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Schmidt SL, Chowdhury AH, Mitchell KT, Peters JJ, Gao Q, Lee HJ, Genty K, Chow SC, Grill WM, Pajic M, Turner DA. At home adaptive dual target deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease with proportional control. Brain 2024; 147:911-922. [PMID: 38128546 PMCID: PMC10907084 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous deep brain stimulation (cDBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus is an effective treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The relative benefit of one region over the other is of great interest but cannot usually be compared in the same patient. Simultaneous DBS of both regions may synergistically increase the therapeutic benefit. Continuous DBS is limited by a lack of responsiveness to dynamic, fluctuating symptoms intrinsic to the disease. Adaptive DBS (aDBS) adjusts stimulation in response to biomarkers to improve efficacy, side effects, and efficiency. We combined bilateral DBS of both STN and globus pallidus (dual target DBS) in a prospective within-participant, clinical trial in six patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 6, 55-65 years, n = 2 females). Dual target cDBS was tested for Parkinson's disease symptom control annually over 2 years, measured by motor rating scales, on time without dyskinesia, and medication reduction. Random amplitude experiments probed system dynamics to estimate parameters for aDBS. We then implemented proportional-plus-integral aDBS using a novel distributed (off-implant) architecture. In the home setting, we collected tremor and dyskinesia scores as well as individualized β and DBS amplitudes. Dual target cDBS reduced motor symptoms as measured by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) to a greater degree than either region alone (P < 0.05, linear mixed model) in the cohort. The amplitude of β-oscillations in the STN correlated to the speed of hand grasp movements for five of six participants (P < 0.05, Pearson correlation). Random amplitude experiments provided insight into temporal windowing to avoid stimulation artefacts and demonstrated a correlation between STN β amplitude and DBS amplitude. Proportional plus integral control of aDBS reduced average power, while preserving UPDRS III scores in the clinic (P = 0.28, Wilcoxon signed rank), and tremor and dyskinesia scores during blinded testing at home (n = 3, P > 0.05, Wilcoxon ranked sum). In the home setting, DBS power reductions were slight but significant. Dual target cDBS may offer an improvement in treatment of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease over DBS of either the STN or globus pallidus alone. When combined with proportional plus integral aDBS, stimulation power may be reduced, while preserving the increased benefit of dual target DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Afsana H Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kyle T Mitchell
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer J Peters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qitong Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hui-Jie Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katherine Genty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shein-Chung Chow
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Miroslav Pajic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Dennis A Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Dipietro L, Gonzalez-Mego P, Ramos-Estebanez C, Zukowski LH, Mikkilineni R, Rushmore RJ, Wagner T. The evolution of Big Data in neuroscience and neurology. JOURNAL OF BIG DATA 2023; 10:116. [PMID: 37441339 PMCID: PMC10333390 DOI: 10.1186/s40537-023-00751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases are on the rise worldwide, leading to increased healthcare costs and diminished quality of life in patients. In recent years, Big Data has started to transform the fields of Neuroscience and Neurology. Scientists and clinicians are collaborating in global alliances, combining diverse datasets on a massive scale, and solving complex computational problems that demand the utilization of increasingly powerful computational resources. This Big Data revolution is opening new avenues for developing innovative treatments for neurological diseases. Our paper surveys Big Data's impact on neurological patient care, as exemplified through work done in a comprehensive selection of areas, including Connectomics, Alzheimer's Disease, Stroke, Depression, Parkinson's Disease, Pain, and Addiction (e.g., Opioid Use Disorder). We present an overview of research and the methodologies utilizing Big Data in each area, as well as their current limitations and technical challenges. Despite the potential benefits, the full potential of Big Data in these fields currently remains unrealized. We close with recommendations for future research aimed at optimizing the use of Big Data in Neuroscience and Neurology for improved patient outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40537-023-00751-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Gonzalez-Mego
- Spaulding Rehabilitation/Neuromodulation Lab, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy Wagner
- Highland Instruments, Cambridge, MA USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
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3
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Habets JGV, Spooner RK, Mathiopoulou V, Feldmann LK, Busch JL, Roediger J, Bahners BH, Schnitzler A, Florin E, Kühn AA. A First Methodological Development and Validation of ReTap: An Open-Source UPDRS Finger Tapping Assessment Tool Based on Accelerometer-Data. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115238. [PMID: 37299968 DOI: 10.3390/s23115238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bradykinesia is a cardinal hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Improvement in bradykinesia is an important signature of effective treatment. Finger tapping is commonly used to index bradykinesia, albeit these approaches largely rely on subjective clinical evaluations. Moreover, recently developed automated bradykinesia scoring tools are proprietary and are not suitable for capturing intraday symptom fluctuation. We assessed finger tapping (i.e., Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) item 3.4) in 37 people with Parkinson's disease (PwP) during routine treatment follow ups and analyzed their 350 sessions of 10-s tapping using index finger accelerometry. Herein, we developed and validated ReTap, an open-source tool for the automated prediction of finger tapping scores. ReTap successfully detected tapping blocks in over 94% of cases and extracted clinically relevant kinematic features per tap. Importantly, based on the kinematic features, ReTap predicted expert-rated UPDRS scores significantly better than chance in a hold out validation sample (n = 102). Moreover, ReTap-predicted UPDRS scores correlated positively with expert ratings in over 70% of the individual subjects in the holdout dataset. ReTap has the potential to provide accessible and reliable finger tapping scores, either in the clinic or at home, and may contribute to open-source and detailed analyses of bradykinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G V Habets
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rachel K Spooner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Varvara Mathiopoulou
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucia K Feldmann
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes L Busch
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Roediger
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bahne H Bahners
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Esther Florin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Wong JK, Mayberg HS, Wang DD, Richardson RM, Halpern CH, Krinke L, Arlotti M, Rossi L, Priori A, Marceglia S, Gilron R, Cavanagh JF, Judy JW, Miocinovic S, Devergnas AD, Sillitoe RV, Cernera S, Oehrn CR, Gunduz A, Goodman WK, Petersen EA, Bronte-Stewart H, Raike RS, Malekmohammadi M, Greene D, Heiden P, Tan H, Volkmann J, Voon V, Li L, Sah P, Coyne T, Silburn PA, Kubu CS, Wexler A, Chandler J, Provenza NR, Heilbronner SR, Luciano MS, Rozell CJ, Fox MD, de Hemptinne C, Henderson JM, Sheth SA, Okun MS. Proceedings of the 10th annual deep brain stimulation think tank: Advances in cutting edge technologies, artificial intelligence, neuromodulation, neuroethics, interventional psychiatry, and women in neuromodulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 16:1084782. [PMID: 36819295 PMCID: PMC9933515 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1084782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The deep brain stimulation (DBS) Think Tank X was held on August 17-19, 2022 in Orlando FL. The session organizers and moderators were all women with the theme women in neuromodulation. Dr. Helen Mayberg from Mt. Sinai, NY was the keynote speaker. She discussed milestones and her experiences in developing depression DBS. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 and provides an open platform where clinicians, engineers and researchers (from industry and academia) can freely discuss current and emerging DBS technologies as well as the logistical and ethical issues facing the field. The consensus among the DBS Think Tank X speakers was that DBS has continued to expand in scope however several indications have reached the "trough of disillusionment." DBS for depression was considered as "re-emerging" and approaching a slope of enlightenment. DBS for depression will soon re-enter clinical trials. The group estimated that globally more than 244,000 DBS devices have been implanted for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. This year's meeting was focused on advances in the following areas: neuromodulation in Europe, Asia, and Australia; cutting-edge technologies, closed loop DBS, DBS tele-health, neuroethics, lesion therapy, interventional psychiatry, and adaptive DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Helen S. Mayberg
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Doris D. Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - R. Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Casey H. Halpern
- Richards Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lothar Krinke
- Newronika, Goose Creek, SC, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James F. Cavanagh
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jack W. Judy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Svjetlana Miocinovic
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Annaelle D. Devergnas
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Cernera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carina R. Oehrn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wayne K. Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Erika A. Petersen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Helen Bronte-Stewart
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Robert S. Raike
- Restorative Therapies Group Implantables, Research, and Core Technology, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - David Greene
- NeuroPace, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Petra Heiden
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Huiling Tan
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luming Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Neuromodulation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Terry Coyne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter A. Silburn
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Cynthia S. Kubu
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anna Wexler
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer Chandler
- Centre for Health Law, Policy, and Ethics, Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole R. Provenza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sarah R. Heilbronner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Marta San Luciano
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Rozell
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael D. Fox
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Coralie de Hemptinne
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jaimie M. Henderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Yang Y, Truong ND, Eshraghian JK, Nikpour A, Kavehei O. Weak self-supervised learning for seizure forecasting: a feasibility study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220374. [PMID: 35950196 PMCID: PMC9346358 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes an artificial intelligence system that continuously improves over time at event prediction using initially unlabelled data by using self-supervised learning. Time-series data are inherently autocorrelated. By using a detection model to generate weak labels on the fly, which are concurrently used as targets to train a prediction model on a time-shifted input data stream, this autocorrelation can effectively be harnessed to reduce the burden of manual labelling. This is critical in medical patient monitoring, as it enables the development of personalized forecasting models without demanding the annotation of long sequences of physiological signal recordings. We perform a feasibility study on seizure prediction, which is identified as an ideal test case, as pre-ictal brainwaves are patient-specific, and tailoring models to individual patients is known to improve forecasting performance significantly. Our self-supervised approach is used to train individualized forecasting models for 10 patients, showing an average relative improvement in sensitivity by 14.30% and a reduction in false alarms by 19.61% in early seizure forecasting. This proof-of-concept on the feasibility of using a continuous stream of time-series neurophysiological data paves the way towards a low-power neuromorphic neuromodulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, and the Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Nhan Duy Truong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, and the Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jason K. Eshraghian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Armin Nikpour
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Service and Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Omid Kavehei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, and the Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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6
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Wong JK, Deuschl G, Wolke R, Bergman H, Muthuraman M, Groppa S, Sheth SA, Bronte-Stewart HM, Wilkins KB, Petrucci MN, Lambert E, Kehnemouyi Y, Starr PA, Little S, Anso J, Gilron R, Poree L, Kalamangalam GP, Worrell GA, Miller KJ, Schiff ND, Butson CR, Henderson JM, Judy JW, Ramirez-Zamora A, Foote KD, Silburn PA, Li L, Oyama G, Kamo H, Sekimoto S, Hattori N, Giordano JJ, DiEuliis D, Shook JR, Doughtery DD, Widge AS, Mayberg HS, Cha J, Choi K, Heisig S, Obatusin M, Opri E, Kaufman SB, Shirvalkar P, Rozell CJ, Alagapan S, Raike RS, Bokil H, Green D, Okun MS. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Advances in Cutting Edge Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Neuromodulation, Neuroethics, Pain, Interventional Psychiatry, Epilepsy, and Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:813387. [PMID: 35308605 PMCID: PMC8931265 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.813387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DBS Think Tank IX was held on August 25-27, 2021 in Orlando FL with US based participants largely in person and overseas participants joining by video conferencing technology. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 and provides an open platform where clinicians, engineers and researchers (from industry and academia) can freely discuss current and emerging deep brain stimulation (DBS) technologies as well as the logistical and ethical issues facing the field. The consensus among the DBS Think Tank IX speakers was that DBS expanded in its scope and has been applied to multiple brain disorders in an effort to modulate neural circuitry. After collectively sharing our experiences, it was estimated that globally more than 230,000 DBS devices have been implanted for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. As such, this year's meeting was focused on advances in the following areas: neuromodulation in Europe, Asia and Australia; cutting-edge technologies, neuroethics, interventional psychiatry, adaptive DBS, neuromodulation for pain, network neuromodulation for epilepsy and neuromodulation for traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Günther Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robin Wolke
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology (Physiology), Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helen M. Bronte-Stewart
- The Human Motor Control and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kevin B. Wilkins
- The Human Motor Control and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Matthew N. Petrucci
- The Human Motor Control and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Emilia Lambert
- The Human Motor Control and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yasmine Kehnemouyi
- The Human Motor Control and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Philip A. Starr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Simon Little
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Juan Anso
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ro’ee Gilron
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lawrence Poree
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Giridhar P. Kalamangalam
- Department of Neurology, Wilder Center for Epilepsy Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Kai J. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Schiff
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher R. Butson
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jaimie M. Henderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jack W. Judy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kelly D. Foote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Peter A. Silburn
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland and Saint Andrews War Memorial Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luming Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Neuromodulation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Genko Oyama
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kamo
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Sekimoto
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James J. Giordano
- Neuroethics Studies Program, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Diane DiEuliis
- US Department of Defense Fort Lesley J. McNair, National Defense University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - John R. Shook
- Department of Philosophy and Science Education, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Darin D. Doughtery
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alik S. Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Helen S. Mayberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jungho Cha
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kisueng Choi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephen Heisig
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mosadolu Obatusin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Enrico Opri
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott B. Kaufman
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prasad Shirvalkar
- The Human Motor Control and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology (Pain Management) and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Rozell
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sankaraleengam Alagapan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert S. Raike
- Restorative Therapies Group Implantables, Research and Core Technology, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Hemant Bokil
- Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation, Valencia, CA, United States
| | - David Green
- NeuroPace, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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