1
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Cheng S, Chen S, Shi Z. Opposing sequential biases in direction and time reproduction: Influences of task relevance and working memory. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:825-842. [PMID: 39133516 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Our current perception and decision-making are shaped by recent experiences, a phenomenon known as serial dependence. While serial dependence is well-documented in visual perception and has been recently explored in time perception, their functional similarities across non-temporal and temporal domains remain elusive, particularly in relation to task relevance and working memory load. To address this, we designed a unified experimental paradigm using coherent motion stimuli to test both direction and time reproduction. The direction and time tasks were randomly mixed across trials. Additionally, we introduced pre-cue versus post-cue settings in separate experiments to manipulate working memory load during the encoding phase. We found attractive biases in time reproduction but repulsive biases in direction estimation. Notably, the temporal attraction was more pronounced when the preceding task was also time-related. In contrast, the direction repulsion remained unaffected by the nature of the preceding task. Additionally, both attractive and repulsive biases were enhanced by the post-cue compared to the pre-cue. Our findings suggest that opposing sequential effects in non-temporal and temporal domains may originate from different processing stages linked to sensory adaptation and post-perceptual processes involving working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Cheng
- General and Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Siyi Chen
- General and Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhuanghua Shi
- General and Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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Castro F, Schenke KC. Augmented action observation: Theory and practical applications in sensorimotor rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2024; 34:1327-1346. [PMID: 38117228 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2023.2286012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensory feedback is a fundamental aspect of effective motor learning in sport and clinical contexts. One way to provide this is through sensory augmentation, where extrinsic sensory information are associated with, and modulated by, movement. Traditionally, sensory augmentation has been used as an online strategy, where feedback is provided during physical execution of an action. In this article, we argue that action observation can be an additional effective channel to provide augmented feedback, which would be complementary to other, more traditional, motor learning and sensory augmentation strategies. Given these similarities between observing and executing an action, action observation could be used when physical training is difficult or not feasible, for example during immobilization or during the initial stages of a rehabilitation protocol when peripheral fatigue is a common issue. We review the benefits of observational learning and preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of using augmented action observation to improve learning. We also highlight current knowledge gaps which make the transition from laboratory to practical contexts difficult. Finally, we highlight the key areas of focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Castro
- Institute of Sport, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kimberley C Schenke
- School of Natural, Social and Sports Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK
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3
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Yilmaz SK, Kafaligonul H. Attentional demands in the visual field modulate audiovisual interactions in the temporal domain. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e70009. [PMID: 39185690 PMCID: PMC11345635 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.70009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention and crossmodal interactions are closely linked through a complex interplay at different stages of sensory processing. Within the context of motion perception, previous research revealed that attentional demands alter audiovisual interactions in the temporal domain. In the present study, we aimed to understand the neurophysiological correlates of these attentional modulations. We utilized an audiovisual motion paradigm that elicits auditory time interval effects on perceived visual speed. The audiovisual interactions in the temporal domain were quantified by changes in perceived visual speed across different auditory time intervals. We manipulated attentional demands in the visual field by having a secondary task on a stationary object (i.e., single- vs. dual-task conditions). When the attentional demands were high (i.e., dual-task condition), there was a significant decrease in the effects of auditory time interval on perceived visual speed, suggesting a reduction in audiovisual interactions. Moreover, we found significant differences in both early and late neural activities elicited by visual stimuli across task conditions (single vs. dual), reflecting an overall increase in attentional demands in the visual field. Consistent with the changes in perceived visual speed, the audiovisual interactions in neural signals declined in the late positive component range. Compared with the findings from previous studies using different paradigms, our findings support the view that attentional modulations of crossmodal interactions are not unitary and depend on task-specific components. They also have important implications for motion processing and speed estimation in daily life situations where sensory relevance and attentional demands constantly change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Koc Yilmaz
- Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research CenterBilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM)Bilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- Department of NeuroscienceBilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Hulusi Kafaligonul
- Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research CenterBilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM)Bilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- Department of NeuroscienceBilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Faculty of MedicineGazi UniversityAnkaraTurkey
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4
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Jin H, Zhu L, Li M, Duffy VG. Recognition and evaluation of mental workload in different stages of perceptual and cognitive information processing using a multimodal approach. ERGONOMICS 2024; 67:377-397. [PMID: 37289000 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2223785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the effects of different perceptual and cognitive information processing stages on mental workload by assessing multimodal indicators of mental workload such as the NASA-TLX, task performance, ERPs and eye movements. Repeated measures ANOVA of the data showed that among ERP indicators, P1, N1 and N2 amplitudes were sensitive to perceptual load (P-load), P3 amplitude was sensitive to P-load only in the prefrontal region during high cognitive load (C-load) states, and P3 amplitude in the occipital and parietal regions was sensitive to C-load. Among the eye movement indicators, blink frequency was sensitive to P-load in all C-load states, but to C-load in only low P-load states; pupil diameter and blink duration were sensitive to both P-load and C-load. Based on the above indicators, the k-nearest neighbours (KNN) algorithm was used to propose a classification method for the four different mental workload states with an accuracy of 97.89%.Practitioner summary: Based on the results of this study, it is possible to implement the monitoring of mental workload states and optimise brain task allocation in operations involving high mental workload, such as human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhe Jin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Vincent G Duffy
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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5
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Brockhoff L, Vetter L, Bruchmann M, Schindler S, Moeck R, Straube T. The effects of visual working memory load on detection and neural processing of task-unrelated auditory stimuli. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4342. [PMID: 36927846 PMCID: PMC10020478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While perceptual load has been proposed to reduce the processing of task-unrelated stimuli, theoretical arguments and empirical findings for other forms of task load are inconclusive. Here, we systematically investigated the detection and neural processing of auditory stimuli varying in stimulus intensity during a stimuli-unrelated visual working memory task alternating between low and high load. We found, depending on stimulus strength, decreased stimulus detection and reduced P3, but unaffected N1 amplitudes of the event-related potential to auditory stimuli under high as compared to low load. In contrast, load independent awareness effects were observed during both early (N1) and late (P3) time windows. Findings suggest a late neural effect of visual working memory load on auditory stimuli leading to lower probability of reported awareness of these stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brockhoff
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Laura Vetter
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schindler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Moeck
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
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6
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Sars D. PE augmented mindfulness: A neurocognitive framework for research and future healthcare. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:899988. [PMID: 36082227 PMCID: PMC9446465 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.899988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various well-controlled studies have suggested that practitioners in mindfulness can be prone to patient drop-out (e.g., due to chronic stress, pathology, cognitive reactivity), despite researchers having identified the underlying mechanisms that link mindfulness to mental health. In this article, a framework for physical exercise (PE) augmented mindfulness is proposed, which posits that consistently practiced PE before meditation can support (early-stage) mindfulness. Neurocognitive research shows PE (aerobic exercises or yoga) and mindfulness to impact similar pathways of stress regulation that involve cognitive control and stress regulation, thereby supporting the proposed synergistic potential of PE augmented mindfulness. Research focused on the psychophysiological impact of PE, showed its practice to promote short-term neurocognitive changes that can promote both cognitive control and the attainment of mindful awareness (MA). In order to chart dose responses required for protocol development, further research will be presented. Together these findings are discussed in light of future research on this multidisciplinary topic, protocol development, mindful walking, and further application in healthcare and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sars
- Mettaminds.org, Mindfulness Based Projects, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Integral Rehabilitation (CIR), Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Tipura E, Pegna AJ. Subliminal emotional faces do not capture attention under high attentional load in a randomized trial presentation. VISUAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2022.2060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Tipura
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology and Data Analysis, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan J. Pegna
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Hol HR, Flak MM, Chang L, Løhaugen GCC, Bjuland KJ, Rimol LM, Engvig A, Skranes J, Ernst T, Madsen BO, Hernes SS. Cortical Thickness Changes After Computerized Working Memory Training in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:796110. [PMID: 35444526 PMCID: PMC9014119 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.796110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptive computerized working memory (WM) training has shown favorable effects on cerebral cortical thickness as compared to non-adaptive training in healthy individuals. However, knowledge of WM training-related morphological changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is limited. Objective The primary objective of this double-blind randomized study was to investigate differences in longitudinal cortical thickness trajectories after adaptive and non-adaptive WM training in patients with MCI. We also investigated the genotype effects on cortical thickness trajectories after WM training combining these two training groups using longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis in Freesurfer. Method Magnetic resonance imaging acquisition at 1.5 T were performed at baseline, and after four- and 16-weeks post training. A total of 81 individuals with MCI accepted invitations to undergo 25 training sessions over 5 weeks. Longitudinal Linear Mixed effect models investigated the effect of adaptive vs. non-adaptive WM training. The LME model was fitted for each location (vertex). On all statistical analyzes, a threshold was applied to yield an expected false discovery rate (FDR) of 5%. A secondary LME model investigated the effects of LMX1A and APOE-ε4 on cortical thickness trajectories after WM training. Results A total of 62 participants/patients completed the 25 training sessions. Structural MRI showed no group difference between the two training regimes in our MCI patients, contrary to previous reports in cognitively healthy adults. No significant structural cortical changes were found after training, regardless of training type, across all participants. However, LMX1A-AA carriers displayed increased cortical thickness trajectories or lack of decrease in two regions post-training compared to those with LMX1A-GG/GA. No training or training type effects were found in relation to the APOE-ε4 gene variants. Conclusion The MCI patients in our study, did not have improved cortical thickness after WM training with either adaptive or non-adaptive training. These results were derived from a heterogeneous population of MCI participants. The lack of changes in the cortical thickness trajectory after WM training may also suggest the lack of atrophy during this follow-up period. Our promising results of increased cortical thickness trajectory, suggesting greater neuroplasticity, in those with LMX1A-AA genotype need to be validated in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon R. Hol
- Department of Radiology, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Haakon R. Hol,
| | | | - Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Knut Jørgen Bjuland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars M. Rimol
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Engvig
- Department of Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Skranes
- Department of Pediatrics, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bengt-Ove Madsen
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | - Susanne S. Hernes
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
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9
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Brockhoff L, Schindler S, Bruchmann M, Straube T. Effects of perceptual and working memory load on brain responses to task-irrelevant stimuli: Review and implications for future research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Gunduz H, Gunduz T, Ozkan Ceylan A. EXPRESS: High Bladder Pressure Reduces the Ability to Filter Out Interference From Distractors in Low Perceptual Load Condition. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:2219-2231. [PMID: 34892987 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211068828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to the load theory of attention, an active cognitive control mechanism is needed to ensure that behavior is controlled by target-relevant information when distractors are also perceived. Although the active cognitive control mechanism consists of working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition components, predictions regarding the load effects of this mechanism were derived mostly from studies on working memory. We aimed to test whether these predictions are also valid for an inhibition component. The inhibitory load was manipulated physiologically by creating different bladder pressure and its effects on distractor interference were examined under low and high perceptual load conditions. Results indicated that the availability of inhibitory control resources was important for decreasing the interference of distractors in the low perceptual load condition and that the high perceptual load reduced the effects of distractors independently from the availability of inhibitory resources. Results were consistent with the predictions of load theory, and to the best of our knowledge, the study provided the first piece of evidence in terms of the load effect of inhibition component on distractor interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Gunduz
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey 37515
| | - Turan Gunduz
- Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 37504
| | - Arzu Ozkan Ceylan
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey 37515
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11
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Yu H, Wang A, Li Q, Liu Y, Yang J, Takahashi S, Ejima Y, Zhang M, Wu J. Semantically Congruent Bimodal Presentation with Divided-Modality Attention Accelerates Unisensory Working Memory Retrieval. Perception 2021; 50:917-932. [PMID: 34841972 DOI: 10.1177/03010066211052943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have shown that semantic multisensory integration can be differentially modulated by attention focus, it remains unclear whether attentionally mediated multisensory perceptual facilitation could impact further cognitive performance. Using a delayed matching-to-sample paradigm, the present study investigated the effect of semantically congruent bimodal presentation on subsequent unisensory working memory (WM) performance by manipulating attention focus. The results showed that unisensory WM retrieval was faster in the semantically congruent condition than in the incongruent multisensory encoding condition. However, such a result was only found in the divided-modality attention condition. This result indicates that a robust multisensory representation was constructed during semantically congruent multisensory encoding with divided-modality attention; this representation then accelerated unisensory WM performance, especially auditory WM retrieval. Additionally, an overall faster unisensory WM retrieval was observed under the modality-specific selective attention condition compared with the divided-modality condition, indicating that the division of attention to address two modalities demanded more central executive resources to encode and integrate crossmodal information and to maintain a constructed multisensory representation, leaving few resources for WM retrieval. Additionally, the present finding may support the amodal view that WM has an amodal central storage component that is used to maintain modal-based attention-optimized multisensory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Yu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, 12997Okayama University, Japan
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoshimichi Ejima
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, 12997Okayama University, Japan
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, 12997Okayama University, Japan
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, 12997Okayama University, Japan
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12
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He X, Liu W, Qin N, Lyu L, Dong X, Bao M. Performance-dependent reward hurts performance: The non-monotonic attentional load modulation on task-irrelevant distractor processing. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13920. [PMID: 34383329 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selective attention is essential when we face sensory inputs with distractions. In the past decades, Lavie's load theory of selective attention delineates a complete picture of distractor suppression under different attentional control load. The present study was originally designed to explore how reward modulates the load effect of attentional selection. Unexpectedly, it revealed new findings under extended attentional load that was not involved in previous work. Participants were asked to complete a rewarded attentive visual tracking task while presented with irrelevant auditory oddball stimuli, with their behavioral performance, event-related potentials and pupillary responses recorded. We found that although the behavioral performance and pupil sizes varied unidirectionally with the attentional load, the processing of distractors as reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN) increased first and then decreased. In contrast to the prediction of Lavie's theory that attentional control fails to effectively suppress distractor processing under high attentional control load, our finding suggests that extremely high attentional control load may instead require suppression of distractor processing at a stage as early as possible. Besides, P3a, a positive-polarity response sometimes following the MMN, was not affected by the attentional load, but both N1 (a negative-polarity component peaking ~100 ms from sound onset) and P3a were weakened at higher reward, indicating that reward leads to attenuated early processing of distractor and thus suppresses the attentional orienting towards distractors. These findings altogether complement Lavie's load theory of selective attention, presenting a more complex picture of how attentional load and reward affects selective attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Marcenaro B, Leiva A, Dragicevic C, López V, Delano PH. The medial olivocochlear reflex strength is modulated during a visual working memory task. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2309-2321. [PMID: 33978484 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00032.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Top-down modulation of sensory responses to distracting stimuli by selective attention has been proposed as an important mechanism by which our brain can maintain relevant information during working memory tasks. Previous works in visual working memory (VWM) have reported modulation of neural responses to distracting sounds at different levels of the central auditory pathways. Whether these modulations occur also at the level of the auditory receptor is unknown. Here, we hypothesize that cochlear responses to irrelevant auditory stimuli can be modulated by the medial olivocochlear system during VWM. Twenty-one subjects (13 males, mean age 25.3 yr) with normal hearing performed a visual change detection task with different VWM load conditions (high load = 4 visual objects; low load = 2 visual objects). Auditory stimuli were presented as distractors and allowed the measurement of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and scalp auditory evoked potentials. In addition, the medial olivocochlear reflex strength was evaluated by adding contralateral acoustic stimulation. We found larger contralateral acoustic suppression of DPOAEs during the visual working memory period (n = 21) compared with control experiments (n = 10), in which individuals were passively exposed to the same experimental conditions. These results show that during the visual working memory period there is a modulation of the medial olivocochlear reflex strength, suggesting a possible common mechanism for top-down filtering of auditory responses during cognitive processes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The auditory efferent system has been proposed to function as a biological filter of cochlear responses during selective attention. Here, we recorded electroencephalographic activity and otoacoustic emissions in response to auditory distractors during a visual working memory task in humans. We found that the olivocochlear efferent activity is modulated during the visual working memory period suggesting a common mechanism for suppressing cochlear responses during selective attention and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Marcenaro
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Avanzado de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, AC3E, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaiso, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Leiva
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constantino Dragicevic
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vladimir López
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul H Delano
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Avanzado de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, AC3E, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaiso, Chile
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14
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Target familiarity and visual working memory do not influence familiarity effect in visual search. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7560. [PMID: 33828108 PMCID: PMC8027860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Familiarity effect refers to the phenomenon that searching for a novel target among familiar distractors is more efficient than that searching for a familiar target among novel distractors. While the familiarity of distractors is considered as a key role on familiarity effect, the familiarity of targets contribute to this asymmetric visual search is unclear. The present study investigated how target familiarity influences visual search efficiency from the perspective of perceptual load. Experiment 1 using two similar Chinese characters (“甲” and “由”) suggested that searching for a familiar target from familiar distractors is an inefficient search process in Chinese context. Experiment 2 adopted a dual-task paradigm with a visual working memory task to increase the perceptual load and attempt to affect the efficiency of searching a novel target (mirrored “舌”) from familiar distractors (“舌”). Results demonstrated no difference in the search efficiency between single and dual-task conditions. The present study suggests that the familiarity of target does not influence the search efficiency with familiar distractors when involving semantic processing of Chinese characters. Additionally, the interference of extra working memory load would not impair the efficiency of searching target among familiar distractors, supporting the critical effect of distractor familiarity on the efficiency of visual search.
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Mahajan Y, Kim J, Davis C. Does working memory protect against auditory distraction in older adults? BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:515. [PMID: 33256631 PMCID: PMC7708091 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01909-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research indicates that when younger adults are engaged in a visual working memory task, they are less distracted by novel auditory stimuli than when engaged in a visual task that does not require working memory. The current study aimed to determine whether working memory affords the same protection to older adults. METHOD We examined behavioral and EEG responses in 16 younger and 16 older adults to distractor sounds when the listeners performed two visual tasks; one that required working memory (W1) and the other that did not (W0). Auditory distractors were presented in an oddball paradigm, participants were exposed to either standard tones (600 Hz: 80%) or various novel environmental sounds (20%). RESULTS It was found that: 1) when presented with novel vs standard sounds, older adults had faster correct response times in the W1 visual task than in the W0 task, indicating that they were less distracted by the novel sound; there was no difference in error rates. Younger adults did not show a task effect for correct response times but made slightly more errors when a novel sound was presented in the W1 task compared to the W0 task. 2) In older adults (but not the younger adults), the amplitude of N1 was smaller in the W1 condition compared to the W0 condition. 3) The working memory manipulation had no effect on MMN amplitude in older adults. 4) For the W1 compared to W0 task, the amplitude of P3a was attenuated for the older adults but not for the younger adults. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that during the working memory manipulation older adults were able to engage working memory to reduce the processing of task-irrelevant sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatin Mahajan
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- The HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeesun Kim
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Davis
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
- The HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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16
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Bayramova R, Toffalini E, Bonato M, Grassi M. Auditory selective attention under working memory load. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2667-2681. [PMID: 33146781 PMCID: PMC8440250 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Can cognitive load enhance concentration on task-relevant information and help filter out distractors? Most of the prior research in the area of selective attention has focused on visual attention or cross-modal distraction and has yielded controversial results. Here, we studied whether working memory load can facilitate selective attention when both target and distractor stimuli are auditory. We used a letter n-back task with four levels of working memory load and two levels of distraction: congruent and incongruent distractors. This combination of updating and inhibition tasks allowed us to manipulate working memory load within the selective attention task. Participants sat in front of three loudspeakers and were asked to attend to the letter presented from the central loudspeaker while ignoring that presented from the flanking ones (spoken by a different person), which could be the same letter as the central one (congruent) or a different (incongruent) letter. Their task was to respond whether or not the central letter matched the letter presented n (0, 1, 2, or 3) trials back. Distraction was measured in terms of the difference in reaction time and accuracy on trials with incongruent versus congruent flankers. We found reduced interference from incongruent flankers in 2- and 3-back conditions compared to 0- and 1-back conditions, whereby higher working memory load almost negated the effect of incongruent flankers. These results suggest that high load on verbal working memory can facilitate inhibition of distractors in the auditory domain rather than make it more difficult as sometimes claimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Bayramova
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Toffalini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Bonato
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, Padua, Italy.
| | - Massimo Grassi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, Padua, Italy
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17
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Tinnemore AR, Gordon-Salant S, Goupell MJ. Audiovisual Speech Recognition With a Cochlear Implant and Increased Perceptual and Cognitive Demands. Trends Hear 2020; 24:2331216520960601. [PMID: 33054620 PMCID: PMC7575283 DOI: 10.1177/2331216520960601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech recognition in complex environments involves focusing on the most relevant speech signal while ignoring distractions. Difficulties can arise due to the incoming signal's characteristics (e.g., accented pronunciation, background noise, distortion) or the listener's characteristics (e.g., hearing loss, advancing age, cognitive abilities). Listeners who use cochlear implants (CIs) must overcome these difficulties while listening to an impoverished version of the signals available to listeners with normal hearing (NH). In the real world, listeners often attempt tasks concurrent with, but unrelated to, speech recognition. This study sought to reveal the effects of visual distraction and performing a simultaneous visual task on audiovisual speech recognition. Two groups, those with CIs and those with NH listening to vocoded speech, were presented videos of unaccented and accented talkers with and without visual distractions, and with a secondary task. It was hypothesized that, compared with those with NH, listeners with CIs would be less influenced by visual distraction or a secondary visual task because their prolonged reliance on visual cues to aid auditory perception improves the ability to suppress irrelevant information. Results showed that visual distractions alone did not significantly decrease speech recognition performance for either group, but adding a secondary task did. Speech recognition was significantly poorer for accented compared with unaccented speech, and this difference was greater for CI listeners. These results suggest that speech recognition performance is likely more dependent on incoming signal characteristics than a difference in adaptive strategies for managing distractions between those who listen with and without a CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Tinnemore
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, United States
| | - Sandra Gordon-Salant
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, United States
| | - Matthew J Goupell
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, United States
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18
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Spetter MS, Higgs S, Dolmans D, Thomas JM, Reniers RLEP, Rotshtein P, Rutters F. Neural correlates of top-down guidance of attention to food: An fMRI study. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113085. [PMID: 32687922 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neural correlates of working memory guided attentional selection of food versus non-food stimuli in young women. Participants were thirty-two women, aged 20.6y (± 0.5) who were presented with a cue (food or non-food item) to hold in working memory. Subsequently, they had to search for a target in a 2-item display where target and distractor stimuli were each flanked by a picture of a food or a non-food item. The behavioural data showed that attention is particularly efficiently drawn to food stimuli when thinking about food. Using fMRI, we found that holding a non-food versus food stimulus in working memory was associated with increased activity in occipital gyrus, fusiform, inferior and superior frontal gyrus. In the posterior cingulum, retrosplenial cortex, a food item that re-appeared in the search array when it was held in memory led to a reduced response, compared to when it did not re-appear. The reverse effect was found for non-food stimuli. The extent of the reappearance effect correlated with the attentional capture of food as measured behaviourally. In conclusion, these results suggest that holding food in mind may bias attention because thinking of food facilitated neuronal responses to sensory input related to food stimuli and because holding food-related information in mind is less taxing on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje S Spetter
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dirk Dolmans
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason M Thomas
- School of Psychology, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
| | - Renate L E P Reniers
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom and Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pia Rotshtein
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Femke Rutters
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU Medical Centre, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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19
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Pacheco LB, Figueira JS, Pereira MG, Oliveira L, David IA. Controlling Unpleasant Thoughts: Adjustments of Cognitive Control Based on Previous-Trial Load in a Working Memory Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:469. [PMID: 32038201 PMCID: PMC6993100 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic cognitive control adjustments are important for integrating thoughts and actions that take place during dynamic changes of environmental demands and support goal-directed behavior. We investigated, in a working memory (WM) paradigm, whether dynamic adjustments in cognitive control based on previous trial load influence the neural response to neutral or unpleasant distracters. We also investigated whether individual self-reported abilities in controlling thoughts influence this effect. Participants performed a WM change detection task with low or high WM-related cognitive demands. An unpleasant or a neutral distractive image was presented at the beginning of each trial, prior to the WM task. We tested for control adjustments that were associated with the load level of the preceding trial task (N-1) on the neural response to the subsequent distractive image. We found an effect of the prior WM task load on a parieto-occipital waveform event-related potential (ERP) that appeared between 200 and 300 ms after the neutral distracter onset. This effect was not observed for the unpleasant distracter. Individual ability for controlling thoughts may influence the effect of cognitive control adjustments on distracter processing during the unpleasant condition. These findings provide evidence that: (1) dynamic cognitive control adjustments are impaired by unpleasant distracters; and (2) the ability to control unpleasant thoughts is linked to individual differences in flexible cognitive control adjustments and shielding of WM representations from unpleasant distracters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Bonfim Pacheco
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jéssica S Figueira
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mirtes G Pereira
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Leticia Oliveira
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Isabel A David
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
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20
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Shuggi IM, Oh H, Wu H, Ayoub MJ, Moreno A, Shaw EP, Shewokis PA, Gentili RJ. Motor Performance, Mental Workload and Self-Efficacy Dynamics during Learning of Reaching Movements throughout Multiple Practice Sessions. Neuroscience 2019; 423:232-248. [PMID: 31325564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human capability to learn new motor skills depends on the efficient engagement of cognitive-motor resources, as reflected by mental workload, and psychological mechanisms (e.g., self-efficacy). While numerous investigations have examined the relationship between motor behavior and mental workload or self-efficacy in a performance context, a fairly limited effort focused on the combined examination of these notions during learning. Thus, this study aimed to examine their concomitant dynamics during the learning of a novel reaching skill practiced throughout multiple sessions. Individuals had to learn to control a virtual robotic arm via a human-machine interface by using limited head motion throughout eight practice sessions while motor performance, mental workload, and self-efficacy were assessed. The results revealed that as individuals learned to control the robotic arm, performance improved at the fastest rate, followed by a more gradual reduction of mental workload and finally an increase in self-efficacy. These results suggest that once the performance improved, less cognitive-motor resources were recruited, leading to an attenuated mental workload. Considering that attention is a primary cognitive resource driving mental workload, it is suggested that during early learning, attentional resources are primarily allocated to address task demands and not enough are available to assess self-efficacy. However, as the performance becomes more automatic, a lower level of mental workload is attained driven by decreased recruitment of attentional resources. These available resources allow for a reliable assessment of self-efficacy resulting in a subsequent observable change. These results are also discussed in terms of the application to the training and design of assistive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M Shuggi
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hyuk Oh
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Helena Wu
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Maria J Ayoub
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Arianna Moreno
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Emma P Shaw
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Patricia A Shewokis
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Nutrition Sciences Department, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rodolphe J Gentili
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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21
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Cerebral cortical networking for mental workload assessment under various demands during dual-task walking. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2279-2295. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Attention toward contexts modulates context-specificity of behavior in human predictive learning: Evidence from the n-back task. Learn Behav 2019; 46:320-326. [PMID: 29464674 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-018-0318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to the attentional theory of context processing (ATCP), learning becomes context specific when acquired under conditions that promote attention toward contextual stimuli regardless of whether attention deployment is guided by learning experience or by other factors unrelated to learning. In one experiment with humans, we investigated whether performance in a predictive learning task can be brought under contextual control by means of a secondary task that was unrelated to predictive learning, but supposed to modulate participants' attention toward contexts. Initially, participants acquired cue-outcome relationships presented in contexts that were each composed of two elements from two dimensions. Acquisition training in the predictive learning task was combined with a one-back task that required participants to match across consecutive trials context elements belonging to one of the two dimensions. During a subsequent test, we observed that acquisition behavior in the predictive learning task was disrupted by changing the acquisition context along the dimension that was relevant for the one-back task, while there was no evidence for context specificity of predictive learning when the acquisition context was changed along the dimension that was irrelevant for the one-back task. Our results support the generality of the principles advocated by ATCP.
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23
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PANAHI R, JAROLLAHI F, AKBARI M, AKBARFAHIMI M, HAGHANI H. The Relationship between Auditory Sensory Gating and Cognitive Functions on Auditory and Visual Modalities in Primary School Children. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2019; 13:53-65. [PMID: 31645866 PMCID: PMC6789093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Considering the common neurological origins, there is a relationship between the sensory gating and cognitive functions. However, there is no adequate information on this issue. In this study, auditory event-related potentials and the sensory gating performance were assessed in P50, N100 and P200 waves. Besides, their relationship with cognitive performance in auditory and visual modalities was investigated. MATERIALS & METHODS Nineteen normal primary school students (14 boys) were tested in Tehran, Iran from 2017 to 2018. In the auditory modality, the Persian version of the non-word repetition test and monaural selective auditory attention test (mSAAT) were used for assessment of the working memory and selective attention, respectively. In order to evaluate the visual working memory and visual selective attention, Rey-Osterrieth complex figure, selective and divided attention test were used, respectively. A 32-channel EEG system was used for electrophysiological assessment. RESULTS The P50 sensory gating was negatively correlated with the visual selective attention (P=0.034, r=-0.49) and N100 sensory gating was negatively correlated with the auditory working memory (P=0.043, r=-0.48) as well as visual selective attention (P=0.039, r=-0.47). For P200, there was a significant negative relationship with auditory selective attention in the right ear (P=0.034, r=-0.49). CONCLUSION Sensory gating in children is not a modality-specific phenomenon. Sensory gating in a modality could be associated with cognitive functions in other modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool PANAHI
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoush JAROLLAHI
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi AKBARI
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malahat AKBARFAHIMI
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid HAGHANI
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Deldar Z, Ekhtiari H, Pouretemad HR, Khatibi A. Bias Toward Drug-Related Stimuli Is Affected by Loading Working Memory in Abstinent Ex-Methamphetamine Users. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:776. [PMID: 31695630 PMCID: PMC6817911 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a trade-off between drug-related impulsive process and cognitive reflective process among ex-drug abusers. The present study aimed to investigate the impulsive effects of methamphetamine-related stimuli on working memory (WM) performance by manipulating WM load in abstinent ex-methamphetamine users. Methods: Thirty abstinent ex-methamphetamine users and 30 nonaddict matched control participants were recruited in this study. We used a modified Sternberg task in which participants were instructed to memorize three different sets of methamphetamine-related and non-drug-related words (three, five, or seven words) while performing a secondary attention-demanding task as an interference. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that reaction times of abstinent ex-methamphetamine users increased during low WM load (three words) compared to the control group (p = 0.01). No significant differences were observed during high WM loads (five or seven words) (both p's > 0.1). Besides, reaction times of the experimental group during trials with high interference (three, five, or seven words) were not significantly different compared to the control group (p > 0.2). Conclusion: These findings imply that increasing WM load may provide an efficient buffer against attentional capture by salient stimuli (i.e., methamphetamine-related words). This buffer might modify the effect of interference bias. Besides, presenting methamphetamine-related stimuli might facilitate the encoding phase due to bias toward task-relevant stimuli. This finding has an important implication, suggesting that performing concurrent demanding tasks may reduce the power of salient stimuli and thus improve the efficiency of emotional regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoha Deldar
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Pouretemad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences (ICBS), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khatibi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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25
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Rosburg T, Schmidt A. Potential Mechanisms for the Ketamine-Induced Reduction of P3b Amplitudes. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:308. [PMID: 30618662 PMCID: PMC6297878 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In specific dosages, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) antagonist ketamine can be used to model transient psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals that resemble those of schizophrenia. Ketamine administration also temporarily impairs cognitive functions, which can be studied by event-related potentials (ERPs). ERPs also allow dissecting what stages of information processing are affected by ketamine and what stages remain functional. For tasks requiring the differentiation of targets and non-targets, it has repeatedly been shown that ketamine administration in healthy individuals leads to decreased amplitudes of the ERP component P3b in response to target stimuli. However, it could be argued that this ketamine-induced P3b reduction is the consequence of an increased difficulty to differentiate targets from non-targets, primarily mediated by ketamine's psychotomimetic rather than pharmacological effects. The current review of ERP studies seeks to clarify the issue whether P3b effects of ketamine may indeed be explained as the consequence of an experienced increase in task difficulty or whether alternative mechanisms are perhaps more plausible. The review first summarizes the effects of task difficulty on ERP components related to intentional stimulus categorization (P3b), involuntary attention switches to distractors (P3a), as well as sensory processing (P1, N1). Secondly, the ERP effects of task difficulty are contrasted with those observed in ketamine studies in healthy individuals. Findings show that P3b amplitudes are consistently diminished by an increased task difficulty, as well as after ketamine administration. In contrast and as most important difference, increased task difficulty leads to increased P3a amplitudes to distractors presented in same modality as targets, whereas ketamine leads to reduced P3a amplitudes for such distractors. This dissociation indicates that the decreased P3b amplitudes after ketamine cannot be explained by a drug-induced increase in task difficulty. The conjoint reductions of P3a and P3b amplitudes instead suggest that working memory operations, in particular working memory updating are impaired after ketamine, which is in line with previous behavioral findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Rosburg
- Forensic Department, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Koshkin R, Shtyrov Y, Myachykov A, Ossadtchi A. Testing the efforts model of simultaneous interpreting: An ERP study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206129. [PMID: 30356337 PMCID: PMC6200263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We utilized the event-related potential (ERP) technique to study neural activity associated with different levels of working memory (WM) load during simultaneous interpretation (SI) of continuous prose. The amplitude of N1 and P1 components elicited by task-irrelevant tone probes was significantly modulated as a function of WM load but not the direction of interpretation. Furthermore, the latency of the P1 increased significantly with WM load. The WM load effect on N1 latency, however, did not reach significance. Larger negativity under lower WM loads suggests that more attention is available to process the source message, providing the first electrophysiological evidence in support of the Efforts Model of SI. Relationships between the direction of interpretation and median WM load are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- NRU Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andriy Myachykov
- NRU Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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27
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Suzuki LY, Meehan SK. Verbal working memory modulates afferent circuits in motor cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3117-3125. [PMID: 30218611 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Verbal instruction and strategies informed by declarative memory are key to performance and acquisition of skilled actions. We previously demonstrated that anatomically distinct sensory-motor inputs converging on the corticospinal neurons of motor cortex are differentially sensitive to visual attention load. However, how loading of working memory shapes afferent input to motor cortex is unknown. This study used short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) to probe the effect of verbal working memory upon anatomically distinct afferent circuits converging on corticospinal neurons in the motor cortex. SAI was elicited by preceding a suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulus (TMS) with electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist while participants mentally rehearsed a two- or six-digit numeric memory set. To isolate different afferent intracortical circuits in motor cortex SAI was elicited, using TMS involving posterior-anterior (PA) or anterior-posterior (AP) monophasic current. Both PA and AP SAI were significantly reduced during maintenance of the six-digit compared to two-digit memory set. The generalized effect of working memory across anatomically distinct circuits converging upon corticospinal neurons in motor cortex is in contrast to the specific sensitivity of AP SAI to increased attention load. The common response across the PA and AP SAI circuits to increased working memory load may reflect an indiscriminate perisomatic mechanism involved in the voluntary facilitation of desired and/or suppression of unwanted actions during action selection or response conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Y Suzuki
- Human Sensorimotor Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sean K Meehan
- Human Sensorimotor Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Measurement of attentional reserve and mental effort for cognitive workload assessment under various task demands during dual-task walking. Biol Psychol 2018; 134:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gentili RJ, Jaquess KJ, Shuggi IM, Shaw EP, Oh H, Lo LC, Tan YY, Domingues CA, Blanco JA, Rietschel JC, Miller MW, Hatfield BD. Combined assessment of attentional reserve and cognitive-motor effort under various levels of challenge with a dry EEG system. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13059. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe J. Gentili
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Maryland Robotics Center; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Kyle J. Jaquess
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Isabelle M. Shuggi
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Emma P. Shaw
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Hyuk Oh
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Li-Chuan Lo
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Ying Ying Tan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Clayton A. Domingues
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Department of Neurology; Federal Fluminense University; Niterói Brazil
- Special Operations Instruction Center; Niterói Brazil
| | - Justin A. Blanco
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; United States Naval Academy; Annapolis Maryland USA
| | - Jeremy C. Rietschel
- Veterans Health Administration; Maryland Exercise and Robotics Center of Excellence; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Bradley D. Hatfield
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
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30
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Tusch ES, Feng NC, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR. Task-Irrelevant Novel Sounds have Antithetical Effects on Visual Target Processing in Young and Old Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:348. [PMID: 29163131 PMCID: PMC5671602 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In young adults, primary visual task processing can be either enhanced or disrupted by novel auditory stimuli preceding target events, depending on task demands. Little is known about this phenomenon in older individuals, who, in general, are more susceptible to distraction. In the current study, age-related differences in the electrophysiological effects of task-irrelevant auditory stimuli on visual target processing were examined. Under both low and high primary task loads, the categorization/updating process in response to visual targets preceded by auditory novels, as indexed by the target P3 component, was enhanced in young, but diminished in old adults. In both age groups, the alerting/orienting response to novel auditory stimuli, as measured by the P3a, was smaller under high task load, whereas redirecting attention to the visual task after a novel auditory event, as indexed by the reorienting negativity (RON), tended to be augmented under high task load. Old subjects generated a smaller P3a and RON. We conclude that task irrelevant novel auditory stimuli have the opposite effect on the processing of visual targets in young and old adults. This finding may help explain age-related increases in the disruption of primary task activity by irrelevant, but salient auditory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich S. Tusch
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicole C. Feng
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Phillip J. Holcomb
- NeuroCognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kirk R. Daffner
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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31
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Tusch ES, Alperin BR, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR. Increased Early Processing of Task-Irrelevant Auditory Stimuli in Older Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165645. [PMID: 27806081 PMCID: PMC5091907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory deficit hypothesis of cognitive aging posits that older adults' inability to adequately suppress processing of irrelevant information is a major source of cognitive decline. Prior research has demonstrated that in response to task-irrelevant auditory stimuli there is an age-associated increase in the amplitude of the N1 wave, an ERP marker of early perceptual processing. Here, we tested predictions derived from the inhibitory deficit hypothesis that the age-related increase in N1 would be 1) observed under an auditory-ignore, but not auditory-attend condition, 2) attenuated in individuals with high executive capacity (EC), and 3) augmented by increasing cognitive load of the primary visual task. ERPs were measured in 114 well-matched young, middle-aged, young-old, and old-old adults, designated as having high or average EC based on neuropsychological testing. Under the auditory-ignore (visual-attend) task, participants ignored auditory stimuli and responded to rare target letters under low and high load. Under the auditory-attend task, participants ignored visual stimuli and responded to rare target tones. Results confirmed an age-associated increase in N1 amplitude to auditory stimuli under the auditory-ignore but not auditory-attend task. Contrary to predictions, EC did not modulate the N1 response. The load effect was the opposite of expectation: the N1 to task-irrelevant auditory events was smaller under high load. Finally, older adults did not simply fail to suppress the N1 to auditory stimuli in the task-irrelevant modality; they generated a larger response than to identical stimuli in the task-relevant modality. In summary, several of the study's findings do not fit the inhibitory-deficit hypothesis of cognitive aging, which may need to be refined or supplemented by alternative accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich S. Tusch
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Brittany R. Alperin
- Department of Psychology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, United States of America
| | - Phillip J. Holcomb
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, United States of America
| | - Kirk R. Daffner
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
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