences, age did not significantly moderate the interactions among attentional networks or between attention and emotion. Additionally, the fNIRS results showed that decreased frontal cortex functioning might underlie the age-related decline in executive control. Therefore, while aging has varying effects on different attentional networks, the interactions of attentional and emotional processes remain relatively unaffected by age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Yeung
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cano LA, Gerez GD, García MS, Albarracín AL, Farfán FD, Fernández-Jover E. Decision-Making Time Analysis for Assessing Processing Speed in Athletes during Motor Reaction Tasks. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:151. [PMID: 38921845 PMCID: PMC11207928 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Reaction time (RT) is a widely used measure for testing physical performance in motor tasks. This study focused on assessing the processing speed in athletes. Twenty-five healthy volunteers were assigned to the control (n = 16) or athletes groups (n = 9). They were evaluated during motor reaction tasks based on visual stimuli and three difficulty conditions. Physiological measures were obtained from motion capture and electromyography recordings of several muscles. Two RT phases, decision-making (DMK) and electromechanical delay (EMD), were used to analyze the processing speed. The results show significant RT differences between groups. The athletes were ~30% faster compared to the control group. Despite the fact that all participants were right-handed, RT did not show any differences between hands performances in any group. However, DMK time revealed significant differences between the hands. Controls showed a longer DMK time for the right-hand election, ~20% more than the left, while athletes showed no such disparity. These findings reveal that quantifying the decision-making component of reaction time is crucial to assessing processing speed in sport. This approach could facilitate the monitoring of adaptations in both motor-cognitive and neuromuscular processes. The theoretical implications presented in this study offer perspectives on handedness research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ariel Cano
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Faculty of Physical Education (FACDEF), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Av. Benjamin Araoz 750, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Daniel Gerez
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Faculty of Physical Education (FACDEF), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Av. Benjamin Araoz 750, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - María Soledad García
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Faculty of Physical Education (FACDEF), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Av. Benjamin Araoz 750, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Ana Lía Albarracín
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Fernando Daniel Farfán
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Universidad Miguel Hernández of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Jover
- Institute of Bioengineering, Universidad Miguel Hernández of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Silfwerbrand L, Koike Y, Nyström P, Gingnell M. Directed causal effect with PCMCI in hyperscanning EEG time series. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1305918. [PMID: 38686325 PMCID: PMC11057377 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1305918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Social activities are likely to cause effects or reactivity in the brains of the people involved in collaborative social situations. This study assesses a new method, Tigramite, for time domain analysis of directed causality between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of persons in such situations. An experimental situation using hyperscanning EEG was applied while individuals led and followed each other in finger-tapping rhythms. This structured task has a long duration and a high likelihood of inter-brain causal reactions in the prefrontal cortices. Tigramite is a graph-based causal discovery method to identify directed causal relationships in observational time series. Tigramite was used to analyze directed causal connections within and between the PFC. Significantly directed causality within and between brains could be detected during the social interactions. This is the first empirical evidence the Tigramite can reveal inter- and intra-brain-directed causal effects in hyperscanning EEG time series. The findings are promising for further studies of causality in neural networks during social activities using Tigramite on EEG in the time domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Silfwerbrand
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Koike
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pär Nyström
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Gingnell
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Division of Emotion Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hjerresen TS, Bentz M, Nejad AB, Raffin E, Andersen KW, Hulme OJ, Siebner HR, Plessen KJ. Performing well but not appreciating it - A trait feature of anorexia nervosa. JCPP ADVANCES 2024; 4:e12194. [PMID: 38486955 PMCID: PMC10933629 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite advances in the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN), a large subgroup of individuals does not profit optimally from treatment. Perfectionism has been found to be a risk factor predicting the onset, severity, and duration of AN episodes. To date, perfectionism has been studied predominantly by the use of self-report questionnaires, a useful approach that may, however, be impacted by demand characteristics, or other distortions of introspective or metacognitive access. Methods Here we circumvent these problems via a behavioral paradigm in which participants perform a modified Go/NoGo task, whilst self-evaluating their performance. We compared a group of 33 adolescent females during their first episode of AN (age = 16.0) with 29 female controls (age = 16.2), and 23 adolescent girls recovered from AN (age = 18.3) with 23 female controls (age = 18.5). The controls were closely matched by intelligence quotient and age to the two clinical groups. Results First-episode AN and control participants performed equally well on the task (reaction time and errors of commission), whereas the recovered group displayed significantly faster reaction times but incurred the same error rate. Despite performing at least as good as and predominantly better than control groups, both clinical groups evaluated their performances more negatively than controls. Conclusion We offer a novel behavioral method for measuring perfectionism independent of self-report, and we provide tentative evidence that this behavioral manifestation of perfectionism is evident during first-episode AN and persists even after recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Schuppli Hjerresen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Mental Health Services CPHCopenhagenDenmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCentre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Amager and HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mette Bentz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Mental Health Services CPHCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Estelle Raffin
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCentre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Amager and HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
- Defitech Chair of Clinical NeuroengineeringNeuro‐X Institute and Brain Mind Institute (BMI)Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Kasper Winther Andersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCentre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Amager and HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Oliver James Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCentre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Amager and HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
- London Mathematical LaboratoryLondonUK
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCentre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Amager and HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of NeurologyCopenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ Mental Health Services CPHCopenhagenDenmark
- Division of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng WJ, Guan XY, Zhai HN, Gong J. Altered functional connectivity in default mode network maintains attention task performance in school-age children with frontal lobe tumor. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38316010 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2024.2306853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study examines functional brain network changes in children with frontal lobe tumors (FLT). Ten pediatric FLT patients from Beijing Tiantan Hospital and 20 healthy children were compared in terms of cognitive performance and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) connectivity. The FLT group showed lower cognitive performance, particularly in visual and working memory domains, but had comparable attention abilities to the healthy controls. There were notable differences in connectivity between the default mode network (DMN) and sensorimotor network (SMN) in both groups. The FLT group also displayed a significant reduction in local efficiency in the left lateral parietal area within the DMN. Importantly, reduced DMN-SMN connections and increased DMN-lateral prefrontal cortex connectivity may facilitate maintaining attention and memory tasks in FLT children. This study sheds light on how the brains of children with FLT adapt, preserving "normal" attention functions despite frontal lobe damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Yi Guan
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Na Zhai
- Beijing RIMAG Medical Imaging Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Woods D, Pebler P, Johnson DK, Herron T, Hall K, Blank M, Geraci K, Williams G, Chok J, Lwi S, Curran B, Schendel K, Spinelli M, Baldo J. The California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB). Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1305529. [PMID: 38273881 PMCID: PMC10809797 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1305529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction We are developing the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB) to provide neuropsychological assessments to patients who lack test access due to cost, capacity, mobility, and transportation barriers. Methods The CCAB consists of 15 non-verbal and 17 verbal subtests normed for telemedical assessment. The CCAB runs on calibrated tablet computers over cellular or Wi-Fi connections either in a laboratory or in participants' homes. Spoken instructions and verbal stimuli are delivered through headphones using naturalistic text-to-speech voices. Verbal responses are scored in real time and recorded and transcribed offline using consensus automatic speech recognition which combines the transcripts from seven commercial ASR engines to produce timestamped transcripts more accurate than those of any single ASR engine. The CCAB is designed for supervised self-administration using a web-browser application, the Examiner. The Examiner permits examiners to record observations, view subtest performance in real time, initiate video chats, and correct potential error conditions (e.g., training and performance failures, etc.,) for multiple participants concurrently. Results Here we describe (1) CCAB usability with older (ages 50 to 89) participants; (2) CCAB psychometric properties based on normative data from 415 older participants; (3) Comparisons of the results of at-home vs. in-lab CCAB testing; (4) We also present preliminary analyses of the effects of COVID-19 infection on performance. Mean z-scores averaged over CCAB subtests showed impaired performance of COVID+ compared to COVID- participants after factoring out the contributions of Age, Education, and Gender (AEG). However, inter-cohort differences were no longer significant when performance was analyzed with a comprehensive model that factored out the influences of additional pre-existing demographic factors that distinguished COVID+ and COVID- cohorts (e.g., vocabulary, depression, race, etc.,). In contrast, unlike AEG scores, comprehensive scores correlated significantly with the severity of COVID infection. (5) Finally, we found that scoring models influenced the classification of individual participants with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI, z-scores < -1.50) where the comprehensive model accounted for more than twice as much variance as the AEG model and reduced racial bias in MCI classification. Discussion The CCAB holds the promise of providing scalable laboratory-quality neurodiagnostic assessments to underserved urban, exurban, and rural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Woods
- NeuroBehavioral Systems Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Peter Pebler
- NeuroBehavioral Systems Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David K Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Timothy Herron
- NeuroBehavioral Systems Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States
| | - Kat Hall
- NeuroBehavioral Systems Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mike Blank
- NeuroBehavioral Systems Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Kristi Geraci
- NeuroBehavioral Systems Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Jas Chok
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States
| | - Sandy Lwi
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States
| | - Brian Curran
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States
| | - Krista Schendel
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States
| | - Maria Spinelli
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States
| | - Juliana Baldo
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Haddad L, Wamain Y, Kalénine S. Stimulus-response compatibility effects during object semantic categorisation: Evocation of grasp affordances or abstract coding of object size? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:29-41. [PMID: 36967648 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231161310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
When the size of visual objects matches the size of the response required to perform the task, a potentiation effect has been reported, with faster responses in compatible than incompatible situations. Size compatibility effects have been taken as evidence of close perception-action interrelations. However, it is still unclear whether the effect arises from abstract coding of the size of stimulus and response or from the evocation of grasp affordances from visual objects. We aimed to disentangle the two interpretations. Two groups of 40 young adults categorised small and large objects presented in standardised size as natural or artefact objects. One group categorised manipulable objects that may be associated with small or large size properties and evoke power or precision grasp affordances. The other group categorised non-manipulable objects that may only be associated with small or large size properties. Categorisation responses were made by reaching and grasping a monotonic cylindric device with a power or precision grip in a grasping condition and with large or small touch responses in a control condition. Compatibility effects were found in both grasping and control conditions, independently of the manipulability or category of objects. Participants were faster when the size of the expected response matched the size of the object than when they mismatched, especially for power grasps or whole-hand touch responses. Overall findings support the abstract coding hypothesis and suggest that compatibility between the conceptual size of the object and the size of the hand response is sufficient to facilitate semantic categorisation judgements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Haddad
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Yannick Wamain
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Solène Kalénine
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu C, Luo L, Li R, Guo J, Wang Q. Wearable Motion Analysis System for Thoracic Spine Mobility With Inertial Sensors. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2024; 32:1884-1895. [PMID: 38753470 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2024.3384926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a wireless wearable portable system designed for the automatic quantitative spatio-temporal analysis of continuous thoracic spine motion across various planes and degrees of freedom (DOF). This includes automatic motion segmentation, computation of the range of motion (ROM) for six distinct thoracic spine movements across three planes, tracking of motion completion cycles, and visualization of both primary and coupled thoracic spine motions. To validate the system, this study employed an Inter-days experimental setting to conduct experiments involving a total of 957 thoracic spine movements, with participation from two representatives of varying age and gender. The reliability of the proposed system was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM). The experimental results demonstrated strong ICC values for various thoracic spine movements across different planes, ranging from 0.774 to 0.918, with an average of 0.85. The SEM values ranged from 0.64° to 4.03°, with an average of 1.93°. Additionally, we successfully conducted an assessment of thoracic spine mobility in a stroke rehabilitation patient using the system. This illustrates the feasibility of the system for actively analyzing thoracic spine mobility, offering an effective technological means for non-invasive research on thoracic spine activity during continuous movement states.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gredebäck G, Lindskog M, Hall J. Poor maternal mental health is associated with a low degree of proactive control in refugee children. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023:17470218231211573. [PMID: 37897067 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231211573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the development of proactive control strategies in 100 Syrian refugee families (394 individuals) with 6- to 18-year-old children currently living in Turkish communities. The results demonstrate that children's age and their mothers' post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with the degree of proactive control in their children, with worse mental health being associated with a larger reliance on reactive control and lesser reliance on proactive, future-oriented, control (measured via d' in the AX-CPT task). None of the following factors contributed to children's performance: fathers' experience with post-traumatic stress, parents' exposure to potentially traumatic war-related events, perceived discrimination, a decline in socio-economic status, religious beliefs, parents' proactive control strategies, or the education or gender of the children themselves. The association between mothers' mental health and proactive control strategies in children was large (in terms of effect size), suggesting that supporting mothers' mental health might have clear effects on the development of their children.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen C, Liu P, Lu S, Li S, Zhang C, Zhou X. Verbal but not visual-spatial working memory contributes to complex arithmetic calculation. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 41:385-399. [PMID: 37416937 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of working memory to mathematics has been extensively studied. It has been proposed that verbal working memory (VWM) and visual-spatial working memory (VSWM) have distinct contributions, but results have been inconclusive. Here, we hypothesized that VWM and VSWM contribute differentially to separate sub-domains of mathematics. To test this hypothesis, we enrolled 199 primary school students and measured their VWM and VSWM with number/letter/matrix backward span tasks, and tested mathematics performance with simple subtraction, complex subtraction, multi-step calculation and number series completion, while controlling for several aspects of cognition. We found that while letter backward span had a significant contribution to complex subtraction, multi-step computation and number series completion, number backward span only had a significant contribution to multi-step computation, and matrix span had no effect on any math task. These results suggest that only VWM associated with complex mathematics, which might reflect verbal rehearsal. In contrast, VSWM does not appear to associated with mathematics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tagliaferri M, Giampiccolo D, Parmigiani S, Avesani P, Cattaneo L. Connectivity by the Frontal Aslant Tract (FAT) Explains Local Functional Specialization of the Superior and Inferior Frontal Gyri in Humans When Choosing Predictive over Reactive Strategies: A Tractography-Guided TMS Study. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6920-6929. [PMID: 37657931 PMCID: PMC10573747 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0406-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictive and reactive behaviors represent two mutually exclusive strategies in a sensorimotor task. Predictive behavior consists in internally estimating timing and features of a target stimulus and relies on a cortical medial frontal system [superior frontal gyrus (SFG)]. Reactive behavior consists in waiting for actual perception of the target stimulus and relies on the lateral frontal cortex [inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)]. We investigated whether SFG-IFG connections by the frontal aslant tract (FAT) can mediate predictive/reactive interactions. In 19 healthy human volunteers, we applied online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to six spots along the medial and lateral terminations of the FAT, during the set period of a delayed reaction task. Such scenario can be solved using either predictive or reactive strategies. TMS increased the propensity toward reactive behavior if applied to a specific portion of the IFG and increased predictive behavior when applied to a specific SFG spot. The two active spots in the SFG and IFG were directly connected by a sub-bundle of FAT fibers as indicated by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tractography. Since FAT connectivity identifies two distant cortical nodes with opposite functions, we propose that the FAT mediates mutually inhibitory interactions between SFG and IFG to implement a "winner takes all" decisional process. We hypothesize such role of the FAT to be domain-general, whenever competition occurs between internal predictive and external reactive behaviors. Finally, we also show that anatomic connectivity is a powerful factor to explain and predict the spatial distribution of brain stimulation effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We interact with sensory cues adopting two main mutually-exclusive strategies: (1) trying to anticipate the occurrence of the cue or (2) waiting for the GO-signal to be manifest and react to it. Here, we showed, by using noninvasive brain stimulation [transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)], that two specific cortical regions in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) have opposite roles in facilitating a predictive or a reactive strategy. Importantly these two very distant regions but with highly interconnected functions are specifically connected by a small white matter bundle, which mediates the direct competition and exclusiveness between predictive and reactive strategies. More generally, implementing anatomic connectivity in TMS studies strongly reduces spatial noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tagliaferri
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente e Cervello (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
| | - Davide Giampiccolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona 37124, Italy
| | - Sara Parmigiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco," Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Paolo Avesani
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente e Cervello (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
- Center for Digital Health & Well Being, Neuroinformatics Laboratory, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattaneo
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente e Cervello (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Scienze Mediche (CISMed), University of Trento, Trento 38122, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wootton O, Shadrin AA, Mohn C, Susser E, Ramesar R, Gur RC, Andreassen OA, Stein DJ, Dalvie S. Genome-wide association study in 404,302 individuals identifies 7 significant loci for reaction time variability. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4011-4019. [PMID: 37864076 PMCID: PMC10730420 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Reaction time variability (RTV), reflecting fluctuations in response time on cognitive tasks, has been proposed as an endophenotype for many neuropsychiatric disorders. There have been no large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of RTV and little is known about its genetic underpinnings. Here, we used data from the UK Biobank to conduct a GWAS of RTV in participants of white British ancestry (n = 404,302) as well as a trans-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis (n = 44,873) to assess replication. We found 161 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed across 7 genomic loci in our discovery GWAS. Functional annotation of the variants implicated genes involved in synaptic function and neural development. The SNP-based heritability (h2SNP) estimate for RTV was 3%. We investigated genetic correlations between RTV and selected neuropsychological traits using linkage disequilibrium score regression, and found significant correlations with several traits, including a positive correlation with mean reaction time and schizophrenia. Despite the high genetic correlation between RTV and mean reaction time, we demonstrate distinctions in the genetic underpinnings of these traits. Lastly, we assessed the predictive ability of a polygenic score (PGS) for RTV, calculated using PRSice and PRS-CS, and found that the RTV-PGS significantly predicted RTV in independent cohorts, but that the generalisability to other ancestry groups was poor. These results identify genetic underpinnings of RTV, and support the use of RTV as an endophenotype for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Alexey A Shadrin
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Mohn
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ezra Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raj Ramesar
- UCT MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- UCT MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Haddad L, Wamain Y, Kalénine S. Too much to handle? Interference from distractors with similar affordances on target selection for handled objects. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290226. [PMID: 37643170 PMCID: PMC10464981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of handle affordances has been classically demonstrated using the Stimulus-Response Compatibility paradigm, with shorter response times when the orientation of the object handle and the response hand are compatible in comparison to incompatible. Yet the activation of handle affordances from visual objects has been investigated in very simple situations involving single stimulus and motor response. As natural perceptual scenes are usually composed of multiple objects that could activate multiple affordances, the consequence of multiple affordance activation on the perception and processing of a given object of the scene requires more investigation. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of distractor affordances on the processing of a target object in situations involving several familiar graspable objects. In two online experiments, 229 participants had to select a target object (the kitchen utensil or the tool) in a visual scene displaying a pair of objects. They performed left key presses when the target was on the left and right key presses when the target was on the right. Target handle orientation and response side could be compatible or incompatible. Critically, target and distractor objects had similar or dissimilar handle affordances, with handles oriented for left- or right-hand grasps. Results from the two experiments showed slower response times when target and distractor objects had similar handle affordances in comparison to dissimilar affordances, when participants performed right hand responses and when target orientation and response were compatible. Thus, affordance similarity between objects may interfere rather than facilitate object processing and slow down target selection. These findings are in line with models of affordance and object selection assuming automatic inhibition of distractors' affordances for appropriate object interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Haddad
- CNRS, UMR 9193 –SCALab–Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France
| | - Yannick Wamain
- CNRS, UMR 9193 –SCALab–Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France
| | - Solène Kalénine
- CNRS, UMR 9193 –SCALab–Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Flavia M, Lucia D, Antonia L, Luigi P, Marco T, Manuela G. The Simultaneous Assessment of Time and Motion Response during Dual Tasks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115309. [PMID: 37300036 DOI: 10.3390/s23115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of reaction time in clinical settings is generally employed to assess cognitive abilities by having a subject perform standard simple tests. In this study, a new method of measuring response time (RT) was developed using a system composed of LEDs that emit light stimuli and are equipped with proximity sensors. The RT is measured as the time taken by the subject to turn off the LED target by moving the hand towards the sensor. Through an optoelectronic passive marker system, the associated motion response is assessed. Two tasks of 10 stimuli each were defined: simple reaction time and recognition reaction time tasks. To validate the method implemented to measure RTs, the reproducibility and repeatability of the measurements were estimated, and, to test the method's applicability, a pilot study was conducted on 10 healthy subjects (6 females and 4 males, age = 25 ± 2 years), reporting, as expected, that the response time was affected by the task's difficulty. Unlike commonly used tests, the developed method has proven to be adequate for the simultaneous evaluation of the response in terms of time and motion. Furthermore, thanks to the playful nature of the tests, this method could also be used for clinical and pediatric applications to measure the impact of motor and cognitive impairments on RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marrone Flavia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, via Privata Giuseppe La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Donno Lucia
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lopreside Antonia
- School of Industrial and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piccinini Luigi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - Tarabini Marco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, via Privata Giuseppe La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Galli Manuela
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rudisill TM, Innes K(K, Wen S, Haggerty T, Smith GS. The effects of cannabidiol on subjective states, cognition, and psychomotor function in healthy adults: A randomized clinical trial. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:663-672. [PMID: 36625844 PMCID: PMC10175152 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite being added to numerous products, little is known about cannabidiol. Drowsiness is a self-reported side effect, which could impact cognitive functioning. To determine whether cannabidiol impacts cognition and psychomotor function, a volunteer sample of healthy, college students were recruited for this randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, feasibility trial from April-November 2021. Participants completed a baseline survey, the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Visual Analog Mood Scale, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Trail Making Test, Psychomotor Vigilance Test, and Simple Reaction Time Tests. Participants were then randomized and allocated to receive 300 mg cannabidiol oil (N = 21) or placebo (N = 19). After 120 min, participants retook the tests. Performance between groups was compared using Analysis of Covariance and multi-level Negative Binomial regression. Participants averaged 21 ± 3 years of age, and 52% were female. Self-reported anxiety did not change posttreatment. Performances on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Visual Analog Mood Scale, and Psychomotor Vigilance Test increased for both groups. After accounting for baseline scores, attention lapse duration significantly increased for those receiving cannabidiol compared to placebo in the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (76 vs. 66 ms; p = 0.02). Auditory reaction time improved in the cannabidiol group versus placebo for one sound emitted during the Simple Reaction Time Test (241 vs. 245 ms; p = 0.02), but the number of early responses increased from 0.3 to 0.8 for those receiving cannabidiol. While performance on most tests was similar between those receiving cannabidiol and placebo, cannabidiol might affect certain aspects of vigilance. More research and larger trials are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Marie Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Karen (Kim) Innes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Treah Haggerty
- Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gordon S. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wolski P, Asanowicz D. Does CUD measure interhemispheric transfer time? The allocation of attention influences the Poffenberger effect. Neuropsychologia 2023; 185:108581. [PMID: 37156411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple reaction time (SRT) difference between responses to visual stimuli presented ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the responding hand, known as the Poffenberger effect or the crossed-uncrossed difference (CUD), has been commonly interpreted as a measure of interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT). However, the validity of this interpretation, and the measure's reliability have been debated. The present study aimed at obtaining reliable evidence of the influence of spatial attention on the CUD, which would provide an argument against the classical structural interpretation of CUD. To meet the high statistical power requirements, over 100 thousand SRTs in total were collected from 12 participants. The task had three stimulus presentation conditions differing in the degree of stimulus location uncertainty: blocked (no uncertainty), randomized (full uncertainty), and mixed (25% uncertainty). The results showed robust effects of location uncertainty, proving spatial attention's contribution to the CUD. Further, we observed a strong visual-field asymmetry reflecting the right hemisphere specialization in target detection and spatial reorienting. Lastly, despite exceptional reliability of the component SRT measures, the CUD reliability was still too low to justify using this measure as an index of individual differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wolski
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wootton O, Shadrin AA, Mohn C, Susser E, Ramesar R, Gur RC, Andreassen OA, Stein DJ, Dalvie S. Genome-wide association study in 404,302 individuals identifies 7 significant loci for reaction time variability. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.03.23288056. [PMID: 37066411 PMCID: PMC10104187 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.23288056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Reaction time variability (RTV), reflecting fluctuations in response time on cognitive tasks, has been proposed as an endophenotype for many neuropsychiatric disorders. There have been no large-scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) of RTV and little is known about its genetic underpinnings. Here, we used data from the UK Biobank to conduct a GWAS of RTV in participants of white British ancestry (n = 404,302) as well as a trans-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis (n = 44,873) to assess replication. We found 161 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed across 7 genomic loci in our discovery GWAS. Functional annotation of the variants implicated genes involved in synaptic function and neural development. The SNP-based heritability (h2SNP) estimate for RTV was 3%. We investigated genetic correlations between RTV and selected neuropsychological traits using linkage disequilibrium score regression, and found significant correlations with several traits, including a positive correlation with schizophrenia. We assessed the predictive ability of a polygenic score (PGS) for RTV, calculated using PRSice and PRS-CS, and found that the RTV-PGS significantly predicted RTV in independent cohorts, but that the generalizability to other ancestry groups was poor. These results identify genetic underpinnings of RTV, and support the use of RTV as an endophenotype for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Alexey A. Shadrin
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Mohn
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ezra Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raj Ramesar
- UCT MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, South Africa
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Silfwerbrand L, Ogata Y, Yoshimura N, Koike Y, Gingnell M. An fMRI-study of leading and following using rhythmic tapping. Soc Neurosci 2023; 17:558-567. [PMID: 36891876 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2023.2189615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Leading and following is about synchronizing and joining actions in accordance with the differences that the leader and follower roles provide. The neural reactivity representing these roles was measured in an explorative fMRI-study, where two persons lead and followed each other in finger tapping using simple, individual, pre-learnt rhythms. All participants acted both as leader and follower. Neural reactivity for both lead and follow related to social awareness and adaptation distributed over the lateral STG, STS and TPJ. Reactivity for follow contrasted with lead mostly reflected sensorimotor and rhythmic processing in cerebellum IV, V, somatosensory cortex and SMA. During leading, as opposed to following, neural reactivity was observed in the insula and bilaterally in the superior temporal gyrus, pointing toward empathy, sharing of feelings, temporal coding and social engagement. Areas for continuous adaptation, in the posterior cerebellum and Rolandic operculum, were activated during both leading and following. This study indicated mutual adaptation of leader and follower during tapping and that the roles gave rise to largely similar neuronal reactivity. The differences between the roles indicated that leading was more socially focused and following had more motoric- and temporally related neural reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Silfwerbrand
- Department of Medical sciences, Psychiatry, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ogata
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Natsue Yoshimura
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Koike
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Malin Gingnell
- Department of Medical sciences, Psychiatry, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Emotion Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Flaim M, Guo J, Blaisdell AP. Choice reaction time in pigeons fails to increase as predicted by Hick's law. Behav Processes 2023; 206:104838. [PMID: 36716901 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Being able to correctly identify a target when presented with multiple possible alternatives, or increasing uncertainty, is highly beneficial in a wide variety of situations. This has been intensely investigated with human participants and results consistently demonstrated that participant reaction time (RT) increases linearly with the number of response alternatives, described as Hick's Law. Yet, the strength of this relationship is impacted by a variety of parameters, including stimulus-response compatibility, stimulus intensity, and practice. Different theories attempt to explain why these parameters affect the time to detect the target, but thus far these theories almost exclusively rely on human and nonhuman primate research. Therefore, it is unclear if these theories are universal or unique to primates, due to the scarcity of other animal models. A previous investigation showed that pigeon RT will increase in accordance with Hick's Law though not as steeply as human RT, potentially due to differences in the procedure used on pigeons. To better understand pigeon RT under uncertainty and facilitate cross species comparisons, these experiments used a procedure that was more similar to what has been given to humans. Surprisingly, pigeon RT did not follow Hick's Law as predicted. In Experiment 1, subjects showed an 'anti-Hick's' effect due to an artefact of stimulus location on the monitor. Subsequent experiments controlled for location, still RT did not increase with the number of choices as predicted by Hick's Law. Procedural changes that may have been responsible for this difference and the role of stimulus-response compatibility are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Flaim
- University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bsharat-Maalouf D, Degani T, Karawani H. The Involvement of Listening Effort in Explaining Bilingual Listening Under Adverse Listening Conditions. Trends Hear 2023; 27:23312165231205107. [PMID: 37941413 PMCID: PMC10637154 DOI: 10.1177/23312165231205107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The current review examines listening effort to uncover how it is implicated in bilingual performance under adverse listening conditions. Various measures of listening effort, including physiological, behavioral, and subjective measures, have been employed to examine listening effort in bilingual children and adults. Adverse listening conditions, stemming from environmental factors, as well as factors related to the speaker or listener, have been examined. The existing literature, although relatively limited to date, points to increased listening effort among bilinguals in their nondominant second language (L2) compared to their dominant first language (L1) and relative to monolinguals. Interestingly, increased effort is often observed even when speech intelligibility remains unaffected. These findings emphasize the importance of considering listening effort alongside speech intelligibility. Building upon the insights gained from the current review, we propose that various factors may modulate the observed effects. These include the particular measure selected to examine listening effort, the characteristics of the adverse condition, as well as factors related to the particular linguistic background of the bilingual speaker. Critically, further research is needed to better understand the impact of these factors on listening effort. The review outlines avenues for future research that would promote a comprehensive understanding of listening effort in bilingual individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bsharat-Maalouf
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Degani
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hanin Karawani
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hallgren RC, Rogers J. Validation of cognitive and neuromuscular latencies using an iPad-based tool to quantify simple reaction times in asymptomatic subjects. J Osteopath Med 2023; 123:59-64. [PMID: 36601862 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2022-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Simple reaction times (SRTs), measured in milliseconds (msec), are equal to the sum of subject-dependent latencies that occur during cognitive processing and neuromuscular responses to a preprogrammed stimulus presented to a subject. SRTs have the advantage of being a relatively pure, neurologically driven motor/sensory task that provides a clinician with a generalized assessment of functional deficits. SRTs are easily obtained, and studies have reported that the average number of finger-taps during a 10-s interval can be utilized to distinguish between patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and healthy controls. OBJECTIVES A stimulus/response SRT protocol, utilizing an iPad-based tool, was utilized to see if differentiation and quantification of individual components of cognitive latency (CL) and neuromuscular latency (NL) from a subject's total SRT could be accomplished. The study hypothesis was that cognitive latencies, related to a specific cognitive challenge, would remain constant even as latencies due to neuromuscular challenges changed. METHODS Two categories of SRT tests were utilized. The first was a simple finger tapping test (FTT), without any cognitive involvement, that was designed to quantify pure NL. The second test was a choice test (CT) that was characterized by the addition of a cognitive task to the FTT. The objective of the FTT was for the subject to simply tap a single target positioned on the iPad screen as fast as possible over an interval of 10 s. Measurement of the SRT began when a target was displayed and ended when the target was tapped. Two levels of challenge for the FTT and CT tests were presented to the subjects: a small random displacement (SD) of the target of up to 6 mm, and a large random displacement (LD) of the target of up to 24 mm. It was expected that the magnitude of the SRT (FTT) would be directly related to the magnitude of the displacement of the target due to kinematic response characteristics of the hand and arm. RESULTS To validate the study hypothesis, CL for both small and large displacements was calculated by subtracting the respective NL from the total SRT. Utilizing a repeated measures t-test analysis utilizing SPSS, a significant difference between CL (SD) and CL (LD) at p=0.696 was not observed. CONCLUSIONS Differentiation and quantification of individual components of CL and NL from a subject's total SRT was accomplished. An Apple iPad Pro was selected as a platform for our study because: (1) it is readily available, affordable, and programmable; (2) it meets a requirement for portability; and (3) it allows the modification/addition of test parameters to meet future needs. The ability to quantify the extent of cognitive and neuromuscular dysfunction in the TBI patient is an essential component of developing an effective treatment plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Hallgren
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John Rogers
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Myers CE, Interian A, Moustafa AA. A practical introduction to using the drift diffusion model of decision-making in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and health sciences. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1039172. [PMID: 36571016 PMCID: PMC9784241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1039172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rapid increase in the number of studies using evidence-accumulation models (such as the drift diffusion model, DDM) in the fields of psychology and neuroscience. These models go beyond observed behavior to extract descriptions of latent cognitive processes that have been linked to different brain substrates. Accordingly, it is important for psychology and neuroscience researchers to be able to understand published findings based on these models. However, many articles using (and explaining) these models assume that the reader already has a fairly deep understanding of (and interest in) the computational and mathematical underpinnings, which may limit many readers' ability to understand the results and appreciate the implications. The goal of this article is therefore to provide a practical introduction to the DDM and its application to behavioral data - without requiring a deep background in mathematics or computational modeling. The article discusses the basic ideas underpinning the DDM, and explains the way that DDM results are normally presented and evaluated. It also provides a step-by-step example of how the DDM is implemented and used on an example dataset, and discusses methods for model validation and for presenting (and evaluating) model results. Supplementary material provides R code for all examples, along with the sample dataset described in the text, to allow interested readers to replicate the examples themselves. The article is primarily targeted at psychologists, neuroscientists, and health professionals with a background in experimental cognitive psychology and/or cognitive neuroscience, who are interested in understanding how DDMs are used in the literature, as well as some who may to go on to apply these approaches in their own work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Myers
- Research and Development Service, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Alejandro Interian
- Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Lyons, NJ, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Karhu T, Leppänen T, Korkalainen H, Myllymaa S, Duce B, Töyräs J, Nikkonen S. Desaturation event scoring criteria affect the perceived severity of nocturnal hypoxic load. Sleep Med 2022; 100:479-486. [PMID: 36257201 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/BACKGROUND Interest in using blood oxygen desaturations in the diagnostics of sleep apnea has risen in recent years. However, no standardized criteria for desaturation scoring exist which complicates the drawing of solid conclusions from literature. PATIENTS/METHODS We investigated how different desaturation scoring criteria affect the severity of nocturnal hypoxic load and the prediction of impaired daytime vigilance in 845 patients. Desaturations were scored based on three features: 1) minimum oxygen saturation drop during the event (2-20%, 1% interval), 2) minimum duration of the event (2-20s, 1s interval), and 3) maximum plateau duration within the event (5-60s, 5s interval), resulting in 4332 different scoring criteria. The hypoxic load was described with oxygen desaturation index (ODI), desaturation severity (DesSev), and desaturation duration (DesDur) parameters. Association between hypoxic load and impaired vigilance was investigated with covariate-adjusted area under curve (AUC) analyses by dividing patients into normal (≤5 lapses) and impaired (≥36 lapses) vigilance groups based on psychomotor vigilance task performance. RESULTS The severity of hypoxic load varied greatly between different scoring criteria. For example, median ODI ranged between 0.4 and 12.9 events/h, DesSev 0.01-0.23 %-point, and DesDur 0.3-9.6 %-point when the minimum transient drop criterion of 3% was used and other two features were altered. Overall, the minimum transient drop criterion had the largest effect on parameter values. All models with differently determined parameters predicted impaired vigilance moderately (AUC = 0.722-0.734). CONCLUSIONS Desaturation scoring criteria greatly affected the severity of hypoxic load. However, the difference in the prediction of impaired vigilance between different criteria was rather small.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Karhu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Timo Leppänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Henri Korkalainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Myllymaa
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Brett Duce
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Nikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Badau D, Badau A. Optimizing Reaction Time in Relation to Manual and Foot Laterality in Children Using the Fitlight Technological Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8785. [PMID: 36433379 PMCID: PMC9694787 DOI: 10.3390/s22228785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to design and implement, in the physical and sports education process and in the motor evaluation process, a program of exercises and specific tests to optimize reaction time by using the Fitlight technological systems in relation to the manual and foot laterality of the pupils and identification of gender differences regarding the development of reaction speed. The study included 231 pupils, between 10 and 11 years old, who were divided into two groups according to gender, as follows: the male sample included 109 (97.32%) subjects, and the female sample included 103 (94.45%) participants. All subjects were identified with right manual and foot laterality. Both samples performed a specific exercise program to optimize reaction time in relation to manual and foot laterality by using Fitlight technologies. In the study, four tests were applied in order to evaluate reaction times using Fitlight, two in relation to the manual laterality and two with foot laterality, and the results were statistically processed with IBM SPPS Statistic 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Through the comparative analysis of the samples and the progress aimed at optimizing the reaction time specific to our study, it was found that the female sample recorded greater progress at the level of manual laterality, both for the right hand and for the left one, while the sample of boys recorded significant progress in terms of improving reaction time at the level of right and left foot laterality. At the foot laterality level, the results for the executions with the right foot were better in the simple test with four Fitlight spotlights in a line, and for the complex test, with eight Fitlight spotlights in a square, the results were better in the executions with the left foot. This reveals the fact that the greater the execution complexity, the better the motor prevalence on the left side.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Badau
- Petru Maior Faculty of Sciences and Letters, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Adela Badau
- Petru Maior Faculty of Sciences and Letters, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Domain-specificity of Flynn effects in the CHC-model: Stratum II test score changes in Germanophone samples (1996–2018). INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
27
|
Soghoyan G, Aksiotis V, Rusinova A, Myachykov A, Tumyalis A. An adaptive paradigm for detecting the individual duration of the preparatory period in the choice reaction time task. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273234. [PMID: 36083888 PMCID: PMC9462575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the sequential stage model, the selection and the execution of a motor response are two distinct independent processes. Here, we propose a new adaptive paradigm for identifying the individual duration of the response preparatory period based on the motor reaction time (RT) data. The results are compared using the paradigm with constant values of the preparatory period. Two groups of participants performed on either an easy (Group 1) or a hard (Group 2) response selection task with two types of stimuli based on the preparatory period parameters: (1) stimuli with a constant preparatory period duration of 0 or 1200 ms and (2) stimuli with adaptive preparatory period durations. Our analysis showed an increase in the duration of the response selection process as a function of increasing task complexity when using both paradigms with constant and adaptive values of the preparatory period duration. We conclude that the adaptive paradigm proposed in the current paper has several important advantages over the constant paradigm in terms of measuring the response accuracy while being equally efficiently in capturing other critical response parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurgen Soghoyan
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav Aksiotis
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Rusinova
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andriy Myachykov
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Tumyalis
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Theofilou G, Ladakis I, Mavroidi C, Kilintzis V, Mirachtsis T, Chouvarda I, Kouidi E. The Effects of a Visual Stimuli Training Program on Reaction Time, Cognitive Function, and Fitness in Young Soccer Players. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6680. [PMID: 36081136 PMCID: PMC9460176 DOI: 10.3390/s22176680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether a visual stimuli program during soccer training can affect reaction time (RT), cognitive function, and physical fitness in adolescent soccer players. Thirty-eight male soccer players aged 10−15 were randomly assigned to either the intervention (Group A) or the control group (Group B). At baseline and at the end of the 6-month study FITLIGHT Trainer, the Cognitive Function Scanner Mobile Test Suite, a Virtual Reality (VR) game, and the ALPHA—Fitness and the Eurofit test batteries were used to measure participants’ abilities. After the baseline assessment, Group A followed their regular soccer training combined with a visual stimuli program, while Group B continued their regular soccer training program alone for 6 months. At the end of the 6-month study, Group A showed statistically significant improvements in simple RT by 11.8% (p = 0.002), repeated sprints by 13.4% (p ≤ 0.001), and Pen-to-Point Cognitive Function by 71.62% (p < 0.001) and 72.51% for dominant and non-dominant hands, respectively. However, a between-groups analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in most of the measurements studied. In conclusion, a visual stimuli training program does not seem to add any value to the traditional soccer training program for adolescents. Nevertheless, this study helps to underline the potential of newly emerging technology as a tool for the assessment of RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Theofilou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), P.C. 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ladakis
- Laboratory of Computing, Medical Informatics and Biomedical—Imaging Technologies, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.C. 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charikleia Mavroidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), P.C. 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Kilintzis
- Laboratory of Computing, Medical Informatics and Biomedical—Imaging Technologies, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.C. 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Mirachtsis
- Ophthalmology Department, 424 Military Hospital, P.C. 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Chouvarda
- Laboratory of Computing, Medical Informatics and Biomedical—Imaging Technologies, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.C. 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), P.C. 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wisén N, Larsson G, Risling M, Arborelius U. Is conduct after capture training sufficiently stressful? Front Psychol 2022; 13:795759. [PMID: 35967608 PMCID: PMC9372607 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.795759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Conduct after capture (CAC) training is for personnel at risk of being captured. To be effective, it needs to be stressful. But how do we know if it is stressful enough? This study uses biomarkers and cognitive measures to evaluate CAC. Soldiers undergoing CAC were measured by the stress hormone cortisol from saliva samples at baseline and during training. The training consisted of being taken capture and put through a number of realistic and threatening scenarios, targeting survival strategies taught in the preceding week. Between scenarios, the trainees were held in a holding cell where they were monitored by a guard. The saliva samples were taken in conjunction with the scenarios. The whole training took place over a period of ~24 h. Cognitive performance was measured at baseline and after training. Three groups took part Group A (n = 20) was taken after 48 h of intense tasks leaving them in a poor resting state. Group B (n = 23) was well rested at CAC onset. Group C (n = 10) was part of a survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE) instructor course. The CAC training was the same for all groups. Group A exhibited a high increase in cortisol during CAC, compared to baseline levels were multiple times as high as “expected” values. Group B exhibited elevated levels slightly lower than those of group A, they also “dropped” to “normal” levels during the latter part of the exercise. Group C displayed the least increase with only slightly elevated levels. CAC training is stressful and cortisol levels were elevated enough to satisfy the prerequisite for effective stress inoculation. No cognitive performance drop could be identified; however, several participants “froze” during the exercise due to intensive stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Wisén
- Department of Experimental Traumatology, Institution of Neuroscience at Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Niclas Wisén,
| | - Gerry Larsson
- Department of Leadership and Command and Control, Swedish Defence University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Experimental Traumatology, Institution of Neuroscience at Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Arborelius
- Department of Experimental Traumatology, Institution of Neuroscience at Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Toth M, Sambeth A, Blokland A. Age Effects on Old/New Recognition Memory Involving Abstract Figures and Non-words. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:915055. [PMID: 35795236 PMCID: PMC9250999 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.915055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related memory problems posit a growing concern in our society. This study investigated the impact of age and memory strength on recognition memory of pre-experimentally unfamiliar abstract figures and non-words. We applied a three-phase old/new recognition memory paradigm and manipulated memory strength as a function of the Levels of Processing (deep vs. shallow) and repetition. Older adults relative to the young showed impairment in the correct identification of new items. As indicated by the lower discriminability indexes, the older adults also had difficulties discriminating the strongly (drawn/semantically processed) and the weakly (studied) embedded abstract figures but not the non-words. Age-related differences in reaction times were only evident with the abstract figures. Finally, our results revealed that the recognition performance was equally affected by memory strength in both age groups. The current findings agree with previous research on age-related impairment in new item recognition, which can be attributed to misrecollection and decreased sensitivity to novelty in the older adults than the young. The detected age effects on the discriminability of the drawn and studied abstract figures agree with the age-related impairment in the perceptual encoding hypothesis and support the notion related to the need for environmental support to reduce age effects. The lack of age effects with the non-words indicates that age effects on discriminability are stimulus-dependent. The current results support the notion that recognition memory in aging is only impaired under certain conditions and depends on the stimuli used.
Collapse
|
31
|
Opitz L, Wagner F, Rogenz J, Maas J, Schmidt A, Brodoehl S, Klingner CM. Still Wanting to Win: Reward System Stability in Healthy Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:863580. [PMID: 35707701 PMCID: PMC9190761 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.863580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is accompanied by multi-faceted changes. Especially within the brain, healthy aging exerts substantial impetus on core parts of cognitive and motivational networks. Rewards comprise basic needs, such as food, sleep, and social contact. Thus, a functionally intact reward system remains indispensable for elderly people to cope with everyday life and adapt to their changing environment. Research shows that reward system function is better preserved in the elderly than most cognitive functions. To investigate the compensatory mechanisms providing reward system stability in aging, we employed a well-established reward paradigm (Monetary Incentive Delay Task) in groups of young and old participants while undergoing EEG measurement. As a new approach, we applied EEG connectivity analyses to assess cortical reward-related network connectivity. At the behavioral level, our results confirm that the function of the reward system is preserved in old age. The mechanisms identified for maintaining reward system function in old age do not fit into previously described models of cognitive aging. Overall, older adults exhibit lower reward-related connectivity modulation, higher reliance on posterior and right-lateralized brain areas than younger adults, and connectivity modulation in the opposite direction than younger adults, with usually greater connectivity during non-reward compared to reward conditions. We believe that the reward system has unique compensatory mechanisms distinct from other cognitive functions, probably due to its etymologically very early origin. In summary, this study provides important new insights into cortical reward network connectivity in healthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Opitz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Wagner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program OrganAge, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Franziska Wagner,
| | - Jenny Rogenz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna Maas
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Brodoehl
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten M. Klingner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Aflalo T, Zhang C, Revechkis B, Rosario E, Pouratian N, Andersen RA. Implicit mechanisms of intention. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2051-2060.e6. [PMID: 35390282 PMCID: PMC9090994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-level cortical regions encode motor decisions before or even absent awareness, suggesting that neural processes predetermine behavior before conscious choice. Such early neural encoding challenges popular conceptions of human agency. It also raises fundamental questions for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that traditionally assume that neural activity reflects the user's conscious intentions. Here, we study the timing of human posterior parietal cortex single-neuron activity recorded from implanted microelectrode arrays relative to the explicit urge to initiate movement. Participants were free to choose when to move, whether to move, and what to move, and they retrospectively reported the time they felt the urge to move. We replicate prior studies by showing that posterior parietal cortex (PPC) neural activity sharply rises hundreds of milliseconds before the reported urge. However, we find that this "preconscious" activity is part of a dynamic neural population response that initiates much earlier, when the participant first chooses to perform the task. Together with details of neural timing, our results suggest that PPC encodes an internal model of the motor planning network that transforms high-level task objectives into appropriate motor behavior. These new data challenge traditional interpretations of early neural activity and offer a more holistic perspective on the interplay between choice, behavior, and their neural underpinnings. Our results have important implications for translating BMIs into more complex real-world environments. We find that early neural dynamics are sufficient to drive BMI movements before the participant intends to initiate movement. Appropriate algorithms ensure that BMI movements align with the subject's awareness of choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Aflalo
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; California Institute of Technology, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Carey Zhang
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Boris Revechkis
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Emily Rosario
- Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Rehabilitation, 255 E Bonita Ave, Pomona, CA 91767, USA
| | - Nader Pouratian
- University of California, Los Angeles, Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard A Andersen
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; California Institute of Technology, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Egeland J. The ups and downs of intelligence: The co-occurrence model and its associated research program. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
34
|
Effects of the Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Binaural Beat Brain Stimulation and Short-Term Training on Simultaneously Assessed Visuospatial and Verbal Working Memories, Signal Detection Measures, Response Times, and Intrasubject Response Time Variabilities: A Within-Subject Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8588272. [PMID: 35655482 PMCID: PMC9153928 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8588272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Binaural beats (BBs) are phantom sound illusions perceived when two sounds of slightly different frequencies are separately transmitted to the ears. It is suggested that some BB frequencies might entrain the brain and enhance certain cognitive functions such as working memory or attention. Nevertheless, studies in this regard are very scarce, quite controversial, and merely covering a very small portion of this vast field of research (e.g., testing only a few BB frequencies), not to mention adopting some limited methodologies (e.g., no assessment of the loudness of the BB sound, adopting only between-subject analyses, and testing only one perceptual modality). Hence, we aimed to assess the potential effects of alpha, beta, and gamma BBs on cognitive-behavioral parameters of working memory and attention examined simultaneously in two different modalities (visuospatial and auditory-verbal). Methods This within-subject five-arm randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial included 155 trials in 31 healthy right-handed subjects (17 women, 14 men, 30.84 ± 6.16 years old). Each subject listened to 8-minute sessions of 10 Hz, 16 Hz, and 40 Hz binaural beats versus 240 Hz pure tone and silence (in random orders). In each 8-minute block, they played a dual 2-back task with feedback enabled. Their cognitive-behavioral parameters (working memory capacities, signal detection measures (hit rate, false alarm rate, sensitivity, and response bias), and reaction speed measures (response time and intrasubject response time variability)) were calculated. The effects of the sound interventions and short-term training on these working memory and attention measures were assessed statistically using mixed-model linear regressions, repeated-measures ANOVAs and ANCOVAs, Bonferroni post hoc tests, and one-sample t-tests (α = 0.05). Results The following are some major statistically significant findings (P ≤ 0.05): In the visuospatial modality, the 10 Hz BB reduced the response time and intrasubject response time variability and reduced the extent of decline over time in the case of visuospatial working memory, sensitivity, and hit rate. In the auditory-verbal modality, the 10 Hz intervention reduced the hit rate, false alarm rate, and sensitivity. The 10 Hz intervention also caused the lowest intermodality discrepancies in hit rates and false alarm rates, the highest response time discrepancies, and negative discrepancies in working memories and sensitivities (indicating the superiority of the visuospatial modality). The response biases tended to be liberal-to-neutral in the verbal modality and rather conservative in the visuospatial modality. Reactions were faster in the visuospatial modality than the auditory-verbal one, while the intrasubject variability of reaction times was smaller in the auditory-verbal modality. Short-term training can increase the hit rate, working memory, and sensitivity and can decrease the false alarm rate and response time. Aging and reduced sound intervention volume may slow down responses and increase the intrasubject variability of response time. Faster reactions might be correlated with greater hit rates, working memories, and sensitivities and also with lower false alarm rates. Conclusions The 8-minute alpha-band binaural beat entrainment may have a few, slight enhancing effects within the visuospatial modality, but not in both modalities combined. Short-term training can improve working memory and some cognitive parameters of attention. Some BB interventions can affect the intermodality discrepancies. There may be differences between the two modalities in terms of the response speeds and intrasubject response time variabilities. Aging can slow down the response, while increasing the volume of audio interventions may accelerate it.
Collapse
|
35
|
Peters JO, Steiger TK, Sobczak A, Bunzeck N. Set Size of Information in Long-Term Memory Similarly Modulates Retrieval Dynamics in Young and Older Adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:817929. [PMID: 35310276 PMCID: PMC8924055 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.817929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to rapidly distinguish new from already stored (old) information is important for behavior and decision making, but the underlying processes remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that contextual cues lead to a preselection of information and, therefore, faster recognition. Specifically, on the basis of previous modeling work, we hypothesized that recognition time depends on the amount of relevant content stored in long-term memory, i.e., set size, and we explored possible age-related changes of this relationship in older humans. In our paradigm, subjects learned by heart four different word lists (24, 48, 72, and 96 words) written in different colors (green, red, orange, and blue). On the day of testing, a color cue (e.g., green) indicated with a probability of 50% that a subsequent word might be from the corresponding list or from a list of new words. The old/new status of the word had to be distinguished via button press. As a main finding, we can show in a sample of n = 49 subjects, including 26 younger and 23 older humans, that response times increased linearly and logarithmically as a function of set size in both age groups. Conversely, corrected hit rates decreased as a function of set size with no statistically significant differences between both age groups. As such, our findings provide empirical evidence that contextual information can lead to a preselection of relevant information stored in long-term memory to promote efficient recognition, possibly by cyclical top-down and bottom-up processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan O. Peters
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Nico Bunzeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sadler CM, Peters KJ, Santangelo CM, Maslovat D, Carlsen AN. Retrospective composite analysis of StartReact data indicates sex differences in simple reaction time are not attributable to response preparation. Behav Brain Res 2022; 426:113839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
37
|
Kovacs BA, Insperger T. Virtual stick balancing: skill development in Newtonian and Aristotelian dynamics. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210854. [PMID: 35232278 PMCID: PMC8889188 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human reaction delay significantly limits manual control of unstable systems. It is more difficult to balance a short stick on a fingertip than a long one, because a shorter stick falls faster and therefore requires faster reactions. In this study, a virtual stick balancing environment was developed where the reaction delay can be artificially modulated and the law of motion can be changed between second-order (Newtonian) and first-order (Aristotelian) dynamics. Twenty-four subjects were separated into two groups and asked to perform virtual stick balancing programmed according to either Newtonian or Aristotelian dynamics. The shortest stick length (critical length, Lc) was determined for different added delays in six sessions of balancing trials performed on different days. The observed relation between Lc and the overall reaction delay τ reflected the feature of the underlying mathematical models: (i) for the Newtonian dynamics Lc is proportional to τ2; (ii) for the Aristotelian dynamics Lc is proportional to τ. Deviation of the measured Lc(τ) function from the theoretical one was larger for the Newtonian dynamics for all sessions, which suggests that, at least in virtually controlled tasks, it is more difficult to adopt second-order dynamics than first-order dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balazs A. Kovacs
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Lendület Human Balancing Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Insperger
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Lendület Human Balancing Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Effect of types of stimuli, handedness and gender differences on reaction time among adults students during the COVID-19 pandemic. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has unhinged the lives of people across the globe, in particular, university students who are home-schooling. No study has investigated the influence of specific parameters on reaction time (RT) among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study aims to describe the relationship between RT and parameters (types of stimuli, handedness, and gender differences) that may affect its values during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Material and methods: RT of 60 volunteers to visual and auditory stimuli were recorded using the drop ruler method. RT was compared within-subject with respect to handedness and type of stimulus, and between subjects with regards to gender.
Results: Although a small difference between RT reported as a function of hands and gender was observed, these results were statistically insignificant. However, females had a significant shorter RT to visual than the auditory stimulus.
Conclusions: Findings showed that no significant differences were obtained between all comparisons made, except between females RT to visual stimulus and auditory stimulus. This can be attributed to the high level of stress and anxiety that may occur among students due to the COVID-19, which is the most prevalent and dangerous topic for university students, especially female students.
Collapse
|
39
|
Rowland DL, Althof SE, McMahon CG. The Unfinished Business of Defining Premature Ejaculation: The Need for Targeted Research. Sex Med Rev 2022; 10:323-340. [PMID: 34996746 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fifteen years have passed since the International Society of Sexual Medicine first established the 3-pronged criteria for premature ejaculation (PE): a short ejaculation latency, lack of ejaculatory control, and bother/distress. Although the process of establishing valid criteria for any condition or disorder is an ongoing one, a dearth of targeted research on these criteria has hindered professional societies from updating and revising them. OBJECTIVES To review and critique existing criteria used in the diagnosis of PE, to identify specific problems with them, and to recommend studies that will address shortcomings. METHODS Each of the PE criteria was evaluated and compared against standard procedures for establishing validated measures. Following each analysis, targeted research to address the gaps has been recommended. RESULTS Each PE criterion has shortcomings and each can be improved by using standard validation procedures, as noted by the targeted research outcomes. Professional societies can play an important role by encouraging broad participation in research that generates new and relevant data supporting, validating, or challenging the existing criteria. CONCLUSION The concepts underlying the diagnostic criteria for PE have both broad consensus and functional utility. Nevertheless, much of the research investigating PE has uncritically adopted these criteria without concomitantly recognizing their limitations. These limitations prevent determining accurate prevalence rates, interpreting research findings with confidence, and establishing efficacious treatment outcomes. Rowland DL, Althof SE, McMahon CG. The Unfinished Business of Defining Premature Ejaculation: The Need for Targeted Research. Sex Med Rev 2021;XX:XXX-XXX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Rowland
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, USA.
| | - Stanley E Althof
- Center for Marital and Sexual Health of South Florida, Greenacres, FL, USA and Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chris G McMahon
- Australian Centre for Sexual Health, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
McLauchlan DJ, Lancaster T, Craufurd D, Linden DEJ, Rosser AE. Different depression: motivational anhedonia governs antidepressant efficacy in Huntington's disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac278. [PMID: 36440100 PMCID: PMC9683390 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is more common in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease than the general population. Antidepressant efficacy is well-established for depression within the general population: a recent meta-analysis showed serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and mirtazapine outperformed other antidepressants. Despite the severe morbidity, antidepressant choice in Huntington's disease is based on Class IV evidence. We used complementary approaches to determine treatment choice for depression in Huntington's disease: propensity score analyses of antidepressant treatment outcome using the ENROLL-HD data set, and a dissection of the cognitive mechanisms underlying depression in Huntington's disease using a cognitive battery based on the Research Domain Criteria for Depression. Study 1 included ENROLL-HD 5486 gene-positive adult patients started on an antidepressant medication for depression. Our outcome measures were depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale or Problem Behaviours Assessment 'Depressed Mood' item) at first follow-up (primary outcome) and all follow-ups (secondary outcome). The intervention was antidepressant class. We used Svyglm&Twang in R to perform propensity scoring, using known variables (disease progression, medical comorbidity, psychiatric morbidity, sedatives, number of antidepressants, demographics and antidepressant contraindications) to determine the probability of receiving different antidepressants (propensity score) and then included the propensity score in a model of treatment efficacy. Study 2 recruited 51 gene-positive adult patients and 26 controls from the South Wales Huntington's Disease Management Service. Participants completed a motor assessment, in addition to measures of depression and apathy, followed by tasks measuring consummatory anhedonia, motivational anhedonia, learning from reward and punishment and reaction to negative outcome. We used generalised linear models to determine the association between task performance and depression scores. Study 1 showed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors outperformed serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on the primary outcome (P = 0.048), whilst both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (P = 0.00069) and bupropion (P = 0.0045) were superior to serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on the secondary outcome. Study 2 demonstrated an association between depression score and effort for reward that was not explained by apathy. No other mechanisms were associated with depression score. We found that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bupropion outperform serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors at alleviating depression in Huntington's disease. Moreover, motivational anhedonia appears the most significant mechanism underlying depression in Huntington's disease. Bupropion is improves motivational anhedonia and has a synergistic effect with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This work provides the first large-scale, objective evidence to determine treatment choice for depression in Huntington's disease, and provides a model for determining antidepressant efficacy in other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan James McLauchlan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,Department of Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Thomas Lancaster
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David Craufurd
- Manchester Center for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - David E J Linden
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Fac. Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anne E Rosser
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,Department of Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Riemer M, Wolbers T, van Rijn H. Age-related changes in time perception: The impact of naturalistic environments and retrospective judgements on timing performance. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:2002-2012. [PMID: 34024221 PMCID: PMC8450996 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211023362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reduced timing abilities have been reported in older adults and are associated with pathological cognitive decline. However, time perception experiments often lack ecological validity. Especially the reduced complexity of experimental stimuli and the participants' awareness of the time-related nature of the task can influence lab-assessed timing performance and thereby conceal age-related differences. An approximation of more naturalistic paradigms can provide important information about age-related changes in timing abilities. To determine the impact of higher ecological validity on timing experiments, we implemented a paradigm that allowed us to test (1) the effect of embedding the to-be-timed stimuli within a naturalistic visual scene and (2) the effect of retrospective time judgements, which are more common in real life than prospective judgements. The results show that compared with out-of-context stimuli, younger adults benefit from a naturalistic embedding of stimuli (reflected in higher precision and less errors), whereas the performance of older adults is reduced when confronted with naturalistic stimuli. Differences between retrospective and prospective time judgements were not modulated by age. We conclude that, potentially driven by difficulties in suppressing temporally irrelevant environmental information, the contextual embedding of naturalistic stimuli can affect the degree to which age influences the performance in time perception tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riemer
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Aging & Cognition Research Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolbers
- Aging & Cognition Research Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Van Patten R, Iverson GL, Muzeau MA, VanRavenhorst-Bell HA. Test-Retest Reliability and Reliable Change Estimates for Four Mobile Cognitive Tests Administered Virtually in Community-Dwelling Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:734947. [PMID: 34744906 PMCID: PMC8566921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Remote mobile cognitive testing (MCT) is an expanding area of research, but psychometric data supporting these measures are limited. We provide preliminary data on test-retest reliability and reliable change estimates in four MCTs from SWAY Medical, Inc. Methods: Fifty-five adults from the U.S. Midwest completed the MCTs remotely on their personal mobile devices once per week for 3 consecutive weeks, while being supervised with a video-based virtual connection. The cognitive assessment measured simple reaction time ("Reaction Time"), go/no-go response inhibition ("Impulse Control"), timed visual processing ("Inspection Time"), and working memory ("Working Memory"). For each cognitive test except Working Memory, we analyzed both millisecond (ms) responses and an overall SWAY composite score. Results: The mean age of the sample was 26.69years (SD=9.89; range=18-58). Of the 55 adults, 38 (69.1%) were women and 49 (89.1%) used an iPhone. Friedman's ANOVAs examining differences across testing sessions were nonsignificant (ps>0.31). Intraclass correlations for Weeks 1-3 were: Reaction Time (ms): 0.83, Reaction Time (SWAY): 0.83, Impulse Control (ms): 0.68, Impulse Control (SWAY): 0.80, Inspection Time (ms): 0.75, Inspection Time (SWAY): 0.75, and Working Memory (SWAY): 0.88. Intraclass correlations for Weeks 1-2 were: Reaction Time (ms): 0.75, Reaction Time (SWAY): 0.74, Impulse Control (ms): 0.60, Impulse Control (SWAY): 0.76, Inspection Time (ms): 0.79, Inspection Time (SWAY): 0.79, and Working Memory (SWAY): 0.83. Natural distributions of difference scores were calculated and reliable change estimates are presented for 70, 80, and 90% CIs. Conclusion: Test-retest reliability was adequate or better for the MCTs in this virtual remote testing study. Reliable change estimates allow for the determination of whether a particular level of improvement or decline in performance is within the range of probable measurement error. Additional reliability and validity data are needed in other age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Van Patten
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Sports Concussion Program, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Institute, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wilkes JR, Kelly JT, Walter AE, Slobounov SM. Reaction Time Task Performance in Concussed Athletes over a 30-Day Period: An Observational Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 37:240-248. [PMID: 34557888 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reaction time is a common deficit following concussion, making its evaluation critical during return-to-play protocol. Without proper evaluation, an athlete may return-to-play prematurely, putting them at risk of further injury. Although often assessed, we propose that current clinical testing may not be challenging enough to detect lingering deficits. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine reaction time in concussed individuals three times over a 30-day period through the use of a novel reaction time device consisting of simple, complex, and go/no-go reaction time tasks. METHODS Twenty-three concussed subjects completed simple, complex, and go/no-go reaction time tests at three different timepoints: within 7-, 14-, and 30-days of injury, and 21 healthy controls completed the three reaction time tasks during a single session. RESULTS Independent t-tests revealed that for the simple reaction time task, concussed participants were only significantly slower at session 1 (p = .002) when compared to controls. Complex reaction time task results showed concussed participants to be significantly slower at session 1 (p = .0002), session 2 (p = .001), and session 3 (p = .002). Go/no-go results showed concussed participants to be significantly slower than controls at session 1 (p = .003), session 2 (p = .001), and session 3 (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Concussed individuals display prolonged reaction time deficits beyond the acute phase of injury, illustrated using increasingly complex tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Wilkes
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - J T Kelly
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - A E Walter
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - S M Slobounov
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Neural and behavioral correlates of human pain avoidance in participants with and without episodic migraine. Pain 2021; 163:1023-1034. [PMID: 34510134 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The innate motivation to avoid pain can be disrupted when individuals experience uncontrollable stress, such as pain. This can lead to maladaptive behaviors, including passivity, and negative affect. Despite its importance, motivational aspects of pain avoidance are understudied in humans and their neural mechanisms vastly unknown. Rodent models suggest an important role of the periaqueductal gray, but it is unknown whether it subserves a similar role in humans. Furthermore, it is unclear whether pain avoidance is associated with individual differences in pain coping. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, networks underlying pain avoidance behavior were examined in 32 participants with and without episodic migraine. Pain avoidance behavior was assessed using an adaptation of the incentive delay task. In each trial of the task, participants tried to avoid a painful stimulus and receive a nonpainful one instead while the difficulty to succeed varied across trials (3 difficulty levels: safe, easy, and difficult). After unsuccessful pain avoidance on the preceding trial, participants showed reduced pain avoidance behavior, especially in the difficult condition. This reduction in behavior was associated with higher helplessness scores only in participants with migraine. Higher helplessness in participants with migraine was further correlated with a stronger decrease in activation of cortical areas associated with motor behavior, attention, and memory after unsuccessful pain avoidance. Of these areas, specifically posterior parietal cortex activation predicted individual's pain avoidance behavior on the next trial. The results link individual pain coping capacity to patterns of neural activation associated with altered pain avoidance in patients with migraine.
Collapse
|
45
|
Reactive diving and sprinting performances in soccer goalkeepers improved by caffeine consumption and post-activation performance enhancement. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
46
|
Handedness Does Not Impact Inhibitory Control, but Movement Execution and Reactive Inhibition Are More under a Left-Hemisphere Control. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between handedness, laterality, and inhibitory control is a valuable benchmark for testing the hypothesis of the right-hemispheric specialization of inhibition. According to this theory, and given that to stop a limb movement, it is sufficient to alter the activity of the contralateral hemisphere, then suppressing a left arm movement should be faster than suppressing a right-arm movement. This is because, in the latter case, inhibitory commands produced in the right hemisphere should be sent to the other hemisphere. Further, as lateralization of cognitive functions in left-handers is less pronounced than in right-handers, in the former, the inhibitory control should rely on both hemispheres. We tested these predictions on a medium-large sample of left- and right-handers (n = 52). Each participant completed two sessions of the reaching versions of the stop-signal task, one using the right arm and one using the left arm. We found that reactive and proactive inhibition do not differ according to handedness. However, we found a significant advantage of the right versus the left arm in canceling movements outright. By contrast, there were no differences in proactive inhibition. As we also found that participants performed movements faster with the right than with the left arm, we interpret our results in light of the dominant role of the left hemisphere in some aspects of motor control.
Collapse
|
47
|
Müller T, Shevchenko Y, Gerhardt S, Kiefer F, Vollstädt-Klein S. The influence of perceived stress and self-control on efficacy of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation in non-treatment-seeking smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108861. [PMID: 34198135 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has recently been raising interest in its therapeutic impact on tobacco use disorder. This study investigates the effects of repeated frontal tDCS (anode: F3, cathode: F4) on cigarette consumption, craving and executive functions. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a randomized sham-controlled trial, 24 individuals received active (2.0 mA) and 20 individuals received sham stimulation (0.3 mA) for 20 min on five consecutive days. The participants indicated their tobacco cravings, answered questionnaires and completed neuropsychological tasks at various time points throughout the study. Carbon monoxide (CO) levels and the daily numbers of consumed cigarettes were recorded. RESULTS Both intervention groups experienced a significant decrease in the daily number of smoked cigarettes, CO levels, and craving after the stimulation, however, there were no improvements in executive functions. These results did not differ significantly between both intervention groups. Additionally, in the active group, a higher level of perceived stress and a lower level of self-control were linked to a lower cigarette consumption, respectively a higher reduction of the level of CO. CONCLUSION This study does not support the hypotheses that tDCS reduces cigarette consumption, attenuates substance craving, or improves executive functions beyond the placebo effect. Our subgroup analysis suggests that high levels of perceived stress and low self-control may be predictors for a successful reduction in cigarette consumption. Furthermore, the placebo effect might be rather high for light smokers, whereas heavy smokers seem to benefit more from the specific effects of tDCS. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03691805.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Müller
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yury Shevchenko
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Research Methods, Assessment, and iScience, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sarah Gerhardt
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
De Giorgio A, Iuliano E, Turner A, Millevolte C, Cular D, Ardigò LP, Padulo J. Validity and Reliability of a Light-Based Electronic Target for Testing Response Time in Fencers. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2636-2644. [PMID: 31009428 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT De Giorgio, A, Iuliano, E, Turner, A, Millevolte, C, Cular, D, Ardigò, LP, and Padulo, J. Validity and reliability of a light-based electronic target for testing response time in fencers. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2636-2644, 2021-Response time (RT) is a fencing fundamental sensorimotor skill. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine the efficacy of a light-based electronic target in fencers, designed to measure and train this entity. Ninety-five fencers (M = 53; F = 42) were tested in regard to their RT, using a light-based electronic target, for 3 different attack types: simple attack, the lunge, and an attack after a 1.5-m thrust. All subjects were divided into elite vs. novice fencers. Elite fencers had national and international rankings, and were again divided with regard to used weapon: épéeists (n = 32; M = 19; F = 13) and foilists (n = 30; M = 13; F = 17). Measurement was evaluated for validity/reliability, sensitivity/specificity, and correlation. Reliability was high for all attack types (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.94-0.96). Lower RTs were found in males for 2 attack types with good sensitivity (81-93%)/specificity (50-91%) for all attack types. Elite fencers responded faster than novice fencers for all attack types (p < 0.001), whereas elite males were faster than females for 2 attack types (p < 0.01). Lower RTs in females correlated with level for one attack type (r = 0.797, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the light-based electronic target system was found to be highly reliable and therefore could be used by fencing athletes as a further measure of performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Department of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Drazen Cular
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Luca P Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; and
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Sport Performance Lab, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
VanRavenhorst-Bell HA, Muzeau MA, Luinstra L, Goering J, Amick RZ. Accuracy of the SWAY Mobile Cognitive Assessment Application. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:991-1000. [PMID: 34386278 PMCID: PMC8329324 DOI: 10.26603/001c.24924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile electronic devices have become integral tools in addressing the need for portable assessment of cognitive function following neurocognitive/motor injury. SWAY Medical, Inc., has employed mobile device motion-based technology in the SWAY Cognitive Assessment (SWAY CA) application to assess cognitive function. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess whether the SWAY CA application (reaction time, impulse control and inspective time) was able to reliably operate on different mobile devices and operating systems (iOS, Android). The study further sought to assess the validity of the SWAY CA application against the FDA approved ImPACT QT mobile device application. STUDY DESIGN Original Research, observational study of validity. METHODS 88 healthy, young adults, 18 to 48 years (mean= 22.09 ± sd=4.47 years) completed four, randomized and counter-balanced, reaction time tests (2- SWAY RT, 2- ImPACT QT) using different operating systems (iOS, Android) of 4 randomly assigned mobile devices. RESULTS ANOVAs reported the SWAY CA application (reaction time, impulse control, inspection time) operated reliably with iPhone 6S, Samsung Galaxy S9, and iPad Pro 5 mobile devices (p > 0.05), respectively. Google Pixel 3 reliability with SWAY CA application remains undetermined. SWAY CA simple reaction motion measures were in agreement (r = -0.46 to 0.22, p ≤ 0.05) with several ImPACT QT reaction time measures. SWAY CA impulse control and inspection time measures are weakly correlated (r = -0.25 to -0.46, p ≤ 0.05) with five ImPACT QT reaction time measures. CONCLUSION The motion-based SWAY CA mobile device application appears to reliably operate when being administered on different mobile devices and software operating systems. Furthermore, the SWAY CA application appears to be comparable to the ImPACT QT and serve as a valid tool for assessing reaction time measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2b (observational study of validity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A Muzeau
- Engineering and Ergonomics of Physical Activity, University Savoie Mont-Blanc; Sporttesting
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Arroyo-Ferrer A, Andreo J, Periáñez JA, Ríos-Lago M, Lubrini G, Herreros-Rodríguez J, García-Caldentey J, Romero JP. Computerized Simple Reaction Time and Balance in Nondemented Parkinson's Patients. NEURODEGENER DIS 2021; 20:193-199. [PMID: 34274926 DOI: 10.1159/000517437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) patients are known to suffer from subtle cognitive and balance deficits from the early stages although they usually manifest in advanced stages. Postural instability (PI) has been correlated with slower information processing speed. Simple reaction time (SRT) tasks can be used to measure the speed of information processing. The main objective of this study was to examine the usefulness of SRT as a valid predictor of balance in PD, thus providing a simple and complementary assessment method. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 52 PD patients without dementia who were evaluated for balance using the pull test (PT) maneuver and Biodex® limits of stability (LOS). In addition, a reaction time task was used to measure processing speed. Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS The performance of SRT tasks was correlated with the evaluation of LOS% and PT, suggesting that the SRT may be a predictor of balance performance. Longer reaction time and poorer postural stability were also associated with disease duration but not with age. CONCLUSIONS Poor performance in a simple reaction task can predict altered PI and can complement staging and evaluation in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Arroyo-Ferrer
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Andreo
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Periáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Ríos-Lago
- Basic Psychology II Department, UNED, Madrid, Spain.,Brain Damage Unit, Hospital Beata María Ana, Madrid, Spain
| | - Genny Lubrini
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Pablo Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.,Brain Damage Unit, Hospital Beata María Ana, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|