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Fan Y, White SR. Review of weighted exponential random graph models frameworks applied to neuroimaging. Stat Med 2024; 43:3881-3898. [PMID: 38932498 DOI: 10.1002/sim.10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Neuro-imaging data can often be represented as statistical networks, especially for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, where brain regions are defined as nodes and the functional interactions between those regions are taken as edges. Such networks are commonly divided into classes depending on the type of edges, namely binary or weighted. A binary network means edges can either be present or absent. Whereas the edges of a weighted network are associated with weight values, and fMRI networks belong to weighted networks. Statistical methods are often adopted to analyse such networks, among which, the exponential random graph model (ERGM) is an important network analysis approach. Typically ERGMs are applied to binary networks, and weighted networks often need to be binarised by arbitrarily selecting a threshold value to define the presence of the edges, which can lead to non-robustness and loss of valuable edge weight information representing the strength of fMRI interaction in fMRI networks. While it is therefore important to gain deeper insight in adopting ERGM on weighted networks, there only exists a few different ERGM frameworks for weighted networks; some of these are not directly implementable on fMRI networks based on their original proposal. We systematically review, implement, analyse and compare five such frameworks via a simulation study and provide guidelines on each modelling framework as well as conclude the suitability of them on fMRI networks based on a range of criteria. We concluded that Multi-Layered ERGM is currently the most suitable framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Fan
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon R White
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Chang KY, Tik M, Mizutani-Tiebel Y, Taylor P, van Hattem T, Falkai P, Padberg F, Bulubas L, Keeser D. Dose-dependent target engagement of a clinical iTBS protocol: An interleaved TMS-fMRI study in healthy subjects. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00244-1. [PMID: 39182723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is widely applied as therapeutic intervention in mental health, however understanding of its mechanisms is still incomplete. Prior MRI studies have mainly used offline iTBS or short sequences in concurrent TMS-fMRI. This study investigated a full 600 stimuli iTBS protocol using interleaved TMS-fMRI in comparison with two control conditions in healthy subjects. METHODS In a crossover design, 18 participants underwent three sessions of interleaved iTBS-fMRI: 1) left DLPFC at 40% resting motor threshold (rMT) intensity, 2) left DLPFC at 80% rMT intensity, and 3) left primary motor cortex (M1) at 80% rMT intensity. We compared immediate blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses during interleaved iTBS-fMRI across these conditions including correlations between individual fMRI BOLD activation and iTBS induced electric field (E-field) strength at the target sites. RESULTS Whole-brain analysis showed increased activation in several regions following iTBS. Specifically, left DLPFC, as well as bilateral M1, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula showed increased activation during 80% rMT left DLPFC stimulation. Increased BOLD activity in the left DLPFC was not observed with 40% rMT left DLPFC stimulation nor left M1 80% rMT iTBS, whereas activation in other regions was found to overlap between conditions. Of note, BOLD activation and E-field intensities were only correlated for M1 stimulation, but not for the DLPFC conditions. CONCLUSIONS The study showed dosage and target specific BOLD activation during interleaved TMS-fMRI with 600 stimuli iTBS in healthy subjects. Future studies may use our approach for demonstrating target engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Tik
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Yuki Mizutani-Tiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Paul Taylor
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo van Hattem
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Lucia Bulubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Germany
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3
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Xia AWL, Jin M, Qin PPI, Kan RLD, Zhang BBB, Giron CG, Lin TTZ, Li ASM, Kranz GS. Instantaneous effects of prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on brain oxygenation: A systematic review. Neuroimage 2024; 293:120618. [PMID: 38636640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review investigates how prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) immediately influences neuronal excitability based on oxygenation changes measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). A thorough understanding of TMS-induced excitability changes may enable clinicians to adjust TMS parameters and optimize treatment plans proactively. Five databases were searched for human studies evaluating brain excitability using concurrent TMS/fMRI or TMS/fNIRS. Thirty-seven studies (13 concurrent TMS/fNIRS studies, 24 concurrent TMS/fMRI studies) were included in a qualitative synthesis. Despite methodological inconsistencies, a distinct pattern of activated nodes in the frontoparietal central executive network, the cingulo-opercular salience network, and the default-mode network emerged. The activated nodes included the prefrontal cortex (particularly dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), insula cortex, striatal regions (especially caudate, putamen), anterior cingulate cortex, and thalamus. High-frequency repetitive TMS most consistently induced expected facilitatory effects in these brain regions. However, varied stimulation parameters (e.g., intensity, coil orientation, target sites) and the inter- and intra-individual variability of brain state contribute to the observed heterogeneity of target excitability and co-activated regions. Given the considerable methodological and individual variability across the limited evidence, conclusions should be drawn with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W L Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minxia Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Penny P I Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rebecca L D Kan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bella B B Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cristian G Giron
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tim T Z Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ami S M Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Mental Health Research Center (MHRC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Chang KY, Tik M, Mizutani-Tiebel Y, Schuler AL, Taylor P, Campana M, Vogelmann U, Huber B, Dechantsreiter E, Thielscher A, Bulubas L, Padberg F, Keeser D. Neural response during prefrontal theta burst stimulation: Interleaved TMS-fMRI of full iTBS protocols. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120596. [PMID: 38554783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left prefrontal intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) has emerged as a safe and effective transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment protocol in depression. Though network effects after iTBS have been widely studied, the deeper mechanistic understanding of target engagement is still at its beginning. Here, we investigate the feasibility of a novel integrated TMS-fMRI setup and accelerated echo planar imaging protocol to directly observe the immediate effects of full iTBS treatment sessions. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS In our effort to explore interleaved iTBS-fMRI feasibility, we hypothesize that TMS will induce acute BOLD signal changes in both the stimulated area and interconnected neural regions. METHODS Concurrent TMS-fMRI with full sessions of neuronavigated iTBS (i.e. 600 pulses) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was investigated in 18 healthy participants. In addition, we conducted four TMS-fMRI sessions in a single patient on long-term maintenance iTBS for bipolar depression to test the transfer to clinical cases. RESULTS Concurrent TMS-fMRI was feasible for iTBS sequences with 600 pulses. During interleaved iTBS-fMRI, an increase of the BOLD signal was observed in a network including bilateral DLPFC regions. In the clinical case, a reduced BOLD response was found in the left DLPFC and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, with high variability across individual sessions. CONCLUSIONS Full iTBS sessions as applied for the treatment of depressive disorders can be established in the interleaved iTBS-fMRI paradigm. In the future, this experimental approach could be valuable in clinical samples, for demonstrating target engagement by iTBS protocols and investigating their mechanisms of therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Tik
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
| | - Yuki Mizutani-Tiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Lisa Schuler
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Taylor
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mattia Campana
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Vogelmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Huber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Dechantsreiter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lucia Bulubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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5
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Grosshagauer S, Woletz M, Vasileiadi M, Linhardt D, Nohava L, Schuler AL, Windischberger C, Williams N, Tik M. Chronometric TMS-fMRI of personalized left dorsolateral prefrontal target reveals state-dependency of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex effects. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02535-3. [PMID: 38532009 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to a left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) area with a specific connectivity profile to the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) has emerged as a highly effective non-invasive treatment option for depression. However, antidepressant outcomes demonstrate significant variability among therapy plans and individuals. One overlooked contributing factor is the individual brain state at the time of treatment. In this study we used interleaved TMS-fMRI to investigate the influence of brain state on acute TMS effects, both locally and remotely. TMS was performed during rest and during different phases of cognitive task processing. Twenty healthy participants were included in this study. In the first session, imaging data for TMS targeting were acquired, allowing for identification of individualized targets in the left DLPFC based on highest anti-correlation with the sgACC. The second session involved chronometric interleaved TMS-fMRI measurements, with 10 Hz triplets of TMS administered during rest and at distinct timings during an N-back task. Consistent with prior findings, interleaved TMS-fMRI revealed significant BOLD activation changes in the targeted network. The precise timing of TMS relative to the cognitive states during the task demonstrated distinct BOLD response in clinically relevant brain regions, including the sgACC. Employing a standardized timing approach for TMS using a task revealed more consistent modulation of the sgACC at the group level compared to stimulation during rest. In conclusion, our findings strongly suggest that acute local and remote effects of TMS are influenced by brain state during stimulation. This study establishes a basis for considering brain state as a significant factor in designing treatment protocols, possibly improving TMS treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grosshagauer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Woletz
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Vasileiadi
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Linhardt
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Nohava
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Lisa Schuler
- Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Windischberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nolan Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Tik
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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6
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San Agustín A, Crevillén D, Soto-León V, Moreno JC, Oliviero A, Pons JL. Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with endogenous human hippocampal and motor cortical activity enhances memory. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295413. [PMID: 38060602 PMCID: PMC10703210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a fundamental cortical structure in the memory process of encoding, retaining, and recalling information. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) following a Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) enhances nervous system excitability and promotes cortical plasticity mechanisms by synchronizing two stimuli in the same neural pathway. However, PAS has not been shown to improve memorization capacity yet. Here, we present an innovative protocol stemming from the PAS paradigm, which combines single-pulse TMS to the hippocampus with endogenous hippocampal activity during a working memory (WM) task. 96 volunteers were randomized across one experimental group and three parallel groups (motor cortex stimulation, sham stimulation, and no stimulation) in a single session. This combined-stimuli configuration resulted in an increased memorization capacity in the WM task, which was dependent on the stimulated brain location and subjects' basal memory performance. These results are potentially significant for clinical research on memory dysfunction and its related neurological disorders. Future research on paired associative or combined stimulation is required to unveil stimulation-derived neural mechanisms that enhance the ability to memorize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantzazu San Agustín
- Neural Rehabilitation Group (NRG), Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid-Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Legs & Walking AbilityLab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - David Crevillén
- Neural Rehabilitation Group (NRG), Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Soto-León
- FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan C. Moreno
- Neural Rehabilitation Group (NRG), Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
- Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Hospital Los Madroños, Brunete, Spain
| | - José L. Pons
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Legs & Walking AbilityLab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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7
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Hawco C, Steeves JKE, Voineskos AN, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ. Within-subject reliability of concurrent TMS-fMRI during a single session. Psychophysiology 2023:e14252. [PMID: 36694109 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation with functional MRI (concurrent TMS-fMRI) allows real-time causative probing of brain connectivity. However, technical challenges, safety, and tolerability may limit the number of trials employed during a concurrent TMS-fMRI experiment. We leveraged an existing data set with 100 trials of active TMS compared to a sub-threshold control condition to assess the reliability of the evoked BOLD response during concurrent TMS-fMRI. This data will permit an analysis of the minimum number of trials that should be employed in a concurrent TMS-fMRI protocol in order to achieve reliable spatial changes in activity. Single-subject maps of brain activity were created by splitting the trials within the same experimental session into groups of 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, or 10 trials, correlations (R) between t-maps derived from paired subsets of trials within the same individual were calculated as reliability. R was moderate-high for 50 trials (mean R = .695) and decreased as the number of trials decreased. Consistent with previous findings of high individual variability in the spatial patterns of evoked neuronal changes following a TMS pulse, the spatial pattern of Rs differed across participants, but regional R was correlated with the magnitude of TMS-evoked activity. These results demonstrate concurrent TMS-fMRI produces a reliable pattern of activity at the individual level at higher trial numbers, particularly within localized regions. The spatial pattern of reliability is individually idiosyncratic and related to the individual pattern of evoked changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hawco
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer K E Steeves
- Centre for Vision Research and Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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8
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Roes MM, Chinchani AM, Woodward TS. Reduced Functional Connectivity in Brain Networks Underlying Paired Associates Memory Encoding in Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:61-70. [PMID: 34303847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in relational episodic memory encoding are characteristic of schizophrenia (SZ), but whole-brain multivariate analyses of these deficits have been lacking. Open science has provided task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data investigating paired associate encoding in SZ, but it has not yet been mobilized to address this gap in the literature. Therefore, in this study, we use previously unpublished task fMRI data to conduct the first network-level investigation of impaired relational episodic encoding in SZ. METHODS Using fMRI data acquired from 40 healthy control participants and 40 age- and sex-matched persons with SZ, we examined the networks involved in successful versus unsuccessful encoding of verbal paired associates using an associative semantic strategy. RESULTS Constrained principal component analysis for fMRI revealed 3 distinct functional networks recruited during encoding: a responding network, a linguistic processing/attention network, and the default mode network. Relative to the healthy control group, the SZ group exhibited aberrant activity in all 3 networks during successful encoding; namely, hypoactivation in the linguistic processing/attention network, lower peak activation in the responding network, and weaker suppression in the default mode network. Independent of group effects, a pattern of stronger anticorrelating linguistic processing/attention-default mode network activity during successful encoding significantly predicted subsequent retrieval of paired associates. CONCLUSIONS Together with previous observations of language network hypoactivation during controlled semantic processes, these results suggest that abnormalities in networks representing language and meaning may contribute to difficulties employing deep semantic strategies during relational episodic encoding in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meighen M Roes
- Department of Psychology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Mental Health and Substance Use Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abhijit M Chinchani
- Department of Psychology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Bioinformatics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Mental Health and Substance Use Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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9
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Riddle J, Scimeca JM, Pagnotta MF, Inglis B, Sheltraw D, Muse-Fisher C, D’Esposito M. A guide for concurrent TMS-fMRI to investigate functional brain networks. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1050605. [PMID: 36590069 PMCID: PMC9799237 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows for the direct activation of neurons in the human neocortex and has proven to be fundamental for causal hypothesis testing in cognitive neuroscience. By administering TMS concurrently with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), the effect of cortical TMS on activity in distant cortical and subcortical structures can be quantified by varying the levels of TMS output intensity. However, TMS generates significant fluctuations in the fMRI time series, and their complex interaction warrants caution before interpreting findings. We present the methodological challenges of concurrent TMS-fMRI and a guide to minimize induced artifacts in experimental design and post-processing. Our study targeted two frontal-striatal circuits: primary motor cortex (M1) projections to the putamen and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) projections to the caudate in healthy human participants. We found that TMS parametrically increased the BOLD signal in the targeted region and subcortical projections as a function of stimulation intensity. Together, this work provides practical steps to overcome common challenges with concurrent TMS-fMRI and demonstrates how TMS-fMRI can be used to investigate functional brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jason M. Scimeca
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mattia F. Pagnotta
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ben Inglis
- Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Sheltraw
- Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Chris Muse-Fisher
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mark D’Esposito
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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10
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Caparelli EDC, Abulseoud OA, Gu H, Zhai T, Schleyer B, Yang Y. Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex engages thalamus, striatum, and the default mode network. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:997259. [PMID: 36248660 PMCID: PMC9565480 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.997259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive treatment outcomes of low frequency (LF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) when applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in treatment-refractory depression has been verified. However, the mechanism of action behind these results have not been well-explored. In this work we used simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during TMS to explore the effect of LF rTMS on brain activity when applied to the right [RDLPFC1 (MNI: 50, 30, 36)] and left DLPFC sites [LDLPFC1 (MNI: -50, 30, 36), LDLPFC2 (MNI: -41, 16, 54)]. Seventeen healthy adult volunteers participated in this study. To identify brain areas affected by rTMS, an independent component analysis and a general linear model were used. Our results showed an important laterality effect when contrasting rTMS over the left and right sites. Specifically, LF rTMS increased brain activity at the striatum, thalamus, and areas of the default mode network when applied to the right, but not to the contralateral left DLPFC. In contrast, no site differences were observed when evaluating the effect of LF rTMS over the two left sites. These findings demonstrate that LF rTMS to the right DLPFC was able to stimulate the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical pathway, which is dysregulated in patients with major depressive disorder; therefore, possibly providing some neurobiological justification for the successful outcomes found thus far for LF rTMS in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth de Castro Caparelli
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth de Castro Caparelli,
| | - Osama A. Abulseoud
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Hong Gu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tianye Zhai
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Schleyer
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Raucher-Chéné D, Lavigne KM, Lepage M. Episodic Memory and Schizophrenia: From Characterization of Relational Memory Impairments to Neuroimaging Biomarkers. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:115-136. [PMID: 35902545 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory research in schizophrenia has a long history already which has clearly established significant impairments and strong associations with brain measures and functional outcome. The purpose of this chapter is not to make an exhaustive review of the recent literature but to highlight some relatively recent developments in the cognitive neuroscience field of episodic memory and schizophrenia. Hence, we present a contemporary view focusing specifically of relational memory which represents a form of episodic memory that refers to associations or binding among items or elements presented together. We describe the major tasks used and illustrate how their combination with brain imaging has: (1) favored the use of experimental memory tasks to isolate specific processes with specific neural correlates, (2) led to a distributed view of the neural correlates of memory impairments in schizophrenia where multiple regions are contributing, and (3) made possible the identification of fMRI biomarkers specific to episodic memory. We then briefly propose what we see as the next steps for memory research in schizophrenia so that the impact of this work can be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Raucher-Chéné
- Cognition, Health, and Society Laboratory (EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Academic Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Reims, EPSM Marne, Reims, France
| | - Katie M Lavigne
- Douglas Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Douglas Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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12
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Mizutani-Tiebel Y, Tik M, Chang KY, Padberg F, Soldini A, Wilkinson Z, Voon CC, Bulubas L, Windischberger C, Keeser D. Concurrent TMS-fMRI: Technical Challenges, Developments, and Overview of Previous Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:825205. [PMID: 35530029 PMCID: PMC9069063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising treatment modality for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) is widely used for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as depression, motor stroke, and neuropathic pain. However, the underlying mechanisms of rTMS-mediated neuronal modulation are not fully understood. In this respect, concurrent or simultaneous TMS-fMRI, in which TMS is applied during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is a viable tool to gain insights, as it enables an investigation of the immediate effects of TMS. Concurrent application of TMS during neuroimaging usually causes severe artifacts due to magnetic field inhomogeneities induced by TMS. However, by carefully interleaving the TMS pulses with MR signal acquisition in the way that these are far enough apart, we can avoid any image distortions. While the very first feasibility studies date back to the 1990s, recent developments in coil hardware and acquisition techniques have boosted the number of TMS-fMRI applications. As such, a concurrent application requires expertise in both TMS and MRI mechanisms and sequencing, and the hurdle of initial technical set up and maintenance remains high. This review gives a comprehensive overview of concurrent TMS-fMRI techniques by collecting (1) basic information, (2) technical challenges and developments, (3) an overview of findings reported so far using concurrent TMS-fMRI, and (4) current limitations and our suggestions for improvement. By sharing this review, we hope to attract the interest of researchers from various backgrounds and create an educational knowledge base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mizutani-Tiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Tik
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai-Yen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Soldini
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Zane Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Cui Ci Voon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Bulubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Windischberger
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
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13
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Accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation broadly ameliorates symptoms and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Stimul 2021; 15:35-45. [PMID: 34752934 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in associative memory (AM) are the earliest and most prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and demonstrate a clear cause of distress for patients and their families. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine AM enhancements following accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) in patients with AD. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled design, iTBS was administered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of patients with AD for 14 days. Measurements included AM (primary outcome) and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Patients were evaluated at baseline, following the intervention (week 2), and 8 weeks after treatment cessation (week 10). RESULTS Sixty patients with AD were initially enrolled; 47 completed the trial. The active group displayed greater AM improvements compared with the sham group at week 2 (P = 0.003), which was sustained at week 10. Furthermore, higher Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores at baseline were associated with greater AM improvements at weeks 2 and 10. For the independent iTBS group, this correlation predicted improvements in AM (P < 0.001) and identified treatment responders with 92% accuracy. Most of the neuropsychological tests were markedly improved in the active group. In particular, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and MMSE in the active group increased by 2.8 and 2.3 points, respectively, at week 2, while there was no marked change in the sham group. CONCLUSION In the present study, accelerated iTBS of the DLPFC demonstrated an effective and well-tolerated complementary treatment for patients with AD, especially for individuals with relatively high MMSE scores.
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14
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Xu S, Yang Q, Chen M, Deng P, Zhuang R, Sun Z, Li C, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Jia J. Capturing Neuroplastic Changes after iTBS in Patients with Post-Stroke Aphasia: A Pilot fMRI Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1451. [PMID: 34827450 PMCID: PMC8615629 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a high-efficiency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigm that has been applied to post-stroke aphasia (PSA). However, its efficacy mechanisms have not been clarified. This study aimed to explore the immediate effects of iTBS of the primary motor cortex (M1) of the affected hemisphere, on the functional activities and connectivity of the brains of PSA patients. A total of 16 patients with aphasia after stroke received iTBS with 800 pulses for 300 s. All patients underwent motor, language, and cognitive assessments and resting-state functional MRI scans immediately before and after the iTBS intervention. Regional, seed-based connectivity, and graph-based measures were used to test the immediate functional effects of the iTBS intervention, including the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), degree centrality (DC), and functional connectivity (FC) of the left M1 area throughout the whole brain. The results showed that after one session of iTBS intervention, the fALFF, DC, and FC values changed significantly in the patients' brains. Specifically, the DC values were significantly higher in the right middle frontal gyrus and parts of the left parietal lobe (p < 0.05), while fALFF values were significantly lower in the right medial frontal lobe and parts of the left intracalcarine cortex (p < 0.05), and the strength of the functional connectivity between the left M1 area and the left superior frontal gyrus was reduced (p < 0.05). Our findings provided preliminary evidences that the iTBS on the ipsilesional M1 could induce neural activity and functional connectivity changes in the motor, language, and other brain regions in patients with PSA, which may promote neuroplasticity and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (S.X.); (Q.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (S.X.); (Q.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Mengye Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (S.X.); (Q.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Panmo Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jingan District Central Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Ren Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Changzhou Dean Hospital, Changzhou 213000, China;
| | - Zengchun Sun
- Sichuan Bayi Rehabilitation Center, Affiliated Sichuan Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China;
| | - Chong Li
- Faculty of Sport and Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Zhijie Yan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Institute of Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China;
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (S.X.); (Q.Y.); (M.C.)
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15
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Rafiei F, Safrin M, Wokke ME, Lau H, Rahnev D. Transcranial magnetic stimulation alters multivoxel patterns in the absence of overall activity changes. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3804-3820. [PMID: 33991165 PMCID: PMC8288086 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become one of the major tools for establishing the causal role of specific brain regions in perceptual, motor, and cognitive processes. Nevertheless, a persistent limitation of the technique is the lack of clarity regarding its precise effects on neural activity. Here, we examined the effects of TMS intensity and frequency on concurrently recorded blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signals at the site of stimulation. In two experiments, we delivered TMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human subjects of both sexes. In Experiment 1, we delivered a series of pulses at high (100% of motor threshold) or low (50% of motor threshold) intensity, whereas, in Experiment 2, we always used high intensity but delivered stimulation at four different frequencies (5, 8.33, 12.5, and 25 Hz). We found that the TMS intensity and frequency could be reliably decoded using multivariate analysis techniques even though TMS had no effect on the overall BOLD activity at the site of stimulation in either experiment. These results provide important insight into the mechanisms through which TMS influences neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Rafiei
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martin Safrin
- School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martijn E Wokke
- Programs in Psychology and Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hakwan Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,The Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dobromir Rahnev
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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16
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Bergmann TO, Varatheeswaran R, Hanlon CA, Madsen KH, Thielscher A, Siebner HR. Concurrent TMS-fMRI for causal network perturbation and proof of target engagement. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118093. [PMID: 33940146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental manipulation of neural activity by neurostimulation techniques overcomes the inherent limitations of correlative recordings, enabling the researcher to investigate causal brain-behavior relationships. But only when stimulation and recordings are combined, the direct impact of the stimulation on neural activity can be evaluated. In humans, this can be achieved non-invasively through the concurrent combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Concurrent TMS-fMRI allows the assessment of the neurovascular responses evoked by TMS with excellent spatial resolution and full-brain coverage. This enables the functional mapping of both local and remote network effects of TMS in cortical as well as deep subcortical structures, offering unique opportunities for basic research and clinical applications. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to this powerful tool. We will introduce the technical challenges and state-of-the art solutions and provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature and the available experimental approaches. We will highlight the unique insights that can be gained from concurrent TMS-fMRI, including the state-dependent assessment of neural responsiveness and inter-regional effective connectivity, the demonstration of functional target engagement, and the systematic evaluation of stimulation parameters. We will also discuss how concurrent TMS-fMRI during a behavioral task can help to link behavioral TMS effects to changes in neural network activity and to identify peripheral co-stimulation confounds. Finally, we will review the use of concurrent TMS-fMRI for developing TMS treatments of psychiatric and neurological disorders and suggest future improvements for further advancing the application of concurrent TMS-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Til Ole Bergmann
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7-9, 55122, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rathiga Varatheeswaran
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7-9, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kristoffer H Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 København NV, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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17
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Caparelli EC, Zhai T, Yang Y. Simultaneous Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Aspects of Technical Implementation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:554714. [PMID: 33132819 PMCID: PMC7550427 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.554714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers a unique opportunity to non-invasively stimulate brain circuits while simultaneously monitoring changes in brain activity. However, to take advantage of this multimodal technique, some technical issues need to be considered/addressed. In this work, we evaluated technical issues associated with the setup and utilization of this multimodal tool, such as the use of a large single-channel radio frequency (rf) coil, and the artifacts induced by TMS when interleaved with the echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence. We demonstrated that good image quality can be achieved with this rf coil and that the adoption of axial imaging orientation in conjunction with a safe interval of 100 ms, between the TMS pulse and imaging acquisition, is a suitable combination to eliminate potential image artifacts when using the combined TMS-fMRI technique in 3-T MRI scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C Caparelli
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tianye Zhai
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Min BK, Hämäläinen MS, Pantazis D. New Cognitive Neurotechnology Facilitates Studies of Cortical-Subcortical Interactions. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:952-962. [PMID: 32278504 PMCID: PMC7442676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most of the studies employing neuroimaging have focused on cortical and subcortical signals individually to obtain neurophysiological signatures of cognitive functions. However, understanding the dynamic communication between the cortex and subcortical structures is essential for unraveling the neural correlates of cognition. In this quest, magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) are the methods of choice because they are noninvasive electrophysiological recording techniques with high temporal resolution. Sophisticated MEG/EEG source estimation techniques and network analysis methods, developed recently, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms of fundamental cognitive processes. Used together with noninvasive modulation of cortical-subcortical communication, these approaches may open up new possibilities for expanding the repertoire of noninvasive cognitive neurotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Kyong Min
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Matti S Hämäläinen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dimitrios Pantazis
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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19
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Tang Y, Jiao X, Wang J, Zhu T, Zhou J, Qian Z, Zhang T, Cui H, Li H, Tang X, Xu L, Zhang L, Wei Y, Sheng J, Liu L, Wang J. Dynamic Functional Connectivity Within the Fronto-Limbic Network Induced by Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation: A Pilot Study. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:944. [PMID: 31572111 PMCID: PMC6753168 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been growing rapidly in both neurocognitive studies and clinical applications in decades. However, it remains unclear how the responses of the stimulated site and the site-related functional network to the external TMS manipulation dynamically change over time. Methods A multi-session combining TMS-fMRI experiment was conducted to explore the spatiotemporal effects of TMS within the fronto-limbic network. Ten healthy volunteers were modulated by intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) at a precise site within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, MNI coordinate [-44 36 20]), navigated by individual structural MRI image. Three-session resting-state fMRI images were acquired before iTBS (TP1), immediately after iTBS (TP2), and 15 min after iTBS (TP3) for each participant. Seventy-four regions of interests (ROIs) within the fronto-limbic network were chosen including the bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG), middle frontal gyrus (MidFG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), orbital gyrus (OrG), cingulate gyrus (CG), and subcortical nuclei (hippocampus and amygdala). Regional fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and ROI-to-ROI functional connectivity (FC) were compared among TP1, TP2, and TP3. Results The immediate iTBS effect was observed at the stimulated site. FC between the left dorsolateral SFG and left dorsal IFG and between the left rostral IFG and right MidFG increased at TP2 as compared to at TP1 (all FDR-p < 0.05), while FC within the left OrG decreased. The relatively long-term iTBS effect transmitted with decreased FC between the left IFG and right amygdala, increased FC between the left MidFG and left OrG, and decreased FC between bilateral IFG and OrG at TP3 than at TP1 (all FDR-p < 0.05). Meanwhile, mean fALFF values over the left SFG, MidFG, ventral CG, and IFG were significantly increased at TP3 as compared to those at TP2 (all p < 0.05 with Bonferroni correction). Conclusion By combining TMS and fMRI, it becomes possible to track the spatiotemporal dynamics of TMS after-effects within the fronto-limbic network. Our findings suggested that the iTBS effect dynamically changed over time from the local neural activation at the stimulated site to its connected remote regions within the fronto-limbic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Jiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Mental Health, Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenying Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Yeh N, Rose NS. How Can Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Be Used to Modulate Episodic Memory?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 31263433 PMCID: PMC6584914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to synthesize the existing literature on how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to modulate episodic memory. Given the numerous parameters of TMS protocols and experimental design characteristics that can be manipulated, a mechanistic understanding of how changes in the combination of parameters (e.g., frequency, timing, intensity, targeted brain region, memory task) modulate episodic memory is needed. To address this, we reviewed 59 studies and conducted a meta-analysis on 245 effect sizes from 37 articles on healthy younger adults (N = 1,061). Analyses revealed generally more beneficial effects of 1-Hz rTMS vs. other frequencies on episodic memory. Moderation analyses revealed complex interactions as online 20-Hz rTMS protocols led to negative effects, while offline 20-Hz rTMS led to enhancing effects. There was also an interaction between stimulation intensity and frequency as 20-Hz rTMS had more negative effects when applied below- vs. at-motor threshold. Conversely, 1-Hz rTMS had more beneficial effects than other frequencies when applied below- vs. at- or above-motor threshold. No reliable aggregate or hypothesized interactions were found when assessing stimulation site (frontal vs. parietal cortex, left vs. right hemisphere), stimulated memory process (during encoding vs. retrieval), the type of retrieval (associative/recollection vs. item/familiarity), or the type of control comparison (active vs. sham or no TMS) on episodic memory. However, there is insufficient data to make strong inference based on the lack of aggregate or two-way interactions between these factors, or to assess more complex (e.g., 3-way) interactions. We reviewed the effects on other populations (healthy older adults and clinical populations), but systematic comparison of parameters was also prevented due to insufficient data. A database of parameters and effects sizes is available as an open source repository so that data from studies can be continuously accumulated in order to facilitate future meta-analysis. In conclusion, modulating episodic memory relies on complex interactions among the numerous moderator variables that can be manipulated. Therefore, rigorous, systematic comparisons need to be further investigated as the body of literature grows in order to fully understand the combination of parameters that lead to enhancing, detrimental or null effects on episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Yeh
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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Bryzgalov DV, Kuznetsova IL, Rogaev EI. Enhancement of Declarative Memory: From Genetic Regulation to Non-invasive Stimulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1124-1138. [PMID: 30472951 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The problem of memory enhancement is extremely important in intellectual activity areas and therapy of different types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The attempts to solve this problem have come from different research fields. In the first part of our review, we describe the results of targeting certain genes involved in memory-associated molecular pathways. The second part of the review is focused on the deep stimulation of brain structures that can slow down memory loss in AD. The third part describes the results of the use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for memory modulation, consolidation, and retrieval in healthy people and animal models. Integration of data from different research fields is essential for the development of efficient strategies for memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Bryzgalov
- Memory, Oscillations, Brain States (MOBS) Team, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS UMR 8249, ESPCI Paris, Paris, France.
| | - I L Kuznetsova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E I Rogaev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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