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Tayar VG, Saad J, El Sheikh WG, Roukoz C. Cross-Sectional Study on the Effect of Bilingualism, Age, Gender, and Family Income on Executive Function Development in a Sample of Lebanese School-Aged Children. Dev Neuropsychol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39046100 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2024.2378891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates executive functions (EFs) and selected developmental factors in 120 children aged 6-11 years. By examining inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, the research evaluates the potential influences of age, gender, bilingualism, and family income on these EF skills. Tests adapted to Lebanese Arabic were used to assess EFs. Results indicate a linear development of inhibition, working memory, and flexibility with age. Gender differences were observed, affecting verbal and visuospatial working memory as well as flexibility. Bilingualism positively impacts EFs, with early bilinguals outperforming late bilinguals. Family income, however, shows no significant effect on EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joelle Saad
- Speech and Language Therapy Department, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Walaa G El Sheikh
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cynthia Roukoz
- Clinical Neuropsychologist, American Wellness Center, DHCC, Dubai, UAE
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DeRosa J, Friedman NP, Calhoun V, Banich MT. Neurodevelopmental Subtypes of Functional Brain Organization in the ABCD Study Using a Rigorous Analytic Framework. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.16.585343. [PMID: 38559171 PMCID: PMC10979961 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.16.585343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The current study demonstrates that an individual's resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is a dependable biomarker for identifying differential patterns of cognitive and emotional functioning during late childhood. Using baseline RSFC data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which includes children aged 9-11, we identified four distinct RSFC subtypes We introduce an integrated methodological pipeline for testing the reliability and importance of these subtypes. In the Identification phase, Leiden Community Detection defined RSFC subtypes, with their reproducibility confirmed through a split-sample technique in the Validation stage. The Evaluation phase showed that distinct cognitive and mental health profiles are associated with each subtype, with the Predictive phase indicating that subtypes better predict various cognitive and mental health characteristics than individual RSFC connections. The Replication stage employed bootstrapping and down-sampling methods to substantiate the reproducibility of these subtypes further. This work allows future explorations of developmental trajectories of these RSFC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob DeRosa
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University
| | - Marie T. Banich
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder
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Leshem R, Mashal N. What does metaphoric language say about aggression? The relationships between metaphoric language, impulsivity, and aggression. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104173. [PMID: 38320413 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggressive behavior among adolescents has been identified as a serious worldwide problem, especially when combined with trait impulsivity. This study investigates the impact of an overlooked aspect of language, namely, metaphor comprehension, on impulsivity and aggression in adolescents. A total of 204 adolescents completed self-reported questionnaires assessing impulsivity and aggression and underwent tests assessing familiar and less familiar metaphor comprehension. The findings reveal inverse relationships between metaphor comprehension and both impulsivity and aggression. Regarding aggression, notable distinctions were observed in the correlations between familiar and less familiar metaphors with specific aggression types. Additionally, impulsivity was found to mediate the relationship between the comprehension of familiar metaphors and aggression. These results are elucidated in the context of cognitive and executive functions, emphasizing the significance of considering metaphor comprehension as a cognitive process capable of modulating aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Leshem
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel.
| | - Nira Mashal
- Faculty of Education and Gonda Multidisciplinary, Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Dyresen A, Stubberud J, Fjermestad KW, Haugen I, Øie MG. Executive control training for adolescents with ADHD: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2024; 136:107404. [PMID: 38070766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions diagnosed during childhood and adolescence. In addition to the commonly observed symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, individuals with ADHD often experience impairments in executive functions (EFs). Goal management training (GMT) is a cognitive remediation intervention targeting EFs, with empirical support from studies with adult populations, including ADHD. The objective of the upcoming trial is to assess the effectiveness of GMT for adolescents with ADHD. METHODS This pre-registered protocol outlines a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing GMT to treatment as usual (TAU) to improve EFs. We aim to recruit 120 participants, aged 12 to 18 years, recently diagnosed with ADHD. Participants will be randomly allocated to the group-based GMT intervention in addition to TAU, or the TAU condition, through block randomisation with site stratification. GMT will be delivered in groups of four to six participants, with weekly two-hour sessions for seven weeks, complemented by separate parent and teacher sessions. TAU is standard community mental health treatment. The primary outcome measure will be parent-reported EF assessed with the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2 (BRIEF-2). Secondary outcomes will include ADHD symptom measures, social functioning, quality of life, and neuropsychological tests (attention span, inhibition, working memory, and visuo-motor speed). The outcome assessments will be conducted at baseline, 12 weeks, 12 months, and 24 months post-treatment. CONCLUSION The study findings will contribute to determine the effectiveness of a non-pharmacological ADHD treatment, including outcome trajectories up to 24 months post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete Dyresen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Nic Waals Institute, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Norway
| | - Krister Westlye Fjermestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Siggerud, Norway
| | | | - Merete Glenne Øie
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway
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Faustino B, Fonseca IB. Exploring relationships between executive functions and maladaptive cyclical patterns in a transdiagnostic sample. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37184438 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2204526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions are described as a set of neurocognitive processes underlying human mental processing, while maladaptive cyclical patterns are the dysfunctional psychological elements associated with psychological distress and symptomatology that tend to be recurrent. Both psychological constructs tend to be studied by different scientific fields and with different methods which limits a coherent theoretical integration. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the relationships between executive functions and maladaptive cyclical patterns. A sample was gathered (N = 96, Mage = 20.78, SD = 4.63), and completed several self-report questionnaires along with several neuropsychological tests for the assessment of executive functions. Results showed that behavioral inhibition correlated negatively with maladaptive cyclical patterns while cognitive inflexibility correlated positively. Regression analysis showed that behavioral inhibition, psychological inflexibility, and recurring states of mind predicted emotional processing difficulties. These results emphasize previous assumptions that a difference between self-report questionnaires and behavioral tasks may limit the integrated study of psychological and neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Lusófona University, HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lisbon, Portugal
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Rader L, Freis SM, Friedman NP. Associations Between Adolescent Pain and Psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Behav Genet 2023; 53:232-248. [PMID: 37036551 PMCID: PMC10246734 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Pain and psychopathology co-occur in adolescence, but the directionality and etiology of these associations are unclear. Using the pain questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 10,414 children [770 twin pairs] aged 12-13), we estimated longitudinal, co-twin control, and twin models to evaluate the nature of these associations. In two-wave cross-lag panel models, there were small cross-lag effects that suggested bidirectional associations. However, the co-twin control models suggested that most associations were familial. Pain at age 12 and 13 was mostly environmental (A = 0-12%, C = 15-30%, E = 70-73%) and the twin models suggested that associations with psychopathology were primarily due to shared environmental correlations. The exception was externalizing, which had a phenotypic prospective effect on pain, a significant within-family component, and a non-shared environmental correlation at age 12. Environmental risk factors may play a role in pain-psychopathology co-occurrence. Future studies can examine risk factors such as stressful life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Rader
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Samantha M Freis
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Rea-Sandin G, Clifford S, Doane LD, Davis MC, Grimm KJ, Russell MT, Lemery-Chalfant K. Genetic and environmental links between executive functioning and effortful control in middle childhood. J Exp Psychol Gen 2023; 152:780-793. [PMID: 36095169 PMCID: PMC10008466 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to understand the components of self-regulation, given its link to nearly every domain of functioning across the life span. This study examined the etiological underpinnings of covariance between measures of executive functioning (EF) and effortful control (EC) in middle childhood. The extent that genetic and environmental factors explain the association between EF and EC is unknown. Families were drawn from a longitudinal twin study (N = 894 twins; Mage = 8.87 years, SD = 1.10; 51.4% female; 46.8% non-Hispanic White, 28% Latino/a/x) and twins completed EF tasks during a home visit (Flanker Task, Continuous Performance Task, and Digit Span Backward) and primary caregivers (93.8% mothers) reported on their twins' EC (Attentional Focusing and Inhibitory Control). Univariate twin models showed additive genetic and nonshared environmental influences on the Flanker Task, Continuous Performance Task, Digit Span Backward, and parent-reported Inhibitory Control, and dominant genetic influences were implicated in parent-reported Attentional Focusing. Bivariate twin models revealed that additive genetic influences explained the small covariance between EF and EC. Executive attention could explain the genetic covariance between measures of EF and EC. This study suggests that EF and EC tap into the same underlying self-regulation construct, with weak correlations between constructs being attributed to measurement, rather than conceptual, differences. Elucidating the overlap between EF and EC can bring researchers closer to understanding how best to foster adaptive self-regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Rea-Sandin
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sierra Clifford
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Leah D. Doane
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Mary C. Davis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Kevin J. Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Madisen T. Russell
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Frazier TW, Crowley E, Shih A, Vasudevan V, Karpur A, Uljarevic M, Cai RY. Associations between executive functioning, challenging behavior, and quality of life in children and adolescents with and without neurodevelopmental conditions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1022700. [PMID: 36337537 PMCID: PMC9632446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to clarify the impact of executive and social functioning on challenging behavior and the downstream influence of challenging behavior on quality of life and functioning in a large transdiagnostic sample. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing and designing tailored intervention strategies. In a cross-sectional study, parent informants of 2,004 children completed measures of executive and social functioning, challenging behavior, child and family quality of life, and reported on functional impacts of challenging behavior. Using structural (path) modeling, analyses evaluated the associations between executive and social functioning, including emotion regulation and risk avoidance, with overall and specific types of challenging behavior. Structural models also examined the influence of challenging behavior on child and family quality of life, including measures of the immediate and extended environment, and functional impacts on the parent/child as well as interactions with the medical/legal systems. Finally, mediational models explored the direct and indirect effects of executive and social functioning on quality of life and impact measures via challenging behavior. Results indicated that executive functioning accounts for substantial variance (R2 = 0.47) in challenging behavior. In turn, challenging behavior accounts for substantial variance in child and family quality of life (R2 = 0.36) and parent/child impacts (R2 = 0.31). Exploratory mediational models identified direct effects from executive and social functioning measures on quality of life and functional impacts and indirect effects for executive functioning via challenging behavior. These findings support the development of new intervention strategies and suggest the need to measure executive functioning when assessing and tailoring the treatment of challenging behavior in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Frazier
- Department of Psychology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas W. Frazier,
| | - Ethan Crowley
- Department of Psychology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, United States
| | - Andy Shih
- Science and Public Health Department, Autism Speaks, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vijay Vasudevan
- Science and Public Health Department, Autism Speaks, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arun Karpur
- Science and Public Health Department, Autism Speaks, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mirko Uljarevic
- The School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ru Ying Cai
- Aspect Research Centre for Autism Practice, French’s Forest, NSW, Australia
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Yang Y, Shields GS, Zhang Y, Wu H, Chen H, Romer AL. Child executive function and future externalizing and internalizing problems: A meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 97:102194. [PMID: 35964337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To determine the association between executive function and later externalizing and internalizing problems, we conducted a meta-analysis of 167 studies (1098 effect sizes, total N = 66,119) that explored the longitudinal associations between executive functions in children and subsequent externalizing and internalizing problems. The results indicated that greater child executive function was prospectively associated with fewer attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, fewer conduct problems, fewer oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, less substance use, fewer broad externalizing problems, fewer depression symptoms, and fewer broad internalizing problems, but not with subsequent anxiety symptoms. Moderator analyses revealed that the sample type moderated the associations of executive function with both ADHD symptoms and conduct problems. Age of assessment moderated the association with broad externalizing problems, and executive function context moderated associations with both substance use and broad internalizing problems. These findings suggest that executive function in children prospectively predicts numerous externalizing and internalizing behaviors, suggesting that executive function may be an important target for psychopathology prevention programs and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Grant S Shields
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Adrienne L Romer
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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