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Husain TS, Moore JC, Huston LA, Miller CA, Steele AT, Gonzales LA, Handler EK, Organ JM, Menegaz RA. Neurocranial growth in the OIM mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:581-591. [PMID: 37638403 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a disorder of type I collagen characterized by abnormal bone formation. The OI craniofacial phenotype includes midfacial underdevelopment, as well as neurocranial changes (e.g., macrocephaly and platybasia) that may also affect underlying nervous tissues. This study aims to better understand how OI affects the integrated development of the neurocranium and the brain. Juvenile and adult mice with OI (OIM) and unaffected wild type (WT) littermates were imaged using in vivo micro-computed tomography (microCT). Virtual endocast models were used to measure brain volume, and 3D landmarks were collected from the cranium and brain endocasts. Geometric morphometric analyses were used to compare brain shape and integration between the genotypes. OIM mice had increased brain volumes (relative to cranial centroid size) only at the juvenile stage. No significant difference was seen in cranial base angle (CBA) between OIM and WT mice. However, CBA was higher in juvenile than in adult OIM mice. Brain shape was significantly different between OIM and WT mice at both stages, with OIM mice having more globular brains than WT mice. Neurocranial and brain morphology were strongly integrated within both genotypes, while adult OIM mice tended to have lower levels of skull-brain integration than WT mice. These results suggest that neurocranial dysmorphologies in OI may be more severe at earlier stages of postnatal development. Decreased skull-brain integration in adult mice suggests that compensatory mechanisms may exist during postnatal growth to maintain neurological function despite significant changes in neurocranial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba S Husain
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jacob C Moore
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lila A Huston
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley T Steele
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren A Gonzales
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Emma K Handler
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jason M Organ
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rachel A Menegaz
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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2
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Jones E, McLaughlin KA. A Novel Perspective on Neuronal Control of Anatomical Patterning, Remodeling, and Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13358. [PMID: 37686164 PMCID: PMC10488252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While the nervous system may be best known as the sensory communication center of an organism, recent research has revealed a myriad of multifaceted roles for both the CNS and PNS from early development to adult regeneration and remodeling. These systems work to orchestrate tissue pattern formation during embryonic development and continue shaping pattering through transitional periods such as metamorphosis and growth. During periods of injury or wounding, the nervous system has also been shown to influence remodeling and wound healing. The neuronal mechanisms responsible for these events are largely conserved across species, suggesting this evidence may be important in understanding and resolving many human defects and diseases. By unraveling these diverse roles, this paper highlights the necessity of broadening our perspective on the nervous system beyond its conventional functions. A comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions and contributions of the nervous system throughout development and adulthood has the potential to revolutionize therapeutic strategies and open new avenues for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review highlights an important role for the nervous system during the patterning and maintenance of complex tissues and provides a potential avenue for advancing biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly A. McLaughlin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
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3
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Furtado LMF, Teles LR, Martins da Costa SADA, de Souza Matos VU, Teixeira NM, Gonçalves CA, Filho JADCV. Systematic Review of the Clinical and Experimental Research Assessing the Effects of Craniosynostosis on the Brain. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:1160-1164. [PMID: 36184763 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neurocognitive impairment has been considered as the main argument for the surgical treatment of craniosynostosis (CS), recent studies reported subtle deficits in neurological function even in operated patients. However, the cause of these deficits remains poorly understood. This systematic review sought to examine the impact of CS on the brain microstructure, mainly on functional connectivity, and comprehensively summarize the clinical and experimental research available on this topic. A systematic review was performed considering the publications of the last 20 years in PubMed and Web of Science, including relevant human and animal studies of the types of brain-microstructure disturbances in CS. Among the 560 papers identified, 11 were selected for analysis. Seven of those were conducted in humans and 4 in animal models. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, task-based magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging were the main instruments used to investigate brain connectivity in humans. The main findings were increased connectivity of the posterior segment of cingulum gyri, reduced interconnectivity of the frontal lobes, and reduced diffusivity on diffusion tensor imaging, which were associated with hyperactivity behaviors and poorer performance on neurocognitive tests. Conversely, despite the lack of evidence of brain dysfunction in animal studies, they reported a tendency toward the development of hyperactive behaviors and impairment of neurocognitive function. Skull restriction caused by CS apparently chronically increases the intracranial pressure and produces white matter injuries. The current evidence supports the contention that an early surgical approach could minimize brain-connectivity impairment in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas R Teles
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais
| | | | | | | | - Carlos A Gonçalves
- Neuroscience and Management Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Hoshino Y, Takechi M, Moazen M, Steacy M, Koyabu D, Furutera T, Ninomiya Y, Nuri T, Pauws E, Iseki S. Synchondrosis fusion contributes to the progression of postnatal craniofacial dysmorphology in syndromic craniosynostosis. J Anat 2023; 242:387-401. [PMID: 36394990 PMCID: PMC9919486 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic craniosynostosis (CS) patients exhibit early, bony fusion of calvarial sutures and cranial synchondroses, resulting in craniofacial dysmorphology. In this study, we chronologically evaluated skull morphology change after abnormal fusion of the sutures and synchondroses in mouse models of syndromic CS for further understanding of the disease. We found fusion of the inter-sphenoid synchondrosis (ISS) in Apert syndrome model mice (Fgfr2S252W/+ ) around 3 weeks old as seen in Crouzon syndrome model mice (Fgfr2cC342Y/+ ). We then examined ontogenic trajectories of CS mouse models after 3 weeks of age using geometric morphometrics analyses. Antero-ventral growth of the face was affected in Fgfr2S252W/+ and Fgfr2cC342Y/+ mice, while Saethre-Chotzen syndrome model mice (Twist1+/- ) did not show the ISS fusion and exhibited a similar growth pattern to that of control littermates. Further analysis revealed that the coronal suture synostosis in the CS mouse models induces only the brachycephalic phenotype as a shared morphological feature. Although previous studies suggest that the fusion of the facial sutures during neonatal period is associated with midface hypoplasia, the present study suggests that the progressive postnatal fusion of the cranial synchondrosis also contributes to craniofacial dysmorphology in mouse models of syndromic CS. These morphological trajectories increase our understanding of the progression of syndromic CS skull growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hoshino
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Office of New Drug V, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takechi
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Miranda Steacy
- Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiko Furutera
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichirou Ninomiya
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nuri
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Warren EB, Briano JA, Ellegood J, DeYoung T, Lerch JP, Morrow EM. 17q12 deletion syndrome mouse model shows defects in craniofacial, brain and kidney development, and glucose homeostasis. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049752. [PMID: 36373506 PMCID: PMC10655816 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
17q12 deletion (17q12Del) syndrome is a copy number variant (CNV) disorder associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD). Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we generated a mouse model of 17q12Del syndrome on both inbred (C57BL/6N) and outbred (CD-1) genetic backgrounds. On C57BL/6N, the 17q12Del mice had severe head development defects, potentially mediated by haploinsufficiency of Lhx1, a gene within the interval that controls head development. Phenotypes included brain malformations, particularly disruption of the telencephalon and craniofacial defects. On the CD-1 background, the 17q12Del mice survived to adulthood and showed milder craniofacial and brain abnormalities. We report postnatal brain defects using automated magnetic resonance imaging-based morphometry. In addition, we demonstrate renal and blood glucose abnormalities relevant to RCAD. On both genetic backgrounds, we found sex-specific presentations, with male 17q12Del mice exhibiting higher penetrance and more severe phenotypes. Results from these experiments pinpoint specific developmental defects and pathways that guide clinical studies and a mechanistic understanding of the human 17q12Del syndrome. This mouse mutant represents the first and only experimental model to date for the 17q12 CNV disorder. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Warren
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Juan A. Briano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Taylor DeYoung
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Eric M. Morrow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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6
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Handschuh S, Glösmann M. Mouse embryo phenotyping using X-ray microCT. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:949184. [PMID: 36187491 PMCID: PMC9523164 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.949184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopic X-ray computed tomography (microCT) is a structural ex vivo imaging technique providing genuine isotropic 3D images from biological samples at micron resolution. MicroCT imaging is non-destructive and combines well with other modalities such as light and electron microscopy in correlative imaging workflows. Protocols for staining embryos with X-ray dense contrast agents enable the acquisition of high-contrast and high-resolution datasets of whole embryos and specific organ systems. High sample throughput is achieved with dedicated setups. Consequently, microCT has gained enormous importance for both qualitative and quantitative phenotyping of mouse development. We here summarize state-of-the-art protocols of sample preparation and imaging procedures, showcase contemporary applications, and discuss possible pitfalls and sources for artefacts. In addition, we give an outlook on phenotyping workflows using microscopic dual energy CT (microDECT) and tissue-specific contrast agents.
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7
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Bonfili N, Barbeito‐Andrés J, Bernal V, Hallgrímsson B, Gonzalez PN. Morphological correspondence between brain and endocranial surfaces in mice exposed to undernutrition during development. J Anat 2022; 241:1-12. [PMID: 35132617 PMCID: PMC9178380 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological changes of the brain and the skull are highly integrated as a result of shared developmental pathways and different types of interactions between them. Shared developmental trajectories between these two structures might be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Although the effect of environmental factors on neural and craniofacial traits has been extensively studied, less is known about the specific impact of stressful conditions on the coordinated variation between these structures. Here, we test the effect of early nutrient restriction on morphological correspondence between the brain and the endocast. For this purpose, mice exposed to protein or calorie-protein restriction during gestation and lactation were compared with a control group in which dams were fed standard food ad libitum. High-resolution images were obtained after weaning to describe brain and endocranial morphology. By magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain volumes were obtained and endocasts were segmented from skull reconstructions derived from micro-computed tomography (microCT). Brain and endocranial volumes were compared to assess the correspondence in size. Shape changes were analyzed using a set of landmarks and semilandmarks on 3D surfaces. Results indicated that brain volume is relatively less affected by undernutrition during development than endocast volume. Shape covariation between the brain and the endocast was found to be quite singular for protein-restricted animals. Procrustes distances were larger between the brain and the endocast of the same specimens than between brains or endocasts of different animals, which means that the greatest similarity is by type of structure and suggests that the use of the endocast as a direct proxy of the brain at this intraspecific scale could have some limitations. In the same line, patterns of brain shape asymmetry were not directly estimated from endocranial surfaces. In sum, our findings indicate that morphological variation and association between the brain and the endocast is modulated by environmental factors and support the idea that head morphogenesis results from complex processes that are sensitive to the pervasive influence of nutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Bonfili
- Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos (CONICET ‐ Hospital El Cruce ‐ Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Jimena Barbeito‐Andrés
- Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos (CONICET ‐ Hospital El Cruce ‐ Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Valeria Bernal
- CONICET. División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoUniversidad Nacional de La PlataBuenos AiresArgentina
| | | | - Paula N. Gonzalez
- Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos (CONICET ‐ Hospital El Cruce ‐ Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche)Buenos AiresArgentina
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8
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Motch Perrine SM, Pitirri MK, Durham EL, Kawasaki M, Zheng H, Chen DZ, Kawasaki K, Richtsmeier JT. A dysmorphic mouse model reveals developmental interactions of chondrocranium and dermatocranium. eLife 2022; 11:76653. [PMID: 35704354 PMCID: PMC9259032 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cranial endo- and dermal skeletons, which comprise the vertebrate skull, evolved independently over 470 million years ago and form separately during embryogenesis. In mammals, much of the cartilaginous chondrocranium is transient, undergoing endochondral ossification or disappearing, so its role in skull morphogenesis is not well studied and it remains an enigmatic structure. We provide complete three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the laboratory mouse chondrocranium from embryonic day 13.5 through 17.5 using a novel methodology of uncertainty-guided segmentation of phosphotungstic enhanced 3D microcomputed tomography images with sparse annotation. We evaluate the embryonic mouse chondrocranium and dermatocranium in 3D and delineate the effects of a Fgfr2 variant on embryonic chondrocranial cartilages and on their association with forming dermal bones using the Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome mouse. We show that the dermatocranium develops outside of and in shapes that conform to the chondrocranium. Results reveal direct effects of the Fgfr2 variant on embryonic cartilage, on chondrocranium morphology, and on the association between chondrocranium and dermatocranium development. Histologically we observe a trend of relatively more chondrocytes, larger chondrocytes, and/or more matrix in the Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos at all timepoints before the chondrocranium begins to disintegrate at E16.5. The chondrocrania and forming dermatocrania of Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos are relatively large, but a contrasting trend begins at E16.5 and continues into early postnatal (P0 and P2) timepoints, with the skulls of older Fgfr2cC342Y/+ mice reduced in most dimensions compared to Fgfr2c+/+ littermates. Our findings have implications for the study and treatment of human craniofacial disease, for understanding the impact of chondrocranial morphology on skull growth, and potentially on the evolution of skull morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - M Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Emily L Durham
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Mizuho Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Danny Z Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
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9
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Pitirri MK, Durham EL, Romano NA, Santos JI, Coupe AP, Zheng H, Chen DZ, Kawasaki K, Jabs EW, Richtsmeier JT, Wu M, Motch Perrine SM. Meckel's Cartilage in Mandibular Development and Dysmorphogenesis. Front Genet 2022; 13:871927. [PMID: 35651944 PMCID: PMC9149363 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.871927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome mouse model carries a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at amino acid position 342 (Cys342Tyr; C342Y) in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) gene equivalent to a FGFR2 mutation commonly associated with Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndromes in humans. The Fgfr2c C342Y mutation results in constitutive activation of the receptor and is associated with upregulation of osteogenic differentiation. Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome mice show premature closure of the coronal suture and other craniofacial anomalies including malocclusion of teeth, most likely due to abnormal craniofacial form. Malformation of the mandible can precipitate a plethora of complications including disrupting development of the upper jaw and palate, impediment of the airway, and alteration of occlusion necessary for proper mastication. The current paradigm of mandibular development assumes that Meckel’s cartilage (MC) serves as a support or model for mandibular bone formation and as a template for the later forming mandible. If valid, this implies a functional relationship between MC and the forming mandible, so mandibular dysmorphogenesis might be discerned in MC affecting the relationship between MC and mandibular bone. Here we investigate the relationship of MC to mandible development from the early mineralization of the mandible (E13.5) through the initiation of MC degradation at E17.7 using Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome embryos and their unaffected littermates (Fgfr2c+/+). Differences between genotypes in both MC and mandibular bone are subtle, however MC of Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos is generally longer relative to unaffected littermates at E15.5 with specific aspects remaining relatively large at E17.5. In contrast, mandibular bone is smaller overall in Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos relative to their unaffected littermates at E15.5 with the posterior aspect remaining relatively small at E17.5. At a cellular level, differences are identified between genotypes early (E13.5) followed by reduced proliferation in MC (E15.5) and in the forming mandible (E17.5) in Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos. Activation of the ERK pathways is reduced in the perichondrium of MC in Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos and increased in bone related cells at E15.5. These data reveal that the Fgfr2c C342Y mutation differentially affects cells by type, location, and developmental age indicating a complex set of changes in the cells that make up the lower jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Emily L Durham
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Natalie A Romano
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jacob I Santos
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Abigail P Coupe
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Danny Z Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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10
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Ezan J, Moreau MM, Mamo TM, Shimbo M, Decroo M, Sans N, Montcouquiol M. Neuron-Specific Deletion of Scrib in Mice Leads to Neuroanatomical and Locomotor Deficits. Front Genet 2022; 13:872700. [PMID: 35692812 PMCID: PMC9174639 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.872700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scribble (Scrib) is a conserved polarity protein acting as a scaffold involved in multiple cellular and developmental processes. Recent evidence from our group indicates that Scrib is also essential for brain development as early global deletion of Scrib in the dorsal telencephalon induced cortical thickness reduction and alteration of interhemispheric connectivity. In addition, Scrib conditional knockout (cKO) mice have behavioral deficits such as locomotor activity impairment and memory alterations. Given Scrib broad expression in multiple cell types in the brain, we decided to determine the neuronal contribution of Scrib for these phenotypes. In the present study, we further investigate the function of Scrib specifically in excitatory neurons on the forebrain formation and the control of locomotor behavior. To do so, we generated a novel neuronal glutamatergic specific Scrib cKO mouse line called Nex-Scrib−/− cKO. Remarkably, cortical layering and commissures were impaired in these mice and reproduced to some extent the previously described phenotype in global Scrib cKO. In addition and in contrast to our previous results using Emx1-Scrib−/− cKO, the Nex-Scrib−/− cKO mutant mice exhibited significantly reduced locomotion. Altogether, the novel cKO model described in this study further highlights an essential role for Scrib in forebrain development and locomotor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Ezan
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- *Correspondence: Jerome Ezan,
| | - Maité M. Moreau
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tamrat M. Mamo
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Miki Shimbo
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maureen Decroo
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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11
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Katsube M, Yamada S, Utsunomiya N, Morimoto N. Application of geometric morphometrics for facial congenital anomaly studies. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2022; 62:88-95. [PMID: 35133047 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The face is a small complex three-dimensional (3D) structure composed of various bones and essential organs. Congenital anomalies of those organs represent various deformities; therefore, their quantification has been challenging. Linear measurements, such as lengths or angles between landmarks, called conventional morphometrics, have been used to quantify their phenotypes usually using 2D images, such as photographs or X-ray images. During analysis, geometric information, which refers to the relative position of each structure, is lost. Geometric morphometrics (GM) uses shape configurations, including anatomical landmarks, which can retain geometric information throughout analysis and can help visualize the results, making it tremendously advantageous compared to conventional methods. Morphometric studies investigate variations within groups, identification of group differences, simulation of the ontogeny, or association with specific organs or genetic disorders, and GM can be applied to these purposes using multivariate statistical methods. The calculation of high-dimensional data is usually required and has prevented GM from becoming a major morphometric method. However, recent developments in computer technology and software have enabled us to perform it easily with ordinary home computers, and the number of morphometric studies applying GM for facial congenital anomalies has been increasing recently. In this article, we introduce the concept and application of GM and review previous morphometric studies with GM regarding congenital facial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Katsube
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Natsuko Utsunomiya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Llambrich S, González R, Albaigès J, Wouters J, Marain F, Himmelreich U, Sharpe J, Dierssen M, Gsell W, Martínez-Abadías N, Vande Velde G. Multimodal in vivo Imaging of the Integrated Postnatal Development of Brain and Skull and Its Co-modulation With Neurodevelopment in a Down Syndrome Mouse Model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:815739. [PMID: 35223915 PMCID: PMC8874331 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.815739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain and skeletal systems are intimately integrated during development through common molecular pathways. This is evidenced by genetic disorders where brain and skull dysmorphologies are associated. However, the mechanisms underlying neural and skeletal interactions are poorly understood. Using the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome (DS) as a case example, we performed the first longitudinal assessment of brain, skull and neurobehavioral development to determine alterations in the coordinated morphogenesis of brain and skull. We optimized a multimodal protocol combining in vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI) with morphometric analyses and neurodevelopmental tests to longitudinally monitor the different systems' development trajectories during the first postnatal weeks. We also explored the impact of a perinatal treatment with green tea extracts enriched in epigallocatechin-3-gallate (GTE-EGCG), which can modulate cognition, brain and craniofacial development in DS. Our analyses quantified alterations associated with DS, with skull dysmorphologies appearing before brain anomalies, reduced integration and delayed acquisition of neurodevelopmental traits. Perinatal GTE-EGCG induced disparate effects and disrupted the magnitude of integration and covariation patterns between brain and skull. Our results exemplify how a longitudinal research approach evaluating the development of multiple systems can reveal the effect of morphological integration modulating the response of pathological phenotypes to treatment, furthering our understanding of complex genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Llambrich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Rubèn González
- Grup de Recerca en Antropologia Biológica (GREAB), Department of Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Albaigès
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Wouters
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Fopke Marain
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - James Sharpe
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Willy Gsell
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Grup de Recerca en Antropologia Biológica (GREAB), Department of Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Neus Martínez-Abadías
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Greetje Vande Velde
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13
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Lesciotto KM, Tomlinson L, Leonard S, Richtsmeier JT. Embryonic and Early Postnatal Cranial Bone Volume and Tissue Mineral Density Values for C57BL/6J Laboratory Mice. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1196-1208. [PMID: 35092111 PMCID: PMC9250594 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laboratory mice are routinely used in craniofacial research based on the relatively close genetic relationship and conservation of developmental pathways between humans and mice. Since genetic perturbations and disease states may have localized effects, data from individual cranial bones are valuable for the interpretation of experimental assays. We employ high‐resolution microcomputed tomography to characterize cranial bones of C57BL/6J mice at embryonic day (E) 15.5 and E17.5, day of birth (P0), and postnatal day 7 (P7) and provide estimates of individual bone volume and tissue mineral density (TMD). Results Average volume and TMD values are reported for individual bones. Significant differences in volume and TMD during embryonic ages likely reflect early mineralization of cranial neural crest‐derived and intramembranously forming bones. Although bones of the face and vault had higher TMD values during embryonic ages, bones of the braincase floor had significantly higher TMD values by P7. Conclusions These ontogenetic data on cranial bone volume and TMD serve as a reference standard for future studies using mice bred on a C57BL/6J genetic background. Our findings also highlight the importance of differentiating “control” data from mice that are presented as “unaffected” littermates, particularly when carrying a single copy of a cre‐recombinase gene. Higher average volume and density of cranial neural crest‐derived and intramembranously‐forming bones during embryonic development. Higher average density in bones of the braincase floor during early postnatal development. Ontogenetic data on cranial bone volume and TMD serve as a reference standard for mice bred on a C57BL/6J genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Lesciotto
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, USA
| | | | - Steven Leonard
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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14
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Artati A, Prehn C, Lutter D, Dyar KA. Untargeted and Targeted Circadian Metabolomics Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Flow Injection-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (FIA-ESI-MS/MS). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2482:311-327. [PMID: 35610436 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2249-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A diverse array of 24-h oscillating hormones and metabolites direct and reflect circadian clock function. Circadian metabolomics uses advanced high-throughput analytical chemistry techniques to comprehensively profile these small molecules (<1.5 kDa) across 24 h in cells, media, body fluids, breath, tissues, and subcellular compartments. The goals of circadian metabolomics experiments are often multifaceted. These include identifying and tracking rhythmic metabolic inputs and outputs of central and peripheral circadian clocks, quantifying endogenous free-running period, monitoring relative phase alignment between clocks, and mapping pathophysiological consequences of clock disruption or misalignment. Depending on the particular experimental question, samples are collected under free-running or entrained conditions. Here we describe both untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and flow injection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-ESI-MS/MS) based assays we have used for circadian metabolomics studies. We discuss tissue homogenization, chemical derivatization, measurement, and tips for data processing, normalization, scaling, how to handle outliers, and imputation of missing values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Artati
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Lutter
- Computational Discovery Research, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kenneth Allen Dyar
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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15
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Reardon T, Fiani B, Kosarchuk J, Parisi A, Shlobin NA. Management of Lambdoid Craniosynostosis: A Comprehensive and Systematic Review. Pediatr Neurosurg 2022; 57:1-16. [PMID: 34864743 DOI: 10.1159/000519175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis is a condition characterized by the premature fusion of 2 or more skull bones. Craniosynostosis of the lambdoid suture is one of the rarest forms, accounting for 1-4% of all craniosynostoses. Documented cases are separated into simple (single suture), complex (bilateral), and associated with adjacent synostoses ("Mercedes Benz" Pattern) or syndromes (i.e., Crouzon, Sathre-Chotzen, Antley-Bixler). This condition can manifest phenotypic deformities and neurological sequelae that can lead to impaired cognitive function if improperly treated or left undiagnosed. Preferred surgical techniques have varied over time but all maintain the common goals of establishing proper head shape and preventing of complications that could contribute to aforementioned sequelae. SUMMARY This comprehensive review highlights demographic distributions, embryological development, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, neurological sequelae, radiologic findings, surgical techniques, surgical outcomes, and postoperative considerations of patients with lambdoid craniosynostosis presentation. In addition, a systematic review was conducted to explore the operative management of lambdoid craniosynostosis using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases, with 38 articles included after screening. Key Messages: Due to a low volume of published cases, diagnosis and treatment can vary. Large overlap in presentation can occur in patients that display lambdoid craniosynostosis and posterior plagiocephaly, furthering the need for comprehensive analysis. Possessing the knowledge and tools to properly assess patients with lambdoid craniosynostosis will allow for more precise care and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Reardon
- Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pikeville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brian Fiani
- Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, California, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan A Shlobin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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16
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Dibbs RP, Beh HZ, Donoho DA, Davies LW, Ferry AM, Bauer DF, Buchanan EP. Late Presenting Multi-Suture Craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:e34-e37. [PMID: 34292251 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The authors provide the case of a 6-year-old male who presented late with multi-suture craniosynostosis and chronically elevated intracranial pressures (ICPs). He was surgically managed with frontal orbital advancement. This particular case illustrates the significant bleeding and unique bony pathology that can occur in patients with high ICP with concomitant venous collateralization. At 1-month follow-up, he demonstrated significant improvement with maintained expansion and no signs of elevated ICP despite delayed intervention. Frontal orbital advancement serves as an effective method for cranial vault expansion and correction of frontal deformities caused by craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami P Dibbs
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine Department of Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
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17
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Lu X, Forte AJ, Park KE, Allam O, Steinbacher DM, Alperovich M, Passos-Bueno MR, Tonello C, Alonso N, Persing JA. Airway Development Relevant to Cranial Vault Suture Synostosis Subtype in Apert Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2732501620973030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Based on an established classification system of Apert syndrome subtypes, we aim to directly analyze the correlation between segmented airway volume changes and different skull suture synostosis, so as to provide individualized surgical planning for each subgroup of Apert patients. Methods: CT scans of 44 unoperated Apert syndrome and 53 controls were included and subgrouped as: type I. Bilateral coronal synostosis; type II. Pansynostosis; type III. Perpendicular combinations of cranial vault synostosis. CT scans were measured using Mimics and 3-matics software. Results: Type I developed a 41% ( P = .116) reduction in the nasal cavity, yet a normal sized pharyngeal airway. The reduced nasal airway was linked to the decreased cross sectional area ( r = 0.598, P = .001), vertical dimension ( r = 0.719, P < .001), and narrower width ( r = 0.727, P < .001). Type II developed proportionally reduced nasal airway and pharyngeal airway volumes (both 47%, P = .113 and P = .041), along with the proportionally restricted cross sectional areas at choana and condylion levels by 62 to 65%. This reduction is related to the cranial base length ( r = 0.712, P = .048), and also cranial base angulation ( r = 0.780, P = .023). Nasal and pharyngeal airway developed normal volume in type III. However, the cross sectional areas at the gonion level diminished by 74% ( P < .001). Conclusion: Airway development is influenced by subtype of Apert suture synostosis. Type II pansynostosis Apert patients developed synchronous reduced nasal and pharyngeal airways, which is correlated with the slightly flattened cranial base. Type I bicoronal patients have a smaller nasal cavity, but normally sized hypopharynx. Yet, type III patients developed normal nasopharyngeal airway volume overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Lu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Omar Allam
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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18
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19
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Welby L, Caudill H, Yitsege G, Hamad A, Bunyak F, Zohn IE, Maynard T, LaMantia AS, Mendelowitz D, Lever TE. Persistent Feeding and Swallowing Deficits in a Mouse Model of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Front Neurol 2020; 11:4. [PMID: 32082240 PMCID: PMC7006055 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted development of oropharyngeal structures as well as cranial nerve and brainstem circuits may lead to feeding and swallowing difficulties in children with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). We previously demonstrated aspiration-based dysphagia during early postnatal life in the LgDel mouse model of 22q11DS along with disrupted oropharyngeal morphogenesis and divergent differentiation and function of cranial motor and sensory nerves. We now ask whether feeding and swallowing deficits persist in adult LgDel mice using methods analogous to those used in human patients to evaluate feeding and swallowing dysfunction. Compared to wild-type mice, videofluoroscopic swallow study revealed that LgDel mice have altered feeding and swallowing behaviors, including slower lick rates, longer inter-lick intervals, and longer pharyngeal transit times with liquid consistency. Transoral endoscopic assessment identified minor structural anomalies of the palate and larynx in one-third of the LgDel mice examined. Video surveillance of feeding-related behaviors showed that LgDel mice eat and drink more frequently. Furthermore, LgDel animals engage in another oromotor behavior, grooming, more frequently, implying that divergent craniofacial and cranial nerve structure and function result in altered oromotor coordination. Finally, LgDel mice have significantly increased lung inflammation, a potential sign of aspiration-based dysphagia, consistent with results from our previous studies of early postnatal animals showing aspiration-related lung inflammation. Thus, oromotor dysfunction, feeding, and swallowing difficulties and their consequences persist in the LgDel 22q11DS mouse model. Apparently, postnatal growth and/or neural plasticity does not fully resolve deficits due to anomalous hindbrain, craniofacial, and cranial nerve development that prefigure perinatal dysphagia in 22q11DS. This new recognition of persistent challenges with feeding and swallowing may provide opportunities for improved therapeutic intervention for adolescents and adults with 22q11DS, as well as others with a history of perinatal feeding and swallowing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Welby
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Hailey Caudill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gelila Yitsege
- Center for Genetic Medicine and the Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Children's National Health Systems, Washington, DC, United States.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ali Hamad
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Filiz Bunyak
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Irene E Zohn
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Center for Genetic Medicine and the Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Children's National Health Systems, Washington, DC, United States.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thomas Maynard
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Genetics, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Genetics, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Teresa E Lever
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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20
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What Is the Skull Structure Influence of Squamosal Suture Synostosis in Nonsyndromic and Syndromic Crouzon Craniosynostosis? J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:1671-1675. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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21
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Lee C, Richtsmeier JT, Kraft RH. A coupled reaction-diffusion-strain model predicts cranial vault formation in development and disease. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1197-1211. [PMID: 31006064 PMCID: PMC6625897 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
How cells utilize instructions provided by genes and integrate mechanical forces generated by tissue growth to produce morphology is a fundamental question of biology. Dermal bones of the vertebrate cranial vault are formed through the direct differentiation of mesenchymal cells on the neural surface into osteoblasts through intramembranous ossification. Here we join a self-organizing Turing mechanism, computational biomechanics, and experimental data to produce a 3D representative model of the growing cerebral surface, cranial vault bones, and sutures. We show how changes in single parameters regulating signaling during osteoblast differentiation and bone formation may explain cranial vault shape variation in craniofacial disorders. A key result is that toggling a parameter in our model results in closure of a cranial vault suture, an event that occurred during evolution of the cranial vault and that occurs in craniofacial disorders. Our approach provides an initial and important step toward integrating biomechanics into the genotype phenotype map to explain the production of variation in head morphology by developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 341 Leonhard Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Reuben H Kraft
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 320 Leonhard Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Institute for Cyberscience, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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22
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Motch Perrine SM, Wu M, Stephens NB, Kriti D, van Bakel H, Jabs EW, Richtsmeier JT. Mandibular dysmorphology due to abnormal embryonic osteogenesis in FGFR2-related craniosynostosis mice. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.038513. [PMID: 31064775 PMCID: PMC6550049 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One diagnostic feature of craniosynostosis syndromes is mandibular dysgenesis. Using three mouse models of Apert, Crouzon and Pfeiffer craniosynostosis syndromes, we investigated how embryonic development of the mandible is affected by fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) mutations. Quantitative analysis of skeletal form at birth revealed differences in mandibular morphology between mice carrying Fgfr2 mutations and their littermates that do not carry the mutations. Murine embryos with the mutations associated with Apert syndrome in humans (Fgfr2+/S252W and Fgfr2+/P253R) showed an increase in the size of the osteogenic anlagen and Meckel's cartilage (MC). Changes in the microarchitecture and mineralization of the developing mandible were visualized using histological staining. The mechanism for mandibular dysgenesis in the Apert Fgfr2+/S252W mouse resulting in the most severe phenotypic effects was further analyzed in detail and found to occur to a lesser degree in the other craniosynostosis mouse models. Laser capture microdissection and RNA-seq analysis revealed transcriptomic changes in mandibular bone at embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5), highlighting increased expression of genes related to osteoclast differentiation and dysregulated genes active in bone mineralization. Increased osteoclastic activity was corroborated by TRAP assay and in situ hybridization of Csf1r and Itgb3. Upregulated expression of Enpp1 and Ank was validated in the mandible of Fgfr2+/S252W embryos, and found to result in elevated inorganic pyrophosphate concentration. Increased proliferation of osteoblasts in the mandible and chondrocytes forming MC was identified in Fgfr2+/S252W embryos at E12.5. These findings provide evidence that FGFR2 gain-of-function mutations differentially affect cartilage formation and intramembranous ossification of dermal bone, contributing to mandibular dysmorphogenesis in craniosynostosis syndromes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper. Summary: FGFR2 gain-of-function mutations differentially affect cartilage formation and intramembranous ossification of dermal bone, resulting in abnormal embryonic osteogenesis of the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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23
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Shin HR, Bae HS, Kim BS, Yoon HI, Cho YD, Kim WJ, Choi KY, Lee YS, Woo KM, Baek JH, Ryoo HM. PIN1 is a new therapeutic target of craniosynostosis. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3827-3839. [PMID: 30007339 PMCID: PMC6216213 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) cause congenital skeletal anomalies, including craniosynostosis (CS), which is characterized by the premature closure of craniofacial sutures. Apert syndrome (AS) is one of the severest forms of CS, and the only treatment is surgical expansion of prematurely fused sutures in infants. Previously, we demonstrated that the prolyl isomerase peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase interacting 1 (PIN1) plays a critical role in mediating FGFR signaling and that Pin1+/- mice exhibit delayed closure of cranial sutures. In this study, using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we tested whether PIN1 modulation could be used as a therapeutic regimen against AS. In the genetic approach, we crossbred Fgfr2S252W/+, a mouse model of AS, and Pin1+/- mice. Downregulation of Pin1 gene dosage attenuated premature cranial suture closure and other phenotypes of AS in Fgfr2S252W/+ mutant mice. In the pharmacological approach, we intraperitoneally administered juglone, a PIN1 enzyme inhibitor, to pregnant Fgfr2S252W/+ mutant mice and found that this treatment successfully interrupted fetal development of AS phenotypes. Primary cultured osteoblasts from Fgfr2S252W/+ mutant mice expressed high levels of FGFR2 downstream target genes, but this phenotype was attenuated by PIN1 inhibition. Post-translational stabilization and activation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in Fgfr2S252W/+ osteoblasts were also attenuated by PIN1 inhibition. Based on these observations, we conclude that PIN1 enzyme activity is important for FGFR2-induced RUNX2 activation and craniofacial suture morphogenesis. Moreover, these findings highlight that juglone or other PIN1 inhibitors represent viable alternatives to surgical intervention for treatment of CS and other hyperostotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Shin
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H S Bae
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B S Kim
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H I Yoon
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y D Cho
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - W J Kim
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K Y Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Y S Lee
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K M Woo
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Baek
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H M Ryoo
- BK21 Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Abstract
Management strategies for syndromic craniosynostosis patients require multidisciplinary subspecialty teams to provide optimal care for complex reconstructive approaches. The most common craniosynostosis syndromes include Apert (FGFR2), Crouzon (FGFR2), Muenke (FGFR3), Pfeiffer (FGFR1 and FGFR2), and Saethre-Chotzen (TWIST). Bicoronal craniosynostosis (turribrachycephaly) is most commonly associated with syndromic craniosynostosis. Disease presentation varies from mild sutural involvement to severe pansynostoses, with a spectrum of extracraniofacial dysmorphic manifestations. Understanding the multifaceted syndromic presentations while appreciating the panoply of variable presentations is central to delivering necessary individualized care. Cranial vault remodeling aims to relieve restriction of cranial development and elevated intracranial pressure and restore normal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Sawh-Martinez
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, 3rd Floor, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Derek M Steinbacher
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, 3rd Floor, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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25
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Varón-González C, Navarro N. Epistasis regulates the developmental stability of the mouse craniofacial shape. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 122:501-512. [PMID: 30209292 PMCID: PMC6461946 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry is a classic concept linked to organismal development. It has traditionally been used as a measure of developmental instability, which is the inability of an organism to buffer environmental fluctuations during development. Developmental stability has a genetic component that influences the final phenotype of the organism and can lead to congenital disorders. According to alternative hypotheses, this genetic component might be either the result of additive genetic effects or a by-product of developmental gene networks. Here we present a genome-wide association study of the genetic architecture of fluctuating asymmetry of the skull shape in mice. Geometric morphometric methods were applied to quantify fluctuating asymmetry: we estimated fluctuating asymmetry as Mahalanobis distances to the mean asymmetry, correcting first for genetic directional asymmetry. We applied the marginal epistasis test to study epistasis among genomic regions. Results showed no evidence of additive effects but several interacting regions significantly associated with fluctuating asymmetry. Among the candidate genes overlapping these interacting regions we found an over-representation of genes involved in craniofacial development. A gene network is likely to be associated with skull developmental stability, and genes originally described as buffering genes (e.g., Hspa2) might occupy central positions within these networks, where regulatory elements may also play an important role. Our results constitute an important step in the exploration of the molecular roots of developmental stability and the first empirical evidence about its genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceferino Varón-González
- Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Navarro
- Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
- EPHE, PSL University, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
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Lesciotto KM, Richtsmeier JT. Craniofacial skeletal response to encephalization: How do we know what we think we know? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 168 Suppl 67:27-46. [PMID: 30680710 PMCID: PMC6424107 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic changes in cranial capacity have characterized human evolution. Important evolutionary hypotheses, such as the spatial packing hypothesis, assert that increases in relative brain size (encephalization) have caused alterations to the modern human skull, resulting in a suite of traits unique among extant primates, including a domed cranial vault, highly flexed cranial base, and retracted facial skeleton. Most prior studies have used fossil or comparative primate data to establish correlations between brain size and cranial form, but the mechanistic basis for how changes in brain size impact the overall shape of the skull resulting in these cranial traits remains obscure and has only rarely been investigated critically. We argue that understanding how changes in human skull morphology could have resulted from increased encephalization requires the direct testing of hypotheses relating to interaction of embryonic development of the bones of the skull and the brain. Fossil and comparative primate data have thoroughly described the patterns of association between brain size and skull morphology. Here we suggest complementing such existing datasets with experiments focused on mechanisms responsible for producing the observed patterns to more thoroughly understand the role of encephalization in shaping the modern human skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Lesciotto
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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27
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Holmes G, O'Rourke C, Motch Perrine SM, Lu N, van Bakel H, Richtsmeier JT, Jabs EW. Midface and upper airway dysgenesis in FGFR2-related craniosynostosis involves multiple tissue-specific and cell cycle effects. Development 2018; 145:dev.166488. [PMID: 30228104 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Midface dysgenesis is a feature of more than 200 genetic conditions in which upper airway anomalies frequently cause respiratory distress, but its etiology is poorly understood. Mouse models of Apert and Crouzon craniosynostosis syndromes exhibit midface dysgenesis similar to the human conditions. They carry activating mutations of Fgfr2, which is expressed in multiple craniofacial tissues during development. Magnetic resonance microscopy of three mouse models of Apert and Crouzon syndromes revealed decreased nasal passage volume in all models at birth. Histological analysis suggested overgrowth of the nasal cartilage in the two Apert syndrome mouse models. We used tissue-specific gene expression and transcriptome analysis to further dissect the structural, cellular and molecular alterations underlying midface and upper airway dysgenesis in Apert Fgfr2+/S252W mutants. Cartilage thickened progressively during embryogenesis because of increased chondrocyte proliferation in the presence of Fgf2 Oral epithelium expression of mutant Fgfr2, which resulted in a distinctive nasal septal fusion defect, and premature facial suture fusion contributed to the overall dysmorphology. Midface dysgenesis in Fgfr2-related craniosynostosis is a complex phenotype arising from the combined effects of aberrant signaling in multiple craniofacial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Courtney O'Rourke
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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28
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Richtsmeier JT. A century of development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:726-740. [PMID: 29574839 PMCID: PMC6007869 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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